构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（人教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） Chapter1构词法、非谓语动词与时态 考频分析 构词法是高中英语词法的重要模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，涉及试卷多个题型：单项选择1-2题、 完形填空23题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解（辅助词汇推测）。在词汇积累与语境理解中，前缀、后缀的 构词规律及词性转换是提升解题效率和词汇量的关键。非谓语动词和时态作为英语语法的核心内容，考频 更高，贯穿单项选择、完形填空、语法填空、书面表达等所有题型，时态题占语法类题目总量的20%左 右，非谓语动词相关题目占比约18%，是中考英语的必考点。 考查内容 高中英语对构词法的考察聚焦四大维度，覆盖基础规则与词汇拓展应用： ·前缀构成：否定前缀(un-、dis、im-)、表方向/态度前缀(pre、pro、antr)的含义及加前缀后的词义 变化； ·后缀构成：名词后缀(-er、-tion、-ment)、形容词后缀(-ul、-less、-ous)、副词后缀(-y)的词性转 换规则及例词辨析； ·合成词构成：名词+名词(classroom)、形容词+名词(blackboard)、动词+副词(breakfast)等常 见合成方式及语义理解； ·词性转换：通过添加前后缀实现名词、动词、形容词、副词间的相互转换（如act→action-→active-→actively) 及其在语境中的正确运用。 此外，非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）和时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行 时)的考查聚焦： ·非谓语动词：不定式、动名词、分词的基本用法、固定搭配及相互辨析： ·时态：不同时态的基础用法、时间标志词、动词形式变化规则及语境中的正确运用。 精讲精练 知识点一：构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等） ·前缀（加于词根前，改变词义） -常见类型：否定前缀(un-/dis/in-)、表“再/又”(re)、表“共同”(co-) -例句：口happy→unhappy(不开心的，un-否定前缀)口like→dislike(不喜欢，dis-否定前缀)· write→rewrite(重写，re-表“再/又") ·后缀（加于词根后，改变词性或词义） -名词后缀：-er(表人)、-ment(表动作/结果)、-tion(表状态)→work→worker(工人)、develop ,development(发展)、invent→invention(发明) -形容词后缀：-ful(充满…的)、-less(无…的)、-ous(…的)→care→careful(小心的)、hope→ hopeless(无望的)、danger→dangerous(危险的) -副词后缀：-y(…地)→quick→quickly(快速地)、happy→happily(开心地) ·合成（两个或以上单词组合成新词） -合成名词：class+room→classroom(教室)、book+store→bookstore(书店) -合成形容词：good+looking→good-looking(好看的)、hard+working→hard-working(勤奋的) -合成动词：over+come→overcome(克服)、under+stand→understand(理解) ·词性转换（通过添加后缀或改变拼写改变词性） -动词→名词：teach→teacher(教师，加-er)、decide→decision(决定，改e为s加-ion) -名词→形容词：sun→sunny(晴朗的，双写n加-y)、nature→natural(自然的，去e加-al) -形容词→副词：slow→slowly(慢慢地，加-ly)、true→truly(真正地，去e加-ly) 【即学即练】 1.【前缀用法】请给”possible'”添加否定前缀，使其表示“不可能的”： 2.【后缀转换】将名词”care”转换为形容词（表示“小心的"）：一 3.【合成词】"black+board”组合成的合成词是： A.blackboard B.black board C.boardblack D.board black 4.【词性转换】将形容词”quick'”转换为副词： 5.【构词法应用】用所给词的适当形式填空：The little girl has a(nature)ability to sing 语法复习|英语引人教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） 知识点二：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）》 ·不定式(to+动词原形，表目的、结果、未完成动作) 1.基本用法 -作主语：To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要) -作宾语：He wants to buy a new bike.(他想买一辆新自行车) -作宾语补足语：My mother asks me to clean the room.(妈妈让我打扫房间) -作目的状语：She gets up early to catch the first bus.(她早起是为了赶第一班车) 2.省略to的情况 -使役动词后：let/make/have sb.do sth.→The teacher made him stand up.(老师让他站起来) -感官动词后：see/watch/hear sb.do sth.(强调全过程)→I saw her enter the room.(我看见她进 了房间) 3.固定搭配 -want to do(想要做)、decide to do(决定做)、refuse to do(拒绝做)、It's+adj.+todo(做某事 是…的) ·动名词（动词-ig形式，表抽象、习惯性动作） 1.基本用法 -作主语：Swimming is good for health.(游泳有益健康) -作宾语：He enjoys playing basketbal.(他喜欢打篮球) -作定语：a reading room(阅览室)、a walking stick(拐杖) 2.固定搭配 -enjoy doing(喜欢做)、practice doing(练习做)、finish doing(完成做)、be used to doing(习惯 于做)、give up doing(放弃做) 3.与不定式作宾语的区别 -remember to do(记得去做，未做)vs remember doing(记得做过，已做)→Remember to post the letter.(记得去寄信)/I remember posting the letter.(我记得寄过信了) ·分词（现在分词和过去分词） 1.现在分词（动词-ig形式，表主动、进行） -作定语：a developing country(发展中国家，主动关系)、the rising sun(正在升起的太阳，进行 状态) -作状语：Walking in the park,she met an old friend.(在公园散步时，她遇见了一位老朋友，主动 关系) -作表语：The film is interesting.(这部电影很有趣，修饰物) 2.过去分词（动词-ed形式，表被动、完成） -作定语：a developed country(发达国家，完成状态)、a broken window(破碎的窗户，被动关系) -作状语：Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.(从山上看，这座城市很美，被动关系) -作表语：I am interested in English.(我对英语感兴趣，修饰人) 3.现在分词与过去分词的区别 -主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词→boiling water(正在沸腾的水)boiled water(开水) 知识点三：时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时） ·一般现在时（表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观事实） 一基础用法： *表示经常性动作：He gets up at7:O0 every morning.(他每天早上7点起床) *表示客观真理：The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) *表状态或特征：She likes music very much.(她非常喜欢音乐) 一时间标志词： *always(总是)、usually(通常)、oten(经常)、sometimes(有时)、never(从不)、every day/week/month(每天/周/月) 一第三人称单数变化规则： *一般动词加-s:work→works,play→plays *以s,X,sh,ch结尾加-es:watch-watches,wash-washes *以辅音+y结尾变y为i加-es:study-→studies,fy→flies ·一般过去时（表示过去发生的动作或状态） 一基础用法： *表示过去某时发生的动作：She bought a new dress yesterday.(她昨天买了一条新裙子) *表示过去的习惯：He often played football when he was young.(他年轻时经常踢足球) -时间标志词： *yesterday(昨天)、last week/month/year(上周/月/年)、ago(…以前)、in2020(在2020年) -动词过去式变化规则： *规则变化：加-ed(play→played)、以e结尾加-d(livelived)、辅音+y结尾变y为i加-ed (study--→studied)、重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ed(stop→stopped) *不规则变化：go-went,see→saw,eat→ate,take→took ·一般将来时（表示将来要发生的动作或状态） 一基础用法： *wi+动词原形：I will visit my grandparents next Sunday..(我下周日要去看望祖父母) *be going to+动词原形（计划、打算或有迹象要发生）：It is going to rain.(天要下雨了) 一时间标志词： *tomorrow(明天)、next week/month/year(下周l月年)、in the future(在将来)、soon(不久) 一特殊用法： *表示l临时决定用will:一The phone is ringing.一will answer it.(电话响了。我去接) *表示按计划安排用be going to:We are going to have a picnic this Saturday.(我们这周六要去野 餐) ·现在进行时（表示现在正在进行的动作） 一基础用法： *肯定句：be动词+动词-ing形式：She is reading a book now.(她现在正在看书) *否定句：be动词+not+动词-ing形式：They are not playing basketball.(他们没在打篮球) *疑问句：Be动词+主语+动词-ing形式：Is he watching TV?(他在看电视吗) -时间标志词： *now(现在)、look(看)、listen(听)、at the moment(此刻) 一动词-ing形式变化规则： *一般动词加-ing:do→doing,play→playing *以不发音e结尾去e加-ing:make→making,write-writing *重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ing:run-running,swim→swimming *以ie结尾变y加-ing:lie→lying,die→dying 语法复习|英语」人教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） 考法一：构词法应用 ·核心：根据词根及构词规则（前缀、后缀、合成、词性转换），判断单词的词性变化或词义派生 ·真题1（语法填空）： The little girl has a_(nature)ability to play the piano.She can learn new songs quickly. 一答案：natural解析：由名词“nature”转换为形容词，根据知识点一“名词→形容词”规则，去e 加-al,故填natural。 ·真题2（完形填空）： -After the heavy rain,the sun came out and the weather became_. A.suny B.sunny C.sunning D.suned -答案：B解析：根据知识点一“名词→形容词”规则，sun需双写n加-y变为sunny(晴朗的)，故 选B。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 ·核心：根据语境判断时态，同时结合非谓语动词的功能（如作状语、定语等）选择正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： --(finish)his homework,he went out to play basketball with his friends -答案：Having finished解析：由“went out'”可知主句动作发生在过去，非谓语动词“finish”表示的 动作发生在主句动作之前，用现在分词的完成式Having finished作时间状语。 ·真题2（单项选择）： The teacher told us that the earth_around the sun,which made us interested in _more about space. A.goes;learning B.went;learning C.goes;learn D.went;learn -答案：A解析：第一空“地球绕太阳转”是客观真理，用一般现在时goes;第二空“be interested in” 后接动名词作宾语，用learning。 考法三：构词法、非谓语动词与时态的综合运用 ·核心：结合构词法判断词性转换，根据语境选择非谓语动词形式，并匹配正确时态 ·真题1（单项选择）： After -(care)preparation,she decided-(join)the English speech contest yesterday.Her _(confident)finally led to success. A.careful;to join;confidence B.carefully;joining;confident C.careful;joining;confidence D.carefully;to join;confident -答案：A解析：第一空需形容词修饰名词'"preparation”,care→careful(构词法：名词+ful变形容词)； 第二空"decide to do sth.”