Unit 4 Exploring Literature Extended reading - Project 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语译林版（2019）必修第二册

该高中英语导学案聚焦B2 U4-3拓展阅读，核心知识点涵盖extremely、destroy等词汇的词性转换与辨析，现在分词作状语等语法点，以及clear up、reach for等短语搭配。通过教材原文例句导入，结合词义拓展、例题训练构建从基础理解到语境应用的学习支架，衔接前后知识脉络。 该资料以教材文本为依托，通过单句语法填空、短语填空等多样化例题强化语言能力，借助词汇辨析、语法应用训练培养思维品质，分层设计精题精练与能力拓展模块，助力学生自主学习，提升学习效率与学科核心素养。

年 级：高一 科 目：英语 内 容：B2 U4-3 Extended reading - Project 【同步知识梳理】 知识点1：extremely / destroy / defeat 原文：He is extremely good at describing the adventures of tough man who he believes “can be destroyed but not “defeated”. (教材P53) （1）extremely extremely adv. 极其，非常；极端 extreme adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的 extremist n. 极端主义者，过激分子 extremely important/useful/complicated 极为重要/有用/复杂 extremely hard 难于登天 in the extreme 非常；极度 extreme poverty 极端贫穷 extreme sports 极限运动 extreme circumstances极端情况 extreme left-wing/right-wing views 极左/极右观点 例题训练： ①He was a stern critic but ______________________ man.他是一位严厉的批评家，却是一个非常仁慈的人。 ②Children will be removed from their parents only _____________________. 只有在极端情况下才会让孩子离开父母。 ③I am _____________________ to all the teachers for their help. 我非常感谢所有老师的帮助。 （2）destroy destroy v.摧毁，毁灭，破坏 destruction n.破坏，毁灭；摧毁 destructive adj造成破坏的；毁灭性的 ①The fire destroyed all my books. 这场大火毁了我的全部书籍。 ②The choice to destroy is against the law and therefore is not allowed. 选择破坏是违法的，因此是不允许的。 【词语辨析】destroy, damage与ruin destroy坏”,一般不能或很难指彻底地“破坏”“毁坏” The bomb completely destroyed that building.炸弹彻底炸毁了那栋建筑。 damage指部分性“破坏”“损坏”,一般还可修复 You have damaged my bike; you’d better pay to get it repaired.你弄坏了我的自行车，你最好花钱找人修。 ruin指严重地“毁坏”,侧重于破坏事物的内在价值 The illness has ruined my life. 这个病已经毁掉了我的生活。 例题训练： ① With more forests ________(destroy), huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. ② The earthquake happened suddenly and caused many deaths and much_______(destroy). ③ The rescue team didn’t leave until they couldn’t find any sign of life in the ruins after the _________ (destroy ) quake. 选词填空：damage/ruin/destroy ④The old temple that was _________in the storm is now under repair. ⑤ The flood _______a lot of houses and many people became homeless. ⑥To our disappointment, the bad weather _______ our trip. （3）defeat defeat v. 战胜，打败；使受挫 n.[C,U]失败，战败；击败 defeat the enemy击败敌人 be defeated by 3 goals to 2 以2比3的比分被打败了 a big/ bad defeat大败 a narrow defeat惜败 suffer a defeat遭遇失败 admit defeat认输 The first topic we were going to discuss is how to defeat depression. 我们要讨论的第一个话题是如何战胜抑郁。 【词语辨析】defeat, beat与win defeat和beat ① 宾语为对手时，两者可通用 ② defeat的宾语通常是敌人 ③ beat多用于竞争、比赛、辩论等 win ①表示在竞争中取得胜利 ②宾语多是game, match, race, election, prize 等 ③不能接人，但可说 win over sb.(把某人争取过来) Yesterday I defeated/beat Hanks in the match. He won only one set ,while I won two. 昨天在比赛中我赢了汉克斯。他只赢了一局，而我赢了两局。 例题训练： 选词填空：defeat/beat/win ①-Did you watch the football match last night? -Yes, that's a most close one, and eventually neither side could _______the other. ②Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will _______ a prize in the Kite Festival. 完成句子 ③they_____________ (遭遇失败) in the battle. ④It was lack of effort, not of money, that________________(使他们的计划失败) 知识点2：But when he put all of his effort on, starting it well out before the fish came alongside and pulling with all his strength可是当他使出浑身力气，在鱼靠近之前就开始用尽全力拉线时…(教材P53) 本句中，starting it well out before the fish came alongside and pulling with all his strength现在分词短语作伴随状语。 现在分词短语作状语可以表示伴随情况、时间、原因、条件、让步或结果等 （1） 伴随状语 He sat at the table reading China Daily. 他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》 （2） 时间状语(相当于时间状语从句) Having persuaded him to change his mind, I went on a journey with him. 说服他改变主意后，我和他一起去旅行了。 （3） 原因状语(相当于原因状语从句) Being ill. she didn’t go to school as usual today. 因为生病，她今天没像往常一样去上学。 （4）条件状语(相当于条件状语从句) Turning right, you will find the place you want 往右转弯，你就会找到你要找的地方了。 （5）让步状语(相当于让步状语从句) Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage 尽管知道了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。 （6） 结果状语 The mother died, leaving a lot of money for her children. 那位母亲去世了，给她的孩子们留下了一大笔钱。 【误区警示】现在分词否定式：not+现在分词 Not recovering from the operation, I couldn’t keep pace with you. 由于尚未从手术中康复，我跟不上你的步伐。 例题训练： 单句语法填空 ①Nervously___________ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words Be yourself. ②The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated. ③ Newly-built wooden cottages line the street,__________(turn) town into a dreamland. ④The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，__________ (make)air conditioning unnecessary. ⑤Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way________(use)the sun and the stars. ⑥_________(work ) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule ⑦The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus_________ (cause)the delay. ⑧________(hear)the good news, we were all excited. 完成句子 ⑨为了避免迟到，我乘出租车去了那里。 ________________________, I took a taxi there. ⑩The old man passed away，_______________(这使得全家人非常难过). 知识点3：right 原文：the fish pulled part way over and then righted himself and swam away.…那鱼中途就挣扎着偏向一边，然后正正身子游走了(教材P53) right vt.使…回正常位置，把…扶正；改正 adj.&adv正确的(地);恰当的(地) n.权利 He righted the yacht and continued the race.他扶正了帆船，继续比赛。 We’ve made progress in righting the gap between our class and theirs. 我们已经在改正我们班和他们班的差距方面取得了进展。 He guessed right about the source of this problem.他猜对了这个问题的源头。 Walking, done in the right way, is a form of aerobic exercise.走路方法得当的话是一种有氧锻炼。 You have no right to stop me from going in.你无权阻止我进去。 【归纳拓展】 right now现在 go right进展顺利 right away立刻 put sth. right纠正某事 例题训练： ①At last the plane_________ (right )itself and flew on. 完成句子 ②He _______________ (合适人选) for the job. ③I can't think of anything in my life that's ___________(进展顺利) . ④We've discovered what went wrong and are going to ___________ (纠正). ⑤We have an urgent thing to deal with. Call him _________ (立刻). ⑥We can't discuss this question ___________(此刻). 知识点4：reach for sth 原文：His mouth was too dry to speak but he could not reach for the water now.他的嘴干得说不出话来，但他现在不能伸手去拿水喝。(教材P53) reach for sth 伸手够某物 She reached for that classic on the shelf. 她伸手够架子上的那部名著。 【归纳拓展】 reach into.伸进……里 beyond/out of sb. 's reach= beyond/out of the reach of sb 某人手够不到的地方；在某人能力范围之外 within sb. 's reach= within the reach of sb 某人手够得到的地方；在某人能力范围之内 within(easy) reach (of sth)靠近，很接近 例题训练： ①She failed again, and victory seemed______________(手够不到). ② It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _____________ (在够得着的地方) ③There are chances everywhere, but you must_______________ (伸手去拿) them 知识点5：confused 原文：Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought.你现在脑子开始犯糊除了,他想。 confused adj.糊涂的，迷惑的；不清楚的，混乱的 confuse vt.使迷惑，使糊涂；(将…)混淆，混同 confusing adj. 困惑的，糊涂的 confusion n. 困惑；混淆；窘迫 confuse A with/and B 把A和B混淆 When I came across new words containing a similar spelling, I would often get confused. 当遇到含有拼写相似的生词时，我经常感到困惑。 They argued with each other, because they confused quantity with quality. 他们争论着，因为他们把数量与质量混淆了。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do. 他们问了我许多难以理解的问题，使我迷惑不解。我彻底糊涂了，尴尬地站在那儿，不知所措。 例题训练： ①There was a _________look on his face when he met with the _______problem. ( confuse) ②I' m totally_________ (confuse). Could you account for that again? ③I always confuse you _________your brother-you look so alike. ④ It was a_________ (confuse) question for me why they moved off in advance. ⑤His answers to my questions have only added to my_________ (confuse) 完成句子 ⑥If there is anything you____________ (感到困惑的), you can consult our manager. 知识点6：attempt 原文：After coming in empty- handed for eighty-four days, Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish.圣地亚哥空手而归八十四天之后，试图捕捉一条大鱼。(教材P53) attempt vt./ n. 努力；尝试；试图 attempt to do sth= try to do sth= seek to do sth 努力做某事；试图做某事 at the first attempt 第一次尝试 make an attempt to do sth/ at doing sth 试图做某事 in an attempt to do sth 试图做某事 ①I will attempt to answer all your questions. 我将努力回答你的全部问题。 ②Two factories were closed in an attempt to cut costs. 为削减费用，关闭了两家工厂。 ③They made no attempt to escape. 他们没有企图逃跑。 例题训练： ①The prisoners __________________, but failed. 囚犯企图逃跑，但失败了。 ②I passed my driving test ___________________. 我考汽车驾驶执照一次就通过了。 ③Someone has ___________________ the President's life. 有人企图刺杀总统。 知识点7：clear up 原文：“clear up, head, ”he said in a voice he could hardly hear. “clear up.” “清醒吧，头脑，”他用那种几乎听不见的声音说。“清醒”。(教材P54) clear up (头脑)清醒；使整洁，清理; 放晴；治愈; 痊愈 写出下列句子中clear up的中文含义 ①After breakfast they played while I cleared up. ②The rain held up and there's no sign to clear up. ③Antibiotics should be used to clear up the infection. 【拓展延伸】 make clear 显示；解释清楚 in the clear 不受阻碍 clear about 明白 keep clear of 避开；不接触 make it clear that 弄清楚 clear out 走开；把…清出 clear day 晴天 例题训练： ①It would _________________ who are the really powerful people in a company. 它会让人们看清谁是企业中真正有权势的人。 ②__________________ the door of the elevator. 不要靠近电梯的门。 ③He stood beside her peering up at the _________________. 他站在她的身旁，凝视着晴空。 知识点8：be on the point of doing sth. 原文：He had been on the point of feeling himself go each time.每次他都觉得自己就快要不行了。(教材P54) be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 The boy was on the point of going to bed when the telephone rang. 这个男孩儿正要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。 【归纳拓展】 sb. be doing...when...某人正在做……就在这时...... sb. had just done sth.when...某人刚做完某事，这时...... sb. was about to do sth.when...某人正要做某事，这时...... ①He was sleeping when there was a knock at the door.他正在睡觉，这时有人敲门。 ②She had just finished the dinner when her father came in.她刚吃完晚饭，她的父亲就进来了。 ③The sensitive woman was about to open the door when she heard a strange sound from inside. 这位敏感的女士正要开门，这时她听到从里面传来一个奇怪的声音。 例题训练： 单句语法填空 ①I was on the point of crossing the road _________the accident happened. ②I __________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. 完成句子 ③ Doctor Wang ______________(刚睡着) when the telephone rang, saying that a patient was on the way to the hospital ④ One Friday, we _____________(正在打包) to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help 【精题精练精讲】 一、单句语法填空 1.In one week he was the _________________ (confuse) owner of a cone five hundred feet high. 2.Parents are making an attempt _________________ (protect) their kids by giving whatever they have. 3.What you said at the meeting is _________________ (extreme) useful. 4.The conversation was over _________________ a flash,but I suddenly felt quite different about Al Gore. 5.They will do their best to preserve the historic buildings from _________________ (destroy). 6.They married into the _________________ (noble) and entered the highest ranks of state administration. 7.The road continues as _________________ (straighten) as an arrow. 8.Jack _________________ (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred. 9.Carrying adequate batteries,however,would make the plane too heavy _______________ (get) off the ground. 10.With time _________________ (go) by,the woman gradually forgot that accident. 二、短语填空 pull on,straighten oneself,hold on,get over,hold up,reach for,clear up,on the point of 1.She was _________________ going to bed when there was a power failure. 2.A burst of laughter made him _________________ and look round. 3.He _________________ the phone and knocked over a glass. 4.If he can just _________________ a little longer,help will arrive. 5.She found a hole in it when she _________________ her stockings. 6.I do not think he will ever _________________ the loss of his wife. 7.My husband has lost so much weight that he has to wear a belt to ____________ his trousers ___________. 8.I don’t mind you using the kitchen as long as you _________________ afterwards. 三、完成句子 1.他几乎无法抑制他的兴奋。他兴奋地上跳下窜。(部分倒装) __________________________________ his excitement.He jumped up and down in excitement. 2.过去,晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围,听他讲故事。(情态动词) We __________________________________ Grandpa after supper,listening to his stories. 3.现在判断这些幼崽是否适合被送回野生保护区还为时过早。(too...to...) It is __________________________________ if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild.  4.汤姆收到一个邀请,因为他的工作已经完成了,所以他很开心地接受了这个邀请。(with复合结构) Tom received an invitation,and __________________________________, he gladly accepted it. 5.那不可能是解决问题的唯一办法,肯定有另外的办法。(情态动词) That ________________ the only way of solving the problem. There ______________ other ways. 【能力拓展训练】 七选五 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Perhaps you use your headphones to enjoy music and peace and quiet during the day. But you may be neglecting the dangers of hearing loss with headphones. ____1____ This is 30% higher than just 20 years before, and experts are pinning it on headphones. In fact, headphones are not a bad thing. They can bring peace, allow for better musical enjoyment, and even protect your ears from higher decibels(分贝). ____2____ How long should you wear your headphones every day? The answer is, according to the World Health Organization, one hour per day. ____3____ But the fact is that the longer you listen, you’re going to lose your hearing sooner. To keep hearing loss from happening to you, you should follow the recommendation in place by the WHO that you keep your time with headphones on limited to one hour per day. Then, how do you set the safest volume for your headphones? With headphones, it depends on the type you’re using and your environment. To test things out, you should take them off your ears and extend them in your hands out in front of you. ____4____ If you are using open-back headphones, you should try to have a conversation with someone nearby. When you’re able to carry on the conversation clearly, you’re listening at a proper volume. But do remember that never raise the volume on your listening device over 60% of the maximum! ____5____ At others this loss will build up over time. It usually isn’t noticeable in the beginning. It’s not until it’s too late that most people realize that the damage has been done. The only way to know for sure is to consult your doctor. A. This might seem unreasonable to you. B. At times, hearing loss isn’t permanent. C. l in 5 teens will have some types of hearing loss. D. What’s more concerning is what that means for children. E. It’s the duration and volume that cause the problem, however. F. If you still hear your music clearly, you need to turn them down. G. It’s a wonderful thing to shut out the rest of the world and enjoy your music. 完形填空 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 When I was a graduate student, I felt too busy to exercise. I promised myself I’d do it once I ____1____ school. I knew I would be busy as an assistant professor. ____2____, I believed in my will power. When I started my first job at Williams College, I ____3____ did exercise regularly. It turned out that I was in a(n) ____4____ that offered excellent support for what I ____5____ to do. Research shows that our ____6____ are influenced by whether our environment makes something easy or difficult. Even the smallest difference can have an outsized ____7____. In one study, researchers ____8____ items from the front to the back of a salad bar — a change of just 10 inches — and the ____9____ inconvenience made people eat less of these items. My plan to exercise benefited from Williamstown’s long winter. People figured the best way through it was to get _____10_____ happily and enjoy it. I kept meeting people who were _____11_____ joggers. When I started, they were quick to offer social _____12_____. With so many runners in town, it was easy to find trails (小径), including those _____13_____ for beginners. Do _____14_____ your environment to make challenging tasks easier. If you want to socialize, befriend outgoing persons. Or _____15_____ your cell phone when you need to concentrate on study. The right surroundings are more powerful than willpower alone. 1. A. attended B. finished C. started D. furthered 2. A. However B. Thus C. Instead D. Meanwhile 3. A. unwillingly B. virtually C. actually D. barely 4. A. occupation B. situation C. position D. environment 5. A. hoped B. insisted C. hesitated D. managed 6. A. experiences B. choices C. consequences D. emotions 7. A. advantage B. reward C. effect D. risk 8. A. examined B. concerned C. counted D. moved 9. A. obvious B. major C. unique D. slight 10. A. aboard B. outdoors C. home D. inside 11. A. enthusiastic B. sensitive C. independent D. ambitious 12. A. resources B. activities C. support D. service 13. A. instructive B. strange C. tough D. fit 14. A. change B. protect C. ignore D. accept 15. A. answer B. silence C. keep D. ring 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As China’s gig economy (零工经济) continues to grow, the central government is seeking better regulations ____1____ (serve) the rights of workers, develop new skills and startups and ensure healthy and balanced development in the job market. Gig workers, often referred to ____2____ independent contractors (承包者) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ____3____ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services to their clients. The guideline ____4____ (release) early on Thursday by five central departments to solve practical problems that are being faced today and are on the horizon among employees and employers in the gig economy. In the past few years, with the rise of technology and the impact of the pandemic, the gig economy ____5____ (provide) opportunities to many people across a number of sectors, according to Pang Shi, director of one department. She said the gig economy provides an important way for people to improve their incomes, and ____6____ for seniors, the disabled or those with other difficulties, gig work provides less pressure than full-time employment. Gig workers often have higher work ____7____ (efficient) because of new technology, ____8____ (break) the previous working limits of time and space. “The gig economy is showing growing importance to the stability of the job market, ____9____ (particular) facing current economic downturns,” Wei Xiang, ____10____ professor from the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, added. 【课后巩固训练】 阅读理解 A Summer Schools As the UK’s top ranked summer schools, these schools will deliver an outstanding summer experience in a multi-national, fun, and secure setting. Oxford Summer School Oxford Summer School enables students to live and study in an Oxford University College during the summer. The summer program is designed to give students a chance to study at university, meet other students from around the world and explore the famous city of Oxford. Ages: 15-17 Dates: 15 July-30 August Cambridge Summer School Join us to live and study in the noted university city of Cambridge. Explore the city that shaped some of the world’s famous minds, including Sir Isaac Newton and Sylvia Plath. Follow in their footsteps as you experience your chosen subject through a series of lectures and workshops. Ages: 15-17 Dates: 20 July-28 August Earlscliffe Summer School Earlscliffe Summer School is ideally located for both access to London and to a variety of local attractions. The campus is formed of seven Victorian and Edwardian buildings, all recently renovated (翻新) to provide high-quality teaching and residential facilities. Ages: 13-17 Dates: 20 June-31 July Rochester College Summer School Rochester Independent College, one of the UK’s most well-established independent colleges, is proud to offer a range of distinctive summer courses. We are offering four different courses in very small classes where international visitors will study and socialize alongside local students. Ages: 13-17 Dates: 25 June-28 July 1. Which of the following starts earliest? A. Oxford Summer School. B. Cambridge Summer School. C. Earlscliffe Summer School. D. Rochester College Summer School. 2. What can students do in the first two summer schools? A. Socialize with local students. B. Explore the noted university city. C. Organize lectures and workshops. D. Interview the world’s great minds. 3. Where can the text be found? A. In a history book. B. In an art magazine. C. In a research article. D. In an education brochure. B Cristina, a teen who grew up in a poor neighborhood in Madrid, never imagined herself playing the violin. But today she is first violinist in an inventive orchestra (乐团), bringing together two dozen other disadvantaged youths, using instruments made from recycled materials. “I am really happy, because the project has changed my life a lot,” said Cristina, her eyes gleaming. Luis, 18, credits the project with keeping him on a right track in a neighbourhood like Vallecas, which has a high school dropout rate. “Instead of meeting up with friends, I preferred to listen to music, play it, and little by little it became a way of life,” he said. The project, called “Music of Recycling”, aims to breathe new life into junk while also benefiting youths from disadvantaged backgrounds and it is run by Spanish environmental group Ecoembes and is inspired by Paraguay’s Cateura orchestra, made up of musicians from a poor neighborhood who play instruments made from materials found in waste. After Ecoembes invited the Cateura orchestra to perform in Madrid in 2014, the group decided to found its own similar ensemble (小乐团) that same year, said Gil, the director of Music of Recycling. The ensemble put on its first concert just four months later and “the kids could not play more than four notes,” said Gil. Now after having performed in cities across Spain, “We already have four boys studying in scholarships at music schools,” he added. More than 100 children are taking music classes from members of the orchestra as part of the project. The instruments are created by Soler, a third-generation instrument maker, from cans, wooden boxes and parts of abandoned instruments. He tried to make the instruments as close to their “normal” shape as possible so the children won’t have difficulty playing regular equipment in the future. 4. What does the author intend to do by referring to Cristina and Luis? A. Praise the teens for their efforts. B. Introduce the startup of the project. C. Show the effects of the project. D. Present ways to mix music and recycling. 5. Where does the project’s inspiration come from? A. A group of musicians. B. A children’s orchestra. C. Disadvantaged youths. D. An environmental group. 6. What can we learn about the project? A. It was started in 2014. B. It was funded by the government. C. It spread across the world. D. It made a large amount of money. 