7种句型结构及语法成分-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（人教版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） Chapter17种句型结构及语法成分 考频分析 7种句型结构及语法成分是高中英语句法的核心模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷多个核心 题型：单项选择(1-2题)、语法填空(23题)、阅读理解（间接考察，影响长难句分析）、书面表达（核 心考察，直接影响句子结构规范性与逻辑性)。在语法应用类题目中，句型的结构分析及成分划分往往是 解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对7种句型结构及语法成分的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础构建与语境应用： ·基本句型识别：主谓(S+V)、主谓宾(S+V+O)、主系表(S+V+P)、主谓双宾(S+V+O+DO)、主谓 宾宾补(S+V+O+C)、there be句型、祈使句的结构特征与判断； ·语法成分分析：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式（名词、 代词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、从句等)与句法功能： ·句型转换与应用：不同句型间的转换（如陈述句与感叹句、主动句与被动句），结合时态、语态在语境中 选择恰当句型表达意义。 精讲精练 知识点一：7种句型结构及语法成分 ·1.主谓结构(S+V) 一结构说明：主语（动作发出者）+不及物动词（谓语，无宾语） -例句：口The sun rises.(主语The sun,谓语rises)口They laughed loudly.(主语They,谓语laughed) ·2.主谓宾结构(S+V+0) -结构说明：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语（动作承受者） -例句：口She likes apples.(主语She,谓语likes,宾语apples)口We finished the work.(主语We, 谓语finished,宾语the work) ·3.主系表结构(S+V+P) 一结构说明：主语+系动词（谓语）+表语（说明主语特征/状态） -例句：He is a student.(主语He,系动词is,表语a student)The flowers look beautiful.(主语 The flowers,.系动词look,表语beautiful) ·4.主谓双宾结构(S+V+O+D0)》 一结构说明：主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物） -例句：My mother gave me a gift.(主语My mother,谓语gave,间接宾语me,直接宾语agit)口 He told us a story.(主语He,谓语told,间接宾语us,直接宾语a story) ·5.主谓宾补结构(S+V+0+C) 一结构说明：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（补充说明宾语） -例句：口Ne made him happy.(主语We,谓语made,宾语him,宾补happy)口I found the book interesting.(主语l,谓语found,宾语the book,宾补interesting) ·6.there be句型(There be+S) -结构说明：There be+主语（表存在，be动词随主语单复数变化） -例句：There is a cat on the chair.(主语acat,be动词is)☐There are three books on the desk.. (主语three books,be动词are) ·7.祈使句结构(V原形+其他) -结构说明：省略主语(you),以动词原形开头表命令/请求 -例句：口Open the door..(谓语Open,宾语the door)口Don't smoke here.(否定式，助动词Don't+ 动词smoke) 【即学即练】 1.【句型识别】"The sun rises..”属于什么类型的句型？ A.主谓宾结构 B.主谓结构 C.主系表结构 D.主谓双宾结构 2.【句型识别】"My mother gave me a gift.”属于什么类型的句型？ A.主谓双宾结构 B.主谓宾补结构 C.主系表结构 D.祈使句结构 3.【there be句型】请用there be句型改写句子："Three birds are in the tree.”→ 4.【祈使句转换】将主动祈使句改为否定祈使句：”Close the window.”→ 5.【成分划分】"We elected him monitor..”中，monitor作什么成分？ A.宾语 B.表语 C.宾语补足语 D.状语 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） 知识点二：非谓语动词的用法及分类 ·1.动词不定式(todo) 一口功能 *a.作主语（表具体动作或一次性行为） ·结构：To+动词原形+其他 ·例句：To learn English well is important.(学习英语是重要的) *b.作宾语（跟在及物动词后） ·常见动词：want(想要)、hope(希望)、decide(决定)、plan(计划) ·例句：She wants to go shopping.(她想去购物) *c.作宾语补足语（补充说明宾语动作） ·常见动词：ask(要求)、tell(告诉)、want(想要)、teach(教) ·例句：My mother told me to finish homework first.(妈妈告诉我先完成作业) *d.作表语（说明主语内容或性质） ·结构：主语+be动词+to+动词原形 ·例句：Her dream is to be a doctor.(她的梦想是成为一名医生) *e.作状语（表目的、结果、原因） ·目的状语：I get up early to catch the bus.(我早起是为了赶公交) ·结果状语：He is too tired to walk.(他太累了走不动) ·2.动名词(doing) 一·功能 *a.作主语（表习惯性、抽象性动作）】 ·结构：动词ing形式+其他 ·例句：Swimming is good for health.(游泳有益健康) *b.作宾语（跟在及物动词或介词后）】 ·常见动词：enjoy(喜欢)、finish(完成)、practice(练习)mind(介意) ·介词搭配：be good at(擅长)、be interested in(对…感兴趣)、think about(考虑) ·例句：口He enjoys reading books.(他喜欢读书)口She is good at singing.(她擅长唱歌) *c.作表语（说明主语性质或内容，与主语可互换） ·结构：主语+be动词+动词ing形式 ·例句：y hobby is painting.(我的爱好是画画)=Painting is my hobby.. *d.