为固定搭配（非谓语动词：不定式作宾语）；第三空形容词性物主代词后需 名词，confident-→confidence(构词法：形容词去t加ce变名词)；由"yesterday'”可知时态为一般过 去时，decided符合要求。 ·真题2（语法填空）： --(learn)English well,we should keep-(practice)speaking every day.Our teacher often tells us that_(read)widely is helpful.Last week,she _(recommend)a _(use)book to us. -答案：To learn;practicing;reading;recommended;.useful解析：第一空表目的用不定式To learn(非 谓语动词)；第二空”keep doing sth.”用动名词practicing(非谓语动词)；第三空动名词reading作主 语（非谓语动词）；第四空由"Last week”可知用一般过去时recommended(时态)；第五空用形容词 useful修饰名词book(构词法：use+ful变形容词)。 语法复习|英语引人教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The scientist has made a great_(discover)in the field of medicine. A.discoverer B.discovery C.discovering D.discovered 2._English well,we need to practice speaking every day. A.Learn B.Learning C.Tolearn D.Learned 3.My parents always tell me_too much time playing video games. A.not to spend B.not spending C.don't spend D.not spend 4.The teacher found a student_in the classroom when she came back. A.read B.reading C.to read D.reads 5.By the time we arrived,the party_for half an hour. A.has been on B.was on C.had been on D.is on 6.This story is so_that everyone is_in it. A.interesting;interested B.interested;interesting C.interesting;interesting D.interested;interested 7.He is used to_early in the morning to do exercise. A.get up B.getting up C.gets up D.got up 8.The_(develop)of technology has changed our life greatly. A.develop B.developed C.developing D.development 9.It's important_uskeep the environment clean. A.for;to B.of;to C.for;for D.of;for 10.The boy was seen-the window and run away quickly. A.break B.to break C.breaking D.broke 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.She has a_(love)daughter who is good at painting. 2.(walk)in the park is one of my favorite activities. 3.The workers are busy_(build)a new hospital in the city. 4.My brother decided_(study)abroad next year. 5.This is a_(use)book for learning English grammar. 6.The teacher told us that light_(travel)faster than sound 7.(finish)his work,he went home immediately. 8.I'm looking forward to_(see)you at the party. 9.The girl is always(care)with her homework,so she makes few mistakes. 10.They_(visit)the Great Wall last summer vacation. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Last month,I joined a volunteer program-(teach)children in a small village.Before leaving,I spent a week-(prepare)teaching materials and learning about the local culture.The village was quiet and beautiful,with green mountains-(surround)it. On the first day,I met 30 children aged 6 to 12.They were shy at first,but soon became active.I taught them English songs and stories,and they showed great_(curious)about everything.One boy even asked me,"Can you tell us about the_(amaze)cities outside?" Every evening,I wrote a diary to record my experiences.I realized that helping others brought me more happiness than I(expect).On the last day,the children gave me a card with_(color)drawings.It was the most_(value)gift I had ever received. Now,I often_(communicate)with the children by letter.This experience taught me that_(give)love to others is the best way to enrich our own lives. 答案 演练一：单项选择 1.B2.C3.A4.B5.C6.A7.B8.D9.A10.B 演练二：填空试题 1.lovely 2.Walking 3.building 4.to study 5.useful 6.travels 7.Having finished 8.seeing 9.careful 10.visited 演练三：语法填空 1.to teach 2.preparing 3.surrounding 4.curiosity 5.amazing 6.had expected 7.colorful 8.valuable 9.communicate 10.giving 语法复习|英语」人教版