7. What’s Soler’s attitude towards the project? A. Doubtful. B. Supportive. C. Tolerant. D. Uncaring. C Robots are slowly entering the field of real-time multitasking, but before they can make it, their computing system must be updated. “To truly cross that bridge, the robot needs high computing power, high-making speed, low power consumption, high flexibility of resource scheduling, and user-friendly computing parts, so as to run algorithms (算法) locally in real time,” Shi Luping, a professor at Tsinghua University and Ma Songchen, a Tsinghua Ph.D. candidate wrote in an email. Right now, processing units cannot efficiently meet AI’s needs for economical and adaptable processing. But neuromorphic (神经形态的) systems could be a solution. To invent a new neuromorphic computing system that can completely support the networks, Ma and his colleagues first created a framework called Rivulet. “It’s challenging to design robot-friendly equipment, and there are few multitasking professors specifically designed for intelligent robots,” wrote Shi and Ma. “We think of how we process information to make decisions reflexively — it’s the quality of brain regions. Then we came up with a Rivulet model, which enables multiple network tasks to schedule resources on the chip efficiently and flexibly.” Employing the Rivulet model, the scientists built an electronic chip labeled TianjicX, as well as additional software. They put both into a mobile robot named Tianjiecat and ran it through a cat-and-mouse game. During the game, Tianjiecat had to carry out a variety of AI instructions to catch the robot mouse, which moved randomly (任意地) within a space with barriers using visual recognition and sound detection. Analysis showed TianjicX decreased the amount of power Tianjiecat used by half while processing information and significantly cut down on delays between making decisions and acting on them. “We provide an exploration platform for AI researchers and promote the study of brain inspired intelligence,” wrote Shi. “Our platform also has great potential to be applied in edge computing scenes due to its ability of multitask processing, such as autonomous driving and the Internet Things.” 8. Which is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2? A. Basics of computing systems. B. Challenges in developing AI. C. The secret to robots’ multitasking. D. The tendency toward multitasking. 9. Where did the scientists get the idea of Rivulet? A. From their life experiences. B. From the cat-and-mouse game. C. From the feature of human brains. D. From the invention of neuromorphic systems. 10. How does the chip function in the game? A. By controlling movements of the robot mouse. B. By sending out comprehensive AI instructions. C. By enabling Tianjiecat to avoid barriers accurately. D. By lowering energy and time Tianjiecat consumes. 11. What do Shi’s words imply in the last paragraph? A. Multitasking is essential in many fields. B. Current AI research is far from satisfactory. C. AI has appeared in many real-life situations. D. The new system will have wide applications. D A workday filled with mentally challenging tasks can make people feel worn out and desire a relaxing evening of TV shows. A study led by Antonius Wiehler of Pitié-Salpêtrìère University Hospital provides an explanation for this familiar phenomenon. Researchers arranged for two sets of subjects to work for over six hours. The first group was assigned a difficult version of tasks, while the second was given a simple version. They measured levels of glutamate (谷氨酸) that collected in the cognitive area of subjects’ brains, finding higher levels of the chemical appeared in the first group, although both groups reported feeling similar levels of tiredness after the daylong experiment. Glutamate helps learning and memory, but too much glutamate can give rise to brain cell damage. Also, when researchers offered financial choices, as a measure of whether the difficulty of work affected subjects’ decision-making ability, those finishing harder tasks were more likely to choose to take home an immediate reward rather than wait for a larger cash-out at a later date. “Existing theories suggested fatigue (疲劳) is an unreal feeling cooked up by the brain to make us relax,” Wiehler says. “Yet our findings provide proof that cognitive work causes the collection of bad substances, so fatigue would be signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve normality of brain functioning.” “Defining what fatigue is remains a challenge for the field, says neuroscientist Matthew Apps, “but it’s exciting that this experiment provides a reasonable alternative explanation that is of great help.” He notes some areas where these findings might come in. For people in jobs requiring intense focus, burnout can lead to damaging consequences. Preventing glutamate’ building may help maintain attention. Another area of interest would be researching clinical conditions related to fatigue. The presence of glutamate might reveal why patients struggle with fatigue. For Wiehler, open questions remain. One limitation is their focus on the brain’s specific region, so what impact cognitively effortful work has on the rest parts remains to be seen. In addition, it’s not yet clear how the balance of glutamate is restored after rest. “Maybe it leaves the brain during sleep,” Wiehler says. “There’s tons of research to come.” 12. What was found in the experiment? A. People who work longer expect higher rewards. B. Tasks’ difficulty greatly affects levels of fatigue. C. Tougher tasks cause more glutamate to build up. D. Decision-making is linked with financial factors. 13. What might the researchers agree about fatigue? A. It bothers people in the workplace. B. It mainly results from mental stress. C. It signals the necessity of relaxation. D. It serves as a protection for the brain. 14. What is stressed in Paragraph 4? A. Reliability of the finding. B. The practical use of the study. C. The challenge in the cognitive field. D. Urgency to solve fatigue-related problems. 15. What might Wiehler explore next? A. What limitations their experiment has. B. Whether the balance of glutamate can recover. C. Why rest is important for the brain to function well. D. How demanding tasks affect other areas of the brain. 应用文写作 随着智能手机的普及，校园里携带手机的同学也越来越多，由此产生了很多不良影响。假定你是学生会主席李华，请代表学生会写一份英文倡议书，呼吁同学们专心学习，不要将手机带进校园。 注意：1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear fellow students, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Students’ Union ( 3 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 年 级：高一 科 目：英语 内 容：B2 U4-3 Extended reading - Project 【同步知识梳理】 知识点1：extremely / destroy / defeat 原文：He is extremely good at describing the adventures of tough man who he believes “can be destroyed but not “defeated”. (教材P53) （1）extremely extremely adv. 极其，非常；极端 extreme adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的 extremist n. 极端主义者，过激分子 extremely important/useful/complicated 极为重要/有用/复杂 extremely hard 难于登天 in the extreme 非常；极度 extreme poverty 极端贫穷 extreme sports 极限运动 extreme circumstances极端情况 extreme left-wing/right-wing views 极左/极右观点 例题训练： ①He was a stern critic but ______________________ man.他是一位严厉的批评家，却是一个非常仁慈的人。 ②Children will be removed from their parents only _____________________. 只有在极端情况下才会让孩子离开父母。 ③I am _____________________ to all the teachers for their help. 我非常感谢所有老师的帮助。 Keys：①an extremely kind ②in extreme circumstances ③extremely grateful （2）destroy destroy v.摧毁，毁灭，破坏 destruction n.破坏，毁灭；摧毁 destructive adj造成破坏的；毁灭性的 ①The fire destroyed all my books. 这场大火毁了我的全部书籍。 ②The choice to destroy is against the law and therefore is not allowed. 选择破坏是违法的，因此是不允许的。 【词语辨析】destroy, damage与ruin destroy坏”,一般不能或很难指彻底地“破坏”“毁坏” The bomb completely destroyed that building.炸弹彻底炸毁了那栋建筑。 damage指部分性“破坏”“损坏”,一般还可修复 You have damaged my bike; you’d better pay to get it repaired.你弄坏了我的自行车，你最好花钱找人修。 ruin指严重地“毁坏”,侧重于破坏事物的内在价值 The illness has ruined my life. 这个病已经毁掉了我的生活。 例题训练： ① With more forests ________(destroy), huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. ② The earthquake happened suddenly and caused many deaths and much_______(destroy). ③ The rescue team didn’t leave until they couldn’t find any sign of life in the ruins after the _________ (destroy ) quake. 选词填空：damage/ruin/destroy ④The old temple that was _________in the storm is now under repair. ⑤ The flood _______a lot of houses and many people became homeless. ⑥To our disappointment, the bad weather _______ our trip. Keys：①being destroyed ②destruction ③destructive ④ damaged⑤ destroyed⑥ ruined （3）defeat defeat v. 战胜，打败；使受挫 n.[C,U]失败，战败；击败 defeat the enemy击败敌人 be defeated by 3 goals to 2 以2比3的比分被打败了 a big/ bad defeat大败 a narrow defeat惜败 suffer a defeat遭遇失败 admit defeat认输 The first topic we were going to discuss is how to defeat depression. 我们要讨论的第一个话题是如何战胜抑郁。 【词语辨析】defeat, beat与win defeat和beat ① 宾语为对手时，两者可通用 ② defeat的宾语通常是敌人 ③ beat多用于竞争、比赛、辩论等 win ①表示在竞争中取得胜利 ②宾语多是game, match, race, election, prize 等 ③不能接人，但可说 win over sb.(把某人争取过来) Yesterday I defeated/beat Hanks in the match. He won only one set ,while I won two. 昨天在比赛中我赢了汉克斯。他只赢了一局，而我赢了两局。 例题训练： 选词填空：defeat/beat/win ①-Did you watch the football match last night? -Yes, that's a most close one, and eventually neither side could _______the other. ②Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will _______ a prize in the Kite Festival. 完成句子 ③they_____________ (遭遇失败) in the battle. ④It was lack of effort, not of money, that________________(使他们的计划失败) Keys：① defeat/beat ②win ③ suffered a defeat ④ defeated their plan 知识点2：But when he put all of his effort on, starting it well out before the fish came alongside and pulling with all his strength可是当他使出浑身力气，在鱼靠近之前就开始用尽全力拉线时…(教材P53) 本句中，starting it well out before the fish came alongside and pulling with all his strength现在分词短语作伴随状语。 现在分词短语作状语可以表示伴随情况、时间、原因、条件、让步或结果等 （1） 伴随状语 He sat at the table reading China Daily. 他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》 （2） 时间状语(相当于时间状语从句) Having persuaded him to change his mind, I went on a journey with him. 说服他改变主意后，我和他一起去旅行了。 （3） 原因状语(相当于原因状语从句) Being ill. she didn’t go to school as usual today. 因为生病，她今天没像往常一样去上学。 （4）条件状语(相当于条件状语从句) Turning right, you will find the place you want 往右转弯，你就会找到你要找的地方了。 （5）让步状语(相当于让步状语从句) Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage 尽管知道了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。 （6） 结果状语 The mother died, leaving a lot of money for her children. 那位母亲去世了，给她的孩子们留下了一大笔钱。 【误区警示】现在分词否定式：not+现在分词 Not recovering from the operation, I couldn’t keep pace with you. 由于尚未从手术中康复，我跟不上你的步伐。 例题训练： 单句语法填空 ①Nervously___________ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words Be yourself. ②The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated. ③ Newly-built wooden cottages line the street,__________(turn) town into a dreamland. ④The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，__________ (make)air conditioning unnecessary. ⑤Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way________(use)the sun and the stars. ⑥_________(work ) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule ⑦The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus_________ (cause)the delay. ⑧________(hear)the good news, we were all excited. 完成句子 ⑨为了避免迟到，我乘出租车去了那里。 ________________________, I took a taxi there. ⑩The old man passed away，_______________(这使得全家人非常难过). Keys：① facing ②allowing ③ turning ④ making ⑤ using ⑥ Having worked ⑦causing ⑧ Hearing ⑨Not wanting to be late ⑩making the whole family very sad 知识点3：right 原文：the fish pulled part way over and then righted himself and swam away.…那鱼中途就挣扎着偏向一边，然后正正身子游走了(教材P53) right vt.使…回正常位置，把…扶正；改正 adj.&adv正确的(地);恰当的(地) n.权利 He righted the yacht and continued the race.他扶正了帆船，继续比赛。 We’ve made progress in righting the gap between our class and theirs. 我们已经在改正我们班和他们班的差距方面取得了进展。 He guessed right about the source of this problem.他猜对了这个问题的源头。 Walking, done in the right way, is a form of aerobic exercise.走路方法得当的话是一种有氧锻炼。 You have no right to stop me from going in.你无权阻止我进去。 【归纳拓展】 right now现在 go right进展顺利 right away立刻 put sth. right纠正某事 例题训练： ①At last the plane_________ (right )itself and flew on. 完成句子 ②He _______________ (合适人选) for the job. ③I can't think of anything in my life that's ___________(进展顺利) . ④We've discovered what went wrong and are going to ___________ (纠正). ⑤We have an urgent thing to deal with. Call him _________ (立刻). ⑥We can't discuss this question ___________(此刻). Keys：①righted 句意：最后，飞机恢复了平稳，继续飞行。②is the right man ③going right ④ put it right ⑤ right away ⑥right now 知识点4：reach for sth 原文：His mouth was too dry to speak but he could not reach for the water now.他的嘴干得说不出话来，但他现在不能伸手去拿水喝。(教材P53) reach for sth 伸手够某物 She reached for that classic on the shelf. 她伸手够架子上的那部名著。 【归纳拓展】 reach into.伸进……里 beyond/out of sb. 's reach= beyond/out of the reach of sb 某人手够不到的地方；在某人能力范围之外 within sb. 's reach= within the reach of sb 某人手够得到的地方；在某人能力范围之内 within(easy) reach (of sth)靠近，很接近 例题训练： ①She failed again, and victory seemed______________(手够不到). ② It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _____________ (在够得着的地方) ③There are chances everywhere, but you must_______________ (伸手去拿) them Keys：①out of her reach/beyond her reach ②within reach ③reach tor 知识点5：confused 原文：Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought.你现在脑子开始犯糊除了,他想。 confused adj.糊涂的，迷惑的；不清楚的，混乱的 confuse vt.使迷惑，使糊涂；(将…)混淆，混同 confusing adj. 困惑的，糊涂的 confusion n. 困惑；混淆；窘迫 confuse A with/and B 把A和B混淆 When I came across new words containing a similar spelling, I would often get confused. 当遇到含有拼写相似的生词时，我经常感到困惑。 They argued with each other, because they confused quantity with quality. 他们争论着，因为他们把数量与质量混淆了。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do. 他们问了我许多难以理解的问题，使我迷惑不解。我彻底糊涂了，尴尬地站在那儿，不知所措。 例题训练： ①There was a _________look on his face when he met with the _______problem. ( confuse) ②I' m totally_________ (confuse). Could you account for that again? ③I always confuse you _________your brother-you look so alike. ④ It was a_________ (confuse) question for me why they moved off in advance. ⑤His answers to my questions have only added to my_________ (confuse) 完成句子 ⑥If there is anything you____________ (感到困惑的), you can consult our manager. Keys：①confused, confusing ②confused ③with/and ④ confusing ⑤confusion ⑥feel confused about 知识点6：attempt 原文：After coming in empty- handed for eighty-four days, Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish.圣地亚哥空手而归八十四天之后，试图捕捉一条大鱼。(教材P53) attempt vt./ n. 努力；尝试；试图 attempt to do sth= try to do sth= seek to do sth 努力做某事；试图做某事 at the first attempt 第一次尝试 make an attempt to do sth/ at doing sth 试图做某事 in an attempt to do sth 试图做某事 ①I will attempt to answer all your questions. 我将努力回答你的全部问题。 ②Two factories were closed in an attempt to cut costs. 为削减费用，关闭了两家工厂。 ③They made no attempt to escape. 他们没有企图逃跑。 例题训练： ①The prisoners __________________, but failed. 囚犯企图逃跑，但失败了。 ②I passed my driving test ___________________. 我考汽车驾驶执照一次就通过了。 ③Someone has ___________________ the President's life. 有人企图刺杀总统。 Keys：①attempted an escape ②at the first attempt ③made an attempt on 知识点7：clear up 原文：“clear up, head, ”he said in a voice he could hardly hear. “clear up.” “清醒吧，头脑，”他用那种几乎听不见的声音说。“清醒”。(教材P54) clear up (头脑)清醒；使整洁，清理; 放晴；治愈; 痊愈 写出下列句子中clear up的中文含义 ①After breakfast they played while I cleared up. ②The rain held up and there's no sign to clear up. ③Antibiotics should be used to clear up the infection. Keys：①打扫 ②天气放晴 ③治愈; 痊愈 【拓展延伸】 make clear 显示；解释清楚 in the clear 不受阻碍 clear about 明白 keep clear of 避开；不接触 make it clear that 弄清楚 clear out 走开；把…清出 clear day 晴天 例题训练： ①It would _________________ who are the really powerful people in a company. 它会让人们看清谁是企业中真正有权势的人。 ②__________________ the door of the elevator. 不要靠近电梯的门。 ③He stood beside her peering up at the _________________. 他站在她的身旁，凝视着晴空。 Keys：① make clear ②Keep clear of ③clear sky 知识点8：be on the point of doing sth. 原文：He had been on the point of feeling himself go each time.每次他都觉得自己就快要不行了。(教材P54) be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 The boy was on the point of going to bed when the telephone rang. 这个男孩儿正要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。 【归纳拓展】 sb. be doing...when...某人正在做……就在这时...... sb. had just done sth.when...某人刚做完某事，这时...... sb. was about to do sth.when...某人正要做某事，这时...... ①He was sleeping when there was a knock at the door.他正在睡觉，这时有人敲门。 ②She had just finished the dinner when her father came in.她刚吃完晚饭，她的父亲就进来了。 ③The sensitive woman was about to open the door when she heard a strange sound from inside. 这位敏感的女士正要开门，这时她听到从里面传来一个奇怪的声音。 例题训练： 单句语法填空 ①I was on the point of crossing the road _________the accident happened. ②I __________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. 完成句子 ③ Doctor Wang ______________(刚睡着) when the telephone rang, saying that a patient was on the way to the hospital ④ One Friday, we _____________(正在打包) to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help Keys：①when ② was driving ③ had just fallen asleep ④were packing 【精题精练精讲】 一、单句语法填空 1.In one week he was the _________________ (confuse) owner of a cone five hundred feet high. 2.Parents are making an attempt _________________ (protect) their kids by giving whatever they have. 3.What you said at the meeting is _________________ (extreme) useful. 4.The conversation was over _________________ a flash,but I suddenly felt quite different about Al Gore. 5.They will do their best to preserve the historic buildings from _________________ (destroy). 6.They married into the _________________ (noble) and entered the highest ranks of state administration. 7.The road continues as _________________ (straighten) as an arrow. 8.Jack _________________ (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred. 9.Carrying adequate batteries,however,would make the plane too heavy _______________ (get) off the ground. 10.With time _________________ (go) by,the woman gradually forgot that accident. 二、短语填空 pull on,straighten oneself,hold on,get over,hold up,reach for,clear up,on the point of 1.She was _________________ going to bed when there was a power failure. 2.A burst of laughter made him _________________ and look round. 3.He _________________ the phone and knocked over a glass. 4.If he can just _________________ a little longer,help will arrive. 5.She found a hole in it when she _________________ her stockings. 6.I do not think he will ever _________________ the loss of his wife. 7.My husband has lost so much weight that he has to wear a belt to ____________ his trousers ___________. 8.I don’t mind you using the kitchen as long as you _________________ afterwards. 三、完成句子 1.他几乎无法抑制他的兴奋。他兴奋地上跳下窜。(部分倒装) __________________________________ his excitement.He jumped up and down in excitement. 2.过去,晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围,听他讲故事。(情态动词) We __________________________________ Grandpa after supper,listening to his stories. 3.现在判断这些幼崽是否适合被送回野生保护区还为时过早。(too...to...) It is __________________________________ if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild.  4.汤姆收到一个邀请,因为他的工作已经完成了,所以他很开心地接受了这个邀请。(with复合结构) Tom received an invitation,and __________________________________, he gladly accepted it. 5.那不可能是解决问题的唯一办法,肯定有另外的办法。(情态动词) That ________________ the only way of solving the problem. There ______________ other ways. 一、单句语法填空 1.confused 2.to protect 3.extremely 4.in 5.being destroyed 6.nobility 7.straight 8.was working 9.to get 10.going 二、短语填空 1.on the point of 2.straighten himself 3.reached for 4.hold on 5.pulled on 6.get over 7.hold;up 8.clear up 三、完成句子 1.Hardly could he contain 2.would sit around 3.too early to tell 4.with his work finished 5.can’t be;must be 【能力拓展训练】 七选五 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Perhaps you use your headphones to enjoy music and peace and quiet during the day. But you may be neglecting the dangers of hearing loss with headphones. ____1____ This is 30% higher than just 20 years before, and experts are pinning it on headphones. In fact, headphones are not a bad thing. They can bring peace, allow for better musical enjoyment, and even protect your ears from higher decibels(分贝). ____2____ How long should you wear your headphones every day? The answer is, according to the World Health Organization, one hour per day. ____3____ But the fact is that the longer you listen, you’re going to lose your hearing sooner. To keep hearing loss from happening to you, you should follow the recommendation in place by the WHO that you keep your time with headphones on limited to one hour per day. Then, how do you set the safest volume for your headphones? With headphones, it depends on the type you’re using and your environment. To test things out, you should take them off your ears and extend them in your hands out in front of you. ____4____ If you are using open-back headphones, you should try to have a conversation with someone nearby. When you’re able to carry on the conversation clearly, you’re listening at a proper volume. But do remember that never raise the volume on your listening device over 60% of the maximum! ____5____ At others this loss will build up over time. It usually isn’t noticeable in the beginning. It’s not until it’s too late that most people realize that the damage has been done. The only way to know for sure is to consult your doctor. A. This might seem unreasonable to you. B. At times, hearing loss isn’t permanent. C. l in 5 teens will have some types of hearing loss. D. What’s more concerning is what that means for children. E. It’s the duration and volume that cause the problem, however. F. If you still hear your music clearly, you need to turn them down. G. It’s a wonderful thing to shut out the rest of the world and enjoy your music. 完形填空 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 When I was a graduate student, I felt too busy to exercise. I promised myself I’d do it once I ____1____ school. I knew I would be busy as an assistant professor. ____2____, I believed in my will power. When I started my first job at Williams College, I ____3____ did exercise regularly. It turned out that I was in a(n) ____4____ that offered excellent support for what I ____5____ to do. Research shows that our ____6____ are influenced by whether our environment makes something easy or difficult. Even the smallest difference can have an outsized ____7____. In one study, researchers ____8____ items from the front to the back of a salad bar — a change of just 10 inches — and the ____9____ inconvenience made people eat less of these items. My plan to exercise benefited from Williamstown’s long winter. People figured the best way through it was to get _____10_____ happily and enjoy it. I kept meeting people who were _____11_____ joggers. When I started, they were quick to offer social _____12_____. With so many runners in town, it was easy to find trails (小径), including those _____13_____ for beginners. Do _____14_____ your environment to make challenging tasks easier. If you want to socialize, befriend outgoing persons. Or _____15_____ your cell phone when you need to concentrate on study. The right surroundings are more powerful than willpower alone. 1. A. attended B. finished C. started D. furthered 2. A. However B. Thus C. Instead D. Meanwhile 3. A. unwillingly B. virtually C. actually D. barely 4. A. occupation B. situation C. position D. environment 5. A. hoped B. insisted C. hesitated D. managed 6. A. experiences B. choices C. consequences D. emotions 7. A. advantage B. reward C. effect D. risk 8. A. examined B. concerned C. counted D. moved 9. A. obvious B. major C. unique D. slight 10. A. aboard B. outdoors C. home D. inside 11. A. enthusiastic B. sensitive C. independent D. ambitious 12. A. resources B. activities C. support D. service 13. A. instructive B. strange C. tough D. fit 14. A. change B. protect C. ignore D. accept 15. A. answer B. silence C. keep D. ring 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As China’s gig economy (零工经济) continues to grow, the central government is seeking better regulations ____1____ (serve) the rights of workers, develop new skills and startups and ensure healthy and balanced development in the job market. Gig workers, often referred to ____2____ independent contractors (承包者) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ____3____ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services to their clients. The guideline ____4____ (release) early on Thursday by five central departments to solve practical problems that are being faced today and are on the horizon among employees and employers in the gig economy. In the past few years, with the rise of technology and the impact of the pandemic, the gig economy ____5____ (provide) opportunities to many people across a number of sectors, according to Pang Shi, director of one department. She said the gig economy provides an important way for people to improve their incomes, and ____6____ for seniors, the disabled or those with other difficulties, gig work provides less pressure than full-time employment. Gig workers often have higher work ____7____ (efficient) because of new technology, ____8____ (break) the previous working limits of time and space. “The gig economy is showing growing importance to the stability of the job market, ____9____ (particular) facing current economic downturns,” Wei Xiang, ____10____ professor from the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, added. 七选五 【答案】1. C 2. E 3. A 4. F 5. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了世卫组织的建议，每天戴耳机的时间限制在一小时之内。并且永远不要把你的听力设备的音量提高到最大音量的60％以上。 完形填空 1.B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B 这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。作者结合自己锻炼的经历告诉我们环境会让我们的选择变得容易或困难。 语法填空 1. to serve 2. as 3. who 4. was released 5. has provided 6. that 7. efficiency 8. breaking 9. particularly 10. a 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。随着中国零工经济的持续增长，中央政府正在寻求更好的监管，以保障工人的权利，发展新技能和创业，并确保就业市场的健康平衡发展。 【课后巩固训练】 阅读理解 A Summer Schools As the UK’s top ranked summer schools, these schools will deliver an outstanding summer experience in a multi-national, fun, and secure setting. Oxford Summer School Oxford Summer School enables students to live and study in an Oxford University College during the summer. The summer program is designed to give students a chance to study at university, meet other students from around the world and explore the famous city of Oxford. Ages: 15-17 Dates: 15 July-30 August Cambridge Summer School Join us to live and study in the noted university city of Cambridge. Explore the city that shaped some of the world’s famous minds, including Sir Isaac Newton and Sylvia Plath. Follow in their footsteps as you experience your chosen subject through a series of lectures and workshops. Ages: 15-17 Dates: 20 July-28 August Earlscliffe Summer School Earlscliffe Summer School is ideally located for both access to London and to a variety of local attractions. The campus is formed of seven Victorian and Edwardian buildings, all recently renovated (翻新) to provide high-quality teaching and residential facilities. Ages: 13-17 Dates: 20 June-31 July Rochester College Summer School Rochester Independent College, one of the UK’s most well-established independent colleges, is proud to offer a range of distinctive summer courses. We are offering four different courses in very small classes where international visitors will study and socialize alongside local students. Ages: 13-17 Dates: 25 June-28 July 1. Which of the following starts earliest? A. Oxford Summer School. B. Cambridge Summer School. C. Earlscliffe Summer School. D. Rochester College Summer School. 2. What can students do in the first two summer schools? A. Socialize with local students. B. Explore the noted university city. C. Organize lectures and workshops. D. Interview the world’s great minds. 3. Where can the text be found? A. In a history book. B. In an art magazine. C. In a research article. D. In an education brochure. B Cristina, a teen who grew up in a poor neighborhood in Madrid, never imagined herself playing the violin. But today she is first violinist in an inventive orchestra (乐团), bringing together two dozen other disadvantaged youths, using instruments made from recycled materials. “I am really happy, because the project has changed my life a lot,” said Cristina, her eyes gleaming. Luis, 18, credits the project with keeping him on a right track in a neighbourhood like Vallecas, which has a high school dropout rate. “Instead of meeting up with friends, I preferred to listen to music, play it, and little by little it became a way of life,” he said. The project, called “Music of Recycling”, aims to breathe new life into junk while also benefiting youths from disadvantaged backgrounds and it is run by Spanish environmental group Ecoembes and is inspired by Paraguay’s Cateura orchestra, made up of musicians from a poor neighborhood who play instruments made from materials found in waste. After Ecoembes invited the Cateura orchestra to perform in Madrid in 2014, the group decided to found its own similar ensemble (小乐团) that same year, said Gil, the director of Music of Recycling. The ensemble put on its first concert just four months later and “the kids could not play more than four notes,” said Gil. Now after having performed in cities across Spain, “We already have four boys studying in scholarships at music schools,” he added. More than 100 children are taking music classes from members of the orchestra as part of the project. The instruments are created by Soler, a third-generation instrument maker, from cans, wooden boxes and parts of abandoned instruments. He tried to make the instruments as close to their “normal” shape as possible so the children won’t have difficulty playing regular equipment in the future. 4. What does the author intend to do by referring to Cristina and Luis? A. Praise the teens for their efforts. B. Introduce the startup of the project. C. Show the effects of the project. D. Present ways to mix music and recycling. 5. Where does the project’s inspiration come from? A. A group of musicians. B. A children’s orchestra. C. Disadvantaged youths. D. An environmental group. 6. What can we learn about the project? A. It was started in 2014. B. It was funded by the government. C. It spread across the world. D. It made a large amount of money. 7. What’s Soler’s attitude towards the project? A. Doubtful. B. Supportive. C. Tolerant. D. Uncaring. C Robots are slowly entering the field of real-time multitasking, but before they can make it, their computing system must be updated. “To truly cross that bridge, the robot needs high computing power, high-making speed, low power consumption, high flexibility of resource scheduling, and user-friendly computing parts, so as to run algorithms (算法) locally in real time,” Shi Luping, a professor at Tsinghua University and Ma Songchen, a Tsinghua Ph.D. candidate wrote in an email. Right now, processing units cannot efficiently meet AI’s needs for economical and adaptable processing. But neuromorphic (神经形态的) systems could be a solution. To invent a new neuromorphic computing system that can completely support the networks, Ma and his colleagues first created a framework called Rivulet. “It’s challenging to design robot-friendly equipment, and there are few multitasking professors specifically designed for intelligent robots,” wrote Shi and Ma. “We think of how we process information to make decisions reflexively — it’s the quality of brain regions. Then we came up with a Rivulet model, which enables multiple network tasks to schedule resources on the chip efficiently and flexibly.” Employing the Rivulet model, the scientists built an electronic chip labeled TianjicX, as well as additional software. They put both into a mobile robot named Tianjiecat and ran it through a cat-and-mouse game. During the game, Tianjiecat had to carry out a variety of AI instructions to catch the robot mouse, which moved randomly (任意地) within a space with barriers using visual recognition and sound detection. Analysis showed TianjicX decreased the amount of power Tianjiecat used by half while processing information and significantly cut down on delays between making decisions and acting on them. “We provide an exploration platform for AI researchers and promote the study of brain inspired intelligence,” wrote Shi. “Our platform also has great potential to be applied in edge computing scenes due to its ability of multitask processing, such as autonomous driving and the Internet Things.” 8. Which is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2? A. Basics of computing systems. B. Challenges in developing AI. C. The secret to robots’ multitasking. D. The tendency toward multitasking. 9. Where did the scientists get the idea of Rivulet? A. From their life experiences. B. From the cat-and-mouse game. C. From the feature of human brains. D. From the invention of neuromorphic systems. 10. How does the chip function in the game? A. By controlling movements of the robot mouse. B. By sending out comprehensive AI instructions. C. By enabling Tianjiecat to avoid barriers accurately. D. By lowering energy and time Tianjiecat consumes. 11. What do Shi’s words imply in the last paragraph? A. Multitasking is essential in many fields. B. Current AI research is far from satisfactory. C. AI has appeared in many real-life situations. D. The new system will have wide applications. D A workday filled with mentally challenging tasks can make people feel worn out and desire a relaxing evening of TV shows. A study led by Antonius Wiehler of Pitié-Salpêtrìère University Hospital provides an explanation for this familiar phenomenon. Researchers arranged for two sets of subjects to work for over six hours. The first group was assigned a difficult version of tasks, while the second was given a simple version. They measured levels of glutamate (谷氨酸) that collected in the cognitive area of subjects’ brains, finding higher levels of the chemical appeared in the first group, although both groups reported feeling similar levels of tiredness after the daylong experiment. Glutamate helps learning and memory, but too much glutamate can give rise to brain cell damage. Also, when researchers offered financial choices, as a measure of whether the difficulty of work affected subjects’ decision-making ability, those finishing harder tasks were more likely to choose to take home an immediate reward rather than wait for a larger cash-out at a later date. “Existing theories suggested fatigue (疲劳) is an unreal feeling cooked up by the brain to make us relax,” Wiehler says. “Yet our findings provide proof that cognitive work causes the collection of bad substances, so fatigue would be signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve normality of brain functioning.” “Defining what fatigue is remains a challenge for the field, says neuroscientist Matthew Apps, “but it’s exciting that this experiment provides a reasonable alternative explanation that is of great help.” He notes some areas where these findings might come in. For people in jobs requiring intense focus, burnout can lead to damaging consequences. Preventing glutamate’ building may help maintain attention. Another area of interest would be researching clinical conditions related to fatigue. The presence of glutamate might reveal why patients struggle with fatigue. For Wiehler, open questions remain. One limitation is their focus on the brain’s specific region, so what impact cognitively effortful work has on the rest parts remains to be seen. In addition, it’s not yet clear how the balance of glutamate is restored after rest. “Maybe it leaves the brain during sleep,” Wiehler says. “There’s tons of research to come.” 12. What was found in the experiment? A. People who work longer expect higher rewards. B. Tasks’ difficulty greatly affects levels of fatigue. C. Tougher tasks cause more glutamate to build up. D. Decision-making is linked with financial factors. 13. What might the researchers agree about fatigue? A. It bothers people in the workplace. B. It mainly results from mental stress. C. It signals the necessity of relaxation. D. It serves as a protection for the brain. 14. What is stressed in Paragraph 4? A. Reliability of the finding. B. The practical use of the study. C. The challenge in the cognitive field. D. Urgency to solve fatigue-related problems. 15. What might Wiehler explore next? A. What limitations their experiment has. B. Whether the balance of glutamate can recover. C. Why rest is important for the brain to function well. D. How demanding tasks affect other areas of the brain. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四所暑期学校的情况。 【答案】4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了贫民窟长大的克里斯蒂娜，因为喜好音乐，通过改造回收的材料制作乐器，然后带领一批同样喜欢音乐的年轻人组建乐队，制造乐器进而改变人生的故事。 【答案】8. C 9. C 10. D 11. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了清华大学科研人员研发出的TianjicX芯片和相关软件在智能机器人Tianjicat上的应用，以及这些研究成果的应用前景。 【答案】12. C 13. D 14. B 15. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究解释了充满挑战精神的任务的工作日会让人精疲力竭，想要一个放松的晚上看电视这一现象，介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。 应用文写作 随着智能手机的普及，校园里携带手机的同学也越来越多，由此产生了很多不良影响。假定你是学生会主席李华，请代表学生会写一份英文倡议书，呼吁同学们专心学习，不要将手机带进校园。 注意：1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear fellow students, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Students’ Union 作文 Dear fellow students, More and more students come to school with smartphones, which make them unable to concentrate on study. I advocate all not to carry smartphones to school on behalf of the Students’ Union of our school. Some students get so addicted to smartphones that their academic performance can be seriously affected. Besides, the smartphone will occupy the spare time with friends, resulting in less emotional exchange with them. Only a complete ban on students bringing the smartphone to school can stop the harm that it may bring to us students. Together, let’s say No to smartphones at school. Students’ Union 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生代表学生会写一份英文倡议书，呼吁同学们专心学习，不要将手机带进校园。 ( 3 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $