7种句型结构及语法成分-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（北师大版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） Chapter17种句型结构及语法成分 考频分析 7种句型结构及语法成分是高中英语句法的重要模块，考频占句法总量的5%左右，主要分布在核心题 型：单项选择(1-2题)、语法填空(2-3题)、阅读理解（长难句分析基础）、书面表达（影响句子结构规 范性与多样性)。在语法填空和书面表达中，对不同句型的结构特点及成分完整性的把握是得分关键。 考查内容 高中英语对7种句型结构及语法成分的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础构成与语境应用： ·基本句型识别：主谓、主谓宾、主谓表、主谓双宾、主谓宾宾补、there be句型、祈使句的结构特征与 辨别； ·语法成分分析：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式（名词、代词、动词不定式、分 词等)与句法功能； ·复杂句型转换：简单句合并为并列句或复合句，不同句型间的转换及在语境中的灵活运用。 精讲精练 知识点一：7种基本句型结构及语法成分 ·1.主语+谓语(S+V) 一结构说明：谓语为不及物动词，后无宾语 -例句：She smiled.(smiled为不及物动词，无宾语) ·2.主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+0) -结构说明：谓语为及物动词，后接宾语 -例句：He bought a book.(bought为及物动词，a book作宾语) ·3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+lO+D0) 一结构说明：谓语后接双宾语，间接宾语表人，直接宾语表物 -例句：She gave me a pen.(me为间接宾语，apen为直接宾语) ·4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+0+C)》 一结构说明：宾语后接补足语补充说明宾语状态 -例句：We elected him monitor..(him为宾语，monitor作宾补) ·5.主语+系动词+表语(S+Linking V+P) 一结构说明：系动词后接表语（名词形容词等） -例句：The flower is beautiful..(is为系动词，beautiful作表语) ·6.主语+谓语+状语(S+V+A) 一结构说明：谓语为不及物动词，状语修饰动作 -例句：They ran quickly.(quickly为副词作状语，修饰ran) ·7.主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A) 一结构说明：及物动词后接宾语，状语修饰动作 -例句：He wrote a letter yesterday..(yesterday为时间状语) 【即学即练】 1.【句型识别】"He reads books carefully.”属于哪种基本句型？ A.主语+谓语(S+V) B.主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O) C.主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A) D.主语+系动词+表语(S+Linking V+P) 2.【句型结构】"She made me happy..”中，"happy”在句中作一（填语法成分）。 3.【句型转换】将"She gave me a gift.”转换为直接宾语在前的结构：一 4.【语法成分分析】"The little girl is singing loudly in the park.”中，"loudly”作一，"in the park”作一o 5.【句型判断】判断"There is a book on the desk.”所属句型，并说明结构特征： 语法复习|英语|北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 知识点二：非谓语动词及三大从句 ·1.非谓语动词（不作谓语，保留动词特征） 1.动词不定式(todo) 一功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语 -例句：To learn English well is important.(作主语)；He wants to go shopping.(作宾语)；Her job is to teach.(作表语) 2.动名词(doing) 一功能：作主语、宾语、表语、定语 -例句：Swimming is good exercise.(作主语)；I enjoy reading.(作宾语)；His hobby is collecting stamps.(作表语) 3.分词（现在分词doing/过去分词done) 一功能：作定语、状语、宾语补足语 -例句：The running water is clean.(现在分词作定语)；Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.. (过去分词作状语)；I heard her singing.(现在分词作宾补) ·2.定语从句（修饰名词代词，关系词指代先行词） 1.关系代词(that/which/who/whom/whose) -用法：that指人物（先行词被all/only等修饰时只用that);which指物；who/whom指人(who作 主语/宾语，whom作宾语)；whose表所属关系 -The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.The girl who is singing is my sister.;This is the house whose windows are broken. 2.关系副词(when/where/why) -用法：when指时间（先行词为time/day等）；where指地点（先行词为place//city等）；why指原 因（先行词为reason) -I still remember the day when we met.;This is the school where I studied.The reason why he was late is clear. ·3.状语从句（修饰动词形容词/副词，表时间地点原因等） 1.时间状语从句(when/while/as/before/after/since/until) -用法：when“当…时”（动作可长可短）；while“当…时”（动作持续）；as“一边一边”；before “在…之前”；after“在…之后”；since“自从”；until“直到” -I was reading when he came in.While she was cooking,I was washing dishes.;He has lived here since he was born. 2.原因状语从句(because/since/as/for) -用法：because语气最强（回答why);since“既然”（已知原因）；as“由于”（原因明显）；for表 补充说明（放句末） -He didn't go to school because he was ill.;Since you are free,you can help me.;As it was late,we went home.;He must be ill,for he looks pale. 3.条件状语从句(if/unless/as long as) -用法：if“如果”；unless“除非”(=if not);as long as“只要” -If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.You will fail unless you work hard.;As long as you study,you will succeed. ·4.名词性从句（在句中作主语宾语/表语同位语，相当于名词） 1.主语从句(what/who/which/that/whether/how/why) 一结构：连接词+主语+谓语；常用t作形式主语 -例句：What he said is true.;It is important that we study hard. 2.宾语从句(what/who/which/that/whether/how/why) -用法：置于动词介词后；that可省略（并列从句中第二个that不可省） -I know(that)he is honest.She asked what I was doing.I'm interested in whether he will come. 3.表语从句(what/who/which/that/whether/how/why) 一用法：置于系动词后 -例句：This is what I want.;The question is whether we can finish it.. 4.同位语从句(that/whether/how/why) -用法：解释说明先行词(news/idea/fact等)，that不可省略 -The news that he won the prize is exciting.I have no idea whether he will come. 语法复习」英语|北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 知识点三：时态与语态 ·1.八大基本时态（以动词do为例） 1.一般现在时(do/does) 一用法：表经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理 -例句：She gets up at6:00 every morning.;The earth goes around the sun. -时间标志词：always,usually,,often,sometimes,every day 2.一般过去时(did) 一用法：表过去某个时间发生的动作或状态 -例句：He visited the Great Wall last summer.;I was born in2oo8, -时间标志词：yesterday,last week,in2010,just now 3.一般将来时(will do/am/is/are going to do) 一用法：表将来发生的动作或打算 -We will hold a party tomorrow.;She is going to study abroad next year. -时间标志词：tom orrow,next month,in the future,soon 4.现在进行时(amis/are doing) 一用法：表此刻正在进行的动作 -They are playing football on the playground now.;I am writing a letter. -时间标志词：now,at the moment,look,listen 5.过去进行时(was/were doing) 一用法：表过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 -I was reading when the phone rang.;They were watching TV at 8 p.m.last night. -时间标志词：at8o'clock yesterday,.this time last week,when引导的时间状语从句 6.现在完成时(have/has done) 一用法：表过去发生并持续到现在的动作或对现在造成的影响 -I have lived here for 10 years.;She has finished her homework already. -时间标志词：already,yet,ever,never,since,for,so far 7.过去完成时(had done) 一用法：表过去某一时间前已完成的动作（过去的过去） -He had left before I arrived.;They had finished the work by the end of last month. -时间标志词：by the time,before,when引导的过去时从句 8.过去将来时(would do/was/were going to do) 一用法：表从过去看将要发生的动作 -He said he would come to the party.;She told me she was going to buy a new bike. ·2.被动语态(be done) 1.一般现在时被动：amis/are+done -English is spoken all over the world.;The room is cleaned every day. 2.一般过去时被动：was/were+done -The book was written in 2010.;They were invited to the party yesterday. 3.一般将来时被动：will be+done/am/is/are going to be+done -A new hospital will be built next year.;The problem is going to be solved soon. 4.现在完成时被动：have/has been+done -例句：The work has been finished.;My bike has been repaired. 5.情态动词被动：情态动词+be+done -The homework must be handed in on time.This book can be borrowed from the library. 6.特殊结构被动： -主动：sb.do sth.→被动：sth.be done by sb, -例句：He wrote the letter.→The letter was written by him. -主动：sb.give sb.sth.→被动：sth.be given to sb.Isb.be given sth. -例句：She gave me a book.→A book was given to me(by her)./I was given a book(by her). 语法复习丨英语北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 考法一：非谓语动词作状语辨析 ·核心：根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语的主被动关系及动作发生时间，判断使用现在分词、过去分词或动词 不定式 ·真题1（语法填空）： --(see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks more beautiful. -答案：Seen解析：句中已有谓语动词looks,.see与逻辑主语the city为被动关系（城市被看见），故 用过去分词Seen作状语。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -He stood there,_(wait)for his mother to come back. A.wait B.waiting C.waited D.to wait -答案：B解析：句中已有谓语动词stood,wait与逻辑主语He为主动关系（他等待），且动作与stood 同时发生，故用现在分词waiting作伴随状语。 考法二：非谓语动词作定语与定语从句转换 ·核心：将分词/不定式作定语的结构转换为定语从句，或反之，需注意先行词与非谓语动词的逻辑关系 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The girl._(sing)on the stage is my best friend.(用所给词的适当形式填空) -答案：singing解析：”sing”与逻辑主语"the girl”为主动关系，用现在分词作定语，相当于"who is singing”。 ·真题2（单项选择）： The building_last year is now used as a library. A.built B.building C.to build D.was built -答案：A解析："building”与"build”为被动关系，且动作已完成，用过去分词作定语，相当于"which was buit”。 考法三：非谓语动词与定语从句结合的时态语态综合应用 ·核心：判断非谓语动词在定语从句中的时态语态，结合从句先行词与动词的逻辑关系及时间标志词确定 正确形式 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The novelby Mo Yan last month is very interesting.I want to read it. A.writing B.written C.was written D.is written -答案：B解析：句中已有谓语动词is,此处需用非谓语动词作定语修饰novel。novel与write为被动 关系，且时间标志词last month表明动作已完成，故用过去分词written表被动完成。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -I still remember the day when I saw the teacher_(give)a lesson to students in the classroom yesterday. -答案：giving解析：句中when引导定语从句修饰先行词day,从句已有谓语动词saw,此处需用非 谓语动词作宾补。see sb..doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”，teacher与give为主动关系，结 合时间标志词yesterday,.用现在分词giving表主动进行。 解题小妙招 非谓语作状辨主被，时间关系定分词；主动进行用现分，被动完成用过分；目的将来不定式，固定搭配要 牢记。 非谓定从互转换，逻辑关系是关键；主动进行现分替，相当于定从”正在”义；被动完成过分代，等同于定 从”被完成”态；先行词与动作间，主被动与时态要辨全。 定从非谓综合考，先找谓语定主干；非谓作定看主被，时间标志辨状态；被动完成用过分，主动进行现分 来；固定搭配需注意，感官动词”doing”表正在。 语法复习」英语」北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The children ran out of the classroom,-loudly. A.laugh B.laughing C.laughed D.to laugh 2.The book by Lu Xun is still popular among young readers. A.writing B.written C.was written D.is writing 3.I want to buy a sweater_of cotton for my mother. A.making B.made C.to make D.is made 4.She stood at the door,for her father to pick her up. A.wait B.waiting C.waited D.to wait 5.The students_in the library must keep quiet. A.study B.studying C.studied D.to study 6.-the early bus,he has to get up at 5:00 every morning. A.Catch B.Catching C.Caught D.To catch 7.This is the novel_I borrowed from the school library last week. A.which B.written C.writing D.was written 8.The workers_the bridge now will finish it next month. A.build B.building C.built D.to build 9.-from the top of the tower,the whole city looks like a painting. A.See B.Seeing C.Seen D.To see 10.He told me the story_by his grandfather when he was a child. A.told B.telling C.to tell D.was told 演练二：填空试题（共0题，用括号内单词的适当形式填空） 1.The girl_(read)a book over there is my sister. 2.(learn)English well,we need to practice every day. 3.The house_(build)in 1990 needs to be repaired now. 4.I heard someone_(sing)in the next room when I passed by 5.The teacher asked us_(finish)the homework before class. 6.-(walk)along the street,I met an old friend of mine. 7.The problem_(discuss)at the meeting yesterday is very important. 8.We are looking forward to_(visit)the Great Wall next summer. 9.The machine_(invent)by the scientist last year works very well.