作定语（修饰名词，表用途或性质） ·例句：a reading room(阅览室，表用途：用于阅读的房间)、a swimming pool(游泳池) ·3.分词 -口现在分词(doing) *a.特点：主动、进行 *功能：作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语 ·作定语（前置后置，修饰名词） 前置：a running boy(一个正在跑步的男孩，主动且进行) ·后置：The girl singing in the room is my sister.(正在房间唱歌的女孩是我妹妹) ·作状语（表时间、原因、伴随） ·时间状语：Walking in the park,I met an old friend.(在公园散步时，我遇到了一位老朋友) ·伴随状语：He sat there,reading a newspaper..(他坐在那里读报纸) ·作表语（表主语特征，意为“令人…的”） ·例句：The story is interesting.(这个故事很有趣) ·作宾补（补充说明宾语正在进行的动作） · 例句：I heard her singing in the next room.(我听到她正在隔壁房间唱歌) -口过去分词(done) *a.特点：被动、完成 *功能：作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语 ·作定语（前置后置，修饰名词）》 ·前置：a broken cup(一个破碎的杯子，表完成) ·后置：The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(鲁迅写的书很受欢迎，表被动) ·作状语（表时间、原因、条件） ·原因状语：Tired from work,he went to bed early..(因工作疲惫，他早早上床睡觉了) ·条件状语：Given more time,I can finish the task.(如果给我更多时间，我能完成任务) ·作表语（表主语状态，意为“感到…的”） 例句：She is interested in the movie.(她对这部电影感兴趣)》 ·作宾补（补充说明宾语被动承受的动作） ·例句：I found my bike stolen.(我发现我的自行车被偷了) 知识点三：7种句型结构专项练习 ·1.句型辨析（选择正确句型结构） 1.The children are playing happily..→主谓结构(S+V) 2.My father bought me a new bike.→主谓双宾结构(S+V+lO+DO) 3.This cake tastes delicious.→主系表结构(S+V+P) 4.There stands a tall building in the city.→there be句型(There be+S) 5.Please pass me the salt..→祈使句结构(V原形+其他) ·2.成分划分（标出句子主干成分） 1.e elected him monitor..主语(We)+谓语(elected)+宾语(him)+宾语补足语(monitor) 2.The soup smells very good.主语(The soup)+系动词(smells)+表语(very good) 3.They will visit the museum next week.主语(They)+谓语(will visit)+宾语(the museum) ·3.句型转换（按要求改写句子） 1.将"S+V+O”改为"S+V+O+C”:He painted the wall..→He painted the wall white.(white作宾语补足 语) 2.将主动祈使句改为否定祈使句：Close the window.→Don't close the window. 3.用there be句型改写：Three birds are in the tree.→There are three birds in the tree. ·4.语法纠错（找出错误并改正） 1.There are a book and two pens on the desk.()-There is a book and two pens on the desk. (就近原则：a book为单数) 2.My mother makes me to clean my room every day.()-My mother makes me clean my room every day.(使役动词make后接不带to的不定式) 3.She looks angrily at the broken glass..(错误)→She looks angry at the broken glass.(系动词look 后接形容词作表语) ·解题小妙招 一句型结构妙招 *基本句型先辨析，成分分析是核心； *主谓宾表定状补，结构特征要记清； *there be句型特殊，就近原则定单复。 -非谓语动词妙招 *非谓成分看句型，主谓宾后可接补； *目的状语不定式，todo形式常充当； *ask后宾补用todo,find宾补形相连； *动名分词辨清楚，主动被动看对象。 语法复习|英语|人教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） 考法一：句型结构辨析 ·核心：根据句子成分（主语、谓语、宾语、表语等）及结构特征，识别7种基本句型类型 ·真题1（语法填空）： There_some milk and apples in the fridge.You can have them for breakfast. -答案：is解析：该句为there be句型，遵循就近原则，主语”some milk”为不可数名词，be动词用is。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -My brother often tells me interesting stories before bed. A.主谓结构 B.主谓宾结构 C.主谓双宾结构 D.主谓宾补结构 -答案：C解析：句子主语为My brother,,谓语为tells,间接宾语为me(人)，直接宾语为interesting stories(物)，符合主谓双宾结构(S+V+lO+DO)特征。 考法二：句型结构与非谓语动词综合运用 ·核心：结合7种基本句型结构，判断非谓语动词在句中所作成分及正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： --(learn)English well,we should practice speaking every day. -答案：To learn解析：句中”we should practice..”为主谓宾结构(S+V+O),逗号前需用非谓语动词 作目的状语，动词不定式(todo)表目的，故填To learn.。 ·真题2（单项选择）： The teacher asked the students_(finish)their homework before class. A.finish B.to finish C.finishing D.finished 一答案：B解析：句中”The teacher asked the students.”为主谓宾结构(StV+O),空处需填非谓语 动词作宾语补足语；ask后接不定式作宾补，结构为”ask sb.to do sth.”,故填to finish。 考法三：非谓语动词与句型结构的综合应用 ·核心：结合7种基本句型结构，判断非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）在句中担任的成分及语法功 能。 ·真题1（单项选择）： --English well,we need to practice speaking every day. A.Learn B.Learning C.To learn D.Learned 一答案：C解析：句意表示目的“为了学好英语”，需用动词不定式作目的状语，符合“主谓宾结构(W need to practice.)”中不定式作状语的用法。 ·真题2（语法填空）： I found the story_(interest)when I read it yesterday. -答案：interesting解析：句子为主谓宾补结构(S+V+O+C),主语l,谓语found,宾语the story,空 处需用形容词作宾语补足语；interesting表示“令人感兴趣的”，修饰物the story,符合“find+宾语 +形容词”结构。 语法复习」英语」人教版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（人教版） 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题） 1.My father bought_a new computer as a birthday gift. A.I B.me C.my D.mine 2.The little girl seems_after hearing the good news. A.happily B.happiness C.happy D.to happy 3._in the park is a popular activity for people of all ages. A.Jog B.Jogging C.Tojog D.Jogged 4.The teacher told us _noise in the library. A.not make B.don't make C.not to make D.not making 5.There_a pen and two notebooks on the desk. A.is B.are C.have D.has 6.We all consider him_the best student in our class. A.be B.tobe C.being D.been 7.She spent three hours _her homework last night. A.finish B.to finish C.finishing D.finished 8._carefully,the old man crossed the busy street. A.Walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walked 9.The bookby Mo Yan is worth reading. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 10.His main hobby is_basketball with his friends after school. A.play B.to play C.playing D.played 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1._(keep)healthy,you should eat more vegetables and exercise regularly. 2.My mother often asks me_(clean)my room on weekends. 3.There_(be)two libraries and a gym in our school. 4.The children enjoy_(play)games in the park after school. 5.-(see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks more beautiful. 6.He told me(not wait)for him at the school gate. 7.The teacher found a student_(sleep)in class this morning 8.-(learn)a foreign language well requires a lot of practice. 9.This is the house_(build)in the 19th century. 10.Don't forget_(lock)the door before you leave the house. 演练三：语法填空（共10空） A Visit to the Museum Last Sunday,my classmates and I decided_(visit)the city museum.-(arrive) there early,we took the subway instead of the bus.The museum,_(found)in 1925,has a large collection of ancient artifacts.Our guide told us_(pay)attention to the pottery exhibit,which is one of the most famous in the country. While walking around,I saw a group of children_(draw)pictures of the exhibits.Their teacher stood be- side them,-(explain)the history behind each artifact.I spent an hour_(read)the descriptions carefully, as I wanted_(learn)more about our cultural heritage Before leaving,we bought some postcards_(send)to our families.-(visit)the museum was not only interesting but also educational. 答案 演练一：单项选择 1.B2.C3.B4.C5.A6.B7.C8.B9.C10.C 演练二：填空试题 1.To keep 2.to clean 3.are 4.playing 5.Seen 6.not to wait 7.sleeping 8.Learning 9.built 10.to lock 演练三：语法填空 1.to visit 2.To arrive 3.founded 4.to pay 5.drawing 6.explaining 7.reading 8.to learn 9.to send 10.Visiting 语法复习|英语|人教版