专题08 人与自然（生物多样性）时文阅读与题型训练（高考模拟）（专项训练）2026高考英语

专题08 人与自然（生物多样性）时文阅读与题型训练 时文阅读 语篇原文 Fish and corals in reefs across the Pacific Ocean may harbor nearly 3 million varieties of bacteria, researchers report June 1 in Nature Communications. That means scientists are vastly underestimating Earth’s microbiome, microbiologist Pierre Galand of Sorbonne University in Paris said at a May 31 news conference. The new count of bacteria living in the Pacific Ocean’s coral reefs alone falls within current estimates for the total microbial diversity of Earth, suggesting that there exponentially more bacteria living on the planet than previously thought. Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, and microbes are key for keeping the captivating creatures that live there healthy. Bacteria can help corals get the nutrients they need to survive or guard against disease. A dose of probiotics may offer protection from deadly heat stress. But the biodiversity of these reef-dwelling microbes is unclear. Most studies examine animal species in a small area or focus on only one species. And global surveys are hard to do. During the Tara Pacific Expedition from 2016 to 2018, Galand and colleagues visited 99 coral reefs. At each site, they collected samples from plankton, three coral species and two fish species, amassing 5,392 samples. The team then categorized how many varieties of bacteria they could find in each sample, based on genetic differences among microbes. But genetic analyses identified more than 540,000 bacterial varieties living on the three types of organisms. That number alone — from a tiny fraction of Pacific reef fauna — accounts for up to about 20 percent of current estimates of all bacteria living on Earth, which range from 2.72 million to 5.44 million. Based on how many species of fish and corals live in the western and central Pacific, coral reefs from that ocean alone may harbor at least 2.8 million kinds of bacteria, the team calculated. Such diversity may be a kind of “ecological insurance” for reefs, Galand said. For instance. multiple types of bacteria may help coral polyps in the same way, such as making sure the coral-building creatures get a key nutrient. With so much diversity, some bacteria may easily be able to replace others that are in trouble when something like high temperatures cause the bacterial population to crash. 核心词汇 1. harbor /ˈhɑːbə(r)/ v. 含有；庇护 2. microbiome /ˌmaɪkrəʊˈbaɪəʊm/ n. 微生物组 3. microbial /maɪˈkrəʊbiəl/ adj. 微生物的 4. captivating /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/ adj. 迷人的；有吸引力的 5. probiotics /ˌprəʊbaɪˈɒtɪks/ n. 益生菌（复数） 6. Expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ n. 探险；考察 7. plankton /ˈplæŋktən/ n. 浮游生物 8. amassing /əˈmæsɪŋ/ v. 积累；聚集（现在分词） 9. genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ adj. 基因的；遗传的 10. fauna /ˈfɔːnə/ n. 动物群 11. fraction /ˈfrækʃn/ n. 部分；少量 12. polyps /ˈpɒlɪps/ n. 珊瑚虫（复数） 13. ecological /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ adj. 生态的 14. crash /kræʃ/ v. （数量）锐减；崩溃 短语积累 1. coral reefs 珊瑚礁 2. microbial diversity 微生物多样性 3. genetic differences 遗传差异 4. ecological insurance 生态保障 5. heat stress 热应激 6. Tara Pacific Expedition 塔拉太平洋考察队 7. reef-dwelling microbes 栖息于珊瑚礁的微生物 8. key nutrient 关键营养素 9. bacterial population 细菌种群 10. global surveys 全球调查 11. genetic analyses 遗传分析 12. plankton samples 浮游生物样本 题型训练 阅读理解 难度 阅读时间 容易 7 分钟 Fish and corals in Pacific coral reefs may harbor nearly 3 million bacterial varieties, researchers report in Nature Communications. This striking finding suggests scientists have vastly underestimated Earth’s micro-biome, as the bacterial count in these reefs alone falls within the range of current global microbial diversity estimates. Coral reefs are among Earth’s most diverse and fragile ecosystems, and microbes play an irreplaceable role in sustaining their health. Bacteria help corals absorb essential nutrients from the environment and fend off harmful diseases, while targeted probiotics can even shield corals from the deadly effects of heat stress. Yet the true diversity of these reef-dwelling microbes remained a mystery until the launch of the Tara Pacific Expedition. From 2016 to 2018, a team of international scientists embarked on this large-scale journey, visiting 99 coral reefs across the western and central Pacific. They collected 5,392 samples from multiple sources: plankton, three common coral species and two widespread fish species. Genetic analyses of these samples identified over 540,000 bacterial varieties—this number alone accounts for up to 20% of current global bacterial diversity estimates, which range from 2.72 million to 5.44 million. The team further calculated that western and central Pacific reefs may host at least 2.8 million bacterial kinds. This extraordinary microbial diversity acts as “ecological insurance” for coral reefs. When rising sea temperatures cause some bacterial populations to crash, other functionally similar bacteria can quickly replace them, ensuring the ecosystem remains stable and functional. Protecting these tiny but vital organisms is therefore crucial for the long-term survival of coral reefs amid growing environmental threats. 1. What does the underlined word “harbor” mean in Paragraph 1? A. Reject B. Host C. Pollute D. Study 2. What was the core purpose of the Tara Pacific Expedition? A. To treat coral diseases caused by heat stress B. To count the total number of coral and fish species C. To explore the microbial diversity in coral reefs D. To test the effectiveness of probiotics on corals 3. Why is microbial diversity called “ecological insurance”? A. It helps reefs adapt to environmental changes B. It provides financial support for reef protection C. It prevents bacteria from spreading harmful diseases D. It reduces the negative impact of human activities 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The severe threats facing coral reefs worldwide B. A study revealing massive bacterial diversity in Pacific reefs C. How bacteria assist corals in surviving harsh conditions D. The importance of protecting global marine ecosystems 语法填空 难度 阅读时间 容易 7分钟 Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, and microbes play a key role in keeping their inhabitants ___1___ (health). Researchers report in Nature Communications that fish and corals in Pacific reefs may harbor nearly 3 million bacterial varieties, ___2___ suggests scientists have vastly underestimated Earth’s microbiome. During the 2016-2018 Tara Pacific Expedition, Pierre Galand and his colleagues visited 99 coral reefs, ___3___ (collect) 5,392 samples from plankton, three coral species and two fish species. Genetic analyses identified over 540,000 bacterial varieties—___4___ (account) for up to 20% of current global bacterial diversity estimates, which range from 2.72 million ___5___ 5.44 million. The team calculated that western and central Pacific reefs alone may host at least 2.8 million bacterial ___6___ (kind). Bacteria aid corals by ___7___ (provide) nutrients or defending against disease; probiotics can even protect corals from heat stress. Such microbial diversity acts as “ecological insurance”: if some bacteria crash due to high temperatures, others can replace ___8___ (they). This diversity highlights the vital role of reef microbes in ___9___ (maintain) ecosystem stability. As coral reefs face increasing environmental threats, protecting their microbial communities is essential. Only by safeguarding these tiny organisms can we ensure that coral reefs continue to thrive in ___10___ changing world. 完形填空​ 难度 阅读时间 适中 12分钟 Coral reefs are natural treasure troves of biodiversity, supporting countless marine creatures and a hidden, complex world of microbes. A recent groundbreaking study reveals that fish and corals in Pacific reefs may ___1___ nearly 3 million bacterial varieties, a number that shows scientists have long ___2___ the true richness of Earth’s microbiome. The breakthrough discovery came from the Tara Pacific Expedition, a large-scale scientific journey that ___3___ from 2016 to 2018. An international team of researchers visited 99 coral reefs across the western and central Pacific and ___4___ 5,392 samples from diverse sources: plankton, three common coral species and two widespread fish species. Through advanced genetic analyses, the team ___5___ over 540,000 bacterial varieties—this impressive figure alone ___6___ for up to 20% of current global bacterial diversity estimates, which ___7___ from 2.72 million to 5.44 million. Microbes are far from passive inhabitants; they are ___8___ to the health and survival of coral reefs. Bacteria help corals obtain essential nutrients from seawater and ___9___ against invasive diseases. Even a small dose of probiotics can ___10___ corals from the deadly effects of extreme heat stress. The remarkable microbial diversity serves as “ecological insurance”: when rising temperatures cause some bacterial populations to ___11___, other functionally similar types can quickly take their ___12___, ensuring the ecosystem remains balanced and resilient. This study underscores the critical ___13___ of reef microbes and issues a timely warning of the need to ___14___ these fragile ecosystems. As environmental threats such as climate change intensify, coral reefs can only ___15___ the challenges effectively if their diverse microbial communities stay intact. 1. A. destroy B. host C. release D. replace 2. A. underestimated B. overestimated C. ignored D. measured 3. A. stopped B. changed . lasted D. prepared 4. A. donated B. collected C. exchanged D. abandoned 5. A. hid B. identified C. created D. missed 6. A. accounts B. looks C. fights D. waits 7. A. comes B. differs C. ranges D. suffers 8. A. harmful B. vital C. irrelevant D. familiar 9. A. guard B. escape C. prevent D. recover 10. A. ban B. shield C. free D. separate 11. A. grow B. crash C. multiply D. spread 12. A. place B. time C. turn D. lead 13. A. role B. mystery C. beauty D. cost 14. A. damage B. explore C. preserve D. develop 15. A. avoid B. create C. face D. overcome 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 人与自然（生物多样性）时文阅读与题型训练 时文阅读 语篇原文 Fish and corals in reefs across the Pacific Ocean may harbor nearly 3 million varieties of bacteria, researchers report June 1 in Nature Communications. That means scientists are vastly underestimating Earth’s microbiome, microbiologist Pierre Galand of Sorbonne University in Paris said at a May 31 news conference. The new count of bacteria living in the Pacific Ocean’s coral reefs alone falls within current estimates for the total microbial diversity of Earth, suggesting that there exponentially more bacteria living on the planet than previously thought. Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, and microbes are key for keeping the captivating creatures that live there healthy. Bacteria can help corals get the nutrients they need to survive or guard against disease. A dose of probiotics may offer protection from deadly heat stress. But the biodiversity of these reef-dwelling microbes is unclear. Most studies examine animal species in a small area or focus on only one species. And global surveys are hard to do. During the Tara Pacific Expedition from 2016 to 2018, Galand and colleagues visited 99 coral reefs. At each site, they collected samples from plankton, three coral species and two fish species, amassing 5,392 samples. The team then categorized how many varieties of bacteria they could find in each sample, based on genetic differences among microbes. But genetic analyses identified more than 540,000 bacterial varieties living on the three types of organisms. That number alone — from a tiny fraction of Pacific reef fauna — accounts for up to about 20 percent of current estimates of all bacteria living on Earth, which range from 2.72 million to 5.44 million. Based on how many species of fish and corals live in the western and central Pacific, coral reefs from that ocean alone may harbor at least 2.8 million kinds of bacteria, the team calculated. Such diversity may be a kind of “ecological insurance” for reefs, Galand said. For instance. multiple types of bacteria may help coral polyps in the same way, such as making sure the coral-building creatures get a key nutrient. With so much diversity, some bacteria may easily be able to replace others that are in trouble when something like high temperatures cause the bacterial population to crash. 核心词汇 1. harbor /ˈhɑːbə(r)/ v. 含有；庇护 2. microbiome /ˌmaɪkrəʊˈbaɪəʊm/ n. 微生物组 3. microbial /maɪˈkrəʊbiəl/ adj. 微生物的 4. captivating /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/ adj. 迷人的；有吸引力的 5. probiotics /ˌprəʊbaɪˈɒtɪks/ n. 益生菌（复数） 6. Expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ n. 探险；考察 7. plankton /ˈplæŋktən/ n. 浮游生物 8. amassing /əˈmæsɪŋ/ v. 积累；聚集（现在分词） 9. genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ adj. 基因的；遗传的 10. fauna /ˈfɔːnə/ n. 动物群 11. fraction /ˈfrækʃn/ n. 部分；少量 12. polyps /ˈpɒlɪps/ n. 珊瑚虫（复数） 13. ecological /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ adj. 生态的 14. crash /kræʃ/ v. （数量）锐减；崩溃 短语积累 1. coral reefs 珊瑚礁 2. microbial diversity 微生物多样性 3. genetic differences 遗传差异 4. ecological insurance 生态保障 5. heat stress 热应激 6. Tara Pacific Expedition 塔拉太平洋考察队 7. reef-dwelling microbes 栖息于珊瑚礁的微生物 8. key nutrient 关键营养素 9. bacterial population 细菌种群 10. global surveys 全球调查 11. genetic analyses 遗传分析 12. plankton samples 浮游生物样本 题型训练 阅读理解 难度 阅读时间 容易 7 分钟 Fish and corals in Pacific coral reefs may harbor nearly 3 million bacterial varieties, researchers report in Nature Communications. This striking finding suggests scientists have vastly underestimated Earth’s micro-biome, as the bacterial count in these reefs alone falls within the range of current global microbial diversity estimates. Coral reefs are among Earth’s most diverse and fragile ecosystems, and microbes play an irreplaceable role in sustaining their health. Bacteria help corals absorb essential nutrients from the environment and fend off harmful diseases, while targeted probiotics can even shield corals from the deadly effects of heat stress. Yet the true diversity of these reef-dwelling microbes remained a mystery until the launch of the Tara Pacific Expedition. From 2016 to 2018, a team of international scientists embarked on this large-scale journey, visiting 99 coral reefs across the western and central Pacific. They collected 5,392 samples from multiple sources: plankton, three common coral species and two widespread fish species. Genetic analyses of these samples identified over 540,000 bacterial varieties—this number alone accounts for up to 20% of current global bacterial diversity estimates, which range from 2.72 million to 5.44 million. The team further calculated that western and central Pacific reefs may host at least 2.8 million bacterial kinds. This extraordinary microbial diversity acts as “ecological insurance” for coral reefs. When rising sea temperatures cause some bacterial populations to crash, other functionally similar bacteria can quickly replace them, ensuring the ecosystem remains stable and functional. Protecting these tiny but vital organisms is therefore crucial for the long-term survival of coral reefs amid growing environmental threats. 1. What does the underlined word “harbor” mean in Paragraph 1? A. Reject B. Host C. Pollute D. Study 2. What was the core purpose of the Tara Pacific Expedition? A. To treat coral diseases caused by heat stress B. To count the total number of coral and fish species C. To explore the microbial diversity in coral reefs D. To test the effectiveness of probiotics on corals 3. Why is microbial diversity called “ecological insurance”? A. It helps reefs adapt to environmental changes B. It provides financial support for reef protection C. It prevents bacteria from spreading harmful diseases D. It reduces the negative impact of human activities 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The severe threats facing coral reefs worldwide B. A study revealing massive bacterial diversity in Pacific reefs C. How bacteria assist corals in surviving harsh conditions D. The importance of protecting global marine ecosystems 【答案】 1. B（词义猜测题：结合上下文“太平洋珊瑚礁中的鱼类和珊瑚可能有近300万种细菌”，“harbor”意为“容纳；栖息”，对应host。A“拒绝”、C“污染”、D“研究”均不符合语境） 2. C（细节理解题：根据第二段“the true diversity of these reef-dwelling microbes remained a mystery until the launch of the Tara Pacific Expedition”可知，探险的核心目的是探索珊瑚礁中的微生物多样性，C正确；A“治疗热应激导致的珊瑚疾病”、B“统计珊瑚和鱼类总数”、D“测试益生菌的有效性”均为研究中的附属信息，非核心目的） 3. A（推理判断题：第四段提到“当海水温度上升导致部分细菌种群崩溃时，其他功能相似的细菌可迅速替代它们，维持生态系统稳定”，说明微生物多样性能帮助珊瑚礁适应环境变化，起到“生态保障”作用，A正确；B“提供资金支持”、C“阻止细菌传播疾病”、D“减少人类活动影响”均无中生有） 4. B（主旨大意题：文章围绕一项科学研究展开，核心是揭示太平洋珊瑚礁中存在海量细菌多样性，B正确；A“全球珊瑚礁面临的严重威胁”、C“细菌如何帮助珊瑚应对恶劣环境”为局部细节；D“保护全球海洋生态系统的重要性”范围过宽，未聚焦核心研究） 语法填空 难度 阅读时间 容易 7分钟 Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, and microbes play a key role in keeping their inhabitants ___1___ (health). Researchers report in Nature Communications that fish and corals in Pacific reefs may harbor nearly 3 million bacterial varieties, ___2___ suggests scientists have vastly underestimated Earth’s microbiome. During the 2016-2018 Tara Pacific Expedition, Pierre Galand and his colleagues visited 99 coral reefs, ___3___ (collect) 5,392 samples from plankton, three coral species and two fish species. Genetic analyses identified over 540,000 bacterial varieties—___4___ (account) for up to 20% of current global bacterial diversity estimates, which range from 2.72 million ___5___ 5.44 million. The team calculated that western and central Pacific reefs alone may host at least 2.8 million bacterial ___6___ (kind). Bacteria aid corals by ___7___ (provide) nutrients or defending against disease; probiotics can even protect corals from heat stress. Such microbial diversity acts as “ecological insurance”: if some bacteria crash due to high temperatures, others can replace ___8___ (they). This diversity highlights the vital role of reef microbes in ___9___ (maintain) ecosystem stability. As coral reefs face increasing environmental threats, protecting their microbial communities is essential. Only by safeguarding these tiny organisms can we ensure that coral reefs continue to thrive in ___10___ changing world. 【答案】1. healthy（形容词作宾语补足语，keep sb./sth. healthy“使……健康”） 2. which（非限制性定语从句引导词，指代前文整个主句内容） 3. collecting（现在分词作伴随状语，colleagues与collect为主动关系） 4. accounting（现在分词作伴随状语，逻辑主语为“540,000 bacterial varieties”，二者为主动关系） 5. to（固定搭配range from...to...“从……到……变动”） 6. kinds（名词复数，由2.8 million修饰，bacterial kinds“细菌种类”） 7. providing（动名词作介词by的宾语，by doing sth.“通过做某事”） 8. them（代词宾格，指代前文“some bacteria”，作replace的宾语） 9. maintaining（动名词作介词in的宾语，in doing sth.“在做某事方面”） 10. the（定冠词，修饰特指的“变化的世界 完形填空​ 难度 阅读时间 适中 12分钟 Coral reefs are natural treasure troves of biodiversity, supporting countless marine creatures and a hidden, complex world of microbes. A recent groundbreaking study reveals that fish and corals in Pacific reefs may ___1___ nearly 3 million bacterial varieties, a number that shows scientists have long ___2___ the true richness of Earth’s microbiome. The breakthrough discovery came from the Tara Pacific Expedition, a large-scale scientific journey that ___3___ from 2016 to 2018. An international team of researchers visited 99 coral reefs across the western and central Pacific and ___4___ 5,392 samples from diverse sources: plankton, three common coral species and two widespread fish species. Through advanced genetic analyses, the team ___5___ over 540,000 bacterial varieties—this impressive figure alone ___6___ for up to 20% of current global bacterial diversity estimates, which ___7___ from 2.72 million to 5.44 million. Microbes are far from passive inhabitants; they are ___8___ to the health and survival of coral reefs. Bacteria help corals obtain essential nutrients from seawater and ___9___ against invasive diseases. Even a small dose of probiotics can ___10___ corals from the deadly effects of extreme heat stress. The remarkable microbial diversity serves as “ecological insurance”: when rising temperatures cause some bacterial populations to ___11___, other functionally similar types can quickly take their ___12___, ensuring the ecosystem remains balanced and resilient. This study underscores the critical ___13___ of reef microbes and issues a timely warning of the need to ___14___ these fragile ecosystems. As environmental threats such as climate change intensify, coral reefs can only ___15___ the challenges effectively if their diverse microbial communities stay intact. 1. A. destroy B. host C. release D. replace 2. A. underestimated B. overestimated C. ignored D. measured 3. A. stopped B. changed . lasted D. prepared 4. A. donated B. collected C. exchanged D. abandoned 5. A. hid B. identified C. created D. missed 6. A. accounts B. looks C. fights D. waits 7. A. comes B. differs C. ranges D. suffers 8. A. harmful B. vital C. irrelevant D. familiar 9. A. guard B. escape C. prevent D. recover 10. A. ban B. shield C. free D. separate 11. A. grow B. crash C. multiply D. spread 12. A. place B. time C. turn D. lead 13. A. role B. mystery C. beauty D. cost 14. A. damage B. explore C. preserve D. develop 15. A. avoid B. create C. face D. overcome 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. D 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $