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初中英语语法精要详解 part 20 反义疑问句和it的用法
反义疑问句
1. 概括
反义疑问句又称附加疑问句,英文称作 tag question ,变化的基本原则有两个:
陈述句为肯定句时,接否定反意疑问句;陈述句为否定句时,接肯定反意疑问句。
She is nice, isn't she? 她人不错,是不是?
She can't sing, can she? 她不会唱歌,是不是?
2. 反意疑问句有五个基本句型
①陈述句有 be 动词时,以该 be 动词形成反问。
She is clever, isn't she?
她很聪明,是不是?
You aren't coming, are you?
你不会来,是不是?
②陈述句有助动词 (will, shall, can, have …) 时,以该助动词形成反问。
She hasn't done it yet, has she?
她还没做这件事,是不是?
She will come, won't she?
她会来,是不是?
③陈述句只有动词时,按主语人称及该动词时态,与 do, does, did 形成反问。
She arrived late, didn't she?
她迟到了,是不是?
She never sings , does she?
她从来不唱歌,是不是?
④祈使句(即以原形动词起首的句子)出现时,以 will you 形成反问。
Don't do it, will you ?
不要做这件事,好不好?
Study hard, will you ?
要用功,好不好?
⑤以 Let's 起首的祈使句出现时,以 shall we 形成反问。
Let's play games, shall we?
咱们玩游戏吧,好不好?
Let's not play games, shall we?
咱们不要玩游戏了,好不好?
3. 陈述句含有scarcely, hardly, rarely, no doubt, little, never, by no means等否定副词或短语时,该陈述句视为否定句,须接肯定反问。
He can hardly swim, can he ?
他几乎不会游泳,是不是?
Seldom does he sing, does he?
他很少唱歌,是不是?
She is by no means kind, is she ?
她绝对不是个和蔼的人,是不是?
4. 陈述句含有would rather(宁愿)、ought to(应当)、had better(最好)等短语助动词时,以第一个词形成反问。
You would rather stay here, wouldn't you?
你宁愿待在这里,是不是?
He had better not do it, had he?
他最好不要做这件事,对不对?
5. 注意否定反意疑问句中not的位置:
She is nice, isn't she ? 她很和蔼,不是吗?
He can do it, can't he ? 他能做好,不是吗?
He arrived, didn't he ? 他早就到了,不是吗?
6. 陈述句中第一人称单数主语I表示意见或观点而接that从句时,以that从句形成反问。
I think that she is nice, isn't she ?
我觉得她很和蔼,不是吗?
I don't think that he can do it, can he ?
我觉得他不会做,对吗?
但主语若为 I 以外的主语,则应按句首形成反问。
We think that she is nice, don't we?
我们觉得她很和蔼,不是吗?
It is his belief that John will come, isn't it?
他坚信约翰会来的,不是吗?
7. 反问部分用代词:
Jack looks handsome, doesn't he?
That/This is good, isn't it?
These/Those will do, won't they?
There 起首的陈述句中,由于 There 是副词而非代词,故仍应使用 there 而非 it 形成反问。
There is a man there, isn't there?
那里有个人,是不是?
There have been so many problems recently, haven't there?
最近问题很多,对不对?
8. need与dare的用法
(1) need (必须)
① need 可作动词,可用于肯定句中,有时态及人称的变化。
He needs to go, doesn't he?
② need 亦可用于否定句中,与 doesn't 或 didn't 连用。
He doesn't need to go, does he?
③ need 亦可作助动词,与 not 连用,之后置原形动词,此时反问部分应使用 need 。
He need not go, need he?
(2) dare (敢)
① dare 可作动词,用于肯定句中,有时态及人称的变化。
He dares to do it, doesn't he?
He dared to do it, didn't he?
② dare 亦可用于否定句中,与 doesn't 或 didn't 连用。
He doesn't dare to do it, does he?
He didn't dare to do it, did he?
③ dare 亦可作助动词,与 not 连用,之后置原形动词,此时反问部分应使用 dare.
He dare not do it, dare he?
It的用法
1. it作非人称代词
(1) it 指前面已经提到过的人或物时,作真实主语。如:
The rose is in full bloom, it 's so pretty.
这玫瑰开得正盛,真漂亮。
What a beautiful baby. Is it your nephew?
多漂亮的孩子,是你的侄子吗?
(2) it 在句子中用作非人称代词时,常常用来表示时间﹑天气﹑温度﹑度量衡﹑距离等,因为在这种情况下它没有实际意义。如下表:
续表
2. it作形式主语
当不定式﹑动名词或名词从句作主语时,为了使句子的结构更加平稳﹑对称,我们经常使用 it 作形式主语,后面再接不定式﹑动名词或名词从句作真正主语。如:
To lie in the sun is pleasant.
It is pleasant to lie in the sun.
躺着晒太阳很舒服。(前一句直接用不定式作主语,因为整个不定式短语占去了五个词,显得句子有些笨重而且有头重脚轻的感觉;而后者由于使用 it 充当了形式主语,就避免了这种情况)
That Jenny isn't here is a shame.
It's a shame that Jenny isn't here.
珍妮不在这里真遗憾。(该句中 it 充当形式主语, that Jenny isn ' t here 作真正的主语,为主语从句)
When we arrive doesn't matter.
It doesn't matter when we arrive.
我们什么时候到达,无关紧要。
3. it用在强调句中
强调句通常可以用于强调某个词或短语,其结构为“ It is/was+ 被强调对象 +that 或 who(m) 从句”。其中 that 可用于引导强调任何内容的从句, who(m) 只用于引导强调人的从句。如:
Jack phoned Jenny last night.
杰克昨晚给珍妮打了电话。
It was Jack who/that phoned Jenny last night.
是杰克昨晚给珍妮打了电话。(强调是杰克而不是别人)
It was Jenny who(m) Jack phoned last night.
是珍妮昨晚接到杰克打来的电话。(强调是珍妮而不是别人)
It was last night that Jack phoned.
杰克是昨天晚上打的电话。(强调是昨天晚上而不是其他时间)
4. it作形式宾语
“ it+ 形容词”可用在像 find 一类的动词之后作形式宾语或先行宾语,再接作真正宾语的动词不定式或 that 引导的从句。如:
John finds it difficult to concentrate .
约翰觉得很难集中注意力。(后接不定式)
She thinks it funny that I've taken up Pilates .
她觉得我练普拉提很可笑。
Radio and television have made it possible for advertiser to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.
电台﹑电视使做广告的人可以用这种手段吸引百万人的注意力。
适用于这个句型的类似的动词还有: acknowledge (承认)﹑ believe (相信)﹑ suppose (假设)﹑ see (理解)﹑ consider (认为)﹑ calculate/estimate (估算)﹑ declare (声称)﹑ think (想)﹑ take (以为)﹑ find (发现)﹑ feel (感觉)﹑ reckon (估计)﹑ guess (猜想)﹑ show (表明)等。
5. it用于一些搭配中
it 可以用在 enjoy (享受)﹑ like (喜欢)﹑ love (爱)﹑ hate (恨)等动词后。如:
You can make it ! 你会成功的!
I don't like it when you shout at me. 我不喜欢你对我大喊大叫。
6. It seems that/is possible that从句
这种从句中 it 常常充当先行主语。如:
It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.
有时,这种图画与墙壁上的刻痕共存,它们之间可能有一定的联系。
It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
看来人类早就致力于探索四季变迁了,比人们想象的要早 20,000 年。
It seems that I forgot to lock the door.
我似乎忘记锁门了。
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