必修1 句子成分和五种基本机构-备战2025-2026学年高中英语上学期期末语法全解（人教版）

ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（人教版） Chapter1句子成分、基本结构及时态语态 考频分析 句子成分和五种基本结构是高中英语语法的重要模块，考频占语法总量的15%左右，涉及试卷多个核心 题型：单项选择(1-2题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(3-4题)、阅读理解（辅助理解长难句，影响答 题效率)。在语法类题目中，句子成分的划分和基本结构的辨析往往是解题基础。 老查内容 高中英语对句子成分和五种基本结构的考察聚焦两大维度，覆盖基础识别与综合运用： ·句子成分识别：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语与间接宾语）、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式（名词、 代词、动词短语、从句等)与句法功能辨析； ·基本句型应用：主谓(S+V)、主谓宾(S+V+O)、主系表(S+V+P)、主谓双宾(S+V+O+DO)、主谓 宾补(S+V+O+C)的结构特征、成分搭配及语境判断。 精讲精练 知识点一：句子成分和五种基本结构 ·句子成分（构成句子的基本要素） -主语（动作的发出者描述对象）：名词、代词、动名词等→例句：She plays the piano.(She为人称 代词作主语) -谓语（表示动作或状态）：动词或动词短语→例句：They are singing.(are singing为动词短语作谓 语) -宾语（动作的承受者）：名词、代词等，通常位于及物动词后→例句：He bought a book.(a book为 名词作宾语) -表语（说明主语的身份/特征）：名词、形容词等，位于系动词后→例句：The flower is red.(red为 形容词作表语) -定语（修饰名词/代词）：形容词、分词等→例句：This is a beautiful garden..(beautiful为形容词作 定语) ·五种基本句型结构 -主谓(S+V):主语+不及物动词→例句：Birds fly.(Birds为主语，y为不及物动词作谓语) -主谓宾(S+V+O):主语+及物动词+宾语→例句：Ilove China.(l为主语，love为及物动词，China 为宾语) -主系表(S+Linking V+P):主语+系动词+表语→例句：She is a teacher.(She为主语，is为系动 词，a teacher为表语) -主谓双宾(S+V+lO+DO):主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语→例句：He gave me a pen.(He 为主语，gave为及物动词，me为间接宾语，apen为直接宾语) -主谓宾补(S+V+O+C):主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语→例句：We made him happy..(We 为主语，made为及物动词，him为宾语，happy为宾语补足语) 【即学即练】 1.【句子成分识别】在句子"He bought a beautiful book yesterday.”中，"beautiful”作什么成分？ A.主语 B.谓语 C.定语 D.状语 2.【基本句型判断】句子"She is a student..”属于哪种基本句型？ A.主谓(S+V) B.主谓宾(S+V+O) C.主系表(S+V+P) D.主谓双宾(S+V+O+DO) 3.【句子成分填空】在句子"Ve call him一.”中，空格处需填入的成分是 4.【基本句型应用】请写出一个主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)结构的句子： 5.【句子成分辨析】在句子"They are playing football on the playground.”中，"on the playground" 作 成分。 必修1|英语|人教版 ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（人教版） 知识点二：必考时态和被动语态 ·一般现在时（常态、规律、客观真理）》 1.时间标志词 -always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、every day/week/month(每天/周/月)、on Sundays (在周日)、客观真理（无具体时间词，如“地球绕太阳转”） 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+动词原形（主语为非三单）/动词第三人称单数（主语为三单） 一例句： *口They play basketball every afternoon.(非三单主语，动词用原形play) *口She teaches English in a middle school..(三单主语，动词用teaches) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+am/is/are+动词过去分词（主语单复数决定am/is/are的选择） 一例句： *口Basketball is played by them every afternoon.(主语单数，用is;play的过去分词为played) *口English is taught by her in a middle school.(主语不可数，用is;teach的过去分词为taught) ·一般过去时（过去某个时间发生的动作/状态，已结束） 1.时间标志词 -yesterday(昨天)、last week/month/year(上周/月/年)、just now(刚才)、in2020(在2020年)、 three days ago(三天前) 2.主动语态 一结构：主语+动词过去式（无单复数变化） 一例句： *口He watched a movie yesterday evening.(watch的过去式为watched) *口They visited the Great Wall last summer..(visit的过去式为visited) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+was/were+动词过去分词（主语单数用was,复数用were) 一例句： *口A movie was watched by him yesterday evening.(主语单数，用was;watch的过去分词为 watched *口The Great Wall was visited by them last summer.(主语单数，用was;visit的过去分词为 visited) ·一般将来时（将来某个时间发生的动作/计划） 1.时间标志词 -tomorrow(明天)、next week/month/year(下周/月年)、in the future(在未来)、soon(很快)、 in three days(三天后) 2.主动语态 -结构：口主语+wi+动词原形口主语+amis/are going to+动词原形 一例句： *口Ne will hold a party next Friday..(wil+原形hold) *口She is going to buy a new dress tomorrow.(主语三单，用is going to+原形buy) 3.被动语态 -结构：·主语+will be+动词过去分词口主语+am/is/are going to be+动词过去分词 一例句： *口A party will be held by us next Friday.(will be-+hold的过去分词held) *口A new dress is going to be bought by her tomorrow.(is going to be+buy的过去分词bought) ·现在进行时（此时此刻正在发生的动作） 1.时间标志词 -now(现在)、at the moment(此刻)、look(看，句首提示)、listen(听，句首提示) 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+amis/are+动词现在分词(doing)(主语单数/三单用is,第一人称用am,复数用 are) 一例句： *口I am reading a book now.(第一人称，用am+reading) *口He is playing the guitar at the moment.(三单主语，用is+playing) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+amis/are+being+动词过去分词(being体现“正在进行”，过去分词体现“被动”) 一例句： *口A book is being read by me now.(主语单数，用is being+read的过去分词read) *口The guitar is being played by him at the moment.(主语单数，用is being+play的过去分词 played) ·过去进行时（过去某个时刻时间段正在发生的动作）】 1.时间标志词 -at8p.m.yesterday(昨天晚上8点)、this time last week(上周这个时候)、when+一般过去时 句子（如hen he came in) 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+was/were+动词现在分词(doing)(主语单数I三单用was,复数用were) 一例句： *☐She was watching TV at8p.m.yesterday..(三单主语，用was+watching) *☐He was reading a newspaper when the phone rang.(三单主语，用was+reading;rang是 般过去时) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+was/were+being+动词过去分词(was/were体现“过去”，being体现“进行”，过 去分词体现“被动”) -例句： *口TV was being watched by her at8p.m.yesterday.(主语单数，用was being+watch的过去 分词watched) *口A newspaper was being read by him when the phone rang.(主语单数，用was being+read 的过去分词read) ·现在完成时（过去动作对现在的影响/动作持续到现在）】 1.时间标志词 -already(已经，肯定句)、yet(还，否定句l疑问句)、for+时间段（如for3 years)、since+时间 点（如since2020)、so far(到目前为止） 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+have/has+动词过去分词（主语单数/三单用has,复数第一人称用have) 一例句： *口I have finished my homework already..(第一人称，用have+finished) *▣He has lived here for5 years.(三单主语，.用has+lived) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+have/has been+动词过去分词(have/has been体现“现在完成时”，过去分词体现 “被动”) -例句： *口My homework has been finished by me already.(主语不可数，用has been+finished的过去 分词finished) *口This house has been lived in by him for5 years..(主语单数，用has been+-lived的过去分词 lived;live是不及物动词，需加in) ·过去完成时（过去某个动作之前发生的动作，“过去的过去”） 1.时间标志词 -by+过去时间点（如by2019、by last Friday)、before+过去时句子（如before he left)、when+ 一般过去时句子（如hen I arrived) 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+had+动词过去分词（无单复数变化，统一用had) 一例句： *He had finished his work by 5 p.m.yesterday.(had+finished) *口They had left before I arrived.(had+left;arrived是一般过去时，“离开”在“到达”之前) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+had been+动词过去分词(had been体现“过去完成时”，过去分词体现“被动”) 一例句： *☐His work had been finished by him by5p.m.yesterday.(had been+-finished的过去分词 finished) *☐The room had been cleaned by them before I arrived.(had been+cleaned的过去分词cleaned) 知识点三：定语从句 ·关系代词引导的定语从句（修饰人/物，作主语宾语） 一基础用法（高考必背）： *Dwho(指人，作主语/宾语)→例句：The girl who is standing there is my sister.(作主语，指人) *口whom(指人，作宾语)→例句：The man whom you met yesterday is our teacher..(作宾语，指 人，可省略) *口which(指物，作主语/宾语)→例句：This is the book which I bought last week.(作宾语，指物， 可省略) *口tht(指人物，作主语/宾语，先行词被最高级序数词不定代词修饰时只能用that)→例句：He is the best student that i have ever taught..(先行词被最高级修饰，指人) *口whose(指人/物，作定语，表示“.…的”)→例句：This is the boy whose father is a doctor. (指人，作定语) 一高考易错点： *口关系代词作宾语时可省略，但介词提前时不可省略（如：The house in which he lives is big.不可 The house in whom he lives) *口that不用于非限制性定语从句（如：My brother,who is a teacher,lives in Beijing.不可用that) ·关系副词引导的定语从句（修饰时间/地点原因，作状语） -基础用法（高考必背）： *口when(指时间，先行词为时间名词)→例句：I still remember the day when we first met.(先行 词day表时间) *where(指地点，先行词为地点名词)→例句：This is the school where|studied ten years ago. (先行词school表地点) *Owhy(指原因，先行词为reason)→例句：Tell me the reason why you were late.(先行词reason 表原因) 一高考常考点： *口关系副词=介词+关系代词（如：The day when I met her=:The day on which I met her) *口先行词为case/point/situation等抽象地点时用where(如：We are in a situation where we need to make a decision. ·非限制性定语从句（补充说明，用逗号隔开） 一基础用法（高考必背）： *口which指代整个主句内容→例句：He passed the exam,which made his parents very happy.. (which指代“通过考试”这件事) *口as引导非限制性定语从句，可位于句首句中/句未（译为“正如"）→例句：As we all know,the earth is round.(as位于句首，指代主句内容) -高考易错点： *口非限制性定语从句不可用hat引导 *口which和as的区别：as有“正如”含义，可位于句首；which无此含义，不可位于句首（如：As is reported,he won the prize.不可用which) ·高考易错点辨析 1.关系代词与关系副词误用： -This is the school which studied.→This is the school where I studied.(先行词school表地 点，从句缺地点状语，用where) don't knew the reason-whieh he was late.-I don't know the reason why he was late. 词reason表原因，从句缺原因状语，用why) 2.that与which的误用： -This is the book which Hhave been looking for it.This is the book that I have been looking for.(关系代词作宾语，it多余) He is the first -student which passed the exam.-He is the first student that passed the exam. (先行词被序数词修饰，用that) 3.非限制性定语从句的引导词误用： My mether,that is a nurse,werks in a hespital.-My mother,who is a nurse,works in a hospital.(非限制性定语从句不可用that) -Which we all know,China is a great country.-As we all know,China is a great country.(as 表“正如”，可位于句首) 必修1|英语|人教版 ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（人教版） 考法一：句子成分划分 ·核心：识别句子中主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等基本成分，判断句子属于哪种基本句型结构 ·真题1（语法填空）： In the morning,my mother always makes me_(health)breakfast. -答案：healthy解析：分析句子结构，主语为"my mother'”,谓语为”makes”,间接宾语为”me”,直接宾 语为"breakfast'”,空处需填宾语补足语补充说明宾语"breakfast'”的特征，应用形容词"healthy”。此句 为”主谓双宾+宾补”结构(S+V+O+DO+C)。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -The little girl with red hair_is my best friend. A.happily B.beautiful C.running D.quickly -答案：C解析：句中with red hair'”为介词短语作定语，空处需填修饰主语”The little girl”的后置定语， ”running'”为现在分词作定语，表示主动进行的动作，符合语境。A、D为副词不能修饰名词，B为形 容词应置于名词前作前置定语。 考法二：基本句型与定语从句融合 ·核心：识别句子的基本句型结构，结合定语从句对先行词进行修饰限定，注意关系代词副词在从句中的 成分作用 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The girl_is wearing a red dress is my best friend.She often shares her books with me. -答案：who/that解析：句子为主系表结构(The girl is my best friend),先行词为The girl(指人)，定 语从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词who或that引导。 ·真题2（完形填空）： -This is the school_I studied three years ago.I have many happy memories there. A.which B.where C.when D.why -答案：B解析：句子为主系表结构(This is the school),先行词为the school(指地点)，定语从句中 不缺主语或宾语，缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where引导，相当于in which。 考法三：定语从句与时态、被动语态的综合运用 ·核心：结合定语从句的关系词选择，判断从句中的时态及主动/被动语态，需同时满足先行词修饰、动作 时间逻辑及主被动关系 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The storyby the famous writer last month is about a girl__father is a doctor. A.wrote;whose B.was written;whom C.written;whose D.which wrote;who 一答案：C解析：第一空“story”与“write'”为被动关系，且句中已有谓语“is”,需用过去分词短语作 后置定语（相当于定语从句“which was written”);第二空先行词“girl”与“father'”为所属关系，用 关系代词whose作定语。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -The museum _(build)in 1980,-we visited last week,attracts millions of visitors every year. -答案：was built;:which解析：第一空“museum”与“build”为被动关系，时间标志词“in1980” 提示用一般过去时被动语态，结构为“ws+过去分词”；第二空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为 “museum”(指物)，且在从句中作宾语，用关系代词which。. 必修1|英语|人教版 ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（人教版） 解题小妙招 句子成分划分妙招 主谓宾表定状补，句子成分要分明； 主谓宾是基本架，宾补表语跟在后； 定语修饰名代词，前为形容词后分词； 副词常作状语用，位置灵活要注意。 基本句型与定语从句融合妙招 先找主句主谓宾，确定基本句型清； 先行词是人还是物，关系代词来引导； 若缺主宾用that which who,指人who whom指物which; 关系副词表状位，when where why分别用； 时间用when地点where,原因状语就用why。 定语从句与时态、被动语态综合运用妙招 定语从句看主被，被动需有be和done; 过去分词作定语，相当于被动省关系； 时态要与主句配，时间标志是关键； 一般过去用did,完成时态have done; 关系代词作成分，主动被动要分清。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.My father usually-newspapers after dinner. A.read B.reads C.is reading D.has read 2.The Great Wallby millions of visitors every year. A.visits B.visited C.is visited