构词法前缀后缀合成及词性转换等-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（北师大版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） Chapter1构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换等） 考频分析 构词法是高中英语词法的重要模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，涉及试卷多个题型：单项选择1-2题、 完形填空23题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解（辅助词汇推测）。在词汇积累与语境理解中，前缀、后缀的 构词规律及词性转换是提升解题效率的关键。 老查内容 高中英语对构词法的考察聚焦四大维度，覆盖基础规则与词汇应用： ·前缀构成：否定前缀(un-、dis、im-)、时间方位前缀(pre、post-、inter-)等的语义辨析及单词派生； ·后缀构成：名词后缀(-tion、-ment、-er)、形容词后缀(-able、-ful、-less)、副词后缀(-y)等的词性 转换及拼写规则； ·合成词构成：名词+名词(classroom)、形容词+名词(blackboard)、动词+副词(breakdown)等的 构成方式及语义理解： ·词性转换：动词与名词(act→action)、形容词与副词(quick→quickly)、名词与形容词(care→careful) 的转换规则及语境应用。 精讲精练 知识点一：构词法（前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换） ·前缀（加于词根前，改变词义） -常见前缀及含义：un-(否定，如happy--unhappy)、re-(重复，如do→redo)、dis(否定，如 like→dislike)、pre-(之前，如iew-→preview) -例句：口She was unhappy with the result.(un-表否定，“不高兴的”)Please redo the work if it's not correct..(re-表重复，“重新做") ·后缀（加于词根后，改变词性或词义） -名词后缀：-er(人/物，如teach-teacher)、-ment(行为/结果，如develop-development)、-tion (动作/状态，如invent-→invention) -形容词后缀：-ul(充满，如care->careful)、-ess(无，如hope-hopeless)、-able(可…的，如 comfort->comfortable -副词后缀：-y(…地，如quick→quickly)→例句：He speaks English quickly.(quick+ly构成副词，“快 速地”) ·合成词（由两个或以上单词组合而成） -合成名词：class(班级)+room(房间)→classroom(教室)；book(书)+store(商店)→bookstore (书店) -合成形容词：good(好的)+looking(看)→good--looking(好看的)；hard(努力地)+working(工 作)hard-working(勤奋的) -例句：口We have classes in the classroom every day.(class+room构成合成名词，“教室”)口She is a hard-working student..(hard+working构成合成形容词，“勤奋的”) ·词性转换（通过添加词缀改变单词词性） -名词→动词：act(名词，“行为”)→act(动词，“行动”)；use(名词，“使用”)→use(动词，“使 用”) -动词→名词：work(动词，“工作”)→work(名词，“工作”)；build(动词，“建造”)→building (名词，“建筑物”) -形容词→名词：happy(形容词，“快乐的”)→happiness(名词，“快乐”)；i训（形容词，“生病的”） →illness(名词，“疾病”) -例句：口His act changed the situation.(act作名词，“行为”)→He will act immediately..(act作动 词，“行动")口She found happiness in helping others.(happy+ness转换为名词，“快乐") 【即学即练】 1.【前缀辨析】请选择正确的前缀填入空白处：t's_(usual)for him to be late.(提示：否定前缀) 2.【后缀转换】请将动词“develop”转换为名词形式： 3.【合成词识别】"blackboard”属于哪种合成词类型？ A.名词+名词 B.形容词+名词 C.动词+副词 D.副词+形容词 4.【词性转换】请将形容词“quick'”转换为副词形式： 5.【构词法应用】请用“care”的适当形式填空：She is a_(care)girl,and she always does things with _(care) 语法复习|英语|北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 知识点二：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）》 ·不定式(to+动词原形，表目的、结果、未完成动作等) 1.基本用法 -作主语：To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要) -作宾语：She wants to go shopping.(她想去购物) -作表语：His dream is to be a doctor..(他的梦想是成为一名医生) -作定语：I have a book to read.(我有一本书要读) -作状语（目的）：He studies hard to pass the exam.(他努力学习为了通过考试) 2.省略to的情况 -使役动词后：let/make/have sb.do sth.(让某人做某事)→My mother makes me clean the room (妈妈让我打扫房间) -感官动词后：see/watch/hear sb.do sth.(看见/听见某人做某事全过程)→I saw her enter the room.(我看见她进了房间) 3.被动语态 -结构：tobe+过去分词→The work needs to be done immediately..(这项工作需要立即被完成) ·动名词（动词-ig形式，兼具动词和名词特征） 1.基本用法 -作主语：Swimming is good for health.(游泳有益健康) -作宾语：I enjoy reading books.(我喜欢读书) -作表语：Her hobby is singing.(她的爱好是唱歌) -作定语：a reading room(阅览室)、a swimming pool(游泳池) 2.常见搭配动词 -后接动名词：enjoy(喜欢)、finish(完成)、practice(练习)、avoid(避免)、mind(介意)→He practices playing the piano every day.(他每天练习弹钢琴) 3.被动语态 -结构：being+过去分词→He insisted on being invited to the party.(他坚持要被邀请参加派对) ·分词（现在分词doing/过去分词done,表主动/被动、进行完成） 1.现在分词（主动、进行） -作定语：a developing country(发展中国家，主动关系)、falling leaves(落叶，正在进行) -作状语（伴随）：She sat there reading a novel..(她坐在那里读小说，主动进行) -作宾补：I saw them playing basketball.(我看见他们正在打篮球，主动进行) 2.过去分词（被动、完成） -作定语：a developed country(发达国家，被动完成)、broken glass(碎玻璃，已完成) -作状语（被动）：Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks beautiful.(从山J顶看，这座城市很美， 城市被看)》 -作宾补：He had his hair cut yesterday.(他昨天剪了头发，头发被剪) 3.区别示例 -The girl singing is my sister.(正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹，主动进行→现在分词) -The song sung by her is popular.(她唱的歌很受欢迎，被动完成→过去分词) 知识点三：时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时） ·一般现在时（表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理） 一基础用法（高中必背）： *表示经常性动作：He gets up at6:O0 every morning.(他每天早上6点起床) *表示客观真理：The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) *表示状态或特征：She likes music.(她喜欢音乐) -时间标志词（高频考点）： always,usually,often,sometimes,never,every day/week/month/year -例句：We usually have lunch at school.(我们通常在学校吃午饭) 一特殊用法（易错点）： *主将从现（条件/时间状语从句）：If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨，我们 就待在家里) *客观真理用现在时：Our teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth.(老师告诉我们月 亮绕着地球转) ·一般过去时（表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态） 一基础用法（高中必背）： *表示过去具体时间发生的动作：She visited the Great Wall last summer.(她去年夏天参观了长城) *表示过去习惯性动作：He often went to the park when he was a child.(他小时候经常去公园) 一时间标志词（高频考点）： yesterday,last week/month/year,in 2020,just now,ago -例句：I finished my homework an hour ago.(我-小时前完成了作业) 一动词过去式变化规则（基础必备）： *规则变化：直接加-ed(work→vorked);以e结尾加-d((live-lived);辅音+y结尾变y为i加-ed (study-→studied);重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ed(stop→stopped) *不规则变化：go→went,see→saw,eat→ate,take-took,make→made -例句：He went to Beijing yesterday.(他昨天去了北京) ·一般将来时（表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态） 一基础结构（高中必背）： *will+动词原形：I will go to the cinema tonight.(我今晚要去看电影) *be going to-+动词原形：She is going to have a party this weekend.(她这个周未要举办派对) 一时间标志词（高频考点）： tomorrow,next week/month/year,in the future,soon -例句：Ve will have a picnic next Sunday.(我们下周日要去野餐) 一特殊用法（易错点）： *表示计划或打算(be going to):They are going to buy a new car..(他们打算买一辆新车) *表示即将发生(be about to):The train is about to leave.(火车就要开了) *there be句型将来时：There will be a football match tomorrow.(明天有一场足球比赛) 语法复习|英语|北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 考法一：前缀辨析 ·核心：根据词根含义及前缀的否定、重复、时间等语义，判断单词的正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： -It's-(usual)for him to be late.He is always on time. -答案：unusual解析：由后文“他总是准时”可知前文表示“迟到是不寻常的”，usual(通常的)前加 否定前缀un-,构成unusual(不寻常的)。 ·真题2（完形填空）： The students need to _(view)the text before class to understand the main idea A.preview B.review C.disview D.unview -答案：A解析：由“课前”和“理解主旨”可知需要“预先查看”文本，view(查看)前加pre-(之 前)构成preview(预习)，符合语境。 考法二：构词法与非谓语动词结合 ·核心：通过构词法判断单词词性及形式，结合非谓语动词用法确定正确形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： The teacher encouraged us_(care)about the environment around us -答案：to care解析：根据构词法，care可作动词“关心”，encourage后接不定式作宾语补足语，构 成encourage sb.to do sth.结构，故填to careo ·真题2（单项选择）： --(walk)is a good way to keep healthy.Many people like this_(relax)activity. A.Walk:relaxed B.Walking;relaxing C.Walk;relaxing D.Walking;relaxed -答案：B解析：第一空需用动名词作主语，walk的动名词形式为walking;第二空修饰activity(事物)， 用relaxing(令人放松的)，符合形容词后缀-ing修饰物的用法，故选B。 考法三：构词法、非谓语动词及时态的综合运用 ·核心：结合构词法判断词性转换，运用非谓语动词的不同形式（不定式、动名词、分词），并根据时间标 志词确定时态 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The_(develop)country is trying_(improve)its economy by_(build)new factories last year. A.developing;to improve;building B.developed;improving;build C.developing;improve;built D. developed;to improve;building -答案：A解析：第一空需形容词修饰名词“country”,“develop”加-ing构成现在分词作形容词“发 展中的”，符合语境；第二空“try to do sth.”为固定搭配，用不定式“to improve?”表目的；第三空 “by”为介词，后接动名词“building”作宾语；由时间标志词last year”可知主句用过去进行时，但 此处“by building”为方式状语，时态已由主句体现，故正确答案为A。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -The teacher asked us_(finish)the_(prepare)work before the class began.After_(discuss)for an hour,we felt-(hope)about the result. -答案：to finish;preparation;discussing;hopeful解析：第一空“ask sb.to do sth.”用不定式“to finish”;第二空需名词修饰“work”,“prepare”加后缀“-ation”构成名词“preparation”;第三空 “ater”为介词，后接动名词“discussing”;第四空需形容词作表语，“hope”加后缀“-ful”构成形 容词“hopeful'”;由时间标志词“began”可知用一般过去时，非谓语动词形式不受主句时态影响，按 固定搭配及构词法变化。 语法复习|英语」北师大版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（北师大版） 解题小妙招 前缀辨析妙招 前缀语义先辨明，否定重复与时间； usual加un表否定，pre前缀提前看； 结合语境判含义，词根不变前缀换。 构词非谓妙招 构词先判词性别，名动形副看搭配； encourage后接todo,动名词作主语要牢记； -ing修饰物，-ed修饰人，非谓形式看结构。 综合运用妙招 构词转换先辨性，develop加-ing表进行； 非谓形式分三种，不定式表目的，动名词作宾语； 时态标志找时间，last year用过去，主被动看主谓间； developing表发展中，preparation名词形，discussing动名作宾语。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.My brother is a_student;he always spends hours-every day. A.hard-work;study B.hard-working;studying C.hard-worked;to study D.hard-working;study 2._English well requires practice,and my teacher often tells us__more. A.Learn;speak B.Learning;to speak C.To learn;speak D.Learning;speak 3.The little girl was_when she saw the-movie. A.frightened;frightening B.frightening;frightened C.frightened;frightened D.frightening; frightening 4.He_to the library yesterday and-three books. A.go;borrow B.went;borrowed C.goes;borrows D.will go;borrow 5.Our city_a new park next year,and it_many trees. A.builds;plants B.is building;planted C.will build;will plant D.built;has planted 6.The_of the project made everyone_ A.complete;exciting B.completion;excited C.complete;excited D.completion;exciting 7.My parents often remind metoo much time-computer games. A.not to spend;playing B.to not spend;play C.not spend;to play D.not spending;playing 8._is important for usthe environment. A.Protect;to love B.Protecting;love C.Protecting;to love D.Protect;love 9.She _in this school since 2020 and_English for five years. A.teaches;learns B.taught;learned C.has taught;has learned D.will teach;will learn 10.The_child tried_the problem by himself,but he failed__it. A.clever;solving;to understand B.cleverly:to solve:understanding C.clever;to solve;to understand D.cleverly;solving;understanding 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.lt's_(polite)to talk loudly in the library..(提示：否定前缀) 2.She enjoys_(read)novels in her free time.(提示：动名词作宾语) 3.The doctor advised him_(take)more exercise.(提示：不定式作宾补) 4.ly brother wants to be a_(science)when he grows up.(提示：名词后缀) 5.We_(isit)the museum last Sunday.(提示：一般过去时) 6._(help)others makes me happy..(提示：动名词作主语) 7.The_(invent)of the computer changed the world greatly.(提示：名词转换) 8.I saw her_(run)towards the bus stop just now.(提示：省略to的不定式) 9.They_(have)a picnic next Saturday if the weather is fine.(提示：一般将来时) 10.This story is very_(interest)),andm_((interest)init.(提示：形容词后缀) 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Last year,our school started a "Green Campus"project.The goal was _(make)our school more en- vironmentally friendly.First,we_(plant)over 100 trees around the playground in March.Many students _(volunteer)to help,and it was_(amaze)to see everyone working together. Next,we_(set)up a recycling center in April.Teachers taught us how_(sort)waste into different bins. We learned that_(recycle)paper and plastic can save resources.A group of students even made a video_(educate)others about the importance of recycling. By the end of last year,our school_(reduce)waste by 30%.The_(succeed)of the project made us proud.This experience taught us that small actions can make a big _(different). 答案 演练一：单项选择 1.B2.B3.A4.B5.C6.B7.A8.C9.C10.C 演练二：填空试题 1.impolite 2.reading 3.to take 4.scientist 5.visited 6.Helping 7.invention 8.run 9.will have 10.interesting;interested 演练三：语法填空 1.to make 2.planted 3.volunteered 4.amazing 5.set 6.to sort 7.recycling 8.to educate 9.had reduced 10.success;difference 语法复习|英语|北师大版