专题03 阅读理解（期末复习讲义）高一英语上学期北师大版

该高中英语讲义以高考阅读理解四大题型为框架，通过表格对比不同考法特征，结合解题流程图梳理“检索-加工”逻辑，系统呈现细节理解、推理判断等题型的设题规律与内在联系。 讲义亮点在于“考法-典例-流程”三维指导，如综合细节题结合芝麻菜案例训练信息整合，培养思维品质。基础通关练习覆盖人与自我等主题，分层设计满足不同学生需求，助力教师实施精准教学，提升学生自主复习效率与语言能力。

专题03 阅读理解（期末复习讲义） 要想顺利通过高考英语阅读理解部分，必须具备《高中英语新课程标准》规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。 解答阅读理解题的最基本原则——忠于原文。其蕴含的解题规律是：读文时，要透彻理解文意，充分从文中获取信息，这就是信息检索的过程；做题时，要依据题目设问并结合选项，对所检索出来的信息进行整理、分析，这是对信息进行思维加工的过程。通过“检索”找到答题根源，通过“加工”判定正确选项。 【语篇特点】 1．原汁原味：高考语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站。语篇围绕“人与自我、人与社会、人与自然”三大主题，力求用原汁原味的英语表达来体现英语国家文化、科技等方面的新元素，同时注重融入中华优秀传统文化，体现中国经济、社会和文化的发展。着重从语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力四个方面对学生的英语学科核心素养进行综合考查。 2．词汇量大：新高考语篇词汇量丰富，语篇及选项中低频词汇、派生词汇明显增多，加大了语篇阅读的难度。 3．长难句多：高考语篇含有大量的长难句，句子结构复杂。 【命题方式】 包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词句猜测题，其中以细节理解题为主。 一、　细节理解题 细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文中定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。 考法一　直接细节题 【典例1】　 Guided City Tours The 2.5­hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill，the Skinny Bridge，the Rijksmuseum，Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 23．Where does the guided city tour start? A．The Gooyer，Windmill. B．The Skinny Bridge. C．Heineken Brewery. D．Dam Square. 【解析】　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.(旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发，每天下午1点开始。)”可知，导游城市之旅从大坝广场开始。 【自主解答】　D ★设题特点：直接细节题的特点是在原文中可以找到和选项信息几乎一样的短语或句子。考生只需要弄清题干问的是什么，找到题干中的关键信息，然后根据信息在文中寻找相关内容(有时需跨段落寻找细节信息)进行下一步判断。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。 ★设问方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。 【解题流程】 考法二　综合细节题 【典例2】　Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much；I could have made six salads with what I threw out. 24．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times. C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food. 【解析】　细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词“the arugula story”可定位到信息句“But as days passed，the arugula went bad...I could have made six salads with what I threw out.”；由信息句可知，更糟糕的是，作者不假思索地买了太多东西，而又没有完全用掉，所以无意中浪费了食物。unintentionally与文中的unthinkingly为同义转述。 【自主解答】　B ★设题特点：综合细节题相比直接细节题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。换词类细节信息题需将题目信息与原文信息进行语义上的转换。概括类细节信息题涉及一段或几段的内容，需进行概括后加工整理才能得出答案。 ★设问方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。 【解题流程】 考法三　数字计算题 【典例3】　 Prices Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears 1 hour ￡7.50 ￡5.00 3 hours ￡11.00 ￡7.50 1 day(24 hours) ￡14.75 ￡9.75 Each additional day ￡8.00 ￡6.00 22.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A．￡15.75.　　　　　 B．￡19.50. C．￡22.75. D．￡29.50. 【解析】　理解具体信息。根据Prices部分所列表格的内容可知，带手刹的三挡自行车的日租金为14.75欧元，每多一天收8欧元，故租两天为22.75欧元。 【自主解答】　C ★设题特点：数字计算题常涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等数字信息的简单加工。计算量较小，比较容易。找出计算背后所隐含的信息并理解文章相应的信息是准确解题的关键。 ★设问方式：以when、how much/how many等疑问词开头引出问题。 【解题流程】 二、　推理判断题 推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而领会文章的深层意义及隐含意义。要想正确地解答此类题型，必须深入词句间，根据上下文做出合理的判断。现将一些常见的推理判断题归纳如下，旨在让考生掌握一些解题的技巧，从而减少应考中的失误。 考法一　隐含推断题 【典例1】　 Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse­like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco­machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says.“ You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self­repair.” 27．What is the basis for John’s work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. 【解析】　推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self­repair.(你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式。)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。 【自主解答】　A ★设题特点：隐含推断题是高考阅读理解中的常见题型，难易程度不等。解答此类题目需在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，读懂原文，理解弦外之音，做出合理的推断。 ★设问方式： 1．What can we infer/conclude from the passage? 2．The author suggests that... 【解题流程】 考法二　观点态度题 【典例2】　 In a follow­up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision­making are enormous. 35．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A．Unclear.　　　　　　　 B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 【解析】　观点态度题。最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。 【自主解答】　D ★设题特点：高考对观点态度题的设题越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加。 1．推断文章作者对某事所持的观点或态度； 2．推断文章中的人物对文中事物或内容的观点或态度。 ★设问方式： What’s the author’s attitude towards...? 【解题流程】 考法三　写作意图题 【典例3】　“Think of a rubber band.In the beginning，it is flexible，but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken，” says Dr.Ben Levine，a heart specialist at the University of Texas.That’s what happens to the heart.Fortunately for those in midlife，Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser，getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. 32．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack. C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart. 【解析】　写作意图题。根据文章中的“‘Think of a rubber band...it will become dry and easily broken，’．..That’s what happens to the heart.”可知，莱文想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程。 【自主解答】　D ★设题特点：各种话题的阅读材料都有可能考查写作意图题。 ★设问方式： 1．What is the purpose of the passage? 2．The writer uses the example of...to... 【解题流程】 考法四　文章出处题、文章类型题、读者对象题 【典例4】　 Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists' representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. ... In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to. 8．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing. C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings. 【解析】　推理判断题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句“Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration...three hundred artworks from museums around the world”可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。 【自主解答】　A ★设题特点：做文章出处、文章类型题要能够根据文章的主要内容和关键信息推断文章的出处和类型，做读者对象题要根据文章内容和措辞推断文章的读者对象。 ★设问方式： 1．From which is the text probably taken? 2．The passage is probably intended for... 3．What is the text? 【图解技巧】 考法五　事物性质类推断题 【典例5】　 Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years.His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves.He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage. “A lot of skills are needed for the job.You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot，” Mr Titterton explained. Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns，including back turns for repeat passages.Silent onstage communication is key，and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner. 25．Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage? A．Boring.　 B．Well­paid.　　C．Demanding.　　D．Dangerous. 【解析】　事物性质类推断题。根据文章中的“A lot of skills are needed for the job.”和“Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.”以及对翻谱员工作的具体描述可知，蒂特顿在舞台上的工作需要很多技巧和大量的练习，由此可推知，蒂特顿的工作是要求很高的，需要高技能的。 【自主解答】　C ★设题特点：一般涉及对文中某事件或事物性质或特点的判断，需通过分析文中的用词、语气或对细节的描述来判断，选项一般都是形容词(短语)。 ★设问方式： 1．Which of the following best describes...? 2．Which word best describes...? 【解题流程】 三、　词句猜测题 词句猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。词义猜测题不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词义猜测题时，应注意画线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的意义。另外，还要注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。 考法一　利用逻辑关系猜测词义 【典例1】 To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear­up.　　　　　　 B．Add­on. C．Check­in. D．Take­over. 【解析】　理解词汇。根据画线词后面的“step away from”可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”。 【自主解答】　A ★设题特点：阅读理解语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义。对猜测词义帮助较大的逻辑关系有反义关系、同义关系和因果关系等。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the underlined word “...” in paragraph 1 mean? 2．What does the underlined phrase “...” in paragraph 2 probably refer to? 【解题流程】 考法二　利用语法关系猜测词义 【典例2】　 Terri Bolton is a_dab_hand when it comes to DIY (do­it­yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist.　　　　 B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. 【解析】　词句猜测题。根据文章第一段画线短语下文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.(她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别人做她自己能做的工作。)”可推知，此处指Terri Boltonis是一位DIY高手。C项“A specialist (一位专业人员)”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。 【自主解答】　C ★设题特点：在做阅读理解题目时，考生利用语法关系(下定义、同位语、同位语从句、定语从句、举例、标点符号等)猜测词义是一种快速有效的方法之一。 ★设问方式： 1．What do the underlined words “...” probably mean? 2．What could the phrase “...” in the sentence be replaced by? 【解题流程】 考法三　利用构词法猜测词义 【典例3】　 My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring，and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the_offender would appear at the end of the day，and I would return the belonging.(paragraph 8) 25．What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to? A．The student’s parent. B．The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C．The author’s grandchild. D．The owner of the forbidden fruit. 【解析】　利用构词法猜测词义。er为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反、冒犯”，故offender有“犯规者、违反者”的含义。结合前文中出现的forbidden fruit以及后文提到return the belonging可推知，犯规者指的是拥有forbidden fruit的人。 【自主解答】　D ★设题特点：使用构词法可以不借助阅读上下文便能大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以做题时可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。 ★设问方式： 1．What do the underlined words “...” in paragraph 1 refer to? 2．What does the underlined word in the first/second/...paragraph mean? 【解题流程】 考法四　利用上下文语境猜测词义 【典例4】　 The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made：a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non­literate societies such as these，all our first­hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects. 34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem.　 B．History.　　C．Voice.　　D．Society. 【解析】　理解词汇。题干问的是画线词conversation在文中的意思。根据“a history told through things gives them back a voice.(实物能还原历史事实。)”和“all our first­hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.(我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读文字，还要解读实物。)”可知，conversation指的是历史。 【自主解答】　B ★设题特点：有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志性线索，可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义。这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。 ★设问方式： 1．What does “...” underlined in paragraph 1 refer to? 2．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？ 【解题流程】 考法五　代词指代题 【典例5】　...A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.(paragraph 1) His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea....(paragraph 2) 9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Developing a serious mental disease. B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia. C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea. 【解析】　代词指代题。画线词在第二段首句，that用来指代上文提到的事情，因此推断that指代第一段的内容。根据第一段最后一句可知，汤姆·比斯尔回到乌兹别克斯坦后写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，由此可推断that指代的就是这件事，表示写一篇文章远不能描述他的所有见闻。 【自主解答】　D ★设题特点：代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which/...” refer to? 2．The underlined word “it/that/they/which/...” in paragraph...refers to ________. 【解题流程】 考法六　句意猜测题 【典例6】　We journalists live in a new age of storytelling，with many new multimedia tools.Many young people don’t even realize it’s new.For them，it’s just normal. This hit_home_for_me as I was sitting with my 2­year­old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.I had brought a children’s book to read.It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age. 24．What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Provided shelter for me.　 B．Became very clear to me. C．Took the pressure off me. D．Worked quite well on me. 【解析】　句义猜测题。根据第一段内容以及画线词后文“as I was sitting with my 2­year­old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上看书时，尤其清楚地认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。 【自主解答】　B ★设题特点：句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的、有特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻找，意义吻合是解题关键。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph...mean? 2．Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in paragraph...? 【解题流程】 四、　主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大，但是难度较高，是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型，应给予足够的重视，争取阅读得满分。 考法一　标题归纳题 【典例1】　 Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low­income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles. ... She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.” 7．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Rescuing School Gardens B．Experiencing Country Life C．Growing Vegetable Lovers D．Changing Local Landscape 【解析】　主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low­income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了‘Urban Sprouts’学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”和最后一段的“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.(一些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，于是他们把种子带回家，开始种自己的菜园。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“蔬菜种植爱好者”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。 【自主解答】　C ★设题特点：标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达，主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。 ★设问方式： 1．Which is the best title for the text? 2．What can be a suitable title for the text? 3．Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage? 【解题流程】 考法二　文章大意题 【典例2】　As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica，she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello.These gentle，lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick­started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood，Ginni，now 71，has had a deep love for travel.Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer，she toured in the UK，but always longed to explore further.When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time to take the plunge. ... The realization that this is a precious land，to be respected by humans，was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．A childhood dream. B．An unforgettable experience. C．Sailing around the world. D．Meeting animals in Antarctica. 【解析】　主旨大意题。本文开篇即介绍了金尼抵达南极洲时可爱的企鹅开启了她终生难忘的旅行的经历，下文又介绍了她去南极洲的原因、时间及其感受等。因此，“一次难忘的经历”是最佳标题。 【自主解答】　B ★设题特点：文章大意题是考查考生深层理解文章以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。 ★设问方式： 1．What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage? 2．What does the text mainly focus on? 3．The passage is mainly about... 4．The main idea of the passage is... 5．What does the story mainly tell us? 【解题流程】 考法三　段落大意题 【典例3】　On March 7,1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 12．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment. 【解析】　主旨大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。 【自主解答】　B ★设题特点：段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the author tell us in paragraph...? 2．The first paragraph is mainly about... 【解题流程】 基础通关（测试时间：15分钟） Passage1 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Leonardo Da Vinci was a genius: wildly imaginative, passionately curious and creative across multiple disciplines — painting, architecture, aeronautics, and engineering. Yet oddly the word “genius” minimizes him by making it seem as if he were touched by lightning. His early biographer made this mistake: “Sometimes, in a supernatural fashion, a single person is gifted by heaven with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that seems that his every act is divine (天赐的).” In fact, the self-taught Leonardo’s genius was shaped by his own will and ambition. It did not come from being the divine recipient, like Newton or Einstein. Part of what made Leonardo a genius, what set him apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart, was creativity. His talent for combining observation with fantasy allowed him to make unexpected leaps that related things seen to things unseen. Leonardo was also a very human genius. He made mistakes. He left a trail of unfinished projects, flying machines that never flew, tanks that never rolled. “Tell me if ever I did a thing... Tell me if anything was ever made.” His flawed humanity makes Leonardo more accessible. Even though we may never be able to match his talents, we can learn from him and try to be more like him. His life offers a wealth of lessons. Seek knowledge for its own sake. Not all knowledge needs to be useful. Sometimes it should be pursued for pure pleasure. Leonardo did not need to know how heart valves work to paint the Mona Lisa, nor did he need to figure out how fossils got to the top of mountains to produce Virgin of the Rocks. By allowing himself to be driven by pure curiosity, he got to explore more horizons and sec more connections. Keep a childlike sense of wonder. At a certain point in life, most of us quit puzzling over everyday phenomena. We might savor the beauty of a blue sky, but we no longer bother to wonder why it is that color. Leonardo did. Be curious, observe things, see things unseen, respect facts, be open to mystery…We can never learm enough from Leonardo. 1．What set Da Vinci apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart? 2．Why was Da Vinci regarded as a very human genius? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Da Vinci’s life offers us a wealth of lessons, one of which is to seek useful knowledge. 4．Which quality of Da Vinci’s do you appreciate most? How can it benefit you in your life? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Creativity sets him apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart. 2．Because he made mistakes and he left a trail of unfinished projects, such as flying machines that never flew and tanks that never rolled. 3．Da Vinci’s life offers us a wealth of lessons, one of which is to seek useful knowledge. Because not all knowledge needs to be useful. Sometimes it should be pursued for pure pleasure. 4．One possible version: I appreciate the quality of being curious most. Because being curious can force me to keep learning new knowledge. If I am curious about one problem, I will refer to some books to get a better understanding of the knowledge. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了达·芬奇是一个有创造力，有人类本性的天才。他充满好奇心，善于观察事物，尊重事实，接受神秘等这些品质，值得我们学习。 1．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Part of what made Leonardo a genius, what set him apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart, was creativity.(使列奥纳多成为天才的部分原因，使他与那些仅仅是非常聪明的人区别开来的部分原因是创造力)”可知，是创造力将达·芬奇与那些只是非常聪明的人区别开来，故答案为Creativity.或Creativity sets him apart from people who are merely extraordinarily smart. 2．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Leonardo was also a very human genius. He made mistakes. He left a trail of unfinished projects, flying machines that never flew, tanks that never rolled. (列奥纳多也是一个非常有人类本性的天才。他犯了错误。他留下了一系列未完成的项目——从没飞过的飞行器，从没启动过的坦克)”可知，达·芬奇也犯错，而且还留下一系列未完成的项目，比如从没飞过的飞行器和从没启动过的坦克，所以达·芬奇被认为是一个有人类本性的天才，故答案为Because he made mistakes and he left a trail of unfinished projects, such as flying machines that never flew and tanks that never rolled. 3．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“Seek knowledge for its own sake. Not all knowledge needs to be useful. Sometimes it should be pursued for pure pleasure.(为知识本身而求知。并非所有的知识都必须有用。有时应该纯粹为了快乐而追求)”可知，错误的部分为“one of which is to seek useful knowledge”，因为并非所有的知识都必须有用。有时应该纯粹为了快乐而追求。故答案为Da Vinci’s life offers us a wealth of lessons, one of which is to seek useful knowledge. Because not all knowledge needs to be useful. Sometimes it should be pursued for pure pleasure. 4．考查开放题。根据最后一段中的“Be curious, observe things, see things unseen, respect facts, be open to mystery…”(要有好奇心，观察事物，看到看不见的东西，尊重事实，接受神秘……)可知，这些都是达·芬奇的品质，以好奇心为例，谈谈好奇心对自己生活的好处。故答案为：One possible version: I appreciate the quality of being curious most. Because being curious can force me to keep learning new knowledge. If I am curious about one problem, I will refer to some books to get a better understanding of the knowledge. Passage2 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 The Path to Success Success is a concept that holds different meanings for different people. For some, it may be the accumulation of wealth, while for others, it could mean achieving career milestones or academic excellence. There are also those who see success as leading a happy life, having a harmonious family, or maintaining good relationships with others. Therefore, success does not have a universal standard; its definition varies from person to person. However, despite the various interpretations of success, certain qualities and approaches are shared by those who succeed. One key trait is perseverance. Achieving any significant accomplishment requires time and error. Many successful people stand out not because they never faced setbacks, but because they did not give up when faced with difficulties. For example, 1homas Edison, the famous inventor, encountered thousands of failures before finally inventing the light bulb. Had he not possessed the spirit of perseverance, the invention of the light bulb might have been late for many years. Another crucial factor is setting clear goals since a well-defined goal provides direction and helps people stay focused on their pursuits. Psychological studies have shown a strong correlation between goal setting and the feeling of achievement. When people establish specific, realistic goals and work diligently towards them, their chances of success greatly increase. For instance, athletes who aim to improve their performance by setting small, achievable targets often experience greater progress than those who only dream of winning big competitions without a clear plan. In addition, continuous learning and adaptability play essential roles in achieving success. The modern world is developing rapidly, with new knowledge and technologies emerging constantly. Only those who keep learning and updating their skills can stay competitive in such a fast-paced environment. Take the example of successful entrepreneurs: many of them attribute their achievements to their ability to learn from mistakes and adapt to changing market demands. While hard work, goal setting, and lifelong learning are significant, it is also important to admit the role of luck in success. Sometimes, being in the right place at the right time can open doors that were otherwise closed. However, luck alone is not enough; it must be combined with preparation and effort to truly make a difference. In conclusion, success is a multifaceted concept influenced by a variety of factors. While the definition of success may differ from one person to another, perseverance, clear goal setting, and continuous learning are universally acknowledged as essential traits for achieving it. By embracing these principles and remaining open to change, anyone can increase their chances of reaching their version of success. 1．Why is setting clear goals a crucial factor for success? 2．According to the passage, which essential elements are universally acknowledged to achieve success?(List two) 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. > Many successful entrepreneurs who can stay competitive in such a fast-paced environment think their achievements are a result of their perseverance. 4．Do you agree with the statement “Luck plays a role in success”? Why or why not? 【答案】1．Because a well-defined goal provides direction and helps people stay focused on their pursuits. 2．Perseverance and clear goal setting./Continuous learning and perseverance./Clear goal setting and continuous learning. 3．Many successful entrepreneurs who can stay competitive in such a fast-paced environment think their achievements are a result of their perseverance. Because many successful entrepreneurs attribute their achievements to their ability to learn from mistakes and adapt to changing market demands, rather than to their perseverance. 4．No, I don’t agree. Because I believe that success is mainly determined by one’s own efforts, abilities, and perseverance. Although luck may play a role in some cases, it is not the decisive factor. Success requires hard work, clear goal setting, continuous learning, and adaptability. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成功的概念及其实现路径，指出成功对于不同人有不同的意义，但成功者通常具备一些共同的品质和做法，如坚持不懈、设定明确目标、持续学习和适应变化等。 1．考查细节理解。根据第三段中“Another crucial factor is setting clear goals since a well-defined goal provides direction and helps people stay focused on their pursuits.(另一个关键因素是设定明确的目标，因为明确的目标可以提供方向，并帮助人们专注于自己的追求)”可知，设定明确的目标对于成功至关重要，因为它为人们提供了方向，并帮助他们专注于自己的追求。故答案为：Because a well-defined goal provides direction and helps people stay focused on their pursuits. 2．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中“While the definition of success may differ from one person to another, perseverance, clear goal setting, and continuous learning are universally acknowledged as essential traits for achieving it.(虽然成功的定义可能因人而异，但坚持不懈、设定明确的目标和持续学习是被普遍认为是实现成功所必需的品质)”可知，普遍公认的实现成功的关键要素包括坚持不懈、设定明确的目标和持续学习，任一两种组合皆可。故答案为：Perseverance and clear goal setting./Continuous learning and perseverance./Clear goal setting and continuous learning. 3．考查推理判断。根据第四段中“Take the example of successful entrepreneurs: many of them attribute their achievements to their ability to learn from mistakes and adapt to changing market demands.(以成功的企业家为例：他们中的许多人将他们的成就归因于他们从错误中学习并适应不断变化的市场需求的能力)”可知，许多成功的企业家将他们的成就归因于从错误中学习并适应市场需求的能力，而不是坚持不懈。因此，句中“perseverance”这一部分是错误的，应划线，因为许多成功的企业家将他们的成就归功于他们从错误中学习和适应不断变化的市场需求的能力，而不是他们的毅力。 故答案为：Many successful entrepreneurs who can stay competitive in such a fast-paced environment think their achievements are a result of their perseverance. Because many successful entrepreneurs attribute their achievements to their ability to learn from mistakes and adapt to changing market demands, rather than to their perseverance. 4．考查开放性问题。例如：我不赞同“运气在成功中起作用”这一说法。因为我相信成功主要是由一个人自己的努力、能力和毅力决定的。虽然运气在某些情况下可能起作用，但它不是决定性因素。成功需要努力工作、明确目标、不断学习和适应能力。故答案为： No, I don’t agree. Because I believe that success is mainly determined by one’s own efforts, abilities, and perseverance. Although luck may play a role in some cases, it is not the decisive factor. Success requires hard work, clear goal setting, continuous learning, and adaptability. Passage3 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 It wasn’t long after I finished high school that I assured my parents they needn’t worry about my expenses anymore. I was determined to live independently and make them proud. My goal was to secure a job immediately after graduation and contribute financially to my family. With dreams of a bright future dancing in my eyes, I began applying for courses with scholarships and jobs in my field of interest. However, due to financial and medical setbacks, I faced nothing but rejections. Undeterred, I persisted in my applications, only to be turned down each time. After numerous attempts, I reluctantly abandoned my initial dreams and ambitions, deciding to switch to another field. My sole objective became to complete my studies as quickly as possible, and so, on my friends’ advice, I chose to study tourism. In parallel, I continued to apply for jobs, but was consistently denied due to being too young or because I wanted to study alongside working. While my peers were securing good positions, I struggled to make ends meet and had to ask my parents for financial support. People began to ridicule me, saying things like. “You can’t do anything,” or “You’re still living off your parents while others your age are standing on their own two feet.” I nearly lost hope, but my parents always reassured me of their pride, regardless of whether I had a job or not. They believed things would turn around and knew I was doing my best. After six months of relentless effort, I finally landed a job with, the Ministry of Tourism. My father’s words came true and my life took a turn for the better, I accomplished things I never thought possible, from diving and traveling to resorts and islands within our country. After nine months of working there, my dream of traveling abroad came true. Today, I am in Europe, studying on a scholarship and having visited eight different countries so far. Interestingly, the parents of those who once mocked me now hold me up as an example to their own children. I am incredibly fortunate and grateful for my loving and supportive parents; without their encouragement, I would not have achieved any of this. Their faith in me was the driving force that helped me overcome adversity and realize my potential. 1．What was the author’s goal right after graduating from high school? 2．Why did the author choose to study tourism? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. When people laughed at me, I nearly lost hope, but my parents believed I was doing my best and asked me to accept what I was. 4．Please introduce one of your experiences of getting family support when you were faced with difficulties. (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．The author’s initial goal was to secure a job immediately after graduation and contribute financially to the family. 2．Due to financial and medical setbacks and facing rejections, the author reluctantly abandoned initial dreams. On friends’ advice, the author chose to study tourism to complete studies as quickly as possible. 3．When people laughed at me, I nearly lost hope, but my parents believed I was doing my best and asked me to accept what I was. When people laughed at me, I nearly lost hope, but my parents believed things would turn around and knew I was doing my best. 4．During my first year at high school, I struggled with homesickness and academic pressure. My family called me regularly, offering emotional support and advice, which helped me adjust and eventually thrive in my new environment. Their encouragement was invaluable. 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在追求独立和职业发展的道路上遇到挫折，但在父母的支持和鼓励下，他坚持不懈，最终实现了自己的梦想，包括找到工作、出国学习和旅行，成为了他人的榜样。 1．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“My goal was to secure a job immediately after graduation and contribute financially to my family.(我的目标是一毕业就找到一份工作，为家庭提供经济支持。)”可知，作者最初的目标是毕业后立即找到工作，为家庭提供经济上的支持。故答案是：The author’s initial goal was to secure a job immediately after graduation and contribute financially to the family.。 2．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“However, due to financial and medical setbacks, I faced nothing but rejections. Undeterred, I persisted in my applications, only to be turned down each time. After numerous attempts, I reluctantly abandoned my initial dreams and ambitions, deciding to switch to another field. My sole objective became to complete my studies as quickly as possible, and so, on my friends’ advice, I chose to study tourism.(然而，由于经济和医疗方面的挫折，我遭遇的全是拒绝。尽管如此，我并未气馁，坚持申请，却每次都遭到拒绝。经过多次尝试后，我无奈地放弃了最初的梦想和抱负，决定转向另一个领域。我唯一的目标就是尽快完成学业，因此，在朋友的建议下，我选择了学习旅游专业。)”可知，由于经济和医疗方面的挫折以及屡遭拒绝，作者无奈地放弃了最初的梦想。在朋友的建议下，作者选择了学习旅游专业，以便尽快完成学业。故答案是：Due to financial and medical setbacks and facing rejections, the author reluctantly abandoned initial dreams. On friends’ advice, the author chose to study tourism to complete studies as quickly as possible.。 3．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“I nearly lost hope, but my parents always reassured me of their pride, regardless of whether I had a job or not. They believed things would turn around and knew I was doing my best.(我几乎失去了希望，但我的父母总是安慰我，告诉我他们为我感到骄傲，无论我是否有工作。他们相信事情会有转机，也知道我已经尽力了。)”可知，当人们嘲笑作者时，作者几乎失去了希望，但作者的父母相信事情会有转机，并且知道作者已经尽了全力。由此可知，错误的表述是“asked me to accept what I was”，正确的表述是“When people laughed at me, I nearly lost hope, but my parents believed things would turn around and knew I was doing my best.”。故答案是When people laughed at me, I nearly lost hope, but my parents believed I was doing my best and asked me to accept what I was. When people laughed at me, I nearly lost hope, but my parents believed things would turn around and knew I was doing my best.。 4．考查开放性试题。题目要求：请分享一次你在遇到困难时得到家人支持的经历。在我高中的第一年，我饱受思乡之情和学业压力的困扰。我的家人经常给我打电话，给予我情感上的支持和建议，这帮助我适应了新环境，并最终在新的环境中茁壮成长。他们的鼓励是无价的。故答案是：During my first year at high school, I struggled with homesickness and academic pressure. My family called me regularly, offering emotional support and advice, which helped me adjust and eventually thrive in my new environment. Their encouragement was invaluable.（答案不唯一，仅供参考） Passage4 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Fashion’s Melt Down Throwaway culture is trashing the planet - but one young chemical engineer has her own way to turn it over. Fast fashion has changed the way we dress. We buy more clothes, more often - but we wear them less. Alina Bassi, founder of Kleiderly, wants to give our clothing waste another chance at a useful life. Bassi has always cared about the threat of climate change, but she actually started her career in the oil industry. After a few years, she landed at bio-bean, a startup that turned waste coffee grounds into products that could be burnt for heat and fuel. After a year, Bassi was keen to branch out - used coffee grounds are not the biggest threat facing the planet. Instead, she poured her efforts into tackling a much bigger global polluter: the fashion industry. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, we produce 100 billion items of clothing per year, and this is set to double by 2050. But they don’t last long enough to offset (抵消) the carbon cost of producing the material, creating the clothes, and then shipping them to customers. “It makes no sense that we have such a high carbon footprint for something so short-lived.” Bassi says. Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi has developed-a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture. Fashion companies have some other ways to reduce fashion waste, from creating clothes designed to last, to recycling the fabric to make more clothing. But “a problem this big needs multiple solutions,” Bassi says. “We think about the multiple lives of a product and how we can keep reusing it instead of letting it fall into landfills or incinerators (焚化炉),” she says. 1．Why did Bassi switch her focus to the fashion industry? 2．How did she tackle the problems caused by the fashion industry? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ·Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing. 4．Please briefly present your own solution (s) to the throwaway problem in daily life. (about 40 words) 【答案】1．Because it’s a much bigger global polluter. 2．Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic./Bassi used the principles of a circular economy and developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. 3．Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing. According to the passage, the new material can be used to make different products. 4．I think an effective solution is to reduce the use of disposable items, such as using reusable water bottles, purchasing reusable shopping bags, and reducing the use of single-use items like plastic bags and straws. 【导语】本文是新闻报道。讲述了一次性文化正在破坏这个星球，但一位年轻的化学工程师Bassi有她自己的方法来扭转这一局面。 1．考查推理判断。根据第四段“According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, we produce 100 billion items of clothing per year, and this is set to double by 2050. But they don’t last long enough to offset (抵消) the carbon cost of producing the material, creating the clothes, and then shipping them to customers. “It makes no sense that we have such a high carbon footprint for something so short-lived.” Bassi says. (根据艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会的数据，我们每年生产1000亿件衣服，到2050年，这一数字将翻一番。但它们持续的时间不够长，不足以抵消生产材料、制作衣服、然后运送给客户的碳成本。“如此短暂的事物产生如此高的碳足迹是没有道理的。”Bassi说。)”可知，Bassi把她的注意力转向了时尚行业是因为，衣服已成为更大的全球污染源。故答案为Because it’s a much bigger global polluter. 2．考查细节理解。根据第五段“Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi has developed-a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture .(Bassi利用循环经济的原则，开发了一种低能耗、多阶段的工艺，将服装纤维转化为油基塑料的替代品。这种新塑料可以在制造商现有的机器中使用，这样你的旧t恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是衣服，比如衣架，甚至家具。)”可知，Bassi利用循环经济的原则，开发了一种低能耗、多阶段的工艺，将服装纤维转化为油基塑料的替代品。故答案为Using the principles of a circular economy, Bassi developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic./Bassi used the principles of a circular economy and developed a low-energy, multi-stage process to turn clothing fibres into an alternative to oil-based plastic. 3．考查细节理解。根据第五段“This new plastic can then be used by manufacturers in their existing machines, so that your old T-shirts and jeans will become different products instead of clothes, such as clothing hangers, or even furniture. (这种新塑料可以在制造商现有的机器中使用，这样你的旧T恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是衣服，比如衣架，甚至家具。)”可知，“Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing.”这句中，“more clothing”表述错误，因为根据文中内容可知，你的旧T恤和牛仔裤就会变成不同的产品，而不是更多衣服。故答案为Kleiderly can change old jackets and trousers into a new material, which can be used to make more clothing. According to the passage, the new material can be used to make different products. 4．考查开放性试题。要求“请简单介绍一下你自己对日常生活中的一次性用品问题的解决方法”，可回答：我认为一个有效的方法是减少使用一次性用品，例如使用可重复使用的水瓶，购买可重复使用的购物袋，并减少使用塑料袋和吸管等一次性物品。故答案为I think an effective solution is to reduce the use of disposable items, such as using reusable water bottles, purchasing reusable shopping bags, and reducing the use of single-use items like plastic bags and straws. Passage5 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。 Is it better for our bodies to work out at certain times of the day? Scientists have known for some time that every tissue in our bodies contains a kind of biological clock that goes off in response to messages related to our daily exposure to light, food and sleep. However, whether and how exercise timing might influence metabolic (新陈代谢的) health has been less clear, and the results of past experiments have not always agreed. A much-discussed 2019 study found that men with Type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) who completed a few minutes of high-intensity interval (间隔) sessions in the afternoon improved their blood-sugar control after two weeks. Patrick Schrauwen, a professor of nutrition and movement sciences read that 2019 study with interest. He had been studying exercise in people with Type 2 diabetes, but had not considered the possible role of timing. Now, seeing the varying impacts of the intense workouts, he wondered if the timing of workouts might similarly affect how the workouts changed people’s metabolisms. Incidentally, he and his colleagues had a ready-made source of data in their own prior experiment. Several years earlier, they had asked adult men at high risk for Type 2 diabetes to ride stationary bicycles at the lab three times a week for 12 weeks, while the researchers tracked their metabolic health. They also had noted when the riders showed up for their workouts. The researchers pulled data for the 12 men who consistently had worked out between 8 and 10 a.m. and compared them with another 20 who always exercised between 3 and 6 p.m. They found that the benefits of afternoon workouts far outweighed those of morning exercise. He says, “This study does suggest that afternoon exercise may be more beneficial for people with disturbed metabolisms than the same exercise done earlier. The particular and most effective exercise for each of us will line up with our daily routines and exercise tendencies because exercise is good for us at any time of day—but only if we choose to keep doing it.” 1．What inspired Professor Schrauwen to carry out the research related to the timing of workouts? 2．What did Schrauwen’s new study figure out? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected data and making comparisons between two different subject groups. 4．When do you think is the best time for you to exercise? Why? (about 40 words) 【答案】1．The 2019 study. 2．For some people, it is better to work out in the afternoon. 3．Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected data and making comparisons between two different subject groups. According to the passage, Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues didn’t collect any new data to do the research. They made use of the ready-made source of data from their own prior experiment. 4．略 【分析】本文是一篇科学研究。文章通过研究两个患有糖尿病的男性在不同的运动时间下其新陈代谢的不同，来说明运动时间选择的重要性以及它对我们新陈代谢健康的影响，进一步说明我们应该适当的选好适合自己的锻炼时间，来改善身体状况。 1．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“A much-discussed 2019 study found that men with Type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) who completed a few minutes of high-intensity interval (间隔) sessions in the afternoon improved their blood-sugar control after two weeks. Patrick Schrauwen, a professor of nutrition and movement sciences read that 2019 study with interest.（2019年一项备受争议的研究发现，2型糖尿病患者在下午完成几分钟的高强度间歇训练后，两周后血糖控制得到了改善。营养和运动科学教授帕特里克·施劳文饶有兴趣地阅读了2019年的这项研究。）”可知，是2019年的这项研究促使施劳文教授进行这项与锻炼时间有关的研究的，故答案为The 2019 study. 2．考查细节理解。根据第三段“They found that the benefits of afternoon workouts far outweighed those of morning exercise.（他们发现下午锻炼的好处远远大于早晨锻炼的好处。）”以及第四段“This study does suggest that afternoon exercise may be more beneficial for people with disturbed metabolisms than the same exercise done earlier.（这项研究确实表明，下午锻炼对代谢紊乱的人可能比早些时候做同样的锻炼更有益。）”可知，教授的新研究发现对于一些人来讲，在下午运动会更好，故答案为For some people, it is better to work out in the afternoon. 3．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Incidentally, he and his colleagues had a ready-made source of data in their own prior experiment. Several years earlier, they had asked adult men at high risk for Type 2 diabetes to ride stationary bicycles at the lab three times a week for 12 weeks, while the researchers tracked their metabolic health. （顺便说一句，他和他的同事在他们之前的实验中有现成的数据来源。几年前，他们曾要求患有2型糖尿病的高风险成年男性每周在实验室骑3次固定自行车，持续12周，而研究人员则跟踪他们的代谢健康状况。”）可知，Schrauwen教授和他的同事没有收集任何新的数据来做研究。他们利用了自己先前实验中现成的数据来源，故答案为Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected data and making comparisons between two different subject groups. According to the passage, Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues didn’t collect any new data to do the research. They made use of the ready-made source of data from their own prior experiment. 4．开放题。表述自己的观点并解释原因。注意字数控制在40词左右。 Passage6 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）In 1983, Howard Gardner, a professor at Harvard, published Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In the book, he presented one type of intelligence that everyone must develop if they want to be successful. That is emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and regulate your own emotions. It means having a deep understanding of yourself, knowing your own strengths and weaknesses, and handling reactions and emotions wisely. Emotional intelligence is critical for success in almost any field and it is especially important for high-stress environments, for example, when times are tough and when a person wants to quit or is fearful. We all know highly emotional people. Rather than react wisely, they tend to let their emotions run their lives, often saying or doing something they may later regret. I’ve seen many people do this on social media, getting in arguments with loved ones over trivial stuff because they have different opinions. This inability to master the self leads to many struggles and heartaches for people. Emotional intelligence does not mean being void (没有) of emotions. It means you know it is okay to be angry, just not out-of-control angry. You know it’s okay to feel hurt, but it is not okay to do something stupid in the name of revenge (报复). Many of us know people who are very intelligent, but allow their emotions to damage their lives. Now, reflect on how you manage your emotions. Are you smart in the way you express what you’re feeling, especially when the pressure is on? 1．According to the passage, what is “emotional intelligence”? 2．How do highly emotional people deal with their emotions? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. It’s important to keep your emotions under control, so when you get hurt, you should neither get angry nor do stupid things for revenge. 4．In your daily life, what can you do to better manage your emotions? 【答案】1．Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and regulate your own emotions. 2．Rather than react wisely, highly emotional people tend to let their emotions run their lives, often saying or doing something they may later regret. 3．It’s important to keep your emotions under control, so when you get hurt, you should neither get angry nor do stupid things for revenge. According to the passage, it’s okay for you to feel angry, just not out-of-control angry. 4．I manage my emotions in two ways. Firstly, I like writing down my bad feelings, which enables me to let go of them so that I can focus more on what makes me cheerful. Secondly, when conflict occurs, it helps to talk openly about my feelings and thoughts. I improve my emotional control from two aspects. When in conflict with others, I address it with a shoe-shifting view, which helps me better understand them and avoid highly emotional response. As for my negative feelings, I prefer to let them out in a healthy way, such as running or singing, which benefits me emotionally. 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是什么是情商，高情商和低情商的人分别有什么表现。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and regulate your own emotions.（情商指的是识别和调节自己情绪的能力。）”可知，情商指的是识别和调节自己情绪的能力，故答案为Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and regulate your own emotions。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“We all know highly emotional people. Rather than react wisely, they tend to let their emotions run their lives, often saying or doing something they may later regret.（我们都认识高度情绪化的人。他们没有做出明智的反应，而是倾向于让自己的情绪控制自己的生活，经常说或做一些事后可能会后悔的事情。）”可知，高度情绪化的人倾向于让他们的情绪控制他们的生活，经常说或做一些事后可能会后悔的事情，故答案为Rather than react wisely, highly emotional people tend to let their emotions run their lives, often saying or doing something they may later regret。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“It means you know it is okay to be angry, just not out-of-control angry. You know it’s okay to feel hurt, but it is not okay to do something stupid in the name of revenge (报复).（这意味着你知道生气是可以的，只是不要失控。你知道受伤是可以的，但以复仇的名义做傻事就不对了。）”可知，题干中说“should neither get angry（都不应该生气）”是不对的，故答案为It’s important to keep your emotions under control, so when you get hurt, you should neither get angry nor do stupid things for revenge. According to the passage, it’s okay for you to feel angry, just not out-of-control angry. 。 4．推理判断题。根据客观事实，首先，我喜欢写下我的不好的感觉，这能让我放开它们，这样我就能更多地关注让我快乐的事情。其次，当冲突发生时，公开谈论我的感受和想法会有帮助。故答案为I manage my emotions in two ways. Firstly, I like writing down my bad feelings, which enables me to let go of them so that I can focus more on what makes me cheerful. Secondly, when conflict occurs, it helps to talk openly about my feelings and thoughts.。 Passage7 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。 In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. Volunteers were showing up by the thousands and I also took part in what was the largest animal rescue operation ever. A warehouse was turned into a rescue center near the habitat and hundreds of pools were built to hold about 100 oiled birds each. When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. Cleaning them all seemed like an impossible task. But we had to carry on like doctors in an emergency room. There was no time for doubt. Cleaning oil off a penguin wasn’t easy. Even with more than 12,500 volunteers, it took a month to bathe all 20,000 birds at the center. While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. But we already had our hands full with 20,000 recovering birds. If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them. One researcher came up with an idea: What if the penguins were temporarily moved out of harm’s way? Experts decided to have a try. Volunteers rounded up the penguins and released them 500 miles away. The hope was that by the time the seabirds swam home, the oil would be gone. The plan worked! Another 20,000 penguins were saved. The entire penguin rescue took about three months. More than 90% of the oiled penguins were successfully returned to the wild. Looking back on the rescue, I am still amazed by the work of the volunteers. What I could hardly believe was that we accomplished an impossible task. 1．What threatened the African penguins’ lives? 2．How did the author feel when walking into the rescue center? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together. 4．What do you think of the rescue? Give your reasons. (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．An oil spill. 2．The author felt shocked. 3．Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together. Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins. 4．I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind. 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者参与的一次挽救企鹅的志愿者活动。因为燃油的泄露，大量的非洲企鹅被困，命在且夕，志愿者们经过三个多月把它们带到了安全的地方，最后把企鹅放归野外。通过这篇文章，作者告诉我们众人拾柴火焰高，人类的力量是伟大的。 1．考查细节理解。由第一段中的“In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. (2016年夏天，MV Treasure号沉没，造成漏油。1300吨的燃油正流向非洲企鹅栖息地的中央。很快，石油覆盖了大约20000只企鹅。没有迅速的帮助，企鹅就没有生存的机会)”可知，由于石油泄露，非洲企鹅处于危险之中。故答案为：An oil spill. 2．考查推理判断。由第二段中的“When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. (当我走进中心时，我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。我本以为会进入鸣叫和吵闹声的大合唱。相反，这个中心听起来像一个图书馆。企鹅们鸦雀无声。我的心为那些痛苦的企鹅而痛)”可知，当作者走进救援中心时，作者原以为会听到企鹅的叫声，然而它们却鸦雀无声，作者感到震惊。故答案为：The author felt shocked. 3．考查细节理解。由第三段中的“While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. (当志愿者们忙于给沾满油污的企鹅洗澡时，另一场危机正在发生。泄漏的石油开始向北移动。数以万计的企鹅在石油的路径上)”和If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them. (如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，我们就没有足够的资源来拯救它们)”可知，如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，志愿者们无法拯救油路上的所有企鹅，“could save”错误。故答案为：Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together. Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins. 4．考查开放答题。考生结合文本，合理发表自己观点，如：我认为这次救援非常成功和令人惊叹，因为志愿者们完成了一项不可能完成的任务。它不仅显示了“众人拾柴火焰高”的含义，也显示了人类的强大力量。故答案为：I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind. Passage8 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 From the cheeky sound of a whoopee cushion to a spring-loaded spider rocketing from a glass, pranks (恶作剧) are a popular way of making fun of others and getting a laugh. While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships. It’s little wonder that best-selling children’s author Matt Stanton has shaped his latest book around pranks for young jokesters. Part of his Funny Kid book series, Prank Aliens, is about a boy named Max who is searching for the greatest prank of all time. Stanton said that pranking in the home can build strong relationships between parents and kids. “Some of the best relationship-building moments I have with my own kids are when I enter into their space,” Stanton said. “An adult joining in their games can be surprising for kids and bring wonderful moments of joy. It’s a great way to demonstrate to our kids that we can laugh at ourselves and still feel loved and secure,” he added. But playing tricks can come with unintended consequences, said psychiatrist Mark Cross. Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship. However, Cross also added “Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.” So why not try some pranks? Wrapping vegetables and shoes up as presents for kids on their birthdays always gets a great reaction. Putting plastic spiders in guests’ drinks or placing a whoopee cushion on an unsuspecting person’s chair is sure to cause a belly laugh. All these might just be good for you and everyone involved. 1．What are the benefits of pranking? 2．When can pranks anger the target or even ruin a relationship? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. 4．In addition to pranking, what other ways can you use to strengthen relationships with family members? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Decreasing stress, raising a smile, and strengthening relationships. 2．When they are intended to harm or embarrass. 3．Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. Pranking is good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. 4．I can keep in touch with my family by calling them every day. Besides, travelling with my family during the leisure holidays can give me the opportunity to communicate with them. Finally, I can celebrate with my family on special occasions, which will be unforgettable. 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虽然恶作剧有潜在的负面影响，但是恶作剧也可以减轻压力、带来微笑和增强人际关系。 1．考查细节理解。根据第一段“While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships.(虽然一些专家指出了潜在的负面影响，但恶作剧也可以减轻压力，带来微笑，加强人际关系)”可知，恶作剧可以减轻压力，带来微笑，加强人际关系。故答案为Decreasing stress, raising a smile, and strengthening relationships. 2．考查细节理解。根据第四段“Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship.(故意伤害或使对方尴尬的恶作剧会激怒对方，甚至毁掉一段感情)”可知，故意伤害别人或者使人尴尬的恶作剧会激怒对方甚至毁掉一段关系。故答案为When they are intended to harm or embarrass. 3．考查细节理解。根据第四段“Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.(当结果是包括被恶作剧的人在内的所有人都会大笑时，恶作剧就是好的。它可以极大地释放压力。当你笑的时候，你会呼吸更深，这有助于缓解焦虑)”可知，当结果是包括被恶作剧的人在内的所有人都会大笑时，恶作剧是好的，因为笑可以缓解焦虑，所以句子中“when everyone laughs at the pranked person(当每个人都嘲笑恶作剧的人时)”是错误的。故答案为Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. Pranking is good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. 4．开放性题目。我可以通过每天给家人打电话来保持联系。此外，在休闲假期与家人一起旅行可以让我有机会与他们交流。最后，我可以在特殊的场合和家人一起庆祝，这将是令人难忘的。故答案为I can keep in touch with my family by calling them every day. Besides, travelling with my family during the leisure holidays can give me the opportunity to communicate with them. Finally, I can celebrate with my family on special occasions, which will be unforgettable. Passage9 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 In a growing number of school districts across America, students must wear a uniform. According to the US Department of Education, wearing a uniform can maintain discipline and help schools recognize those who come to the school illegally. Schools claim that when students come in uniform, it improves discipline and leads to academic gains. However, students protested the decision. A more important question is whether there is any evidence to show that mandatory (强制的) uniform policies can lead to improved student outcomes. A 2003 study that used a large national data set concluded that elementary and middle schools with school uniforms had fewer student behavior problems. But it found that high schools had a greater frequency of misbehavior. Interestingly, even when evidence is available, educators could take the opposite view. For example, a study of educators in 38 North Carolina high schools found that 61% of the school masters believed that there was a reduction in cases of misbehavior on campus when school uniforms were introduced. In reality, the data showed no change in incidents of suspensions (停学) and other problems. Similarly, research on the effectiveness of school uniforms on increasing student attendance and achievement is confusing. For example, one study concluded that school uniforms resulted in increased student achievement and increased attendance. However, another study found little impact on academics at all levels and little evidence of improvement in attendance for girls and drop in attendance for boys. So, what does lack of consistent research mean for policy? In my view, it does not mean that schools should not carry out such policies. It does mean, however, that educators must be clear about the goals that they hope to achieve. Decreased discipline problems, increased attendance and academic achievement may not be achieved just by wearing uniforms. But there may be other benefits, for instance, it could help a school promote its brand through a uniform look. School uniforms may also serve as a symbol of commitment to academic achievement. 1．Why are students required to wear school uniforms in America? 2．What are the findings of the 2003 study? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Some studies showed wearing school uniforms helped improve students' performance, but other studies found no consistent results, so schools should stop the school uniform policy. 4．What do you think of wearing school uniforms? Explain your reasons. (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Because wearing a uniform can maintain discipline and help schools recognize those who come to the school illegally. 2．Elementary and middle schools with school uniforms had fewer student behaviour problems, but high schools had a greater frequency of misbehaviour. 3．Some studies showed wearing school uniforms helped improve students' performance, but other studies found no consistent results, so schools should stop the school uniform policy. According to the passage, the author doesn't mean that schools should stop the school uniform policy. He/She suggests that educators should be clear about the goals they hope to achieve with mandatory uniform policies. 4．(1) I am in favour of wearing school uniforms. I don’t want to waste time wondering what to wear. School uniforms are specially designed for students so they are comfortable. Wearing my school uniform with the school logo on it, I have a sense of pride. (2) I am against wearing school uniforms. I think we have the freedom to choose whatever we want to get dressed in. I don't like it when others choose what to wear in my place. With my favourite clothes on, I can be a true self. 【分析】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是学生是否必须在学校穿校服。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“According to the US Department of Education, wearing a uniform can maintain discipline and help schools recognize those who come to the school illegally.（据美国教育部表示，穿校服可以维持纪律，帮助学校识别那些非法进入学校的人。）”可知，因为穿校服可以维持纪律，并帮助学校识别那些非法进入学校的人，因此在美国学生被要求穿校服。故答案为Because wearing a uniform can maintain discipline and help schools recognize those who come to the school illegally.。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“A 2003 study that used a large national data set concluded that elementary and middle schools with school uniforms had fewer student behavior problems. But it found that high schools had a greater frequency of misbehavior.（2003年的一项研究使用了大量的全国性数据集，得出结论说，小学和中学穿校服的学生行为问题更少。但研究发现，高中的不良行为发生率更高。）”可知，2003年的一项研究发现，在穿校服的小学和初中，学生的行为问题较少，但在高中，学生的不良行为发生率较高。故答案为Elementary and middle schools with school uniforms had fewer student behaviour problems, but high schools had a greater frequency of misbehaviour.。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In my view, it does not mean that schools should not carry out such policies. It does mean, however, that educators must be clear about the goals that they hope to achieve.（在我看来，这并不意味着学校不应该执行这些政策。然而，这确实意味着教育工作者必须清楚他们希望实现的目标。） ”可知，作者并不是说学校应该停止校服政策。他/她建议教育工作者应该清楚他们希望通过强制统一政策实现的目标。故答案为Some studies showed wearing school uniforms helped improve students' performance, but other studies found no consistent results, so schools should stop the school uniform policy. According to the passage, the author doesn't mean that schools should stop the school uniform policy. He/She suggests that educators should be clear about the goals they hope to achieve with mandatory uniform policies.。 4．推理判断题。就我而言，我赞成穿校服。我不想浪费时间考虑该穿什么。校服是专门为学生设计的，所以很舒服。穿着印有学校标志的校服，我有一种自豪感。故答案为I am in favour of wearing school uniforms. I don’t want to waste time wondering what to wear. School uniforms are specially designed for students so they are comfortable. Wearing my school uniform with the school logo on it, I have a sense of pride.。 Passage10 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 When Eugenie George first heard that her friend passed the accountant exam, her heart sank. She’d failed that test weeks earlier, and needed the certificate to advance her own career. “My inner child got upset,” recalls George. But then, she called her friend. “I told her I failed and admitted I was envious,” she says. Being frank shifted her attitude, and she was surprised to realize she could share her friend’s happiness and experience her own, in tum. “I congratulated my friend and told her she inspired me,” George says. This is what scientists called freudenfreude, meaning finding pleasure in another person’s success, even if it doesn’t directly involve us. Freudenfreude is like social glue, says Catherine Chambliss, a professor of psychology at Ursinus College. It makes relationships “close and more enjoyable.” A study in 2021 examined freudenfreude’s role in daily life and found that it could improve life satisfaction and even help people co-operate during a conflict. While the benefits of freudenfreude are plentiful, it doesn’t always come easily. If you were raised in a family that paired winning with self-worth, Chambliss says, you might misread someone else’s victory as your own personal shortcoming. Besides, mental health can also affect your ability to participate in someone else’s joy. Negative emotions like anger or dislike may lead to the opposite of freudenfreude. Luckily, the ability of freudenfreude can be exercised. To help people strengthen joy-sharing muscles, Chambliss and his colleagues developed a programme called Freudenfreude Enhancement Training practices. They found that depressed students who used the practices for two weeks had an easier time expressing freudenfreude, which enhanced their relationships and improved their moods. Given that, having freudenfreude is beneficial and it is worthwhile to explore ways to encourage the feeling. 1．According to scientists, what is freudenfreude? 2．What impact does freudenfreude have on daily life? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Freudenfreude doesn’t always come easily, and it is affected by your family environment and physical health. 4．Besides George’s experience mentioned in the passage, please describe one of your experiences of freudenfreude. (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．Freudenfreude is finding pleasure in another person’s success, even if it doesn’t directly involve us. 2．It improves life satisfaction and even helps people co-operate during a conflict. 3．Freudenfreude doesn’t always come easily, and it is affected by your family environment and physical health. Mental well-being can affect your ability to participate in the joy of others. 4．1) Last year, in the relay race, my team was defeated by my friend’s team I felt a little envious at first. However, seeing excitement on his face, I related to him and joined in the celebration. As we celebrated together, we were reminded of the power of sharing joy. 2) I experienced freudenfreude when my friend got accepted into her dream school. Although I was still struggling for my final exam and not sure what my future would hold, I sent her sincere congratulations on the success. That enhanced the bond between us, fostering mutual support and encouragement. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述庆祝别人的胜利会给自己带来好处，这种行为也被称为“freudenfreude”。文章解释了freudenfreude的好处以及影响。 1．考查细节理解。根据第二段“This is what scientists called freudenfreude, meaning finding pleasure in another person’s success, even if it doesn’t directly involve us.(这就是科学家们所说的“freudenfreude”，意思是在别人的成功中找到快乐，即使这与我们没有直接关系)”可知，Freudenfreude是指从别人的成功中寻找快乐，即使这并不直接涉及到我们自己。故答案为Freudenfreude is finding pleasure in another person’s success, even if it doesn’t directly involve us. 2．考查细节理解。根据第二段“A study in 2021 examined freudenfreude’s role in daily life and found that it could improve life satisfaction and even help people co-operate during a conflict.(2021年的一项研究调查了freudenfreude在日常生活中的作用，发现它可以提高生活满意度，甚至有助于人们在冲突中合作)”可知，Freudenfreude能提高生活满意度，甚至有助于人们在冲突中合作。故答案为It improves life satisfaction and even helps people co-operate during a conflict. 3．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“Besides, mental health can also affect your ability to participate in someone else’s joy.(此外，心理健康也会影响你参与他人快乐的能力)”可知，错误部分为“physical health”，心理健康会影响你参与他人快乐的能力。故答案为Freudenfreude doesn’t always come easily, and it is affected by your family environment and physical health. Mental well-being can affect your ability to participate in the joy of others. 4．考查开放题。根据“除了文章中提到的乔治的经历，请描述一个你的freudenfreude的经历”可回答：1)去年，在接力赛中，我的队伍被我朋友的队伍打败了，一开始我有点嫉妒。然而，看到他脸上兴奋的表情，我也和他一起庆祝。当我们一起庆祝时，我们意识到分享快乐的力量。 2)当我的朋友被她梦寐以求的学校录取时，我感到freudenfreude。虽然我还在为期末考试而挣扎，不知道我的未来会怎样，但我还是对她的成功表示了诚挚的祝贺。这加强了我们之间的联系，促进了相互支持和鼓励。 故答案为1) Last year, in the relay race, my team was defeated by my friend’s team I felt a little envious at first. However, seeing excitement on his face, I related to him and joined in the celebration. As we celebrated together, we were reminded of the power of sharing joy. 2) I experienced freudenfreude when my friend got accepted into her dream school. Although I was still struggling for my final exam and not sure what my future would hold, I sent her sincere congratulations on the success. That enhanced the bond between us, fostering mutual support and encouragement. Passage11 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 Smartphones have become a big part of people’s lives. When we temporarily can’t find them, it causes a feeling of anxiety or panic. Some psychologists have called it “nomophobia”. Thankfully, I rode through the withdrawal of my smartphone and it was short-lived. When I got my first smartphone over a decade ago, I loved it. It gave me instant access to my music, a world of information and thousands of photos and videos. But over time, I became increasingly ambivalent about its role in my life. I would repeatedly refresh my email, shop online for stuff I didn’t need and constantly scroll through the latest news. I’d often complain to my husband and to my seven-year-old son, Louis, that I felt trapped by it. Then, one day last summer, while I was playing with Louis, I was once again distracted by dings and pings. He finally reminded me of my complaints, but rephrased them as a plea: “Mommy, just give it up already!” I decided to try. Instead of going cold turkey — no cellphone at all — I bought a flip phone. With no touch screen, texting is time-consuming. Once, while trying to catch up on texts with a friend, I finally got frustrated and called her. I realized I hadn’t spoken to her since her big move. It made a difference to hear both the excitement in her voice as she described seeing the northern lights and her sadness in being away from a sick parent. Nowadays, people may prefer text-based communication over using the phone because they fear that the call will be awkward. But, just as I learned, when we were forced to connect voice to voice, we would find ourselves more bonded to that person. Wuyou Sui, an expert researching digital health, describes nomophobia as a reliance that’s been placed upon us. “Whenever something is designed to make a choice easier, it’s called a behavioural nudge,” he explains, adding that the more central to our lives the smartphone’s functions are, the more prisoned we become. Ultimately, though, that sense of dependence is false. As I’ve found, you can do all the things you need to do in other ways. It’s not always convenient, but I know I’m much calmer on a regular basis without my smartphone. 1．What does “nomophobia” refer to? 2．Why did the author decide to give up her smartphone? 3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ▶According to the author, we will find it awkward to talk with a friend on the phone. 4．Apart from the ways mentioned in the passage, what can you do to avoid “nomophobia”? (In about 40 words) 【答案】1．It refers to a feeling of anxiety or panic that we have when we temporarily can’t find our smartphones. 2．Because she felt trapped by her smartphone and her son asked her to give it up. 3．▶According to the author, we will find it awkward to talk with a friend on the phone. According to the author, we will find ourselves more bonded to the friend when talking with him/her on the phone. 4．To avoid nomophobia, one can consider taking regular breaks from technology and engaging in offline activities. Besides, you can turn off your phone or leave it at home when you don’t need it, and focusing on the people and things around you. 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章说明了什么是“无手机恐惧症”以及作者因为感觉被智能手机困住，而听从儿子的建议，戒掉了手机的经历。 1．考查细节理解。根据第一段“When we temporarily can’t find them, it causes a feeling of anxiety or panic. Some psychologists have called it “nomophobia”.(当我们暂时找不到它们时，就会产生焦虑或恐慌的感觉。一些心理学家称之为“无手机恐惧症”)”可知，“无手机恐惧症”指的是我们暂时找不到智能手机时产生的焦虑或恐慌感。故答案为It refers to a feeling of anxiety or panic that we have when we temporarily can’t find our smartphones. 2．考查细节理解。根据第二段“I’d often complain to my husband and to my seven-year-old son, Louis, that I felt trapped by it. (我经常向我的丈夫和我七岁的儿子路易斯抱怨，我觉得自己被它困住了。)”和第三段“Then, one day last summer, while I was playing with Louis, I was once again distracted by dings and pings. He finally reminded me of my complaints, but rephrased them as a plea: “Mommy, just give it up already!”(然后，去年夏天的一天，当我和路易斯一起玩的时候，我又一次被叮叮当当的声音分散了注意力。他终于提醒了我我的抱怨，但他用恳求的语气说：“妈妈，快放弃吧!”)”可知，作者决定放弃她的智能手机是因为她觉得自己被智能手机困住了，儿子让她放弃。故答案为Because she felt trapped by her smartphone and her son asked her to give it up. 3．考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段“But, just as I learned, when we were forced to connect voice to voice, we would find ourselves more bonded to that person.(但是，正如我所学到的，当我们被迫通过声音与声音进行交流时，我们会发现自己与那个人的联系更加紧密)”可知，错误的部分是“we will find it awkward”，根据作者的说法，当我们和朋友打电话时，我们会发现自己和他/她更亲近。故答案为▶According to the author, we will find it awkward to talk with a friend on the phone. According to the author, we will find ourselves more bonded to the friend when talking with him/her on the phone. 4．考查开放答题。根据“除了文中提到的方法，你能做些什么来避免‘无手机恐惧症’？”可知，为了避免“无手机恐惧症”，人们可以考虑定期远离科技产品，参加线下活动。此外，当你不需要手机的时候，你可以关掉手机或把它放在家里，把注意力集中在你周围的人和事上。故答案为To avoid nomophobia, one can consider taking regular breaks from technology and engaging in offline activities. Besides, you can turn off your phone or leave it at home when you don’t need it, and focusing on the people and things around you. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（期末复习讲义） 要想顺利通过高考英语阅读理解部分，必须具备《高中英语新课程标准》规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。 解答阅读理解题的最基本原则——忠于原文。其蕴含的解题规律是：读文时，要透彻理解文意，充分从文中获取信息，这就是信息检索的过程；做题时，要依据题目设问并结合选项，对所检索出来的信息进行整理、分析，这是对信息进行思维加工的过程。通过“检索”找到答题根源，通过“加工”判定正确选项。 【语篇特点】 1．原汁原味：高考语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站。语篇围绕“人与自我、人与社会、人与自然”三大主题，力求用原汁原味的英语表达来体现英语国家文化、科技等方面的新元素，同时注重融入中华优秀传统文化，体现中国经济、社会和文化的发展。着重从语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力四个方面对学生的英语学科核心素养进行综合考查。 2．词汇量大：新高考语篇词汇量丰富，语篇及选项中低频词汇、派生词汇明显增多，加大了语篇阅读的难度。 3．长难句多：高考语篇含有大量的长难句，句子结构复杂。 【命题方式】 包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词句猜测题，其中以细节理解题为主。 一、　细节理解题 细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文中定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。 考法一　直接细节题 【典例1】　 Guided City Tours The 2.5­hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill，the Skinny Bridge，the Rijksmuseum，Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 23．Where does the guided city tour start? A．The Gooyer，Windmill. B．The Skinny Bridge. C．Heineken Brewery. D．Dam Square. ★设题特点：直接细节题的特点是在原文中可以找到和选项信息几乎一样的短语或句子。考生只需要弄清题干问的是什么，找到题干中的关键信息，然后根据信息在文中寻找相关内容(有时需跨段落寻找细节信息)进行下一步判断。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。 ★设问方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。 【解题流程】 考法二　综合细节题 【典例2】　Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much；I could have made six salads with what I threw out. 24．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times. C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food. ★设题特点：综合细节题相比直接细节题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。换词类细节信息题需将题目信息与原文信息进行语义上的转换。概括类细节信息题涉及一段或几段的内容，需进行概括后加工整理才能得出答案。 ★设问方式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。 【解题流程】 考法三　数字计算题 【典例3】　 Prices Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears 1 hour ￡7.50 ￡5.00 3 hours ￡11.00 ￡7.50 1 day(24 hours) ￡14.75 ￡9.75 Each additional day ￡8.00 ￡6.00 22.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A．￡15.75.　　　　　 B．￡19.50. C．￡22.75. D．￡29.50. ★设题特点：数字计算题常涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等数字信息的简单加工。计算量较小，比较容易。找出计算背后所隐含的信息并理解文章相应的信息是准确解题的关键。 ★设问方式：以when、how much/how many等疑问词开头引出问题。 【解题流程】 二、　推理判断题 推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而领会文章的深层意义及隐含意义。要想正确地解答此类题型，必须深入词句间，根据上下文做出合理的判断。现将一些常见的推理判断题归纳如下，旨在让考生掌握一些解题的技巧，从而减少应考中的失误。 考法一　隐含推断题 【典例1】　 Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse­like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco­machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says.“ You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self­repair.” 27．What is the basis for John’s work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. ★设题特点：隐含推断题是高考阅读理解中的常见题型，难易程度不等。解答此类题目需在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，读懂原文，理解弦外之音，做出合理的推断。 ★设问方式： 1．What can we infer/conclude from the passage? 2．The author suggests that... 【解题流程】 考法二　观点态度题 【典例2】　 In a follow­up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision­making are enormous. 35．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A．Unclear.　　　　　　　 B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. ★设题特点：高考对观点态度题的设题越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加。 1．推断文章作者对某事所持的观点或态度； 2．推断文章中的人物对文中事物或内容的观点或态度。 ★设问方式： What’s the author’s attitude towards...? 【解题流程】 考法三　写作意图题 【典例3】　“Think of a rubber band.In the beginning，it is flexible，but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken，” says Dr.Ben Levine，a heart specialist at the University of Texas.That’s what happens to the heart.Fortunately for those in midlife，Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser，getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. 32．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack. C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart. ★设题特点：各种话题的阅读材料都有可能考查写作意图题。 ★设问方式： 1．What is the purpose of the passage? 2．The writer uses the example of...to... 【解题流程】 考法四　文章出处题、文章类型题、读者对象题 【典例4】　 Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists' representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. ... In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to. 8．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing. C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings. ★设题特点：做文章出处、文章类型题要能够根据文章的主要内容和关键信息推断文章的出处和类型，做读者对象题要根据文章内容和措辞推断文章的读者对象。 ★设问方式： 1．From which is the text probably taken? 2．The passage is probably intended for... 3．What is the text? 【图解技巧】 考法五　事物性质类推断题 【典例5】　 Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years.His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves.He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage. “A lot of skills are needed for the job.You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot，” Mr Titterton explained. Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns，including back turns for repeat passages.Silent onstage communication is key，and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner. 25．Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage? A．Boring.　 B．Well­paid.　　C．Demanding.　　D．Dangerous. ★设题特点：一般涉及对文中某事件或事物性质或特点的判断，需通过分析文中的用词、语气或对细节的描述来判断，选项一般都是形容词(短语)。 ★设问方式： 1．Which of the following best describes...? 2．Which word best describes...? 【解题流程】 三、　词句猜测题 词句猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。词义猜测题不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词义猜测题时，应注意画线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的意义。另外，还要注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。 考法一　利用逻辑关系猜测词义 【典例1】 To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear­up.　　　　　　 B．Add­on. C．Check­in. D．Take­over. ★设题特点：阅读理解语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义。对猜测词义帮助较大的逻辑关系有反义关系、同义关系和因果关系等。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the underlined word “...” in paragraph 1 mean? 2．What does the underlined phrase “...” in paragraph 2 probably refer to? 【解题流程】 考法二　利用语法关系猜测词义 【典例2】　 Terri Bolton is a_dab_hand when it comes to DIY (do­it­yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist.　　　　 B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. ★设题特点：在做阅读理解题目时，考生利用语法关系(下定义、同位语、同位语从句、定语从句、举例、标点符号等)猜测词义是一种快速有效的方法之一。 ★设问方式： 1．What do the underlined words “...” probably mean? 2．What could the phrase “...” in the sentence be replaced by? 【解题流程】 考法三　利用构词法猜测词义 【典例3】　 My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring，and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the_offender would appear at the end of the day，and I would return the belonging.(paragraph 8) 25．What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to? A．The student’s parent. B．The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C．The author’s grandchild. D．The owner of the forbidden fruit. ★设题特点：使用构词法可以不借助阅读上下文便能大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以做题时可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。 ★设问方式： 1．What do the underlined words “...” in paragraph 1 refer to? 2．What does the underlined word in the first/second/...paragraph mean? 【解题流程】 考法四　利用上下文语境猜测词义 【典例4】　 The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made：a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non­literate societies such as these，all our first­hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects. 34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem.　 B．History.　　C．Voice.　　D．Society. ★设题特点：有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志性线索，可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义。这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。 ★设问方式： 1．What does “...” underlined in paragraph 1 refer to? 2．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？ 【解题流程】 考法五　代词指代题 【典例5】　...A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.(paragraph 1) His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea....(paragraph 2) 9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Developing a serious mental disease. B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia. C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea. ★设题特点：代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which/...” refer to? 2．The underlined word “it/that/they/which/...” in paragraph...refers to ________. 【解题流程】 考法六　句意猜测题 【典例6】　We journalists live in a new age of storytelling，with many new multimedia tools.Many young people don’t even realize it’s new.For them，it’s just normal. This hit_home_for_me as I was sitting with my 2­year­old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.I had brought a children’s book to read.It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age. 24．What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Provided shelter for me.　 B．Became very clear to me. C．Took the pressure off me. D．Worked quite well on me. ★设题特点：句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的、有特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻找，意义吻合是解题关键。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph...mean? 2．Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in paragraph...? 【解题流程】 四、　主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大，但是难度较高，是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型，应给予足够的重视，争取阅读得满分。 考法一　标题归纳题 【典例1】　 Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low­income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles. ... She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.” 7．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Rescuing School Gardens B．Experiencing Country Life C．Growing Vegetable Lovers D．Changing Local Landscape ★设题特点：标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达，主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。 ★设问方式： 1．Which is the best title for the text? 2．What can be a suitable title for the text? 3．Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage? 【解题流程】 考法二　文章大意题 【典例2】　As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica，she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello.These gentle，lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick­started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood，Ginni，now 71，has had a deep love for travel.Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer，she toured in the UK，but always longed to explore further.When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time to take the plunge. ... The realization that this is a precious land，to be respected by humans，was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．A childhood dream. B．An unforgettable experience. C．Sailing around the world. D．Meeting animals in Antarctica. ★设题特点：文章大意题是考查考生深层理解文章以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。 ★设问方式： 1．What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage? 2．What does the text mainly focus on? 3．The passage is mainly about... 4．The main idea of the passage is... 5．What does the story mainly tell us? 【解题流程】 考法三　段落大意题 【典例3】　On March 7,1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 12．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment. ★设题特点：段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。 ★设问方式： 1．What does the author tell us in paragraph...? 2．The first paragraph is mainly about... 【解题流程】 基础通关（测试时间：15分钟） Passage1 体裁 主题语境 话题 记叙文 人与自我 追求梦想永远不会太老 Tina Leverton was 62 when she bought her first pair of ballet shoes.She said putting her feet into the soft leather was very emotional.She said：“I’ve waited a long time for it.” A few days later，Leverton took her first ballet class after seeing an advertisement in a newspaper.It showed older women dancing in a class near Leverton’s house.“As I came in the door，I found a big smile on my face.From the minute I started，I felt like coming home.” Leverton had longed to dance as a child.Sadly，her parents couldn’t afford ballet classes，for they were first­generation Indian immigrants，struggling to make a living in the UK.Her father was a train driver on the underground in London and her mother held two cleaning jobs.Nonetheless，she harboured her dream of being a ballerina (芭蕾舞女演员)． At her present age，a grand plie­lowering to the floor with bent knees—seemed to be out of the question.It took her three months to master the move：leaping and landing on one foot.“I love the struggle and the challenge of learning something new.People in their 60s have a lot of self­limiting beliefs：‘I can’t do it，’‘I’m not good enough.’ And maybe they’re not good enough.But it doesn’t matter，” she said. Ballet has been trans formative.At a medical appointment a few months after Leverton’s first class，a nurse measured her at 163cm，half an inch taller than she had thought.She attributes (归因) the difference to improved posture.Her muscle tone has improved and her lower back pain has stopped.Dancing has also brought new friends.She met a group of older，more independent women and worked together towards a team award with the Royal Academy of Dance.And then，of course，there is the joyful feeling.“Ballet is all the therapy (治疗) I’ll ever need，” said Leverton. 1．How did Leverton feel after taking her dance lesson? A．Tired. B．Confused. C．Shocked. D．Thrilled. 2．Why didn’t Leverton learn to dance she was young? A．Her family was badly off. B．She wasn’t able to leap high. C．Her family laughed at her dream. D．She had to focus on classes. 3．What did dancing bring to Leverton? A．A team award. B．Money and fame. C．Friendship and joy. D．A medical treatment. 4．What can we learn from Leverton’s story? A．Hard work pays off. B．Never too old to pursue dreams. C．Interest is the key to success. D．Money isn’t everything. Passage 2 体裁 主题语境 话题 记叙文 人与社会 新口味巧克力研发 Kathy Johnston is so in love with chocolate；she lies awake at night thinking about it.But as chief chocolate officer of Dubai－based chocolatier Mirzam，that’s a healthy focus to have. Like many other goods，most of Dubai’s chocolate has traditionally been imported，but Mirzam develops home­grown alternative.Johnston joined Mirzam in early 2016 after meeting the company’s founders，who persuaded her to work for them，rather than chasing her original dream of moving to Switzerland，chocolate capital of the world. At first，the company’s plan was to mainly export its offerings to the U．S.while slowly building a market in the United Arab Emirates (阿联酋)．But locals quickly accept the company’s unique chocolates，which are known for their Emirati flavors and spices (香料) such as cardamom，almonds and pistachios.That Mirzam works with local artists for its branding and packaging further strengthens its hometown reputation.Nearly as soon as Mirzam’s team opened their doors for tastings，the company sold out all its stock.“We didn’t expect such a strong response locally，” Johnston says.“We had no time to think about export.” Born in New Zealand，Johnston moved to Dubai when she was 3 years old.Her love of chocolate goes all the way back to her childhood，when she would build ladders out of kitchen chairs to get her mother’s hidden chocolates.She recalls telling her grandfather that her dream was to have her own chocolate factory. That dream has come true at Mirzam，where Johnston oversees everything from sourcing to production，packaging，and sales.But her true passion is coming up with innovative new sweets，with a focus on integrating traditional Emirati recipes into the company’s offerings. Recipes like those have helped Mirzam grow at an amazing pace—it had doubled its production capacity every year since opening and increased its staff from one to 75 in five years.Now，Mirzam is still working on “producing amazing­quality chocolate，” Johnston says. 5．Why didn’t Johnston move to Switzerland? A．She has an affection for chocolate. B．She has a dream to import chocolate. C．She was attracted by the chocolate capital. D．She was convinced by a chocolate company. 6．What make the company’s chocolates so popular? A．Free tastings for new products. B．Unique flavors to the local taste. C．Imported sources of high quality. D．Strong responses to the local market. 7．What can we learn about Johnston from the text? A．She was brought up in New Zealand. B．She owed her dream to her grandfather. C．She works on opening overseas markets. D．She takes pleasure in developing new products. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Mirzam：Chocolate Sales Going Local B．Johnston：“Sweet Dreams” Coming True C．Cardamom：Emirati Recipes Catching On D．Dubai：Home­based Businesses Taking Off Passage 3 体裁 主题语境 话题 说明文 人与社会 智能鞋——盲人出行利器 Austrian company Tec­Innovation recently unveiled smart shoes that use ultrasonic sensors (声波传感器) to help people suffering from blindness or vision impairment (损伤) to detect obstacles (障碍物) up to four metres away. Known as InnoMake，the smart shoe aims to become an alternative to the decades­old walking stick that millions of people around the world depend on to get around as safely as possible.The currently available model relies on sensors to detect obstacles and warns the wearer via vibration (振动) and an audible alarm sounded on a Bluetooth­linked smart phone.That sounds impressive enough，but the company is already working on a much more advanced version that includes cameras and artificial intelligence to not only detect obstacles but also their nature. “Not only is the warning that I am facing an obstacle relevant，but also the information about what kind of obstacle I am facing.Because it makes a big difference whether it’s a wall，a car or a staircase，” Markus Raffer，one of the founders of Tec­Innovation，told TechXplore.“Ultrasonic sensors on the toe of the shoe detect obstacles up to four metres away.The wearer is then warned by vibration and/or audio signals.This works very well and is already a great help to me personally.” The current version of the InnoMake shoe is already available for purchase on the Tec­Innovation website，for 3,200 per pair.The advanced system is integrated in the front of the shoes，in a waterproof and dustproof case.It is powered by a heavy­duty battery that can last for up to one week，depending on use.The battery can be charged in just three hours，using a USB cable. The next step for Tec­Innovation is to use the data collected by its system to create a kind of street view navigation map for visually impaired people.“As it currently stands，only the wearer benefits in each case from the data the shoe collects as he or she walks.It would be much more sustainable if this data could also be made available to other people as a navigation aid，” computer scientist Friedrich Fraundorfer explained. 1．What does the underlined word “unveiled” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Purchased. B．Launched. C．Evaluated. D．Promoted. 2．What is required when a person uses InnoMake? A．An ultrasonic sensor. B．A walking stick. C．A smart phone. D．A new camera. 3．What can we know about Markus Raffer? A．He himself is visually impaired. B．He is faced with a lot of obstacles. C．He is the founder of TechXplore. D．He has different opinions from others. 4．Where does the text probably appear? A．In a lab research. B．In a book review. C．In a health magazine. D．In a science website. Passage 4 体裁 主题语境 话题 说明文 人与自然 保护公海海洋生物多样性 For the first time，United Nations members have agreed on a unified treaty (协议) to protect biodiversity on the high seas，representing a turning point for vast stretches of the planet where conservation has previously been held back by a confusing patchwork (拼凑)of laws. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea came into force in 1994，before marine biodiversity was a well­established concept.An updated framework to protect marine life in the regions outside national boundary waters，known as the high seas，had been in discussions for more than 20 years，but previous efforts to reach an agreement had repeatedly failed.The unified treaty，which applies to nearly half the planet’s surface，was reached late on Saturday. UN Secretary­General Antonio Guterres welcomes the finalization of the text of the United Nations Ocean Treaty，his spokesman said on Saturday.“This breakthrough，which covers nearly two­thirds of the ocean，marks the culmination of nearly two decades of work and builds on the legacy (遗产)of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea，” a statement said. Nichola Clark，an ocean expert at the Pew Charitable Trusts called the long­awaited treaty text “a once­in­a­generation opportunity to protect the oceans－a major win for biodiversity”．The treaty will create a new body to manage the conservation of ocean life and establish marine­protected are－as on the high seas.Clark said that’s critical to achieving the UN Biodiversity Conference’s recent promise to protect 30 percent of the planet’s waters，for conservation.The treaty also establishes ground rules for conducting environmental impact assessments for commercial activities in the oceans. Treaty negotiations were initially anticipated to conclude on Friday，but stretched through the night into Saturday.The making of the treaty represents “a historic and overwhelming success for international marine protection，”said Steffi Lemke，Germany’s environment minister. 5．What can we learn about the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea? A．It is the basis of the UN Ocean Treaty. B．It leads to a lot of controversy. C．It has been discussed for over 20 years. D．It is a complete failure. 6．Which of the following could replace the underlined word “culmination” in Paragraph 3? A．Beginning. B．Impact. C．End. D．Break. 7．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4? A．Commercial ocean activities will be monitored. B．Preservation of 30% of the planet will be ensured. C．Protected areas on the high seas will be expanded. D．An existing department will manage the conservation. 8．Why is the making of the UN ocean treaty recognized as a historic success? A．It takes tough and long negotiations. B．The high seas are stressed for the first time. C．Unity in protecting the high seas is achieved. D．The concept of marine biodiversity is established. Passage 5 体裁 主题语境 话题 说明文 人与自我 情感的秘密 (2023·江苏南京联考)Your emotion helps you make sense of the world.At the core of an emotion is a subjective experience of the valence of it—what emotion scientists call “affect”(情感)．Generally speaking，affect is what we are most focused on.Do you have chocolate cake in front of you？That’s good! Do you see a spider on the table! That’s bad! Your affective reactions tell you which experiences are desirable，and which aren’t，but the total emotional experience includes all you do and think.You can learn a lot by observing and describing them.You can also learn a lot by appreciating their secret life. The problem is：the affective features of emotions tend to dominate.Our subjective valence of emotion is almost all we can see.When emotions are only about what is pleasant or unpleasant in subjective experience right now，the more important features of emotion disappear. If you can slow down and expand；if you stop running or clinging (沉浸其中) and adopt a sense of curiosity，emotions become more subtle and different.When fear comes up，don’t walk away so that fear dissipates.Instead，stay.Allow yourself to feel the nervousness，the sweating，and everything else that comes along with it.It is one of the hardest things to do in life，but it’s also one of the most rewarding.If you run，you are telling basic parts of your brain，“I guess this threat really was real.I better stay away from it.” You are training yourself to fear，regardless of that situation.If you cling，you are saying，“Escape from this emotion is a threat”，and since it is not a happy experience，happiness slips through your hands like sand. Note that you can not fool yourself.Just allow the full emotion.You will never enter into their secret life until you stop running or clinging.To control your life，you need to actively train your emotions to be your ally (同盟)．Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Do that and you may find you have allies for healthy living that were there all along. 1．Why does the author mention “chocolate cake” and “spider” in paragraph 1? A．To explain the complex response of emotions. B．To show the subjective experience of emotions. C．To indicate the goodness and badness of the world. D．To emphasize the significance of emotions in life. 2．What is the consequence if you just focus on your present feelings? A．The present feelings are less obvious. B．The subjective emotions are less powerful. C．The overall picture of emotions is easier to ignore. D．The observation and description of emotions are easier. 3．What does the underlined word “dissipates” in Paragraph 4 probably refer to? A．Deepens. B．Spreads. C．Disappears. D．Sticks. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The secret of emotions. B．The subjective experience. C．The importance of allies in life. D．Magical functions of emotions. Passage 6 体裁 主题语境 话题 记叙文 人与自我 发明智能水表 (2023·湖北十一校第二次联考)In 2018，a severe drought brought Cape Town close to “Day Zero”，when it could have become the world’s first major city to run out of water.Dam levels in South Africa’s Western Cape fell to below a fifth of capacity and the province suffered its worst water crisis in 100 years. “The water supply was dwindling and it just wasn’t raining，” recalls Thinus Booysen，a professor at Stellenbosch University，who had created a device in 2015 designed to help homeowners cut their power usage.Seeking to reduce water waste，Booysen figured he could adapt the device to measure water usage instead of electricity use. Soon，Booysen launched a start­up，Bridging the Internet of Things (BridgloT)，to develop his idea.Called Count Droputa，the device reports water usage once a minute while many conventional devices only record data once an hour.The system uses an app in the user’s cellphone and sends short messages in real time.“Within minutes，we would be able to tell the user，‘Something has burst，or something is leaking，’” he says. Then Booysen discovered that a key issue was maintenance (维修)，with the poorest schools using by far the most water.Leaking toilets could waste 1,000 liters of water per day.“We found that the biggest problems are things like children not closing taps properly，but often that would be because the taps just don’t close，” Booysen explains.During the test，the invention saved one school more than three million liters of water in three months.Another reduced its water usage 55 percent in four months. Businesses including Cape Talk radio station and Africa’s largest food company，Shoprite，became sponsors，partnering with the Western Cape Education Department to install (安装) test devices in 350 schools.They saved more than 52.7 million and almost 550 million liters of water in 17 months.Booysen has looked at expanding to government buildings，hospitals and hotels.There are plans to roll out the device across Africa. 5．What does the underlined word “dwindling” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Beginning. B．Continuing. C．Expanding. D．Decreasing. 6．Which words can best describe Booysen? A．Proud but determined. B．Cautious and friendly. C．Creative and caring. D．Strict but generous. 7．What do we know about Count Dropul? A．It works smartly to help save water. B．It was designed by Booysen in 2015. C．It will soon be tested in 350 schools. D．It cuts power usage efficiently. 8．What will Booysen probably do next? A．Become a member of Shoprite. B．Further promote his new invention. C．Stop water pollution in Cape Town. D．Travel around Africa for better ideas. Passage 7 体裁 主题语境 话题 说明文 人与自我 什么是愤怒以及如何对待它 (2023·重庆第一次联合诊断)Nature has developed the emotinal state we call anger to help us stay alive.Anger energizes us to prepare us for action.It can be used either in productive ways or just the opposite.When we feel energized by anger，we might ask ourselves how we put this energy to the most productive use. Perhaps the most helpful thing to remember about anger is that it is a secondary emotion.A primary feeling is what is felt immediately before we feel angry.We might first feel afraid，attacked，offended，trapped，or disrespected.If any of these feelings are intense enough，we think of the emotion as anger.Generally speaking，secondary feelings do not identify the unmet emotional need.When all I can say is“I feel angry”，neither I nor anyone else knows what would help me feel better.A helpful technique，then，is to always identify the primary emotion. Assume someone wants us to do something we prefer not to do.At first，we feel a little pressured，but not enough to get angry.When they keep pushing us，we begin to get irritated.If they continue，we get angry.Such anger damages relationships. If we feel angry，it is evident that we feel strongly about something.Instead of saying“I can’t believe how irresponsible she is.What a cold­hearted，evil witch she is.”，a more productive response is：“Am I really upset by this？Why does it bother me so much？What specifically am I feeling？”From the answers，we can decide to pick the best one to calm the anger.As soon as we“upshift”and begin to think about our options and their consequences，we start to feel more in control and less threatened.We get out of the automatic stimulus­response mode and realize that we have choices. There is a quote from Viktor E．Frankl that goes like this：“Between stimulus and response there is a space.In that space...lies our growth and our freedom.” 1．What’s the author’s attitude towards anger? A．Favorable. B．Neutral. C．Doubtful. D．Negative. 2．What can we know about anger? A．It reflects one’s intense feeling. B．If refers to a minor emotion. C．It can identify emotional need. D．It surely causes a violent reaction. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly deal with? A．What questions we ask about anger. B．How we respond to anger. C．How we develop growth and freedom. D．When we consider the consequence. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Ways to know about anger. B．Reasons to arouse anger. C．Managing anger in a good way. D．Calming anger at the right time. Passage 8 体裁 主题语境 话题 夹叙夹议文 人与社会 “免费”有时是最糟糕的交易 　　A few years ago，I went shopping with a friend for a new motorcycle.He didn’t have a particular brand or model in mind except two standards.A big engine—since too much horsepower is never enough—and since he’s tall，a relatively relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa，which met his standards or an XS­14R.Both were within his budget，especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both and loved them both.But then he became very interested in a ZX­6R KRT—a great motorcycle，sure，but with a much smaller motor and a riding position that made him look like a contorted mantis (变形的螳螂)．It seemed like a strange choice. I felt puzzled until it hit me.The purchase of any motorcycle 750cc and under came with a free helmet (头盔)．Since my friend also wanted a new helmet，getting one for free was extremely attractive.After all，the math didn’t work.We eventually negotiated $3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa.The free helmet was only worth $250.However，my friend’s final decision was ZX­6R KRT with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”．When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products，people will choose the option with the highest cost­benefit difference；however，decisions about free (zero­price) products differ，because people do not simply take away costs from benefits but instead，consider the benefits associated with free products to be higher. Two months later，my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R.But I don’t think badly of him.We’ve all been blinded by the power of “free”．So whenever something is free，stop and consider the intention，and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. 5．What kind of motorcycle did the author’s friend intend to buy? A．A good second­hand one. B．A previous year’s Hayabusa. C．A highly fashionable XS­14R. D．A powerful and comfortable one. 6．What aspect of the ZX­6R KRT attracted the author’s friend most? A．Its price. B．The motorcycle’s 750cc engine. C．Its free gift. D．The motorcycle’s classical design. 7．Why does the author mention the 2017 study? A．To offer his friend a better purchase plan. B．To stress the importance of negotiating skills. C．To tell readers how to get more zero­price products. D．To explain why his friend made such an unwise choice. 8．What does the text mainly talk about? A．It’s time to stop doing the math. B．“Free” is sometimes the worst deal. C．Getting something for free is so fun. D．We all love to buy something on sale. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $