考前押题03 完形填空进阶练15篇（期末复习专项训练）高二英语上学期沪教版

考前押题03 完形填空进阶练15篇（期末复习专项训练） 一、人与自然 1 二、人与社会 19 三、人与自我 38 一、人与自然 Passage 1 (25-26高二上·上海青浦高级中学·校考)For decades, the global conversation on climate change has been framed by the critical threshold (阈值) for global temperature rise. Environmentalists have urged governments to prevent the Earth’s temperature from 1 by more than 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels. Now, some experts propose a 2 approach: setting limits for sea-level rise instead. Sea levels along the U.S. coast have already risen about one foot and may increase up to six more by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not 3 reduced. Talking about the 4 caused by rising seas makes sense because it directly affects people’s lives and property, says Rafe Pomerance, a former climate expert. This is especially true in Florida, which is highly 5 to flooding. Rising seas harm not only coastal homes but also inland areas. Infrastructure like roads, water systems, and agricultural fields can be damaged. 6 , higher sea levels can worsen storm surges during hurricanes, leading to greater destruction. If worst-case 7 come true, parts of Seattle and other regions could be permanently underwater. In the Florida Keys, nearly half the roads may become regularly 8 within 25 years. These changes could 9 a 5 to 18 fold increase in the number of Americans moving away from affected areas. 10 these impacts is important for encouraging the quicker adoption of climate solutions like renewable energy, Pomerance says. Focusing on global temperature hasn’t sufficiently 11 people to take action. However, not everyone agrees that rising oceans 12 an ideal climate communications message. Unpublished recent research confirms this challenge. Showing people maps of local sea-level rise predictions for the year 2100 produced 13 results. Concern was actually reduced in households most likely to be flooded, but it rose — along with support for costly climate reduction policies — when people were told traffic and commute times would 14 from roads damaged by rising waters. Still, focusing on flooding 15 just temperature is valuable, says Pomerance. Many people still underestimate how severely rising seas will impact their communities. 1．A．rising B．measuring C．dropping D．maintaining 2．A．simpler B．contrary C．realistic D．different 3．A．significantly B．gradually C．naturally D．clearly 4．A．beauty B．damage C．mystery D．improvement 5．A．attractive B．adaptable C．subject D．productive 6．A．However B．Moreover C．Therefore D．Otherwise 7．A．dreams B．promises C．predictions D．agreements 8．A．impassable B．repaired C．expanded D．paved 9．A．prevent B．describe C．ignore D．fuel 10．A．Ignoring B．Communicating C．Doubting D．Rejecting 11．A．prevented B．motivated C．reversed D．restricted 12．A．makes for B．depends on C．looks for D．results from 13．A．clear B．mixed C．encouraging D．predictable 14．A．shorten B．stabilize C．increase D．vary 15．A．regardless of B．in spite of C．due to D．instead of Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·校考) Let’s Go Bats Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They 1 at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits to live by day. But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds. 3 , it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to 4 the hunger by finding food at night. Maybe only after another mass 5 of species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades. As a matter of fact, bats are not the only creatures that face the engineering problem of finding their way and finding their prey in the 6 of light. Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. 7 it, engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research. The first one that might occur to them is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to 8 a large amount of body energy. Then, what else might the engineer think of? Human beings are 9 the serious problem of living in the dark as well. There are more than 2.2 billion sight 10 men throughout the world, according to the WHO statistics. Nonetheless, experiments showed that blind people sometimes have an uncanny (神秘的) sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark. They have reported that it feels like the obstacles being 11 in their mind without actually seeing them. It turns out that the sensation really goes in through the ears. Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense the 12 of obstacles. After this Sonar (声呐) and Radar (雷达) technique had been discovered, weapons designers improved and 13 it to the detection of submarines in wars. All the world now knows that bats had perfected their own sonar and radar system tens of millions of years earlier. The American zoologist Donald Griffin coined the term “ecolocation”, a 14 of both sonar and radar, to generalize the features of bats. The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation is 15 accomplished, which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration. 1．A．fly B．wave C．hunt D．spot 2．A．exploited B．expanded C．stretched D．preserved 3．A．After all B．In consequence C．By contrast D．Above all 4．A．strike B．survive C．protect D．abandon 5．A．extinction B．development C．prosperity D．transformation 6．A．existence B．case C．sense D．absence 7．A．In line with B．In addition to C．In view of D．In response to 8．A．consume B．drive C．raise D．obtain 9．A．escaping B．exploring C．interpreting D．suffering 10．A．hurt B．disabled C．shortened D．affected 11．A．threatened B．visualized C．preserved D．warned 12．A．identity B．threat C．presence D．structure 13．A．supplied B．nominated C．stimulated D．applied 14．A．balance B．understanding C．combination D．statement 15．A．technically B．directly C．carefully D．favourably Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海松江区第二中学·校考)At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before about the inner lives of animals and when concerns about animal rights become large, many experts think that zoos need a major change if they’ re going to last. To some leaders in the field, the Philadelphia Zoo is the best model out there, but on the other side of the country, a 1 vision of the future is playing out. At Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo, the elephant exhibit, where countless children watched elephants play, now sits 2 . The zoo, long 3 as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s. But in recent years, animal-rights advocates had criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small and not 4 the elephants’ natural living area. Under pressure from activists following the death of an elephant in 2014, and thanks to new guidelines from the nation’s main zoo organization, Woodland Park officials decided to 5 one of its most popular exhibits and place the elephants elsewhere. Nearly two centuries after the first modern zoo opened in London’s Regent’s Park, the very concept of a place where families can visit and observe animals is being 6 like never before. Across the U. S. and around the world, zoos are finding that balancing the demands of entertainment, education and conservation is increasingly 7 . Ethical (伦理的) concerns have been coupled with 8 fears — both for people and for animals — following an incident in May when officials at the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe to protect a child who’d fallen into the exhibit. More 9 , there’s a greater sensitivity to the environmental implications of zoos. Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time. Education, conservation and science all 10 . But the 11 answer is cultivating sympathy for animals. Study after study has shown that many animal species are far smarter and more 12 than previously understood, giving new insights into how they may suffer from anxiety and depression when they are removed from 13 . That has forced a difficult existential question: If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos? Not even those who have 14 the cause for more humane exhibits have an answer. “Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫).” says Jon Coe, the legendary zoo designer, “To me, that’s the 15 fault.” 1．A．shared B．traditional C．clear D．different 2．A．modern B．crowded C．empty D．up-dated 3．A．predicted B．criticized C．recognized D．recalled 4．A．famous for B．dependent on C．certain about D．reflective of 5．A．close B．sustain C．open D．advertise 6．A．established B．questioned C．promoted D．accepted 7．A．possible B．difficult C．unnatural D．beneficial 8．A．culture B．economy C．environment D．safety 9．A．broadly B．strangely C．luckily D．amazingly 10．A．take in B．get off C．come up D．set out 11．A．most common B．most complex C．rarest D．quickest 12．A．grateful B．feeling C．disappointing D．annoying 13．A．research B．nature C．existence D．shelter 14．A．opposed B．located C．advanced D．twisted 15．A．fundamental B．manageable C．minimum D．maximum Passage 4 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·校考)At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky. Why are drone shows 1 ? Supporters claim fireworks are bad for people, animals and the environment and that it’s time for a change. Bill Bateman, a professor of life sciences, 2 the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding. Part of the issue results from the startle 3 , a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 4 . Such reactions help animals and humans respond to danger, make them more alert and help them 5 their weakest parts. Bateman explains that the sounds and flashes of light associated with the explosions lead to the startle response in animals, causing their suffering and even deaths. Young cranes (鹤), for example, have been recorded leaping from their 6 in response to loud noises even though they cannot fly. Humans experience the startle response, too. How 7 one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors. In fact, an overactive startle response is used to diagnose post-traumatic 8 disorder (PTSD). There are also plenty of other health reasons to avoid fireworks. The U.S. recorded 9,700 injuries and eight deaths from fireworks in 2023 alone-most due to misuse. Though 9 use of fireworks is often the major contributor, around 18% of all fireworks on the market in 2023 didn’t meet safety standards, putting even experienced operators at risk. Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world. Heat waves, combined with more 10 and widespread droughts, are making things worse. And scientists predict more of the same as the world warms. Add fireworks to the 11 , and it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires. Fireworks 12 other problems, releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water. These impacts contribute to respiratory (呼吸的) diseases and other health conditions. The reasons to cancel fireworks displays seem clear, but are drone shows the solution? These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases. 13 , drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air. Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts is still in its 14 . But for now, at least, the shows seem to be more environmentally friendly. The fact that drones can be reused also makes them a more 15 alternative to traditional fireworks. 1．A．on the rise B．in the way C．off the track D．under the table 2．A．compliments B．notes C．abandons D．prohibits 3．A．experience B．movement C．response D．condition 4．A．decline B．cease C．stabilize D．race 5．A．protect B．expose C．abandon D．correct 6．A．lab B．nest C．feet D．turns 7．A．naturally B．frequently C．easily D．necessarily 8．A．pressure B．resolution C．stress D．solution 9．A．exceptional B．delicate C．desperate D．amateur 10．A．foreseeable B．natural C．preventable D．frequent 11．A．mix B．waves C．prediction D．world 12．A．persist in B．leave behind C．compete with D．set out 13．A．However B．Rather C．Besides D．Therefore 14．A．infancy B．favor C．process D．capacity 15．A．unappealing B．sustainable C．affordable D．credible Passage 5 (24-25高二上·上海吴淞中学·校考)The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of buildings. Today, thousands of people come to 1 building conferences, and the idea that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly 2 in years to come. Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for 3 use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis 4 indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So for 20 years, we’ve been looking for ways to make these materials 5 for people and the planet. Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints, that release significantly 6 amounts of chemical compounds, which people believe don’t 7 the quality of the air. 8 , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating 9 healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or 10 by industry again and again. For example, the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already 11 a carpet that is fully and safely recyclable. Look at it this way: no one 12 to create a building that destroy the planet. But our current industrial systems are basically causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So 13 of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are 14 a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a 15 effect on the world. It is not just the building industry, either. Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. 1．A．commercial B．green C．traditional D．simple 2．A．efficient B．changeable C．influential D．effective 3．A．relevant B．indoor C．flexible D．outdoor 4．A．revealed B．demonstrated C．exhibited D．discovered 5．A．careful B．comfortable C．stable D．safe 6．A．reduced B．revised C．delayed D．defined 7．A．destroy B．deny C．dissolve D．depress 8．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Instead D．However 9．A．exactly B．completely C．partially D．superficially 10．A．restored B．regained C．reused D．replaced 11．A．developed B．stretched C．researched D．constructed 12．A．sets in B．sets about C．sets out D．sets up 13．A．instead B．because C．out D．regardless 14．A．adjusting B．adopting C．adapting D．admitting 15．A．functional B．sensible C．beneficial D．precious 二、人与社会 Passage 1 (25-26高二上·上海彭浦中学·月考)The Psychology of Discounting When retailers want to persuade customers to buy a particular product, they typically offer it at a discount. According to a new study published in the Journal of Marketing, however, they are 1 a trick. A team of researchers, led by Akshay Rao of the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management, 2 consumers’ attitudes to discounting. Shoppers, they found, much prefer getting something extra free to getting something cheaper. The main reason is that most people are poor at fractions (分数). Consumers often struggle to realize, 3 , that a 50% increase in quantity is the same as a 33% discount in price, and they overwhelmingly 4 the former is a better option. In an experiment, the researchers sold 73% more hand cream when it was offered in a bonus 5 than when it carried an equivalent discount (even after all other factors, such as a desire to stockpile were controlled for). This mathematical blind spot remains even when the deal clearly 6 the discounted product. In another experiment, this time on his undergraduates, Mr. Rao offered two 7 on loose coffee beans: 33% extra free or 33% off the price. The discount is by far the better proposition, but the supposedly clever students viewed them as 8 . Studies have shown other ways in which retailers can make use of consumers’ mathematical 9 . One is to confuse them with 10 discounting. People are more likely to see a(n) 11 in a product that has been reduced by 20%, and then by an additional 25%, than one that has been subject to an equivalent, one-off, 40% reduction. Marketing types can draw lessons beyond just 12 , says Mr Rao. When advertising a new car’s efficiency, for example, it is more 13 to talk about the number of extra miles per gallon it does, rather than the equivalent percentage 14 in fuel consumption. There may be abundant lessons for opinionated consumers to learn from. Even 15 shoppers are easily foxed. Sending everyone back to school for maths refresher-courses seems out of the question. But more noticeably displayed unit prices in shops and advertisements would be a great help. 1．A．missing B．learning C．playing D．trying 2．A．communicated with B．looked at C．relied on D．engaged in 3．A．by contrast B．after all C．for example D．as usual 4．A．indicate B．assume C．oppose D．confess 5．A．request B．campaign C．pack D．conduct 6．A．blows B．favours C．enforces D．initiates 7．A．deals B．discount C．situations D．decisions 8．A．profound B．distant C．distinct D．equivalent 9．A．inaccessibility B．failure C．illiteracy D．dependence 10．A．substantial B．double C．special D．accurate 11．A．innovation B．price C．bargain D．quality 12．A．commercializing B．pricing C．advertising D．retailing 13．A．fundamental B．aggressive C．logical D．convincing 14．A．fall B．usage C．volume D．increase 15．A．thoroughbred B．well-educated C．so-called D．good-tempered Passage 2 (25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·月考)The term home schooling means educating children at home or in places other than a normal setting such as a public or private school. These days, homeschooling in America is 1 . Teaching methods at homeschooling 2 . Some parents follow a strict timetable and 3 a traditional school environment. Other parents follow an extreme form of homeschooling in which they do not give grades or tests and allow their children to study wherever they want. More parents, however, follow the middle 4 to provide a balance between freedom and discipline. Why do parents choose homeschooling? Some believe that children in public schools experience too much “peer pressure”, or social pressure from friends. They say it may have a 5 effect on the child’s studies. Other parents are dissatisfied with the quality of education in the public school. About half the parents who teach at home are 6 motivated and use lessons by mail or Internet from church schools. Whatever the 7 may be, it is evident that more and more children are being taken out of normal schools every year. 8 , many questions have emerged, encouraging the debate over home schooling against public schooling. What then is the future of education? Although children often learn well at home, weak regulations in most states mean that officials rarely challenge or 9 parents who say they are home-schooling. As the 10 continues, so do the questions about what home schoolers are studying at home. How can parents ensure that their children are prepared academically for college? How are home schoolers 11 to make sure they are getting the same educational standards that school students must have? Recent studies in the United States have shown that homeschooled children tend to be slightly better in subjects like English and art, but they are obviously less 12 math and science. Finally, there are questions regarding the children’s emotional development. Are they too 13 their fellow students? Are they 14 the opportunity to get the social benefits of being in a large classroom of students? As with any debatable issue, the answers to these questions are never 15 . 1．A．rising B．reducing C．contributing D．disappearing 2．A．last B．work C．vary D．exist 3．A．alter B．neglect C．promote D．imitate 4．A．standard B．path C．technique D．instructions 5．A．positive B．negative C．practical D．remarkable 6．A．physically B．religiously C．psychologically D．economically 7．A．reasons B．suggestions C．effects D．pressures 8．A．On the whole B．By the way C．As a result D．In addition 9．A．encourage B．contact C．monitor D．interrupt 10．A．appreciation B．opposition C．expectation D．debate 11．A．compared B．chosen C．classified D．assessed 12．A．skilled at B．ashamed of C．involved in D．satisfied with 13．A．ignorant of B．isolated from C．connected with D．worried about 14．A．losing B．creating C．grasping D．awaiting 15．A．practical B．one-sided C．informative D．acceptable Passage 3 (25-26高二上·上海普陀区曹杨中学·月考)In the early 1920s, Ernest Hemingway was a little-known journalist in Europe. Then, in 1925, he published “In Our Time”, a book of short stories; in July of that year, he started to 1 “The Sun Also Rises”, his first novel, which fictionalized his adventures. It became the most 2 book about the “Lost Generation” in post war Europe. Hemingway became famous “gradually and then suddenly”. Eight other novels and novellas followed, as did Pulitzer and Nobel prizes. He remains the most famous American novelist of his century, 3 mentions in Google’s collection of written or spoken a texts. His Wikipedia page also gets more views than those of his contemporaries, including F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck (see chart). Why? There are three reasons. First, nobody had 4 like him before. A short clean sentence is a fine thing. He knew what to 5 , as he explained: “If a writer knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and if the writer is writing truly enough, the readers will have a feeling of those things strongly as though the writer had stated them.” This 6 style influenced writers of fiction — notably Norman Mailer, Cormac McCarthy and Raymond Carver — as well as journalists. Second, his heroes attracted famous 7 . He defined courage as “grace under pressure”: martially, for the soldier Frederick Henry in “A Farewell to Arms”; physically, for the fisherman Santiago in “The Old Man and the Sea”. In 1955, John F. Kennedy, the 35th US President, asked for Hemingway’s 8 to use this definition in his biography “Profile in Courage. John McCain, a late politician, 9 Hemingway’s favourite novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” in one of his own books: “The world is a fine place and worth the 10 for and I hate very much to leave it.” Third, and perhaps most important, Hemingway’s life became 11 . He married four times, drank hard, was wounded in the First World War, reported on the Omaha Beach landings in the second, ran with the bulls in Spain and survived a plane crash in Africa. But beneath the seeming confidence, his inner world was 12 ; he suffered from depression. That has provided adequate material for biographies and documentaries. But adaptations of his work are 13 . Fitzgerald and Steinbeck enjoy higher ratings and more reviews on their literary works. For example, The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald has been adapted into several widely discussed films and TV series. Hemingway’s heroes, 14 , are becoming old-fashioned. If so, he may end up like Lord Byron and Oscar Wilde: read 15 by a few, read about by many. 1．A．put down B．pick up C．reflect on D．work on 2．A．celebrated B．overestimated C．flawed D．impressed 3．A．credited to B．judged by C．weighed against D．subjected to 4．A．written B．spoken C．succeeded D．outlived 5．A．catch on B．spread around C．mess up D．leave out 6．A．raw B．simple C．humble D．gentle 7．A．admirers B．investors C．reporters D．copycats 8．A．invitation B．donations C．permission D．changes 9．A．extended B．recalled C．revised D．quoted 10．A．shopping B．fighting C．advertising D．arranging 11．A．misery B．legend C．revolution D．prejudice 12．A．shallow B．primitive C．delicate D．enormous 13．A．remarkable B．inaccessible C．scarce D．negative 14．A．moreover B．therefore C．however D．namely 15．A．keenly B．dismissively C．casually D．rarely Passage 4 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期末)Why You Might Need an Adventure In 2017, a scholar at the Murdoch University in Australia proposed a hypothesis about why materially comfortable humans would nonetheless be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. The universe is life-giving and deadly, and therefore, from the outset (从一开始), humans needed to embrace 1 to flourish. This characteristic, encoded in the genome ever since, may 2 itself as a tendency to adopt risky heroic behaviors. Evidence from modern researchers does suggest that framing one's life as this type of difficult quest (探索), can lead to positive transformation. In one 2023 experiment, scholars asked participants to reframe their life as one that followed the steps in the 3 journey. The researchers found it raised their subjects’ 4 ; it also made a difficult task more meaningful and improved their resistance to trouble. Beyond simply rewriting your life story, starting a voluntary challenge or adventure can bring immediate and big 5 benefits. Consider a 2013study finding that experienced climbers tend to feel happier when they climb mountains. A challenging adventure doesn't have to be physical in nature; it can equally be 6 . Learning new things with curiosity and exploration will arouse positive moods. This raises an interesting paradox that appears in this field of happiness research: People 7 a lot more happiness from high-skill activities that require learning than they do from low-skill ones that don't, yet we typically 8 the latter. In other words, you will probably be much happier reading about 9 or science than you will if you just scroll social media — so why are you still scrolling? The obvious answer is that it is less mentally 10 — and although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates (苏格拉底) will probably be greater, they are deferred (延期的) and abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of sitting on the couch watching videos on your phone. Therefore, those whose life feels dull and gray should go find a challenge that is worthwhile and hard. 11 , if you are little too comfortable marking time in work that doesn't inspire you, perhaps you should quit and start a job search. If the information in your head has become 12 to you, maybe it is time to go back to school in a new field. For a physical challenge, 13 a half-marathon in six months' time or set out to walk a few hundred miles. There is no 14 that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect, of course. And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn't be heroic; if it were 15 , it wouldn't be an adventure. The object is not to win in a conventional way; it is to wake up and be fully alive. 1．A．adaptation B．cooperation C．evolution D．risk 2．A．reveal B．conceal C．imagine D．replace 3．A．criminal’s B．hero’s C．ancestor’s D．champion’s 4．A．pessimism about life B．sense of purpose C．desire for materialism D．withdrawal from society 5．A．happiness B．charity C．career D．finance 6．A．academic B．mental C．professional D．subjective 7．A．sacrifice B．overlook C．obtain D．shelter 8．A．opt against B．amount to C．turn down D．settle for 9．A．comics B．philosophy C．gossip D．guidance 10．A．sensational B．valuable C．demanding D．advantageous 11．A．For instance B．In addition C．By contrast D．In consequence 12．A．dull B．nasty C．bare D．priceless 13．A．give in to B．put up with C．keep away from D．sign up for 14．A．perspective B．guarantee C．need D．doubt 15．A．durable B．inevitable C．remarkable D．predictable Passage 5 (24-25高二上·上海师范大学附属中学宝山分校、闵行分校·期末) Can you read as well as a ten-year-old? Does it often feel as if the world is getting stupider? Data 1 on December 10th by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, suggest this may not be all in your head. Roughly every ten years the organization asks adults in dozens of places to sit tests in numeracy and   2 . The questions it poses are not abstract brainteasers, spelling tests or mental arithmetic. They aim to mimic problems people aged 16-65 face in daily life, whether they are working in a factory or an office, or simply trying to make 3 of the news. The latest tests were carried out in 31 rich countries, and their findings are alarming. They suggest that a fifth of adults do no better in maths and reading than might be expected of a  primary-school child. The direction of travel is even less 4 . In maths, average scores have 5 in a few places over the past ten years, but fallen in almost as many. In literacy, a lot more countries have seen scores 6 than advance, despite the fact that adults hold more and higher educational 7 than ever before. Demographic change offers some explanation. New 8 often struggle with a new language. The native-born have ageing brains. But even after adjusting for this, trends remain discouraging, especially in literacy. Some speculate that Netflix, video games and social media are 9 intelligence. It is just as likely that education and training systems have misfired. Yet a century of technological changes has not cut 10 for people who are good with numbers, or who have a way with words. Adults who do badly in the OECD’s tests earn vastly less than those who are 11 in them. They are also in poorer health, less satisfied with their life, less trusting of others and more likely to feel that they have no voice in politics. To improve education, governments should focus on enhancing lessons for children to create more capable adults, as seen in England where younger adults’ improved scores have 12 the country’s OECD ranking. Additionally, governments need to strengthen adult education systems, which provide second chances for dropouts, support career changers, and help migrants 13 . In spite of their importance, these systems often receive 14 funding, partly due to underestimating their complexity. 15 , those with the weakest skills, who need education the most, are often the least likely to attend adult classes or get training due to time and financial constraints. 1．A．discussed B．released C．deleted D．criticized 2．A．literacy B．literature C．arts D．science 3．A．sense B．advance C．dreams D．knowledge 4．A．encouraging B．horrifying C．troubling D．disturbing 5．A．climbed B．decreased C．changed D．intensified 6．A．disappear B．shift C．decline D．extend 7．A．qualities B．quantities C．qualifications D．questions 8．A．students B．immigrants C．generations D．politicians 9．A．exhausting B．exploding C．expanding D．experiencing 10．A．degree B．extent C．cost D．demand 11．A．expert B．interested C．engaged D．confident 12．A．decreased B．lifted C．aroused D．upset 13．A．integrate B．leave C．advance D．rebel 14．A．abundant B．limited C．average D．rejected 15．A．Unfortunately B．Personally C．Thankfully D．Hopefully 三、人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海嘉定区封浜高级中学·期末)Our drive to look for happiness is a muscle that we can exercise and develop. Almost anyone can learn to develop their reward sensitivity (奖励敏感性) by 1 themselves to notice and experience their positive emotions. To raise your reward sensitivity, begin by planning one activity per day that will make you happy or give you a sense of 2 . It can be as small as treating yourself to a favorite drink or reading a few pages of a novel. This will make you less likely to 3 positive experiences. After you’ve 4 that daily moment, close your eyes and think about where and when you experienced the greatest joy. The idea isn’t just to remember how you felt, but to enhance and re-experience it, thus 5 your memory of them, and increasing your desire to seek them out going forward. Here are some other suggestions you can adopt to develop a 6 mind-set. Expand your joy 7 : Research suggests that finding more words to describe positive emotions can prove and increase them. When reflecting on how something made you feel, try to be 8 , using words like calm, overjoyed, delighted, inspired beyond fine, good or great. Share your highlight reel (高光时刻): 9 what made you happiest can make you feel better. Spread that happiness to another person — and also strengthen a bond. Find bright sides: With practice, it’s possible to 10 the positives hidden in things that we might first see as negative. For example, if you invited co-workers to get together and only one person 11 , you could easily view that as a(n) 12 . But the bright side would be that you got to know that one person better. Keep in mind, too, that it’s normal to feel 13 with pleasurable feelings sometimes, particularly if you experience depression and anxiety. Worrying can make you feel like you’re ready to respond to threats — but by constantly 14 disaster, we miss the happiness in front of us right now. Sometimes we need to 15 like happy people if we actually want to be happy. 1．A．attracting B．surrounding C．disturbing D．training 2．A．achievement B．evidence C．blame D．impact 3．A．fancy B．delay C．echo D．recycle 4．A．enjoyed B．owed C．leaned D．begged 5．A．attaching B．exploding C．integrating D．strengthening 6．A．positive B．unsteady C．crucial D．unfair 7．A．energy B．entrance C．position D．vocabulary 8．A．identical B．creative C．precise D．advanced 9．A．Broadcasting B．Puzzling C．Immersing D．Greeting 10．A．cover B．divide C．disapprove D．notice 11．A．called to B．showed up C．stuck out D．lit up 12．A．failure B．opportunity C．reward D．surprise 13．A．passionate B．reliable C．easy D．uncomfortable 14．A．taking over B．burning out C．consisting in D．preparing for 15．A．master B．assign C．behave D．devote Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学·期末) Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies? Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and, 1 , the key to prosperity. David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is 2 to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not 3 . An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now 4 native English speakers by three to one. The majority of 5 in English today take place between non-native speakers. According to David Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are present. This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer Latin-based words, but in fact 6 problems are more often caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and Applied Linguistic at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spoken English interactions between speakers of the language around the world. She says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are 7 standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are 8 in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Nouns that are not plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by non-native speakers (e. g., “informations,” “knowledges,” “advices”). Other variations include “make a discussion,” “discuss about something,” or “phone to somebody.” Many native English speakers will insist that these are just 9 . “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would 10 . But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical 11 . Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) 12 position. Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites. But spoken English is another matter: Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, 13 , is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Professor Seidlhofer says, “I think that what we are looking at is the 14 of a new international attitude, the recognition, and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them, and thus always feel ‘ 15 .’” 1．A．however B．therefore C．otherwise D．nevertheless 2．A．relieving B．fascinating C．tempting D．disappointing 3．A．like B．oppose C．mind D．doubt 4．A．outnumber B．outperform C．outlast D．outshine 5．A．studies B．adjustments C．changes D．encounters 6．A．absorption B．comprehension C．disturbance D．cognition 7．A．disgracing B．improving C．varying D．perfecting 8．A．edited B．neglected C．avoided D．required 9．A．mistakes B．coincidences C．exceptions D．excuses 10．A．fear B．object C．agree D．fight 11．A．ignorance B．evolution C．correctness D．guidance 12．A．honored B．shaky C．falling D．powerful 13．A．in a word B．after all C．by all means D．on the contrary 14．A．disappearance B．emergence C．criticism D．evaluation 15．A．less good B．less educated C．more aggressive D．more impolite Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期末) The Lego Example of Cultivating Loyalty Lego has been around for 91 years, and for much of that time, it’s been one of the world’s most popular toys. It’s currently the largest toy maker by revenue, and it has built arguably the world’s most loyal fanbase. Those fans aren’t just children, by the way. There are millions of passionate 1 who still love building with Lego bricks. Of all the brands you might come in contact with, Lego has maybe the most loyal fans of all. For years, Lego has done a lot of things to cultivate that loyalty. One of those things is the company’s loyalty program, previously known as Lego VIP. Last September, Lego announced 2 to the program, including giving it a new name:Lego Insiders. To call it a loyalty program isn’t entirely 3 —it’s a lot more than that. Lego Insiders is more of an 4 digital profile to access all of the company’s digital platforms. If, for example, you sign up for one (like Insiders), you also get access to Lego Ideas and Lego Life, without signing up 5 . It’s like the digital representation of your relationship with Lego. As a rewards program, there isn’t a lot new about Lego Insiders. You still earn points when you make purchases that you can use for various rewards, like discounts on purchases, digital downloads or other gifts. There is one thing, 6 that Lego’s most loyal fans can appreciate. You can now register previously purchased sets. Every set made since 2019 has included a QR code, and you can now register them, and they count towards your rewards points. This isn’t a huge change either, except it does something really smart: Letting customers register older purchases 7 that even if they didn’t have an account at the time they made a purchase, Lego still values their business and wants to reward them. For Lego, there is no 8 in letting people earn rewards. Lego’s ability to provide benefits 9 in direct relationship to the ability of a customer to earn those benefits. There is no limit to the number of $5 discounts Lego can give out if they are based on the amount of money you spent in the first place. It’s just a cost of doing business. When you think about it, this costs Lego almost 10 , but the benefit is huge. Not only is this something every fan can appreciate, but there are also three reasons why I think this is an interesting lesson for every brand. First, Simple is almost always better. One of the best things about the change is that it makes things simpler for customers. You no longer need multiple accounts—your Lego Insider account gets you access to everything. The easier you make it for someone to be your customer, the more likely they’ll 11 around. Second, a rewards program should feel 12 . Companies spend a lot of time trying to figure out the right balance of benefits and rewards to give customers 13 their loyalty. The thing is, there’s usually a lot of math involved, but cultivating loyalty isn’t just about math. Letting people register sets they already bought is such a simple way to say, “We appreciate your loyalty.” Third, your most important job is to know your best customers. The challenge of every loyalty program is designing it in a way to reward customers for a specific type of behavior by giving them the benefits they want. As a business, you want your customers to behave a certain way-usually, you want them to buy more of your products. Figuring out what benefits will 14 that behavior is your most important job. That means understanding what really matters to your customers and giving them that. That 15 just what kind of rewards you hand out to your customers—it also involves the products you make in the first place. 1．A．kids B．adults C．students D．parents 2．A．limits B．challenges C．changes D．devotion 3．A．accurate B．beneficial C．hazardous D．risky 4．A．all-inclusive B．all-powerful C．all-purpose D．all-knowing 5．A．continuously B．constantly C．immediately D．separately 6．A．moreover B．still C．however D．otherwise 7．A．communicates B．fancies C．guesses D．suspects 8．A．obstacle B．harm C．disadvantage D．scarcity 9．A．declines B．scales C．jumps D．echoes 10．A．everything B．anything C．nothing D．something 11．A．stick B．consist C．look D．wander 12．A．demanding B．calculating C．satisfying D．rewarding 13．A．in memory of B．in search of C．in exchange for D．in honor of 14．A．abandon B．motivate C．sharpen D．conserve 15．A．centers around B．persist in C．sticks to D．go beyond Passage 4 (25-26高二·上海同济大学附属第二中学·校考)I’ve been fascinated by happiness most of my life. When I was a small boy, I noticed that though many of the adults around me were wealthy and educated, they were not always happy, and this sometimes led them to behave in ways which I, as a child, thought strange. 1 , I decided to understand what happiness was and how best to achieve it. It was not surprising, then, that I decided to study 2 . On arrival at the University of Chicago fifty years ago, I was 3 to find that academic psychologists were trying to understand human behavior by studying rats in a laboratory. I felt that there must be other more useful ways of learning how we think and feel. Although my original aim had been to achieve happiness for myself, I became more 4 . I decided to build my career on trying to discover what made others happy. I 5 by studying creative people such as musicians, artists, and athletes, because they were people who devoted their lives to doing what they wanted to do, 6 things that just brought them financial rewards. Later, I 7 the study, by inventing a system called the experience sampling method. Ordinary people were asked to keep an electronic pager for a week, which gave out a beeping sound eight times a day. Every time it did so, they 8 where they were, what they were doing, how they felt, and how much they were concentrating. This system has now been used for more than 10,000 people, and the answers are consistent: as with 9 people, ordinary people are happiest when concentrating hard. After carrying out thirty years of research and writing eighteen books, I believe I have 10 that happiness is quite different from what most people imagine. It is not something that can be bought or collected. People need more than just wealth and comfort in order to lead happy lives. I found that the most obvious cause of happiness is intense 11 . This must be the main reason why activities such as music, art, literature, and sports have survived. In order to concentrate, whether you’re reading a poem or building a sandcastle, what you need is a challenge that your ability 12 . The way to remain continually 13 , therefore, is to keep finding new opportunities to improve your skills. This may mean learning to do your job better or faster, doing other more difficult jobs. As you grow older, you have to find new challenges, which are more appropriate to your age. I have spent my life studying happiness, and now, as I look back, I wonder if I have 14 it. Overall, I think I have, and my belief that I have found the 15 to its secret has increased my happiness immeasurably. 1．A．On the whole B．As a result C．To some degree D．In the meanwhile 2．A．physiology B．art C．medicine D．psychology 3．A．disappointed B．satisfied C．relieved D．annoyed 4．A．sympathetic B．ambitious C．idealistic D．doubtful 5．A．took off B．stood up C．started out D．broke through 6．A．not to mention B．as well as C．rather than D．in favour of 7．A．expanded B．interpreted C．completed D．evaluated 8．A．made up B．objected to C．depended on D．wrote down 9．A．creative B．diligent C．common D．important 10．A．implied B．proved C．promised D．questioned 11．A．awareness B．pressure C．concentration D．desire 12．A．affects B．reveals C．underrates D．matches 13．A．enduring B．attentive C．original D．happy 14．A．achieved B．deserved C．considered D．struck 15．A．references B．solutions C．keys D．links Passage 5 (25-26高二上·上海风华中学·校考) How an Allowance Helps Children Learn About Money Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance (零花钱). The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very 1 . The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish 2 from family to family. 3 is another consideration with some children getting a weekly allowance and others given a monthly allowance. In any case, parents should 4 what, if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money. At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a(n) 5 . Parents are usually advised not to 6 more money until the next allowance. The object is to show young people that 7 need to be made between spending and saving. Older children may be 8 enough to save money for larger costs, like clothing or electronics. Allowances give children a chance to 9 the things they can do with money. They can share the money in the 10 of gifts or give to a good cause, spend it by buying things they want, or save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require 11 : you have to cut costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save 12 of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal 13 . A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest (复利). Interest rates on savings can be very low these days, but compounding 14 by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot, but over time it 15 . 1．A．costly B．forgivable C．likely D．public 2．A．benefits B．differs C．increases D．passes 3．A．Means B．Purpose C．Quality D．Timing 4．A．come across B．cover up C．give up D．make clear 5．A．area B．budget C．period D．position 6．A．donate B．lend C．offer D．pay 7．A．breaks B．changes C．charges D．choices 8．A．afraid B．dependent C．fortunate D．responsible 9．A．collect B．demonstrate C．experience D．name 10．A．form B．mode C．pattern D．type 11．A．innovation B．obedience C．research D．sacrifice 12．A．all B．little C．none D．part 13．A．achievement B．finance C．identity D．relationship 14．A．exercises B．reacts C．reduces D．works 15．A．adds up B．carries on C．fades away D．takes over 试卷第1页，共3页 1 / 57 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题03 完形填空进阶练15篇（期末复习专项训练） 一、人与自然 1 二、人与社会 19 三、人与自我 38 一、人与自然 Passage 1 (25-26高二上·上海青浦高级中学·校考)For decades, the global conversation on climate change has been framed by the critical threshold (阈值) for global temperature rise. Environmentalists have urged governments to prevent the Earth’s temperature from 1 by more than 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels. Now, some experts propose a 2 approach: setting limits for sea-level rise instead. Sea levels along the U.S. coast have already risen about one foot and may increase up to six more by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not 3 reduced. Talking about the 4 caused by rising seas makes sense because it directly affects people’s lives and property, says Rafe Pomerance, a former climate expert. This is especially true in Florida, which is highly 5 to flooding. Rising seas harm not only coastal homes but also inland areas. Infrastructure like roads, water systems, and agricultural fields can be damaged. 6 , higher sea levels can worsen storm surges during hurricanes, leading to greater destruction. If worst-case 7 come true, parts of Seattle and other regions could be permanently underwater. In the Florida Keys, nearly half the roads may become regularly 8 within 25 years. These changes could 9 a 5 to 18 fold increase in the number of Americans moving away from affected areas. 10 these impacts is important for encouraging the quicker adoption of climate solutions like renewable energy, Pomerance says. Focusing on global temperature hasn’t sufficiently 11 people to take action. However, not everyone agrees that rising oceans 12 an ideal climate communications message. Unpublished recent research confirms this challenge. Showing people maps of local sea-level rise predictions for the year 2100 produced 13 results. Concern was actually reduced in households most likely to be flooded, but it rose — along with support for costly climate reduction policies — when people were told traffic and commute times would 14 from roads damaged by rising waters. Still, focusing on flooding 15 just temperature is valuable, says Pomerance. Many people still underestimate how severely rising seas will impact their communities. 1．A．rising B．measuring C．dropping D．maintaining 2．A．simpler B．contrary C．realistic D．different 3．A．significantly B．gradually C．naturally D．clearly 4．A．beauty B．damage C．mystery D．improvement 5．A．attractive B．adaptable C．subject D．productive 6．A．However B．Moreover C．Therefore D．Otherwise 7．A．dreams B．promises C．predictions D．agreements 8．A．impassable B．repaired C．expanded D．paved 9．A．prevent B．describe C．ignore D．fuel 10．A．Ignoring B．Communicating C．Doubting D．Rejecting 11．A．prevented B．motivated C．reversed D．restricted 12．A．makes for B．depends on C．looks for D．results from 13．A．clear B．mixed C．encouraging D．predictable 14．A．shorten B．stabilize C．increase D．vary 15．A．regardless of B．in spite of C．due to D．instead of 【答案】 1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．B 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了气候变化沟通策略的转变，即从聚焦全球温度升高的阈值，转向聚焦海平面上升及其带来的具体后果。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：环保人士一直敦促各国政府，防止全球气温较工业化前水平上升超过1.5摄氏度。A. rising上升；B. measuring测量；C. dropping下降；D. maintaining维持。根据上文“For decades, the global conversation on climate change has been framed by the critical threshold (阈值) for global temperature rise.”可知，上文明确提到全球气温上升的关键阈值，环保人士的诉求必然是阻止气温上升超过1.5℃。故选A项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，一些专家提出了一种不同的思路：转而设定海平面上升的上限。A. simpler更简单的；B. contrary相反的；C. realistic现实的；D. different不同的。根据上文“For decades, the global conversation on climate change has been framed by the critical threshold (阈值) for global temperature rise.”可知，数十年来，关于气候变化的全球对话一直围绕着全球气温上升的临界阈值展开，而现在有一些专家提出一个方法：为海平面上升设定限度，因此，新的方法不同于旧的方法。故选D项。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：美国沿海地区的海平面已经上升了约1英尺，如果温室气体排放不能得到大幅削减，到2100年可能还会再上升6英尺。A. significantly显著地；B. gradually逐渐地；C. naturally自然地；D. clearly清晰地。根据“Sea levels along the U.S. coast have already risen about one foot and may increase up to six more by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not 3 reduced.”可知，上文提到“美国海岸海平面已上升1英尺，到2100年可能再上升6英尺，这一严峻后果的前提是温室气体排放未被大幅减少，因此只有显著减排才能阻止极端海平面上升。故选A项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：前气候专家Rafe Pomerance表示，谈论海平面上升造成的危害是有意义的，因为它直接影响人们的生命财产安全。A. beauty美丽；B. damage损害；C. mystery神秘；D. improvement改善。根据下文“because it directly affects people’s lives and property”可知，海平面上升会造成损害。故选B项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：佛罗里达州的情况尤其如此，该州极易遭受洪水侵袭。A. attractive有吸引力的；B. adaptable适应性强的；C. subject易受……影响的；D. productive多产的。根据前文“Talking about the 4 caused by rising seas makes sense because it directly affects people’s lives and property, says Rafe Pomerance, a former climate expert.”可知，谈论海平面上升造成的损害是有意义的，因为它直接影响人们。此处以佛罗里达为例，旨在说明该地区面临洪灾的高风险和脆弱性。be subject to是固定短语，意为“易受……影响的”。故选C项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，海平面升高还会加剧飓风期间的风暴潮，造成更大规模的破坏。A. However然而；B. Moreover此外；C. Therefore因此；D. Otherwise否则。根据上文“Rising seas harm not only coastal homes but also inland areas. Infrastructure like roads, water systems, and agricultural fields can be damaged.”可知，上升的海水不仅危害沿海住宅，也影响内陆地区。本句提及上升的海水还会加剧风暴潮，进一步说明海平面升高带来的后果。故选B项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果最糟糕的预测成为现实，西雅图等地区的部分区域可能会永久被淹没。A. dreams梦想；B. promises承诺；C. predictions预测；D. agreements协议。根据上文“Sea levels along the U.S. coast have already risen about one foot and may increase up to six more by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not 3 reduced.”可知，这是对未来海平面上升的一种预测。本句基于前文的预测讨论海平面上升带来的严重后果。故选C项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在佛罗里达群岛，未来25年内，近一半的道路可能会频繁变得无法通行。A. impassable无法通行的；B. repaired被修复的；C. expanded被扩建的；D. paved被铺砌的。根据上文“If worst-case 7 come true, parts of Seattle and other regions could be permanently underwater. ”可知，如果最坏的预测成真，城市会被淹没，道路会无法通行。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些变化可能会推动受影响地区的美国人口迁移数量增加5至18倍。A. prevent阻止；B. describe描述；C. ignore忽略；D. fuel推动，刺激。根据前文“If worst-case 7 come true, parts of Seattle and other regions could be permanently underwater. In the Florida Keys, nearly half the roads may become regularly 8 within 25 years.”可知，城市被淹没与道路无法通行等状况会严重影响民众生活，从而推动人口迁移。故选D项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Pomerance指出，传达这些影响对于推动人们更快采用可再生能源等气候解决方案至关重要。A. Ignoring忽略；B. Communicating传达；C. Doubting怀疑；D. Rejecting拒绝。根据下文“encouraging the quicker adoption of climate solutions”和“climate communications message”可知，传递这些影响才能推动行动。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：关注全球气温未能充分激励人们采取行动。A. prevented阻止；B. motivated激励；C. reversed颠倒；D. restricted限制。根据上文“ 10 these impacts is important for encouraging the quicker adoption of climate solutions like renewable energy, Pomerance says.”可知，上文强调传达这些影响对于鼓励更快采纳可再生能源等气候解决方案至关重要。本句与其形成对比，进一步说明旧方法在激励人们方面的效果欠佳。故选B项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，并非所有人都认同海平面上升是一个理想的气候沟通切入点。A. makes for构成；B. depends on取决于；C.looks for寻找；D. results from由……引起。根据上文“not everyone agrees that”可知，上文说并非所有人都同意，即部分人认为海平面上升并不构成理想的气候沟通信息。故选A项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：向人们展示2100年当地海平面上升预测地图，得出的结果是复杂矛盾的。A. clear清晰的；B. mixed复杂的；C. encouraging令人鼓舞的；D. predictable可预测的。根据下文“Concern was actually reduced in households most likely to be flooded, but it rose — along with support for costly climate reduction policies — when people were told traffic and commute times would 　　14　　 from roads damaged by rising waters.”可知，下文提到最可能被淹的家庭担忧反而减少，但被告知交通会受影响时，担忧上升且支持减排政策，这两种不同结果，说明研究结果是混合的、不一致的。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最容易遭受洪灾的家庭反而降低了担忧程度；但当人们得知交通通勤时间会因道路被海水上涨而延长时，担忧情绪随之上升——对代价高昂的气候保护政策的支持度也同步增加。A. shorten缩短；B. stabilize使稳定；C. increase增加；D. vary变化不同。根据下文“roads damaged by rising waters”可知，道路损坏会导致交通和通勤时间增加，这是合理的因果关系。故选C项。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：不过，Pomerance表示，相比仅关注气温，聚焦洪水问题也具有重要价值。A. regardless of不管；B. spite of虽然；C. due to由于；D. instead of而不是。全文核心对比“聚焦气温”和“聚焦海平面上升”，此处总结“Pomerance认为，聚焦洪水而非气温是有价值的”，与上文“some experts propose a different approach: setting limits for sea-level rise instead”（转而设定海平面上升限制）呼应，“instead of”表示“替代”，符合语境。故选D项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·校考) Let’s Go Bats Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They 1 at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits to live by day. But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds. 3 , it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to 4 the hunger by finding food at night. Maybe only after another mass 5 of species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades. As a matter of fact, bats are not the only creatures that face the engineering problem of finding their way and finding their prey in the 6 of light. Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. 7 it, engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research. The first one that might occur to them is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to 8 a large amount of body energy. Then, what else might the engineer think of? Human beings are 9 the serious problem of living in the dark as well. There are more than 2.2 billion sight 10 men throughout the world, according to the WHO statistics. Nonetheless, experiments showed that blind people sometimes have an uncanny (神秘的) sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark. They have reported that it feels like the obstacles being 11 in their mind without actually seeing them. It turns out that the sensation really goes in through the ears. Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense the 12 of obstacles. After this Sonar (声呐) and Radar (雷达) technique had been discovered, weapons designers improved and 13 it to the detection of submarines in wars. All the world now knows that bats had perfected their own sonar and radar system tens of millions of years earlier. The American zoologist Donald Griffin coined the term “ecolocation”, a 14 of both sonar and radar, to generalize the features of bats. The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation is 15 accomplished, which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration. 1．A．fly B．wave C．hunt D．spot 2．A．exploited B．expanded C．stretched D．preserved 3．A．After all B．In consequence C．By contrast D．Above all 4．A．strike B．survive C．protect D．abandon 5．A．extinction B．development C．prosperity D．transformation 6．A．existence B．case C．sense D．absence 7．A．In line with B．In addition to C．In view of D．In response to 8．A．consume B．drive C．raise D．obtain 9．A．escaping B．exploring C．interpreting D．suffering 10．A．hurt B．disabled C．shortened D．affected 11．A．threatened B．visualized C．preserved D．warned 12．A．identity B．threat C．presence D．structure 13．A．supplied B．nominated C．stimulated D．applied 14．A．balance B．understanding C．combination D．statement 15．A．technically B．directly C．carefully D．favourably 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了蝙蝠等动物如何在黑暗中觅食导航，并提及人类通过声呐、雷达技术学习动物的导航能力。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们在夜晚捕食，无法使用光线来帮助它们找到猎物和避开障碍物。A. fly飞行；B. wave挥手；C. hunt捕猎；D. spot发现。根据下文“cannot use light to help them find prey”可知，蝙蝠在夜晚捕食。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，白天的经济活动已经被其他生物如鸟类彻底利用了。A. exploited利用；B. expanded扩大；C. stretched伸展；D. preserved保存。根据下文“it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy”可知，白天的经济活动已经被鸟类等生物占据或利用了。故选A项。 3．考查短语辨析辨析。句意：毕竟，这是关于自然选择的——鸟类主导了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先通过在晚上寻找食物来生存。A. After all毕竟；B. In consequence因此；C. By contrast相比之下；D. Above all首先。根据上文“But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds.”和下文“it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to”可知，空处承接上文观点，进一步从根本原因的角度来解释前面所描述现象（蝙蝠只能在夜间活动觅食）的缘由，强调本质上这是自然选择的结果，因为鸟类主宰了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先才不得不通过在夜间寻找食物来熬过饥饿。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，这是关于自然选择的——鸟类主导了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先通过在晚上寻找食物来生存。A. strike打击；B. survive生存；C. protect保护；D. abandon放弃。根据下文“the hunger by finding food at night”可知，蝙蝠的祖先通过夜间觅食来生存。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许只有在另一次物种大灭绝之后，蝙蝠才能出现在白天并占据白天的交易。A. extinction灭绝；B. development发展；C. prosperity繁荣；D. transformation转变。根据下文“species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades”可知，这里指的是物种大灭绝可能导致生态位的变化。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，蝙蝠并不是唯一面临在没有光照的情况下寻找方向和猎物的工程问题的生物。A. existence存在；B. case案例；C. sense感觉；D. absence缺席，缺乏。根据上文“cannot use light to help them find prey”可知，蝙蝠夜间觅食，此处指的是在缺乏光线的情况下，in the absence of为固定短语，意为“在没有的情况下”。故选D项。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：作为回应，工程师们考虑了可能的解决方案并进行了相关研究。A. In line with与……一致；B. In addition to除此之外；C. In view of鉴于；D. In response to作为回应。根据上文“Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. (许多其他动物，如深海鱼类和鲸鱼，也在难以或不可能看到的条件下生活。)”和下文“engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research”可知，很多动物们在面临光线不足条件下寻找食物的情况时，积极应对，考虑了可能的解决方案并进行了相关研究。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：萤火虫和一些鱼有制造自己光线的能力，但这个过程似乎要消耗大量的身体能量。A. consume消耗；B. drive驱动；C. raise提高；D. obtain获得。根据上文“Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but”和下文“a large amount of body energy”可知，萤火虫和一些鱼制造光线的过程需要消耗能量。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类也面临着在黑暗中生活的严重问题。A. escaping逃跑；B. exploring探索；C. interpreting解释；D. suffering遭受。根据下文“the serious problem of living in the dark as well”可知，这里指的是人类也面临着在黑暗中生活的困境。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：据世界卫生组织统计，全世界有22亿多视力残疾人士。A. hurt受伤的；B. disabled残疾的；C. shortened缩短的；D. affected受影响的。根据下文“blind people”可知，这里指的是视力残疾人士。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们报告说，障碍物就像在他们的脑海中被可视化了一样，而实际上并没有看到它们。A. threatened威胁；B. visualized可视化，使形象化；C. preserved保存；D. warned警告。根据上文“blind people sometimes have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark”和下文“in their mind without actually seeing them”可知，盲人能够通过某种方式感知到障碍物，就像在心中看到了它们一样。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：盲人实际上是在利用自己脚步声和其他声音的回声来感知障碍物的存在。A. identity身份；B. threat威胁；C. presence存在；D. structure结构。根据上文“Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense”可知，这里指的是盲人感知到障碍物的存在。故选C项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这种声呐和雷达技术被发现后，武器设计师对其进行了改进，并将其应用于战争中的潜艇探测。A. supplied提供；B. nominated提名；C. stimulated刺激；D. applied应用。根据下文“it to the detection of submarines in wars”可知，武器设计师将声呐和雷达技术应用于潜艇探测。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国动物学家唐纳德·格里芬创造了“回声定位”一词，它是声呐和雷达的结合，用来概括蝙蝠的特征。A. balance平衡；B. understanding理解；C. combination结合；D. statement陈述。根据下文“both sonar and radar”可知，“ecolocation”是声呐和雷达的结合。故选C项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：回声定位的准确性和敏感性在技术上已经实现，这让雷达工程师们非常钦佩。A. technically技术上；B. directly直接地；C. carefully仔细地；D. favourably有利地。根据上文“The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation”和下文“which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration”可知，让雷达工程师们非常钦佩的是回声定位的准确性和敏感性在技术上已经实现。故选A项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海松江区第二中学·校考)At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before about the inner lives of animals and when concerns about animal rights become large, many experts think that zoos need a major change if they’ re going to last. To some leaders in the field, the Philadelphia Zoo is the best model out there, but on the other side of the country, a 1 vision of the future is playing out. At Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo, the elephant exhibit, where countless children watched elephants play, now sits 2 . The zoo, long 3 as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s. But in recent years, animal-rights advocates had criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small and not 4 the elephants’ natural living area. Under pressure from activists following the death of an elephant in 2014, and thanks to new guidelines from the nation’s main zoo organization, Woodland Park officials decided to 5 one of its most popular exhibits and place the elephants elsewhere. Nearly two centuries after the first modern zoo opened in London’s Regent’s Park, the very concept of a place where families can visit and observe animals is being 6 like never before. Across the U. S. and around the world, zoos are finding that balancing the demands of entertainment, education and conservation is increasingly 7 . Ethical (伦理的) concerns have been coupled with 8 fears — both for people and for animals — following an incident in May when officials at the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe to protect a child who’d fallen into the exhibit. More 9 , there’s a greater sensitivity to the environmental implications of zoos. Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time. Education, conservation and science all 10 . But the 11 answer is cultivating sympathy for animals. Study after study has shown that many animal species are far smarter and more 12 than previously understood, giving new insights into how they may suffer from anxiety and depression when they are removed from 13 . That has forced a difficult existential question: If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos? Not even those who have 14 the cause for more humane exhibits have an answer. “Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫).” says Jon Coe, the legendary zoo designer, “To me, that’s the 15 fault.” 1．A．shared B．traditional C．clear D．different 2．A．modern B．crowded C．empty D．up-dated 3．A．predicted B．criticized C．recognized D．recalled 4．A．famous for B．dependent on C．certain about D．reflective of 5．A．close B．sustain C．open D．advertise 6．A．established B．questioned C．promoted D．accepted 7．A．possible B．difficult C．unnatural D．beneficial 8．A．culture B．economy C．environment D．safety 9．A．broadly B．strangely C．luckily D．amazingly 10．A．take in B．get off C．come up D．set out 11．A．most common B．most complex C．rarest D．quickest 12．A．grateful B．feeling C．disappointing D．annoying 13．A．research B．nature C．existence D．shelter 14．A．opposed B．located C．advanced D．twisted 15．A．fundamental B．manageable C．minimum D．maximum 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文探讨了在面临来自伦理和环境方面的挑战以及动物权利意识提升的情况下，现代动物园需要重大变革。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于该领域的一些领导者来说，费城动物园是最好的典范，但在美国的另一边，一种不同的未来愿景正在上演。A. shared分享的，共有的；B. traditional传统的；C. clear清楚的；D. different不同的。根据上文“but on the other side of the country”以及下文“The zoo, long ___3___ as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s. But in recent years, animal-rights advocates had criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small and not ___4___ the elephants’ natural living area.”可知，对动物园的要求与愿景与以往不同。故选D。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在西雅图的伍德兰公园动物园（Woodland Park Zoo），曾经有无数孩子观看大象玩耍的大象展区现在是空的。A. modern现代的；B. crowded拥挤的；C. empty空的；D. up-dated更新的。根据空前“where countless children watched elephants play, now sits”以及下文“place the elephants elsewhere”可知，曾经有无数孩子观看大象玩耍的大象展区现在是空的。故选C。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：长期以来，该动物园一直被认为是世界上创新设计的领导者，在20世纪80年代为该物种建造了一个价值300万美元的最先进的设施。A. predicted预测；B. criticized批评；C. recognized认识，承认，认可；D. recalled回想起。根据下文“as a world leader in innovative design, built a $3 million state-of-the-art facility for the species in the 1980s”可知，伍德兰公园动物园长期以来一直被认为是世界上创新设计的领导者。故选C。 4．考查形容词短语词义辨析。句意：但近年来，动物权利倡导者批评该展馆太小，没有反映大象的自然生活区域，是不人道的。A. famous for以……而闻名；B. dependent on依赖于，取决于；C. certain about对……有把握，对……确信无疑；D. reflective of代表……的，体现……。根据上文“criticized the exhibit as inhumane for being too small”以及空后“the elephants’ natural living area”可知，此处指展馆太小，不能体现大象的自然生活区域。故选D。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：2014年一头大象死亡后，在活动人士的压力下，加上美国主要动物园组织的新指导方针，伍德兰公园的官员决定关闭最受欢迎的展馆之一，把大象安置在其他地方。A. close关闭；B. sustain维持；C. open打开；D. advertise为……做广告。根据下文“place the elephants elsewhere”可知，迫于压力，大象展馆被关闭。故选A。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在伦敦摄政公园（Regent’s Park）第一家现代动物园开放近两个世纪后，家庭可以参观和观察动物的概念正受到前所未有的质疑。A. established建立，设立；B. questioned询问，质疑；C. promoted促进，宣传；D. accepted接受。根据上文“At a time when scientists know more than they ever have before about the inner lives of animals and when concerns about animal rights become large, many experts think that zoos need a major change if they’ re going to last.”以及下文“Ethical (伦理的) concerns have been coupled with ___8___ fears — both for people and for animals”可知，此处指开放近两个世纪后，伦敦摄政公园的家庭可以参观和观察动物的概念受到质疑。故选B。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在美国和世界各地，动物园发现平衡娱乐、教育和保护的需求越来越困难。A. possible可能的；B. difficult困难的；C. unnatural不自然的；D. beneficial有益的。根据上文“but on the other side of the country, a ___1___ vision of the future is playing out”、及下文“there’s a greater sensitivity to the environmental implications of zoos.”以及语境可知，此处指对于动物园来说，越来越难平衡娱乐、教育和保护的需求。故选B。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今年5月，辛辛那提动物园的工作人员为了保护一名掉进展区的孩子，开枪打死了一只名叫哈兰贝的17岁大猩猩，这一事件发生后，人们对伦理问题的担忧与对人类和动物安全的担忧同时出现。A. culture文化；B. economy经济；C. environment环境；D. safety安全。根据下文“following an incident in May when officials at the Cincinnati Zoo shot and killed a 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe to protect a child who’d fallen into the exhibit”可知，此处指对动物和人类安全的担忧。故选D。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：更广泛地说，人们对动物园环境的影响更加敏感。A. broadly广泛地；B. strangely奇怪地；C. luckily幸运地，幸好；D. amazingly令人惊讶地。根据下文“giving new insights into how they may suffer from anxiety and depression when they are removed from ___13___”以及““Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫).” says Jon Coe, the legendary zoo designer. “To me, that’s the ___15___ fault.””可知，此处指相对于伦理、安全方面的担忧，更广泛的讲，人们对于动物园环境对动物的影响更加敏感；more broadly“更广泛地讲”强调某种观点、概念或现象在更广泛、更全面的范围内的应用或影响，符合语境。故选A。 10．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：教育、环境保护和科学都出现了。A. take in吸收；B. get off下车，离开；C. come up出现；D. set out出发。根据上文“Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time.”可知，此处指被问及动物园这些地方为什么会存在到今天，每次出现的答案都不同，比如因为教育、环境保护和科学等原因。故选C。 11．考查形容词最高级词义辨析。句意：但最常见的答案是培养对动物的同情心。A. most common最常见的；B. most complex最复杂的；C. rarest最稀少的，最珍贵的；D. quickest最快的。根据上文“Ask a dozen zoo directors why these places should exist today and you’ll get a different answer every time. Education, conservation and science all ___10___.”可知，此处指当问十几个动物园的园长，为什么这些地方会存在到今天，他们会给出各种不同的答案，而为了培养对动物的同情心是其中最常见的答案。故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一项又一项的研究表明，许多动物物种比我们之前所理解的要聪明得多，也更有感情，这为我们了解它们离开大自然后是如何患上焦虑和抑郁提供了新的见解。A. grateful感谢的；B. feeling多情善感的，表现强烈感情的；C. disappointing令人失望的；D. annoying令人恼火的。根据下文“how they may suffer from anxiety and depression”可知，此处指许多动物比我们之前所理解的要更聪明得多，表现出的感情也更强烈，更多情善感。故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项又一项的研究表明，许多动物物种比我们之前所理解的要聪明得多，也更有感情，这为我们了解它们离开大自然后是如何患上焦虑和抑郁提供了新的见解。A. research研究；B. nature自然；C. existence存在；D. shelter庇护，住处。根据下文“If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos?”以及文章内容可知，此处指动物离开大自然（到动物园）可能会焦虑和抑郁。故选B。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是那些提倡更人性化展览的人也没有答案。A. opposed反对；B. located确定……的位置；C. advanced发展，推动；D. twisted扭转。根据上文“That has forced a difficult existential question: If we acknowledge that creatures suffer when they’re trapped. should they be kept in zoos?”、“ Not even those”以及下文“the cause for more humane exhibits”可知，此处指对于动物是否应该被关在动物园里，即使是推动更人道展览的人也没有答案。故选C。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“即使是现在最好的动物园也是建立在圈养和强制的基础上的。传奇动物园设计师乔恩·科（Jon Coe）说，“对我来说，这是根本的错误。”A. fundamental根本的，基本的；B. manageable可操纵的，可处理的；C. minimum最小的，最低限度的；D. maximum最高的，最多的。根据上文“Even the best zoos today are based on captivity and coercion (囚禁与胁迫)”可知，最好的动物园也是建立在囚禁与胁迫基础上，这就是动物园最根本性的错误。故选A。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·校考)At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky. Why are drone shows 1 ? Supporters claim fireworks are bad for people, animals and the environment and that it’s time for a change. Bill Bateman, a professor of life sciences, 2 the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding. Part of the issue results from the startle 3 , a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 4 . Such reactions help animals and humans respond to danger, make them more alert and help them 5 their weakest parts. Bateman explains that the sounds and flashes of light associated with the explosions lead to the startle response in animals, causing their suffering and even deaths. Young cranes (鹤), for example, have been recorded leaping from their 6 in response to loud noises even though they cannot fly. Humans experience the startle response, too. How 7 one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors. In fact, an overactive startle response is used to diagnose post-traumatic 8 disorder (PTSD). There are also plenty of other health reasons to avoid fireworks. The U.S. recorded 9,700 injuries and eight deaths from fireworks in 2023 alone-most due to misuse. Though 9 use of fireworks is often the major contributor, around 18% of all fireworks on the market in 2023 didn’t meet safety standards, putting even experienced operators at risk. Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world. Heat waves, combined with more 10 and widespread droughts, are making things worse. And scientists predict more of the same as the world warms. Add fireworks to the 11 , and it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires. Fireworks 12 other problems, releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water. These impacts contribute to respiratory (呼吸的) diseases and other health conditions. The reasons to cancel fireworks displays seem clear, but are drone shows the solution? These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases. 13 , drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air. Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts is still in its 14 . But for now, at least, the shows seem to be more environmentally friendly. The fact that drones can be reused also makes them a more 15 alternative to traditional fireworks. 1．A．on the rise B．in the way C．off the track D．under the table 2．A．compliments B．notes C．abandons D．prohibits 3．A．experience B．movement C．response D．condition 4．A．decline B．cease C．stabilize D．race 5．A．protect B．expose C．abandon D．correct 6．A．lab B．nest C．feet D．turns 7．A．naturally B．frequently C．easily D．necessarily 8．A．pressure B．resolution C．stress D．solution 9．A．exceptional B．delicate C．desperate D．amateur 10．A．foreseeable B．natural C．preventable D．frequent 11．A．mix B．waves C．prediction D．world 12．A．persist in B．leave behind C．compete with D．set out 13．A．However B．Rather C．Besides D．Therefore 14．A．infancy B．favor C．process D．capacity 15．A．unappealing B．sustainable C．affordable D．credible 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．C 9．D 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．C 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了世界各地烟花表演正被无人机表演所取代的现象，分析了烟花对环境、动物和人类健康的不良影响，以及无人机表演相对环保的优势。 1．考查介词短语辨析。句意：为什么无人机展越来越多？A. on the rise在上升；B. in the way挡道；C. off the track偏离轨道；D. under the table秘密地。根据前文“At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky.”可知，越来越多的烟花表演正在被大量在夜空中创造动画图像的无人机所取代，所以是在问为什么无人机展越来越多。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：生命科学教授Bill Bateman指出，烟花具有“高度破坏性”的影响——把鸟巢里的鸟类吓跑，用突然发出的光和噪音打扰其他动物，甚至影响动物繁殖。A. compliments称赞；B. notes指出；C. abandons放弃；D. prohibits禁止。根据后文“the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding.”可知，此处应是Bill Bateman教授指出烟花的危害。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题的部分原因是惊吓反应，这是一种全身反应，导致肌肉迅速收缩，眼睛眨眼，脉搏加速。A. experience经验；B. movement运动；C. response回应；D. condition状况。根据后文“a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 　　　4　　　.”可知，此处描述的是一种惊吓反应。故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：问题的部分原因是惊吓反应，这是一种全身反应，导致肌肉迅速收缩，眼睛眨眼，脉搏加速。A. decline下降；B. cease停止；C. stabilize稳定；D. race急速跳动。根据前文“Part of the issue results from the startle 　　　3　　　,”可知，在描述一种惊吓反应，结合常识，被惊吓时，脉搏应是加速的。故选D项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种反应有助于动物和人类对危险做出反应，使他们更加警觉，并帮助他们保护自己最薄弱的部分。A. protect保护；B. expose暴露；C. abandon抛弃；D. correct纠正。根据前文“make them more alert”以及后文“their weakest parts”可知，动物更警觉，应是保护自己最薄弱的部分。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，有记录显示，年幼的白鹤即使不会飞，也会因听到巨大的噪音而从巢中跳起。A. lab实验室；B. nest巢穴；C. feet脚；D. turns转弯。根据前文“Young cranes”可知，年幼的白鹤应是在巢中，所以是从巢中跳起。故选B项。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：一个人受到惊吓的容易程度取决于心理健康状况和遗传因素。A. naturally自然地；B. frequently频繁地；C. easily容易地；D. necessarily必要地。根据后文“one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors”可知，此处指“一个人受到惊吓的容易程度取决于心理健康状况和遗传因素”之意。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，过度活跃的惊吓反应被用来诊断创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。A. pressure压力；B. resolution决心；C. stress压力(心理)；D. solution解决方案。根据后文的“PTSD”结合常识可知，其中的S指的是“stress压力(心理)”。故选C项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管业余燃放的烟花通常是主要原因，但到2023年，市场上约有18%的烟花不符合安全标准，即使是经验丰富的操作员也面临风险。A. exceptional杰出的；B. delicate精致的；C. desperate绝望的；D. amateur业余的。根据后文“putting even experienced operators at risk”以及前文的though可知，此处是though引导的让步状语从句，前后是转折关系，后文讲述的是经验丰富的操作员也面临风险，所以空处应是业余燃放的烟花。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：热浪，加上更频繁和更广泛的干旱，使情况变得更糟。A. foreseeable可预见的；B. natural自然的；C. preventable可预防的；D. frequent频繁的。根据前文“Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world”以及后文“are making things worse”可知，目前，我们处于气候变化和全球变暖的时代，所以是更频繁和更广泛的干旱，使情况变得更糟。故选D项 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：再加上烟花，这就是野火的完美配方。A. mix混合；B. waves波浪；C. prediction预测；D. world世界。根据后文“it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires”可知，全球变暖，物质干燥，加上烟花混合，就是野火的完美配方。故选A项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：烟花爆竹还会带来其他问题，向空气、土壤和水中释放大量污染物。A. persist in坚持；B. leave behind留下；C. compete with与......竞争；D. set out出发。根据后文“releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water”可知，这是烟花爆竹留下的其他问题。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，无人机可能会在空中与野生动物相撞。A. However然而；B. Rather宁愿；C. Besides此外；D. Therefore因此。根据前文“These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases.”以及后文“drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air”可知，前后文都在讲述无人机的危害，是并列关系，用Besides修饰。故选C项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无人机对环境和野生动物影响的研究仍处于起步阶段。A. infancy初期；B. favor偏爱；C. process过程；D. capacity能力。根据前文“Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts”结合实际可知，无人机的流行并不是很久，所以对环境和野生动物影响的研究仍处于起步阶段。故选A项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无人机可以重复使用的事实也使它们成为传统烟花的更可持续的替代品。A. unappealing无吸引力的；B. sustainable可持续的；C. affordable负担得起的；D. credible可信的。根据前文“drones can be reused”可知，无人机可以重复使用，所以是传统烟花的更可持续的替代品。故选B项。 Passage 5 (24-25高二上·上海吴淞中学·校考)The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of buildings. Today, thousands of people come to 1 building conferences, and the idea that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly 2 in years to come. Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for 3 use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis 4 indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So for 20 years, we’ve been looking for ways to make these materials 5 for people and the planet. Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints, that release significantly 6 amounts of chemical compounds, which people believe don’t 7 the quality of the air. 8 , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating 9 healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or 10 by industry again and again. For example, the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already 11 a carpet that is fully and safely recyclable. Look at it this way: no one 12 to create a building that destroy the planet. But our current industrial systems are basically causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So 13 of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are 14 a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a 15 effect on the world. It is not just the building industry, either. Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. 1．A．commercial B．green C．traditional D．simple 2．A．efficient B．changeable C．influential D．effective 3．A．relevant B．indoor C．flexible D．outdoor 4．A．revealed B．demonstrated C．exhibited D．discovered 5．A．careful B．comfortable C．stable D．safe 6．A．reduced B．revised C．delayed D．defined 7．A．destroy B．deny C．dissolve D．depress 8．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Instead D．However 9．A．exactly B．completely C．partially D．superficially 10．A．restored B．regained C．reused D．replaced 11．A．developed B．stretched C．researched D．constructed 12．A．sets in B．sets about C．sets out D．sets up 13．A．instead B．because C．out D．regardless 14．A．adjusting B．adopting C．adapting D．admitting 15．A．functional B．sensible C．beneficial D．precious 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．A 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了环保建筑的设计理念与实践，强调建筑应有益于人类和环境，指出过去建筑装饰产品设计与制造上的问题，并介绍现在人们正在寻找和开发环保建材，以及设计可循环利用的健康材料，强调整个建筑行业乃至城市设计、规划和建设都应采取这些环保方法。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：今天，成千上万的人参加绿色建筑会议，建筑对人类和环境有益的想法在未来几年将越来越有影响力。A. commercial商业的；B. green绿色的，环境保护的；C. traditional传统的；D. simple简单的。根据后文“buildings can be good for people and the environment”可知，建筑对人类和环境有益，说明是绿色（环保）建筑会议。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：今天，成千上万的人参加绿色建筑会议，建筑对人类和环境有益的想法在未来几年将越来越有影响力。A. efficient效率高的；B. changeable变化的；C. influential有影响力的；D. effective有效的。根据上文“Today, thousands of people come to____1____building conferences,”可知，如今有成千上万的人参加绿色建筑会议，所以作者预测建筑对人类和环境有益的想法在未来几年将越来越有影响力。故选C。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：早在1984年，我们就发现大多数用于装饰的产品并不是为室内使用而设计的。A. relevant有关的；B. indoor室内的；C. flexible灵活的；D. outdoor户外的。根据后文“indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet.”可知，装饰室内的产品会引发空气质量问题，此处指早在1984年，就已经发现用于装饰的产品并不是为室内使用而设计的。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：20世纪70年代能源危机后建造的“节能”密封商业建筑暴露出由油漆、墙面和地毯等材料引起的室内空气质量问题。A. revealed揭露；B. demonstrated证明，演示；C. exhibited展示；D. discovered发现。根据后文宾语“indoor air quality problems”可知，指暴露出了室内空气质量问题。故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，20年来，我们一直在寻找使这些材料对人类和地球安全的方法。A. careful仔细的；B. comfortable舒服的；C. stable稳定的；D. safe安全的。根据上文“The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis  ____4____  indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet.”可知，早期油漆、墙面和地毯等材料引起的室内空气质量问题，所以，20年来我们一直寻找对人类和地球安全的方法。故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：房屋建筑商现在可以使用绿色涂料等材料，这些材料释放的化合物数量大大减少，人们认为这些化合物不会破坏空气质量。A. reduced减少的；B. revised改进的；C. delayed延时的；D. defined外形清晰的。根据上文“Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints”以及后文“amounts of chemical compounds”可知，使用绿色涂料等材料，会让这些材料释放的化合物数量大大减少，故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：房屋建筑商现在可以使用绿色涂料等材料，这些材料释放的化合物数量大大减少，人们认为这些化合物不会破坏空气质量。A. destroy破坏；B. deny否定；C. dissolve解散；D. depress使沮丧。根据后文“the quality of the air”以及前文的“which”可知，此处指的是上文提到的绿色涂料材料释放的化合物数量大大减少的情况，所以是这些化合物不会破坏空气质量。故选A。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是专注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造完全健康的材料，这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。A. Therefore因此；B. Besides此外；C. Instead相反；D. However然而。结合前后文语境可知此处为转折关系，应用however。故选D。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是专注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造完全健康的材料，这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。A. exactly恰好地；B. completely完全地；C. partially部分地；D. superficially肤浅地。根据后文“that can be either safely returned to the soil or ____10____ by industry again and again”可知，此处提到“这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用”，所以是创造完全健康的材料。故选B。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是专注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造完全健康的材料，这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。A. restored恢复；B. regained重新获得；C. reused再用；D. replaced取代。根据上文“healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or”可知，此处是在说明这种材料的好处，既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，世界上最大的地毯制造商已经开发出一种完全安全可回收的地毯。A. developed开发，研制；B. stretched拉长；C. researched研究；D. constructed建造。根据前文“the world’s largest carpet manufacturer”可知，指世界上最大的地毯制造商已经开发出一种完全安全可回收的地毯。故选A。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：从这个角度来看：没有人打算建造一座摧毁地球的建筑。A. sets in嵌入，缝入；B. sets about着手，开始；C. sets out（怀着目标）开始工作；D. sets up建立。根据后文“to create a building that destroy the planet”指打算建造一座摧毁地球的建筑应用set out to do sth.(开始做某事)，set about一般加名词或动名词作宾语。故选C。 13．考查连词和副词词义辨析。句意：因此，我们不是简单地试图减少损害，而是采取一种积极的方法。A. instead相反；B. because因为；C. out出去；D. regardless不管。根据后文“of simply trying to reduce the damage”可知，我们不是简单地试图减少损害，而是采取一种积极的方法。为短语instead of表示“而不是”。故选A。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，我们不是简单地试图减少损害，而是采取一种积极的方法。A. adjusting适应；B. adopting采取；C. adapting改编；D. admitting承认。根据后文“a positive approach”可知，此处表示采取积极的方法对建筑进行改造。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们为人们提供高质量、健康的产品，让人们有机会做出对世界有益的选择。A. functional实用的；B. sensible理智的；C. beneficial有益的；D. precious宝贵的。根据上文“healthful products and an opportunity to make choices”以及后文“Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. ”可知，整个城市都在采用这些对环境有益的方法进行设计、规划和建设，是因为我们为人们提供了高质量、健康的产品，由此让人们有机会做出对世界有益的选择。故选C。 二、人与社会 Passage 1 (25-26高二上·上海彭浦中学·月考)The Psychology of Discounting When retailers want to persuade customers to buy a particular product, they typically offer it at a discount. According to a new study published in the Journal of Marketing, however, they are 1 a trick. A team of researchers, led by Akshay Rao of the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management, 2 consumers’ attitudes to discounting. Shoppers, they found, much prefer getting something extra free to getting something cheaper. The main reason is that most people are poor at fractions (分数). Consumers often struggle to realize, 3 , that a 50% increase in quantity is the same as a 33% discount in price, and they overwhelmingly 4 the former is a better option. In an experiment, the researchers sold 73% more hand cream when it was offered in a bonus 5 than when it carried an equivalent discount (even after all other factors, such as a desire to stockpile were controlled for). This mathematical blind spot remains even when the deal clearly 6 the discounted product. In another experiment, this time on his undergraduates, Mr. Rao offered two 7 on loose coffee beans: 33% extra free or 33% off the price. The discount is by far the better proposition, but the supposedly clever students viewed them as 8 . Studies have shown other ways in which retailers can make use of consumers’ mathematical 9 . One is to confuse them with 10 discounting. People are more likely to see a(n) 11 in a product that has been reduced by 20%, and then by an additional 25%, than one that has been subject to an equivalent, one-off, 40% reduction. Marketing types can draw lessons beyond just 12 , says Mr Rao. When advertising a new car’s efficiency, for example, it is more 13 to talk about the number of extra miles per gallon it does, rather than the equivalent percentage 14 in fuel consumption. There may be abundant lessons for opinionated consumers to learn from. Even 15 shoppers are easily foxed. Sending everyone back to school for maths refresher-courses seems out of the question. But more noticeably displayed unit prices in shops and advertisements would be a great help. 1．A．missing B．learning C．playing D．trying 2．A．communicated with B．looked at C．relied on D．engaged in 3．A．by contrast B．after all C．for example D．as usual 4．A．indicate B．assume C．oppose D．confess 5．A．request B．campaign C．pack D．conduct 6．A．blows B．favours C．enforces D．initiates 7．A．deals B．discount C．situations D．decisions 8．A．profound B．distant C．distinct D．equivalent 9．A．inaccessibility B．failure C．illiteracy D．dependence 10．A．substantial B．double C．special D．accurate 11．A．innovation B．price C．bargain D．quality 12．A．commercializing B．pricing C．advertising D．retailing 13．A．fundamental B．aggressive C．logical D．convincing 14．A．fall B．usage C．volume D．increase 15．A．thoroughbred B．well-educated C．so-called D．good-tempered 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．B 11．C 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项关于消费者对折扣心理反应的研究。研究发现消费者更偏爱免费赠品而非直接降价，原因在于多数人不擅长分数计算存在数学盲点，同时还阐述了零售商可利用的其他营销技巧及给消费者的启示。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，根据《市场营销杂志》上发表的一项新研究，他们正在错失一个窍门。A. missing错失；B. learning学习；C. playing玩耍；D. trying尝试。根据上文“When retailers want to persuade customers to buy a particular product, they typically offer it at a discount.”以及下文“Shoppers, they found, much prefer getting something extra free to getting something cheaper.”可知，零售商常用的折扣方式并非最佳策略，研究发现了更好的方法，所以零售商是在错失窍门，故选A。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：由明尼苏达大学卡尔森管理学院的阿克沙伊·拉奥领导的一组研究人员，研究了消费者对折扣的态度。A. communicated with与……交流；B. looked at研究，看；C. relied on依靠；D. engaged in参与。根据下文“Shoppers, they found, much prefer getting something extra free to getting something cheaper.”可知，研究人员得出了消费者对折扣态度的结论，这是研究后的结果，所以此处是指研究消费者对折扣的态度，故选B。 3．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，消费者往往难以意识到，数量增加50%与价格折扣33%是相同的。A. by contrast相比之下；B. after all毕竟；C. for example例如；D. as usual像往常一样。根据上文“The main reason is that most people are poor at fractions (分数).”可知，此处是对“人们不擅长分数”的具体举例说明，用数量增加和价格折扣的关系来举例，故选C。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：而且他们绝大多数人认为前者是更好的选择。A. indicate表明；B. assume认为；C. oppose反对；D. confess承认。根据上文“Consumers often struggle to realize, ___3___ , that a 50％ increase in quantity is the same as a 33％ discount in price”可知，消费者因不擅长分数而无法认清两者实质相同，进而主观上认为数量增加50%是更好的选择，故选B。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在一项实验中，研究人员发现，当手霜以赠品包装的形式出售时，其销量比同等折扣的手霜高出73%（即使在控制了所有其他因素，如囤货欲望之后）。A. request请求；B. campaign活动；C. pack纸袋，纸盒，（一起供应的）全套东西；D. conduct行为。根据上文“In an experiment, the researchers sold 73％ more hand cream when it was offered in a bonus”以及下文“than when it carried an equivalent discount”可知，此处是说手霜的销售形式，“bonus pack”表示“赠品包装”，指包含额外免费赠品的促销包装，能吸引消费者购买，与上文“a 50％ increase in quantity”相呼应，与直接折扣形成对比。故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使交易明显对打折产品更有利，这种数学盲点仍然存在。A. blows打击；B. favours有利于；C. enforces强制执行，迫使；D. initiates发起。根据下文“In another experiment, this time on his undergraduates, Mr. Rao offered two ____7____ on loose coffee beans: 33％ extra free or 33％ off the price. The discount is by far the better proposition”可知，直接打折在实际优惠力度上是更划算的，即交易本身明显有利于打折产品，故选B。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在另一次针对他的本科生的实验中，拉奥先生提供了两种关于散装咖啡豆的优惠方案：额外免费赠送33%或价格折扣33%。A. deals交易，优惠方案；B. discount折扣；C. situations情况；D. decisions决定。根据上文“This mathematical blind spot remains even when the deal clearly ___6___ the discounted product.”以及冒号后“33％extra free or 33％ off the price”可知，此处是承接上文实验，继续说明消费者的数学盲点，冒号后是两种针对散装咖啡豆的不同“交易”或“促销方式”，即两种优惠方案。故选A。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：打折显然是更好的提议，但那些本应聪明的学生却认为它们是等同的。A. profound深刻的；B. distant遥远的；C. distinct不同的；D. equivalent等同的。根据上文“Mr. Rao offered two ___7___ on loose coffee beans: 33％extra free or 33％ off the price.”可知，拉奥先生提供了两种优惠方案，结合“but”表示的转折关系，以及前文“the former is a better option”指出“打折是更好的选择”可知，此处表示学生们没有意识到这一点，反而认为两种优惠方案是一样的。故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，零售商还可以通过其他方式利用消费者的数学无知。A. inaccessibility难以获得；B. failure失败；C. illiteracy无知，文盲；D. dependence依赖。根据上文“the supposedly clever students viewed them as equivalent”以及“Consumers often struggle to realize, ___3___ , that a 50％ increase in quantity is the same as a 33％ discount in price”可知，消费者和受过高等教育的学生都在数学判断上存在不足，即数学无知，零售商可利用这一点。故选C。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一种方法是用双重折扣来迷惑他们。A. substantial大量的；B. double双重的；C. special特殊的；D. accurate准确的。根据下文“People are more likely to see a(n) ___11___ in a product that has been reduced by 20％, and then by an additional 25％”可知，这里描述了先降20%再降25%的折扣方式，即双重折扣，这是迷惑消费者的一种手段。故选B。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们更有可能认为先降价20%，然后再降价25%的产品比一次性降价40%的产品更划算。A. innovation创新；B. price价格；C. bargain划算的交易，便宜货；D. quality质量。根据上文消费者存在数学盲点可知，他们会错误地认为分两次降价的优惠力度更大，并结合下文“in a product that has been reduced by 20％, and then by an additional 25％, than one that has been subject to an equivalent, one-off, 40％ reduction”可知，他们更有可能将这种产品视为划算的交易，故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：拉奥先生说，营销人员能吸取的经验教训不仅仅局限于定价层面。A. commercializing商业化；B. pricing定价；C. advertising广告活动，广告业，做广告；D. retailing零售。上文“that a 50％ increase in quantity is the same as a 33％ discount in price”、“that has been reduced by 20％, and then by an additional 25％, than one that has been subject to an equivalent, one-off, 40％ reduction.”围绕消费者对不同优惠方案（额外赠送、直接降价）的认知偏差展开，这些都属于“定价”，探讨了不同定价方式对消费者的影响，并结合前文“Marketing types can draw lessons”可知，此处是说营销人员还可从定价之外的方面吸取经验，故选B。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，在宣传新车的效率时，谈论每加仑汽油多跑的英里数比谈论燃油消耗的同等百分比下降更有说服力。A. fundamental基本的，根本的；B. aggressive有攻击性的；C. logical合乎常理的，符号逻辑的；D. convincing有说服力的。根据上文消费者对具体数量比百分比更敏感的研究结论及下文“talk about the number of extra miles per gallon it does, rather than the equivalent percentage ___14___ in fuel consumption.”可知，谈论“每加仑额外英里数”这种具体数值比“百分比下降”更能让消费者直观感受到新车效率，更具说服力，故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，在宣传新车的效率时，谈论每加仑汽油多跑的英里数比谈论燃油消耗的同等百分比下降更有说服力。A. fall下降；B. usage使用，用法；C. volume体积；D. increase增加。根据上文“the number of extra miles per gallon(每加仑额外英里数)”可知，这意味着燃油消耗减少，即燃油消耗的百分比下降，故选A。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是受过良好教育的购物者也很容易被欺骗。A. thoroughbred纯种的；B. well-educated受过良好教育的；C. so-called所谓的；D. good-tempered脾气好的。根据上文“In another experiment, this time on his undergraduates... the supposedly clever students viewed them as equivalent”可知，作为受过高等教育的本科生也会误判优惠方案，由此可推知，即使是受过良好教育的购物者也容易被迷惑，故选B。 Passage 2 (25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·月考)The term home schooling means educating children at home or in places other than a normal setting such as a public or private school. These days, homeschooling in America is 1 . Teaching methods at homeschooling 2 . Some parents follow a strict timetable and 3 a traditional school environment. Other parents follow an extreme form of homeschooling in which they do not give grades or tests and allow their children to study wherever they want. More parents, however, follow the middle 4 to provide a balance between freedom and discipline. Why do parents choose homeschooling? Some believe that children in public schools experience too much “peer pressure”, or social pressure from friends. They say it may have a 5 effect on the child’s studies. Other parents are dissatisfied with the quality of education in the public school. About half the parents who teach at home are 6 motivated and use lessons by mail or Internet from church schools. Whatever the 7 may be, it is evident that more and more children are being taken out of normal schools every year. 8 , many questions have emerged, encouraging the debate over home schooling against public schooling. What then is the future of education? Although children often learn well at home, weak regulations in most states mean that officials rarely challenge or 9 parents who say they are home-schooling. As the 10 continues, so do the questions about what home schoolers are studying at home. How can parents ensure that their children are prepared academically for college? How are home schoolers 11 to make sure they are getting the same educational standards that school students must have? Recent studies in the United States have shown that homeschooled children tend to be slightly better in subjects like English and art, but they are obviously less 12 math and science. Finally, there are questions regarding the children’s emotional development. Are they too 13 their fellow students? Are they 14 the opportunity to get the social benefits of being in a large classroom of students? As with any debatable issue, the answers to these questions are never 15 . 1．A．rising B．reducing C．contributing D．disappearing 2．A．last B．work C．vary D．exist 3．A．alter B．neglect C．promote D．imitate 4．A．standard B．path C．technique D．instructions 5．A．positive B．negative C．practical D．remarkable 6．A．physically B．religiously C．psychologically D．economically 7．A．reasons B．suggestions C．effects D．pressures 8．A．On the whole B．By the way C．As a result D．In addition 9．A．encourage B．contact C．monitor D．interrupt 10．A．appreciation B．opposition C．expectation D．debate 11．A．compared B．chosen C．classified D．assessed 12．A．skilled at B．ashamed of C．involved in D．satisfied with 13．A．ignorant of B．isolated from C．connected with D．worried about 14．A．losing B．creating C．grasping D．awaiting 15．A．practical B．one-sided C．informative D．acceptable 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．B 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国家庭教育的现状、教学方式差异、家长选择原因，以及由此引发的关于其未来的争议。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，美国的家庭教育正在兴起。A. rising兴起的；B. reducing减少的；C. contributing有贡献的；D. disappearing消失的。根据后文“it is evident that more and more children are being taken out of normal schools every year”可知，家庭教育在“兴起”。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：家庭教育的教学方法各不相同。A. last持续；B. work工作；C. vary不同；D. exist存在。根据后文“Some parents follow a strict timetable”和“Other parents follow an extreme form”可知，教学方法“各不相同”。故选C项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些家长遵循严格的时间表，模仿传统的学校环境。A. alter改变；B. neglect忽视；C. promote促进；D. imitate模仿。根据前文“follow a strict timetable”和后文“traditional school environment”可知，这类家长在“模仿”传统学校的模式。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，更多的家长选择中间路线，在自由和纪律之间取得平衡。A. standard标准；B. path路线；C. technique技巧；D. instructions指示。前文提到“strict”（严格）和“extreme”（极端）两种方式，此处“middle path”表示“中间路线”，符合语境。故选B项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们说这可能会对孩子的学习产生负面影响。A. positive积极的；B. negative消极的；C. practical实际的；D. remarkable显著的。根据前文“peer pressure”（同伴压力）是负面因素，因此会带来“消极”影响。故选B项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：大约一半在家教育孩子的家长出于宗教动机，使用教会学校通过邮件或互联网提供的课程。A. physically身体上；B. religiously宗教上；C. psychologically心理上；D. economically经济上。根据后文“from church schools”可知，动机与“宗教”相关。故选B项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管原因是什么，显然每年有越来越多的孩子离开常规学校。A. reasons原因；B. suggestions建议；C. effects影响；D. pressures压力。根据前文分析可知，前文一直在讲家长选择家庭教育的“原因”，此处承接上文，指“不管原因是什么”。故选A项。 8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：因此，许多问题出现了，引发了关于家庭教育与公立教育的争论。A. On the whole总体上；B. By the way顺便；C. As a result因此；D. In addition此外。根据前文“it is evident that more and more children are being taken out of normal schools every year”可知，“更多孩子离开常规学校”是原因，后文“问题出现、引发争论”是结果，“As a result”表因果关系。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管孩子们在家通常学得很好，但大多数州监管薄弱，这意味着官员很少质疑或监督那些自称在家教育孩子的家长。A. encourage鼓励；B. contact联系；C. monitor监督；D. interrupt打断。根据前文“weak regulations”（监管薄弱）和“rarely challenge”（很少质疑）可知，官员也很少“监督”家长。故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着争论的继续，关于在家接受教育的孩子在家学什么的问题也在继续。A. appreciation欣赏；B. opposition反对；C. expectation期待；D. debate争论。前文提及“the debate over home schooling against public schooling”可知，此处指“争论”仍在继续。故选D项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如何评估在家接受教育的孩子，以确保他们达到在校学生必须达到的相同教育标准？A. compared比较；B. chosen选择；C. classified分类；D. assessed评估。根据后文“make sure they are getting the same educational standards”可知，需要对在家接受教育的孩子“评估”。故选D项。 12．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：美国最近的研究表明，在家接受教育的孩子在英语和艺术等科目上往往稍好一些，但在数学和科学方面明显不那么擅长。A. skilled at擅长；B. ashamed of羞愧；C. involved in参与；D. satisfied with满意。根据前文“slightly better”以及“but”可知，但在数学和科学方面明显不那么擅长，“less skilled at”与“slightly better”形成对比，符合研究结论的表述。故选A项。 13．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：他们是否与同龄学生过于隔绝？A. ignorant of无知；B. isolated from隔绝；C. connected with联系；D. worried about担心。根据常识可知，家庭教育的孩子不在学校，可能造成与其他学生隔绝，这是关于情感发展的担忧。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们是否失去了在有大量学生的教室里获得社交益处的机会？A. losing失去；B. creating创造；C. grasping抓住；D. awaiting等待。根据后文“the opportunity to get the social benefits”和家庭教育的特点可知，他们可能“失去”这样的机会。故选A项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与任何有争议的问题一样，这些问题的答案从来都不是片面的。A. practical实际的；B. one-sided片面的；C. informative提供信息的；D. acceptable可接受的。根据前文“debatable issue”可知，有争议的问题意味着答案不会是“片面的”，而是多方面的。故选B项。 Passage 3 (25-26高二上·上海普陀区曹杨中学·月考)In the early 1920s, Ernest Hemingway was a little-known journalist in Europe. Then, in 1925, he published “In Our Time”, a book of short stories; in July of that year, he started to 1 “The Sun Also Rises”, his first novel, which fictionalized his adventures. It became the most 2 book about the “Lost Generation” in post war Europe. Hemingway became famous “gradually and then suddenly”. Eight other novels and novellas followed, as did Pulitzer and Nobel prizes. He remains the most famous American novelist of his century, 3 mentions in Google’s collection of written or spoken a texts. His Wikipedia page also gets more views than those of his contemporaries, including F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck (see chart). Why? There are three reasons. First, nobody had 4 like him before. A short clean sentence is a fine thing. He knew what to 5 , as he explained: “If a writer knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and if the writer is writing truly enough, the readers will have a feeling of those things strongly as though the writer had stated them.” This 6 style influenced writers of fiction — notably Norman Mailer, Cormac McCarthy and Raymond Carver — as well as journalists. Second, his heroes attracted famous 7 . He defined courage as “grace under pressure”: martially, for the soldier Frederick Henry in “A Farewell to Arms”; physically, for the fisherman Santiago in “The Old Man and the Sea”. In 1955, John F. Kennedy, the 35th US President, asked for Hemingway’s 8 to use this definition in his biography “Profile in Courage. John McCain, a late politician, 9 Hemingway’s favourite novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” in one of his own books: “The world is a fine place and worth the 10 for and I hate very much to leave it.” Third, and perhaps most important, Hemingway’s life became 11 . He married four times, drank hard, was wounded in the First World War, reported on the Omaha Beach landings in the second, ran with the bulls in Spain and survived a plane crash in Africa. But beneath the seeming confidence, his inner world was 12 ; he suffered from depression. That has provided adequate material for biographies and documentaries. But adaptations of his work are 13 . Fitzgerald and Steinbeck enjoy higher ratings and more reviews on their literary works. For example, The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald has been adapted into several widely discussed films and TV series. Hemingway’s heroes, 14 , are becoming old-fashioned. If so, he may end up like Lord Byron and Oscar Wilde: read 15 by a few, read about by many. 1．A．put down B．pick up C．reflect on D．work on 2．A．celebrated B．overestimated C．flawed D．impressed 3．A．credited to B．judged by C．weighed against D．subjected to 4．A．written B．spoken C．succeeded D．outlived 5．A．catch on B．spread around C．mess up D．leave out 6．A．raw B．simple C．humble D．gentle 7．A．admirers B．investors C．reporters D．copycats 8．A．invitation B．donations C．permission D．changes 9．A．extended B．recalled C．revised D．quoted 10．A．shopping B．fighting C．advertising D．arranging 11．A．misery B．legend C．revolution D．prejudice 12．A．shallow B．primitive C．delicate D．enormous 13．A．remarkable B．inaccessible C．scarce D．negative 14．A．moreover B．therefore C．however D．namely 15．A．keenly B．dismissively C．casually D．rarely 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．D 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．C 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇人物传记类说明文。文章主要讲述了Hemingway的成名过程、写作风格、作品影响及其生活传奇性。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：1925年，他出版了短篇小说集In Our Time；同年7月，他开始创作他的第一部小说The Sun Also Rises，这部小说虚构了他的冒险经历。A. put down放下；B. pick up捡起；C. reflect on反思；D. work on从事，创作。根据后文““The Sun Also Rises”, his first novel”可知，这里表示他开始创作小说。故选D。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它成为了关于战后欧洲“迷失的一代”的最著名的书。A. celebrated著名的；B. overestimated高估的；C. flawed有缺陷的；D. impressed印象深刻的。根据后文“Hemingway became famous “gradually and then suddenly””可知，这部小说很著名，它成为了关于战后欧洲“迷失的一代”的最著名的书。故选A。 3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：从谷歌收集的书面或口头文本提及次数来看，他仍是20世纪最著名的美国小说家。A. credited to归功于；B. judged by根据……来判断；C. weighed against权衡；D. subjected to遭受。根据后文“mentions in Google’s collection of written or spoken texts”可知，下文是判断他“最著名”的依据，这里表示根据谷歌的文本集合中的提及次数来判断海明威的知名度。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，以前没有人像他那样写作。A. written写；B. spoken说；C. succeeded成功；D. outlived比……活得长。根据后文“like him before. A short clean sentence is a fine thing”可知，此处强调他的“写作风格”独一无二，以前没有人像他那样写作。故选A。 5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他深知该省略什么，正如他所说：“如果一位作家对他所写的内容了如指掌，那么他可以省略一些他知晓的内容；而且，如果这位作家写得足够真实，读者会强烈感受到那些被省略的事物，就仿佛作家已经将它们写了出来。”A. catch on流行；B. spread around传播；C. mess up搞乱；D. leave out省略。根据后文“as he explained: “If a writer knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and if the writer is writing truly enough”可知，他认为如果一个作家对他所写的内容了解得足够多，他可能会省略他所知道的东西，所以这里表示他知道该省略什么。故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种简洁的风格影响了小说作家——特别是Norman Mailer、Cormac McCarthy和Raymond Carver——以及记者。A. raw未加工的；B. simple简洁的；C. humble谦逊的；D. gentle温和的。根据前文“A short clean sentence is a fine thing.”可知，海明威的写作风格是简洁的，这种简洁的风格影响了小说作家。故选B。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其次，他的英雄们吸引了著名的崇拜者。A. admirers崇拜者；B. investors投资者；C. reporters记者；D. copycats模仿者。根据前文“Second, his heroes attracted famous”和后文“He defined courage as “grace under pressure”: martially, for the soldier Frederick Henry in “A Farewell to Arms”; physically, tor the fisherman Santiago in “The Old Man and the Sea”.”可知，海明威的英雄们吸引了著名的崇拜者。故选A。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：1955年，美国第35任总统John F. Kennedy请求海明威允许他在自传《当仁不让》中使用这一定义。A. invitation邀请；B. donations捐赠；C. permission允许；D. changes改变。根据后文“to use this definition in his biography “Profile in Courage””可知，这里表示Kennedy请求Hemingway的允许。故选C。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：已故政治家约翰·麦凯恩在自己的著作中引用了海明威最喜爱的小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的一句话：“世界是个美好的地方，值得为之奋斗，我十分不愿离开它。”A. extended扩展；B. recalled回忆；C. revised修订；D. quoted引用。根据后文“The world is a fine place and worth the 10 for and I hate very much to leave it.”可知，这里表示John McCain引用了Hemingway小说中的一句话。故选D。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：已故政治家John McCain在他的一本书中引用了海明威最喜欢的小说For Whom the Bell Tolls中的一句话：“世界很美好，值得为之奋斗，我非常讨厌离开它。”A. shopping购物；B. fighting奋斗；C. advertising广告；D. arranging安排。根据前文“The world is a fine place and worth the”可知，这个世界是个美好的地方，值得为之奋斗。故选B。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：第三，也许最重要的是，海明威的生活成为了传奇。A. misery痛苦；B. legend传奇；C. revolution革命；D. prejudice偏见。根据后文“He married four times, drank hard, was wounded in the First World War, reported on the Omaha Beach landings in the second, ran with the bulls in Spain and survived a plane crash in Africa.”可知，Hemingway的生活充满了传奇色彩。故选B。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在看似自信的背后，他的内心世界是脆弱的；他患有抑郁症。A. shallow浅的；B. primitive原始的；C. delicate脆弱的；D. enormous巨大的。根据后文“he suffered from depression”可知，Hemingway患有抑郁症，他的内心世界是脆弱的。故选C。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但他的作品改编却很少。A. remarkable非凡的；B. inaccessible难以接近的；C. scarce稀少的；D. negative消极的。根据后文“Fitzgerald and Steinbeck enjoy higher ratings and more reviews on their literary works. For example, The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald has been adapted into several widely discussed films and TV series.”可知，与Fitzgerald和Steinbeck相比，Hemingway的作品改编很少。故选C。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，海明威笔下的英雄们正变得过时。A. moreover此外；B. therefore因此；C. however然而；D. namely即。根据前文“Fitzgerald and Steinbeck enjoy higher ratings and more reviews on their literary works. For example, The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald has been adapted into several widely discussed films and TV series.”和“Hemingway’s heroes”以及后文“are becoming old-fashioned”可知，前后句之间是转折关系，应用however。故选C。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果是这样的话，他可能会像拜伦勋爵和奥斯卡·王尔德那样：只有少数人会仔细研读他的作品，而大多数人只是略知其大概。A. keenly敏锐地；B. dismissively轻蔑地；C. casually随便地；D. rarely很少地。根据前文“Hemingway’s heroes, however, are becoming old-fashioned. If so, he may end up like Lord Byron and Oscar Wilde:”和后文“read about by many”可知，一小部分人对其作品充满热情地进行深入研读，而大多数人只是对其生平有所了解。“敏锐地”一词意为“怀着极大的兴趣或热情”，这突显了其核心读者的专注程度。故选A。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期末)Why You Might Need an Adventure In 2017, a scholar at the Murdoch University in Australia proposed a hypothesis about why materially comfortable humans would nonetheless be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. The universe is life-giving and deadly, and therefore, from the outset (从一开始), humans needed to embrace 1 to flourish. This characteristic, encoded in the genome ever since, may 2 itself as a tendency to adopt risky heroic behaviors. Evidence from modern researchers does suggest that framing one's life as this type of difficult quest (探索), can lead to positive transformation. In one 2023 experiment, scholars asked participants to reframe their life as one that followed the steps in the 3 journey. The researchers found it raised their subjects’ 4 ; it also made a difficult task more meaningful and improved their resistance to trouble. Beyond simply rewriting your life story, starting a voluntary challenge or adventure can bring immediate and big 5 benefits. Consider a 2013study finding that experienced climbers tend to feel happier when they climb mountains. A challenging adventure doesn't have to be physical in nature; it can equally be 6 . Learning new things with curiosity and exploration will arouse positive moods. This raises an interesting paradox that appears in this field of happiness research: People 7 a lot more happiness from high-skill activities that require learning than they do from low-skill ones that don't, yet we typically 8 the latter. In other words, you will probably be much happier reading about 9 or science than you will if you just scroll social media — so why are you still scrolling? The obvious answer is that it is less mentally 10 — and although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates (苏格拉底) will probably be greater, they are deferred (延期的) and abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of sitting on the couch watching videos on your phone. Therefore, those whose life feels dull and gray should go find a challenge that is worthwhile and hard. 11 , if you are little too comfortable marking time in work that doesn't inspire you, perhaps you should quit and start a job search. If the information in your head has become 12 to you, maybe it is time to go back to school in a new field. For a physical challenge, 13 a half-marathon in six months' time or set out to walk a few hundred miles. There is no 14 that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect, of course. And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn't be heroic; if it were 15 , it wouldn't be an adventure. The object is not to win in a conventional way; it is to wake up and be fully alive. 1．A．adaptation B．cooperation C．evolution D．risk 2．A．reveal B．conceal C．imagine D．replace 3．A．criminal’s B．hero’s C．ancestor’s D．champion’s 4．A．pessimism about life B．sense of purpose C．desire for materialism D．withdrawal from society 5．A．happiness B．charity C．career D．finance 6．A．academic B．mental C．professional D．subjective 7．A．sacrifice B．overlook C．obtain D．shelter 8．A．opt against B．amount to C．turn down D．settle for 9．A．comics B．philosophy C．gossip D．guidance 10．A．sensational B．valuable C．demanding D．advantageous 11．A．For instance B．In addition C．By contrast D．In consequence 12．A．dull B．nasty C．bare D．priceless 13．A．give in to B．put up with C．keep away from D．sign up for 14．A．perspective B．guarantee C．need D．doubt 15．A．durable B．inevitable C．remarkable D．predictable 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．A 13．D 14．B 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人类生来就喜欢冒险，这种特征就被编码在基因组中，可能表现为采取冒险的英雄行为的倾向。现代研究人员的证据确实表明，将一个人的生活设定为这种艰难的追求，可以带来积极的转变。总之，说明了冒险活动可以带来身体和心灵的好处。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：宇宙既孕育生命，也致命，因此，从一开始，人类就需要拥抱风险才能繁荣。A. adaptation改编本；B. cooperation合作；C. evolution进化；D. risk风险。根据前文提到人类会被困难甚至危险的任务吸引，以及后文“this type of difficult quest”等内容，可知人类从一开始就需要接受“风险”才能繁荣发展，故选D。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：从那时起，这种特征就被编码在基因组中，可能表现为采取冒险的英雄行为的倾向。A. reveal揭露，展示；B. conceal隐藏；C. imagine想象；D. replace取代。根据后文“itself as a tendency to adopt risky heroic behaviors”可知，这种编码在基因组中的特征可能表现为一种采取冒险英雄行为的倾向，reveal itself as...表示“表现为……”，故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在2023年的一项实验中，学者们要求参与者将他们的生活重新定义为遵循英雄旅程中的步骤。A. criminal’s罪犯的；B. hero’s英雄的；C. ancestor’s祖先的；D. champion’s冠军的。结合上文“adopt risky heroic behaviors”以及上文提到的冒险、英雄行为等内容，这里是让参与者将自己的生活重新构建为遵循“英雄”之旅的步骤，故选B。 4．考查名词短语辨析。句意：研究人员发现，它提高了受试者的目标感；这也使一项困难的任务变得更有意义，提高了他们对麻烦的抵抗力。A. pessimism about life对生活的悲观；B. sense of purpose目的感；C. desire for materialism物质欲；D. withdrawal from society远离社会。根据后文“it also made a difficult task more meaningful and improved their resistance to trouble”可知，此处是在说明英雄之旅的好处，即提高了受试者的目标感；这也使一项困难的任务变得更有意义，提高了他们对麻烦的抵抗力。故选B。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了简单地重写你的生活故事，开始一个自愿的挑战或冒险可以带来直接的和巨大的“幸福”的好处。A. happiness幸福；B. charity慈善；C. career事业；D. finance经济。根据后文“Consider a 2013study finding that experienced climbers tend to feel happier when they climb mountains.(想想2013年的一项研究发现，有经验的登山者在登山时往往会感到更快乐)”可知，有经验的登山者爬山时往往更快乐，可知开始一项自愿的挑战或冒险能带来直接且巨大的“幸福”益处，故选A。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：具有挑战性的冒险并不一定是物理性质的；它同样可以是精神上的。A. academic学术的；B. mental心理的；C. professional专业的；D. subjective主观的。根据后文“Learning new things with curiosity and exploration will arouse positive moods.(带着好奇心和探索去学习新事物会激发积极的情绪)”可知，具有挑战性的冒险并不一定是物理性质的；它同样可以是精神上的。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这就引出了幸福研究领域中一个有趣的悖论：人们从需要学习的高技能活动中获得的快乐要比从不需要学习的低技能活动中获得的快乐多得多，但我们通常满足于后者。A. sacrifice牺牲；B. overlook忽视；C. obtain获得；D. shelter庇护。根据后文“a lot more happiness from high-skill activities”指人们从需要学习的高技能活动中获得的快乐，故选C。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这就引出了幸福研究领域中一个有趣的悖论：人们从需要学习的高技能活动中获得的快乐要比从不需要学习的低技能活动中获得的快乐多得多，但我们通常满足于后者。A. opt against选择反对；B. amount to等同于；C. turn down拒绝；D. settle for满足于。根据上文“yet we typically”中but表示转折，可知，然而我们通常“满足于”后者（低技能活动），故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，你可能会更喜欢阅读哲学或科学，而不是浏览社交媒体——那你为什么还在刷呢？A. comics漫画；B. philosophy哲学；C. gossip流言蜚语；D. guidance指导。根据后文“or science”以及上文动词reading可知此处指阅读哲学或科学，后文“although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates”提到阅读苏格拉底也是提示阅读哲学，故选B。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：显而易见的答案是，它对精神的要求更低——尽管阅读苏格拉底的快乐益处可能会更大，但与坐在沙发上用手机看视频的即时满足感相比，它们是延迟的和抽象的。A. sensational轰动的；B. valuable宝贵的；C. demanding要求高的；D. advantageous有利的。根据后文“although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates will probably be greater, they are deferred and abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of sitting on the couch watching videos on your phone.(尽管阅读苏格拉底的快乐益处可能会更大，但与坐在沙发上用手机看视频的即时满足感相比，它们是延迟的和抽象的)”可知，喜欢刷视频是因为对精神的要求更低，故选C。 11．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，如果你觉得在不能激励你的工作上消磨时间有点太舒服了，也许你应该辞职，开始找工作。A. For instance例如；B. In addition此外；C. By contrast相比之下；D. In consequence结果。根据上文“Therefore, those whose life feels dull and gray should go find a challenge that is worthwhile and hard.(因此，那些生活感到沉闷和灰色的人应该去寻找一个值得和困难的挑战)”可知，前文说生活枯燥的人应该找一个有价值且困难的挑战，这里举例说明，比如工作不激励自己就辞职找工作，故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果你头脑中的信息对你来说已经变得枯燥，也许是时候回到学校学习一个新的领域了。A. dull枯燥的；B. nasty恶毒的；C. bare赤裸的；D. priceless无价的。根据后文“maybe it is time to go back to school in a new field”可知，学习新领域是因为头脑中的信息变得枯燥了。故选A。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：对于身体上的挑战，你可以报名参加六个月的半程马拉松，或者开始步行几百英里。A. give in to屈服于；B. put up with忍受；C. keep away from避免；D. sign up for报名参加。根据后文“a half-marathon in six months’ time or set out to walk a few hundred miles”指报名参加马拉松比赛。故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，没有人能保证你选择的任何冒险都会如你所愿。A. perspective观点；B. guarantee保证；C. need需要；D. doubt怀疑。根据后文“whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect”可知，冒险的意义在于不能“保证”你选择的任何冒险都会如你所愿，故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果它是安全的，它就不是英雄主义的活动；如果它是可预测的，那就不够冒险了。A. durable持久的；B. inevitable必然发生的；C. remarkable非凡的；D. predictable可预测的。根据后文“it wouldn’t be an adventure”可知，与冒险的不确定性相呼应，应当是可预测，故选D。 Passage 5 (24-25高二上·上海师范大学附属中学宝山分校、闵行分校·期末) Can you read as well as a ten-year-old? Does it often feel as if the world is getting stupider? Data 1 on December 10th by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, suggest this may not be all in your head. Roughly every ten years the organization asks adults in dozens of places to sit tests in numeracy and   2 . The questions it poses are not abstract brainteasers, spelling tests or mental arithmetic. They aim to mimic problems people aged 16-65 face in daily life, whether they are working in a factory or an office, or simply trying to make 3 of the news. The latest tests were carried out in 31 rich countries, and their findings are alarming. They suggest that a fifth of adults do no better in maths and reading than might be expected of a  primary-school child. The direction of travel is even less 4 . In maths, average scores have 5 in a few places over the past ten years, but fallen in almost as many. In literacy, a lot more countries have seen scores 6 than advance, despite the fact that adults hold more and higher educational 7 than ever before. Demographic change offers some explanation. New 8 often struggle with a new language. The native-born have ageing brains. But even after adjusting for this, trends remain discouraging, especially in literacy. Some speculate that Netflix, video games and social media are 9 intelligence. It is just as likely that education and training systems have misfired. Yet a century of technological changes has not cut 10 for people who are good with numbers, or who have a way with words. Adults who do badly in the OECD’s tests earn vastly less than those who are 11 in them. They are also in poorer health, less satisfied with their life, less trusting of others and more likely to feel that they have no voice in politics. To improve education, governments should focus on enhancing lessons for children to create more capable adults, as seen in England where younger adults’ improved scores have 12 the country’s OECD ranking. Additionally, governments need to strengthen adult education systems, which provide second chances for dropouts, support career changers, and help migrants 13 . In spite of their importance, these systems often receive 14 funding, partly due to underestimating their complexity. 15 , those with the weakest skills, who need education the most, are often the least likely to attend adult classes or get training due to time and financial constraints. 1．A．discussed B．released C．deleted D．criticized 2．A．literacy B．literature C．arts D．science 3．A．sense B．advance C．dreams D．knowledge 4．A．encouraging B．horrifying C．troubling D．disturbing 5．A．climbed B．decreased C．changed D．intensified 6．A．disappear B．shift C．decline D．extend 7．A．qualities B．quantities C．qualifications D．questions 8．A．students B．immigrants C．generations D．politicians 9．A．exhausting B．exploding C．expanding D．experiencing 10．A．degree B．extent C．cost D．demand 11．A．expert B．interested C．engaged D．confident 12．A．decreased B．lifted C．aroused D．upset 13．A．integrate B．leave C．advance D．rebel 14．A．abundant B．limited C．average D．rejected 15．A．Unfortunately B．Personally C．Thankfully D．Hopefully 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．A 4．A 5．A 6．C 7．C 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．B 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了在31个富裕国家的最新的测试表明，五分之一的成年人在数学和阅读方面的表现并不比小学生好。未来的发展方向更不容乐观。在读写能力方面，尽管成年人比以往任何时候都拥有更多更高的教育资格，但越来越多的国家的人的读写能力下降了。对此文章分析了原因并给出了建议。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：经济合作与发展组织（一个主要由富裕国家组成的俱乐部）12月10日发布的数据表明，这可能并不全是你的想法。A. discussed讨论；B. released发布，释放；C. deleted删除；D. criticized批评。根据上文“Data”指发布数据，应用release。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：大约每十年，该组织就会要求几十个地方的成年人参加算术和识字测试。A. literacy读写能力；B. literature文学；C. arts艺术；D. science科学。根据后文“The questions it poses are not abstract brainteasers, spelling tests or mental arithmetic.(它提出的问题不是抽象的脑筋急转弯、拼写测试或心算)”和“They suggest that a fifth of adults do no better in maths and reading than might be expected of a primary-school child.(他们表明，五分之一的成年人在数学和阅读方面的表现并不比小学生预期的要好)”可知，该组织就会要求几十个地方的成年人参加算术和识字测试。故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的目的是模仿16到65岁人群在日常生活中面临的问题，无论他们是在工厂还是办公室工作，或者只是试图理解新闻。A. sense感觉；B. advance进步；C. dreams梦想；D. knowledge知识。根据后文“of the news”此处指理解新闻，短语为make sense of。故选A。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：未来的发展方向甚至不那么令人鼓舞。A. encouraging鼓舞人心的；B. horrifying可怕的；C. troubling令人不安的；D. disturbing引起恐慌的。根据上文“The latest tests were carried out in 31 rich countries, and their findings are alarming. They suggest that a fifth of adults do no better in maths and reading than might be expected of a primary-school child.(最新的测试在31个富裕国家进行，结果令人担忧。他们表明，五分之一的成年人在数学和阅读方面的表现并不比小学生预期的要好)”可知，未来的发展方向不那么令人鼓舞。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在数学方面，在过去的十年里，平均分数在一些地方有所上升，但在几乎同样多的地方下降。A. climbed上升，攀爬；B. decreased减少；C. changed改变；D. intensified增强。根据后文“in a few places over the past ten years, but fallen in almost as many”中but表示转折，推测平均分数在一些地方有所上升，但在几乎同样多的地方下降。故选A。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在读写能力方面，尽管成年人比以往任何时候都拥有更多更高的教育资格，但越来越多的国家的人的读写能力下降而不是上升。A. disappear消失；B. shift转换；C. decline下降；D. extend扩大。后文“than advance”和“despite the fact that adults hold more and higher educational”中despite表示转折，说明尽管成年人比以往任何时候都拥有更多更高的教育资格，但越来越多的国家的人的读写能力下降了。故选C。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在读写能力方面，尽管成年人比以往任何时候都拥有更多更高的教育资格，但越来越多的国家的人的读写能力下降了。A. qualities质量；B. quantities数量；C. qualifications资格；D. questions问题。根据上文“adults hold more and higher educational”指成年人拥有高等教育资格。故选C。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：新移民往往难以掌握一门新语言。A. students学生；B. immigrants移民；C. generations世代；D. politicians政客。根据后文“often struggle with a new language”难以掌握新语言的最有可能是新移民。故选B。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些人推测Netflix、视频游戏和社交媒体正在“耗尽”智力。A. exhausting耗尽，使精疲力尽；B. exploding爆炸；C. expanding扩大；D. experiencing经历。根据上文“The native-born have ageing brains. But even after adjusting for this, trends remain discouraging, especially in literacy.(本土出生的人大脑老化。但即使在对此进行调整后，趋势仍然令人沮丧，尤其是在识字率方面)”以及“Some speculate that Netflix, video games and social media are”可知，本土出生的人大脑老化，并且识字率方面令人沮丧，故一些人推测Netflix、视频游戏和社交媒体正在“耗尽”智力。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，一个世纪的技术变革并没有减少对擅长数字或擅长文字的人的需求。A. degree学位；B. extent程度；C. cost花费；D. demand需求。根据后文“for people who are good with numbers, or who have a way with words”指减少对擅长数字或擅长文字的人的需求（demand）。故选D。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在经合组织的测试中表现不佳的成年人比那些在测试中表现出色的人挣得少得多。A. expert专业的；B. interested感兴趣的；C. engaged参与的；D. confident自信的。此处指上文“people who are good with numbers, or who have a way with words”提到的擅长数字或擅长文字的人，即在这些方面表现出色、专业。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了改善教育，政府应该把重点放在提高儿童的课程上，以培养更有能力的成年人，就像在英国看到的那样，年轻人分数的提高提高了该国在经合组织的排名。A. decreased减少；B. lifted举起，提高；C. aroused唤醒；D. upset使沮丧。根据上文“younger adults’ improved scores have”可知，年轻人分数提高从而提高了排名情况。故选B。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，政府需要加强成人教育体系，为辍学者提供第二次机会，支持转行者，帮助移民融入社会。A. integrate融入，合并；B. leave离开；C. advance进步；D. rebel造反。根据上文“provide second chances for dropouts, support career changers, and help migrants”指政府需要帮助移民融入当地社会。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管它们很重要，但这些系统通常得到的资金有限，部分原因是低估了它们的复杂性。A. abundant丰富的；B. limited有限的；C. average平均的；D. rejected被拒绝的。根据上文“In spite of their importance”以及后文“partly due to underestimating their complexity”可知，低估了复杂性，说明得到了资金有限。故选B。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，那些技能最弱、最需要教育的人，由于时间和资金的限制，往往最不可能参加成人课程或接受培训。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Personally亲自；C. Thankfully感谢地；D. Hopefully有希望地。后文“those with the weakest skills, who need education the most, are often the least likely to attend adult classes or get training due to time and financial constraints.(那些技能最弱、最需要教育的人，由于时间和资金的限制，往往最不可能参加成人课程或接受培训)” 技能最弱、最需要教育的人往往最不可能参加成人课程或接受培训，这是不幸的事情。故选A。 三、人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海嘉定区封浜高级中学·期末)Our drive to look for happiness is a muscle that we can exercise and develop. Almost anyone can learn to develop their reward sensitivity (奖励敏感性) by 1 themselves to notice and experience their positive emotions. To raise your reward sensitivity, begin by planning one activity per day that will make you happy or give you a sense of 2 . It can be as small as treating yourself to a favorite drink or reading a few pages of a novel. This will make you less likely to 3 positive experiences. After you’ve 4 that daily moment, close your eyes and think about where and when you experienced the greatest joy. The idea isn’t just to remember how you felt, but to enhance and re-experience it, thus 5 your memory of them, and increasing your desire to seek them out going forward. Here are some other suggestions you can adopt to develop a 6 mind-set. Expand your joy 7 : Research suggests that finding more words to describe positive emotions can prove and increase them. When reflecting on how something made you feel, try to be 8 , using words like calm, overjoyed, delighted, inspired beyond fine, good or great. Share your highlight reel (高光时刻): 9 what made you happiest can make you feel better. Spread that happiness to another person — and also strengthen a bond. Find bright sides: With practice, it’s possible to 10 the positives hidden in things that we might first see as negative. For example, if you invited co-workers to get together and only one person 11 , you could easily view that as a(n) 12 . But the bright side would be that you got to know that one person better. Keep in mind, too, that it’s normal to feel 13 with pleasurable feelings sometimes, particularly if you experience depression and anxiety. Worrying can make you feel like you’re ready to respond to threats — but by constantly 14 disaster, we miss the happiness in front of us right now. Sometimes we need to 15 like happy people if we actually want to be happy. 1．A．attracting B．surrounding C．disturbing D．training 2．A．achievement B．evidence C．blame D．impact 3．A．fancy B．delay C．echo D．recycle 4．A．enjoyed B．owed C．leaned D．begged 5．A．attaching B．exploding C．integrating D．strengthening 6．A．positive B．unsteady C．crucial D．unfair 7．A．energy B．entrance C．position D．vocabulary 8．A．identical B．creative C．precise D．advanced 9．A．Broadcasting B．Puzzling C．Immersing D．Greeting 10．A．cover B．divide C．disapprove D．notice 11．A．called to B．showed up C．stuck out D．lit up 12．A．failure B．opportunity C．reward D．surprise 13．A．passionate B．reliable C．easy D．uncomfortable 14．A．taking over B．burning out C．consisting in D．preparing for 15．A．master B．assign C．behave D．devote 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．D 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是通过训练自己注意和体验积极情绪来提升幸福感，包括每日计划愉快活动、增强快乐记忆及分享正面经历等方法。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：几乎任何人都可以通过训练自己去注意并体验他们的积极情绪来发展奖励敏感性。A. attracting吸引；B. surrounding包围；C. disturbing打扰；D. training训练。根据上文“Our drive to seek out happiness is a muscle that we can exercise and develop.”可知，我们可以通过训练来获得幸福。故选D项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：要提高你的奖励敏感度，首先从每天计划一项活动开始，这项活动会让你感到快乐或给你一种成就感。A. achievement成就；B. evidence证据；C. blame责备；D. impact影响。根据上文“make you happy”可推测，空处和“使你幸福”意义相近，由此可知，此处表示“成就感”符合语境。故选A项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这会使你不太可能延迟正面经历的体验。A. fancy想象；B. delay延迟；C. echo回声；D. recycle循环。根据上文“It can be as small as treating yourself to a favorite snack or reading a few pages of a novel.”可知，当我们完成一项活动时，可以适当奖励自己，由此可知，这样我们才不会“延迟”做这项活动。故选B项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在享受了那个每日时刻之后，闭上眼睛，回想你在何时何地经历了最大的喜悦。A. enjoyed享受；B. owed欠；C. leaned倾斜；D. begged请求。根据下文的“close your eyes and think about where and when you experienced the greatest joy.”可知，闭上眼睛回顾自己经历的最大的喜悦，由此可知，此处指的是“享受”符合语境。故选A项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样做的目的不仅仅是记住你的感受，而是要增强并重新体验那种快乐，从而加深你对它们的记忆，并增加你今后去追求它们的动力。A. attaching附加；B. exploding爆炸；C. integrating整合；D. strengthening加强。根据上文“The idea isn’t just to remember how you felt, but to enhance and re-experience it”以及下文的“increasing your motivation to seek them out going forward.”可推测，空处指的是“增强”记忆，从而有动力去追求快乐。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这里还有一些其他建议，可以帮助你培养一种积极的心态。A. positive积极的；B. unsteady不稳定的；C. crucial关键的；D. unfair不公平的。根据本文的主题以及上文的“Almost anyone can learn to develop their reward sensitivity (奖励敏感性) by ____1____ themselves to notice and experience their positive emotions.”可知，几乎任何人都可以通过训练自己去注意并体验他们的积极情绪来发展奖励敏感性，由此可知，此处指的是培养“积极的”心态，符合语境。故选A项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：扩大你的快乐词汇量：研究表明，找到更多描述积极情绪的词汇可以证明并增加这些情绪。A. energy能量；B. entrance入口；C. position位置；D. vocabulary词汇。根据下文“Research suggests that finding more words to describe positive emotions can prove and increase them.”可知，找到更多描述积极情绪的词汇可以证明并增加这些情绪，由此可知，作者建议我们扩展快乐“词汇”符合语境。故选D项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当你反思某件事让你感觉如何时，尽量使用精确的词汇，诸如平静、极度高兴、受到鼓舞等词语，而不仅仅是好或不错。A. identical相同的；B. creative创造性的；C. precise精确的；D. advanced高级的。根据下文“using words like calm, overjoyed, delighted, inspired beyond fine, good or great.”可知，不是使用简单的“不错”、 “好”或“很棒”这样的词汇，由此可知，作者建议我们使用更“精确的”词汇，符合语境。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：分享你的高光时刻：传播那些让你最快乐的事情可以让你感觉更好。A. Broadcasting传播，广播；B. Puzzling困惑；C. Immersing沉浸；D. Greeting问候。根据上文“Share your highlight reel (高光时刻)”可知，作者建议我们分享自己的高光时刻，由此可知，作者建议我们“传播”让自己快乐的事情。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：寻找积极的一面：通过练习，我们有可能注意到那些我们最初可能视为负面的事情中隐藏的积极因素。A. cover覆盖；B. divide分割；C. disapprove不同意；D. notice注意。根据下文的“the positives hidden in things that we might first see as negative.”可推测，通过训练，那些最初可能看做负面的事情中隐藏的积极因素可以被“注意到”符合语境。故选D项。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，如果你邀请同事聚会，但只有一个人来了，你可能会很容易把这看作是一种失败。A. called to致电；B. showed up出现；C. stuck out突出；D. lit up照亮。根据语境和上文的“With practice, it’s possible to ____10____ the positives hidden in things that we might first see as negative.”可知，我们有可能注意到那些我们最初可能视为负面的事情中隐藏的积极因素，由此可推断，此处指的是邀请同事聚会，只有一个人“出现”，这是一个负面的事情，符合语境，故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，如果你邀请同事聚会，但只有一个人来了，你可能会很容易把这看作是一种失败。A. failure失败；B. opportunity机会；C. reward奖励；D. surprise惊喜。根据上文的“For example, if you invited co-workers to get together and only one person ____11____ ,”以及下文“But the bright side would be that you got to know that one person better.”可知，邀请同事聚会却只有一个人出现，且与but后的内容为转折关系，由此可推断，空处指的是我们可能会将这看作失败，但是其实这件事也有积极的一面。故选A项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：还要记住，有时候对愉悦的感觉感到不舒服是正常的，特别是如果你患有抑郁症和焦虑症。A. passionate热情的；B. reliable可靠的；C. easy容易的；D. uncomfortable不安的。根据下文“particularly if you experience depression and anxiety.”以及“Worrying can make you feel like you’re ready to respond to threats”可知，在你患有抑郁和焦虑症，而且担忧会让你觉得自己已经准备好应对威胁，由此可推断，作者认为有时候对愉悦的感觉感到不舒服，这很正常。故选D项。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：担忧可能会让你觉得自己已经准备好应对威胁——但如果我们总是为灾难做准备，就会错过眼前的幸福。A. taking over接管，占上风；B. burning out燃尽；C. consisting in在于；D. preparing for为……做准备。根据上文“Worrying can make you feel like you’re ready to respond to threats”可知，空处指的是为灾难做准备。故选D项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有时候我们需要像快乐的人一样行为，如果我们真的想快乐的话。A. master掌握；B. assign分配；C. behave表现；D. devote奉献。根据语境和下文的“if we actually want to be happy.”可知，如果真想快乐的话，我们需要有像快乐的人一样的“行为”符合语境。故选C项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学·期末) Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies? Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and, 1 , the key to prosperity. David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is 2 to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not 3 . An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now 4 native English speakers by three to one. The majority of 5 in English today take place between non-native speakers. According to David Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are present. This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer Latin-based words, but in fact 6 problems are more often caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and Applied Linguistic at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spoken English interactions between speakers of the language around the world. She says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are 7 standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are 8 in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Nouns that are not plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by non-native speakers (e. g., “informations,” “knowledges,” “advices”). Other variations include “make a discussion,” “discuss about something,” or “phone to somebody.” Many native English speakers will insist that these are just 9 . “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would 10 . But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical 11 . Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) 12 position. Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites. But spoken English is another matter: Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, 13 , is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Professor Seidlhofer says, “I think that what we are looking at is the 14 of a new international attitude, the recognition, and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them, and thus always feel ‘ 15 .’” 1．A．however B．therefore C．otherwise D．nevertheless 2．A．relieving B．fascinating C．tempting D．disappointing 3．A．like B．oppose C．mind D．doubt 4．A．outnumber B．outperform C．outlast D．outshine 5．A．studies B．adjustments C．changes D．encounters 6．A．absorption B．comprehension C．disturbance D．cognition 7．A．disgracing B．improving C．varying D．perfecting 8．A．edited B．neglected C．avoided D．required 9．A．mistakes B．coincidences C．exceptions D．excuses 10．A．fear B．object C．agree D．fight 11．A．ignorance B．evolution C．correctness D．guidance 12．A．honored B．shaky C．falling D．powerful 13．A．in a word B．after all C．by all means D．on the contrary 14．A．disappearance B．emergence C．criticism D．evaluation 15．A．less good B．less educated C．more aggressive D．more impolite 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．C 11．C 12．D 13．B 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了全球英语的发展变化，包括其使用群体、语法变异等情况。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：数百万人学习它的原因很简单：它是国际商务的语言，因此，是通往繁荣的钥匙。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. otherwise否则；D. nevertheless不过。根据上文“it is the language of international business”可知，英语是国际商务语言，因此是繁荣的关键，前后为因果关系。故选B项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：《英语的未来》一书的作者大卫·格拉多尔说，把英语的故事简单地看作是北美、英国、爱尔兰和澳大拉西亚的母语使用者的成功，这很有诱惑力——但那将是一个错误。A. relieving令人宽慰的；B. fascinating迷人的；C. tempting诱人的；D. disappointing令人失望的。根据下文“to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that would be a mistake.”可知，此处指把英语的成功简单归为母语使用者，这种想法是有诱惑力的，但却是错误的。故选C项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：全球英语已经进入了一个更复杂的阶段，其变化方式是英语国家无法控制且可能不喜欢的。A. like喜欢；B. oppose反对；C. mind介意；D. doubt怀疑。根据上文“changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control”可知，英语的变化是英语国家无法控制的，且可能是他们不喜欢的。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：非母语人士现在的数量是母语人士的三倍。A. outnumber在数量上超过；B. outperform表现优于；C. outlast比……持久；D. outshine比……更出色。根据下文“by three to one”可知，此处指非母语人士数量超过母语人士。故选A项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如今，大多数英语交流发生在非母语人士之间。A. studies研究；B. adjustments调整；C. changes变化；D. encounters相遇、交流。根据下文“between non-native speakers”可知，此处指非母语人士之间的英语交流。故选D项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们往往认为自己需要避免使用较长的拉丁语源词汇，但事实上，理解问题更多是由他们使用的习语、隐喻、短语动词等引起的。A. absorption吸收；B. comprehension理解；C. disturbance干扰；D. cognition认知。根据上文“This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions.”以及下文的“caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc.”可知，此处指母语人士的表达导致理解问题。故选B项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说，她的团队注意到非母语人士在几个方面改变了标准英语语法。A. disgracing使蒙羞；B. improving改善；C. varying改变；D. perfecting使完美。根据下文列举的“Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular.”等例子可知，非母语人士改变了标准英语语法。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多人在标准英语要求使用定冠词和不定冠词的地方省略了它们，或者在标准英语不使用的地方使用了它们。A. edited编辑；B. neglected忽视；C. avoided避免；D. required要求。根据上文“Many omit definite and indefinite articles”可知，此处指在标准英语要求使用冠词的地方省略了。故选D项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多以英语为母语的人会坚持认为这些只是错误。A. mistakes错误；B. coincidences巧合；C. exceptions例外；D. excuses借口。根据下文““Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong.”可知，母语人士认为这些是错误。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：世界上许多教英语的非母语人士也会同意这一点。A. fear害怕；B. object反对；C. agree同意；D. fight斗争。根据上文““Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong.”以及转折词“But”可知，此处指非母语教师也同意这是错误。故选C项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但语言是变化的，语法正确性的概念也是如此。A. ignorance无知；B. evolution进化；C. correctness正确性；D. guidance指导。根据上文“But language changes”可知，语法正确性的概念也会变，由此可知，此处指语法正确性的概念也会变化。故选C项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那些坚持标准英语语法的人仍然处于强势地位。A. honored受尊敬的；B. shaky摇晃的；C. falling下降的；D. powerful强大的。根据下文“Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules”可知，坚持标准语法的人处于强势地位。故选D项。 13．考查固定短语辨析。句意：毕竟，他们的主要目的是让彼此理解，而且在大多数情况下，并没有母语人士在场。A. in a word总之；B. after all毕竟；C. by all means务必；D. on the contrary相反。根据上文“Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct?”以及下文的“is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present.”可知，此处解释非母语人士不纠结于标准语法的原因，“毕竟”符合语境。故选B项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：塞德尔霍费尔教授说：“我认为我们看到的是一种新的国际态度的出现，即认识到并意识到，在许多国际场合，非母语人士不需要像母语人士那样说话，不需要拿自己和他们比较，从而总是感觉‘不够好’。”A. disappearance消失；B. emergence出现；C. criticism批评；D. evaluation评价。根据下文“a new international attitude”可知，此处指新态度的出现。故选B项。 15．考查固定短语辨析。句意：塞德尔霍费尔教授说：“我认为我们看到的是一种新的国际态度的出现，即认识到并意识到，在许多国际场合，非母语人士不需要像母语人士那样说话，不需要拿自己和他们比较，从而总是感觉‘不够好’。”A. less good不够好；B. less educated受教育较少；C. more aggressive更具攻击性；D. more impolite更不礼貌。根据上文“compare themselves to them”可知，和母语人士比较会让非母语人士觉得自己不够好。故选A项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期末) The Lego Example of Cultivating Loyalty Lego has been around for 91 years, and for much of that time, it’s been one of the world’s most popular toys. It’s currently the largest toy maker by revenue, and it has built arguably the world’s most loyal fanbase. Those fans aren’t just children, by the way. There are millions of passionate 1 who still love building with Lego bricks. Of all the brands you might come in contact with, Lego has maybe the most loyal fans of all. For years, Lego has done a lot of things to cultivate that loyalty. One of those things is the company’s loyalty program, previously known as Lego VIP. Last September, Lego announced 2 to the program, including giving it a new name:Lego Insiders. To call it a loyalty program isn’t entirely 3 —it’s a lot more than that. Lego Insiders is more of an 4 digital profile to access all of the company’s digital platforms. If, for example, you sign up for one (like Insiders), you also get access to Lego Ideas and Lego Life, without signing up 5 . It’s like the digital representation of your relationship with Lego. As a rewards program, there isn’t a lot new about Lego Insiders. You still earn points when you make purchases that you can use for various rewards, like discounts on purchases, digital downloads or other gifts. There is one thing, 6 that Lego’s most loyal fans can appreciate. You can now register previously purchased sets. Every set made since 2019 has included a QR code, and you can now register them, and they count towards your rewards points. This isn’t a huge change either, except it does something really smart: Letting customers register older purchases 7 that even if they didn’t have an account at the time they made a purchase, Lego still values their business and wants to reward them. For Lego, there is no 8 in letting people earn rewards. Lego’s ability to provide benefits 9 in direct relationship to the ability of a customer to earn those benefits. There is no limit to the number of $5 discounts Lego can give out if they are based on the amount of money you spent in the first place. It’s just a cost of doing business. When you think about it, this costs Lego almost 10 , but the benefit is huge. Not only is this something every fan can appreciate, but there are also three reasons why I think this is an interesting lesson for every brand. First, Simple is almost always better. One of the best things about the change is that it makes things simpler for customers. You no longer need multiple accounts—your Lego Insider account gets you access to everything. The easier you make it for someone to be your customer, the more likely they’ll 11 around. Second, a rewards program should feel 12 . Companies spend a lot of time trying to figure out the right balance of benefits and rewards to give customers 13 their loyalty. The thing is, there’s usually a lot of math involved, but cultivating loyalty isn’t just about math. Letting people register sets they already bought is such a simple way to say, “We appreciate your loyalty.” Third, your most important job is to know your best customers. The challenge of every loyalty program is designing it in a way to reward customers for a specific type of behavior by giving them the benefits they want. As a business, you want your customers to behave a certain way-usually, you want them to buy more of your products. Figuring out what benefits will 14 that behavior is your most important job. That means understanding what really matters to your customers and giving them that. That 15 just what kind of rewards you hand out to your customers—it also involves the products you make in the first place. 1．A．kids B．adults C．students D．parents 2．A．limits B．challenges C．changes D．devotion 3．A．accurate B．beneficial C．hazardous D．risky 4．A．all-inclusive B．all-powerful C．all-purpose D．all-knowing 5．A．continuously B．constantly C．immediately D．separately 6．A．moreover B．still C．however D．otherwise 7．A．communicates B．fancies C．guesses D．suspects 8．A．obstacle B．harm C．disadvantage D．scarcity 9．A．declines B．scales C．jumps D．echoes 10．A．everything B．anything C．nothing D．something 11．A．stick B．consist C．look D．wander 12．A．demanding B．calculating C．satisfying D．rewarding 13．A．in memory of B．in search of C．in exchange for D．in honor of 14．A．abandon B．motivate C．sharpen D．conserve 15．A．centers around B．persist in C．sticks to D．go beyond 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了乐高公司如何通过其忠诚计划（Lego Insiders）来培养客户忠诚度。乐高通过简化账户管理、允许注册以前购买的产品等方式，增强了客户体验和忠诚度。文章还指出，简单、令人满意的奖励计划以及了解客户需求是成功的关键。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有数百万热情的成年人依然热衷于用乐高积木进行搭建。A. kids孩子们；B. adults成年人；C. students学生们；D. parents父母。根据上文“Those fans aren’t just children”可知，乐高的粉丝不仅仅是孩子们，因此这里指还有很多成年粉丝。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：去年9月，乐高宣布对该计划进行修改，包括给它起一个新名字：乐高内部人士。A. limits限制；B. challenges挑战；C. changes改变；D. devotion奉献。根据下文“including giving it a new name:Lego Insiders”可知，乐高对该计划进行了更改，包括为其起一个新名字。announce changes to为固定短语，意为“宣布对……的更改”。故选C。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：将其称为忠诚度计划并不完全准确 —— 它的意义远不止于此。A. accurate准确的；B. beneficial有益的；C. hazardous危险的；D. risky冒险的。根据下文“it’s a lot more than that”可知，因为它的意义远不止于此，所以称其为忠诚度计划并不完全准确。故选A。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乐高会员更像是一个包罗万象的数字档案，借助它可以访问该公司所有的数字平台。A. all-inclusive包括一切的；B. all-powerful全能的；C. all-purpose多用途的；D. all-knowing无所不知的。根据下文“to access all of the company’s digital platforms”可知，乐高会员可以访问公司的所有数字平台，因此它是一个包含一切且具有全面性的数字档案。故选A。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，如果你注册了一个（比如乐高会员），你无需另行分别注册，就能同时访问乐高创意和乐高生活。A. continuously连续不断地；B. constantly不断地；C. immediately立即；D. separately分别地。根据上文“If, for example, you sign up for one (like Insiders), you also get access to Lego Ideas and Lego Life, without signing up”可知，注册了乐高会员之后，就不需要为访问乐高创意和乐高生活这两个平台单独再注册。故选D。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有一件事是乐高最忠实的粉丝可以欣赏的。A. moreover而且；B. still仍然；C. however然而；D. otherwise否则。根据上文“As a rewards program, there isn’t a lot new about Lego Insiders. (作为一项奖励计划，乐高会员并没有太多新内容。)”可知，乐高会员作为奖励计划，并没有太多新意，因此这里表示转折，有一件事是乐高最忠实的粉丝能够欣赏的。however表示转折关系，符合语境。故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这同样也不算巨大的改变，只不过它确实有个巧妙之处：允许顾客登记以往购买的产品，这传递出一个信息，即即便顾客在购买时没有账户，乐高依然重视他们的生意，并且愿意给予奖励。A. communicates传达；B. fancies想象；C. guesses猜测；D. suspects怀疑。根据上文“Letting customers register older purchases”和下文“that even if they didn’t have an account at the time they made a purchase, Lego still values their business and wants to reward them”可知，让顾客注册旧购买记录传达了一个信息，即乐高重视他们的业务并想奖励他们。故选A。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于乐高来说，让人们获得奖励不存在资源稀缺的问题。A. obstacle障碍；B. harm伤害；C. disadvantage不利条件；D. scarcity稀缺。根据下文“in direct relationship to the ability of a customer to earn those benefits. There is no limit to the number of $5 discounts Lego can give out if they are based on the amount of money you spent in the first place. It’s just a cost of doing business. (这与顾客获取这些福利的能力直接相关。如果是以你最初的消费金额为依据，乐高给出5美元折扣的数量并无限制。这只不过是做生意的一项成本。)”可知，乐高能够根据顾客的消费提供相应的奖励，如果一个顾客花更多的钱，那么乐高就有能力提供更多的奖励，这只是一个经营成本的问题，因此，对于乐高来说，给予顾客奖励并不受到稀缺性的限制，因为它们提供的奖励是与顾客的消费直接相关的。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：乐高提供福利的能力与客户获得这些福利的能力直接相关。A. declines下降；B. scales衡量，按比例改变；C. jumps跳跃；D. echoes回声。根据下文“There is no limit to the number of $5 discounts Lego can give out if they are based on the amount of money you spent in the first place. (如果是以你最初的消费金额为依据，乐高给出5美元折扣的数量并无限制。)”可知，乐高提供福利的能力与客户获得这些福利的能力直接相关，并且两者能力成比例变化。故选B。 10．考查代词词义辨析。句意：当你仔细考虑时，这几乎不需要乐高花费任何东西，但好处是巨大的。A. everything每件事物；B. anything任何事物；C. nothing没有什么；D. something某物。根据下文“but the benefit is huge”可知，收益是巨大的，but表转折，因此，此处表达的是乐高几乎不需要花费任何东西。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你越容易让某人成为你的客户，他们就越有可能留下来。A. stick粘贴；B. consist组成；C. look看；D. wander徘徊。根据上文“The easier you make it for someone to be your customer”可知，此处表达的是你越容易让某人成为你的客户，他们就越有可能留下来。stick around为固定短语，意为“停留；呆在原处”。故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：其次，奖励计划应该让人感到有回报。A. demanding要求高的；B. calculating精明的；C. satisfying令人满意的；D. rewarding有回报的。根据下文“Companies spend a lot of time trying to figure out the right balance of benefits and rewards”可知，公司花费大量时间试图在利益和奖励之间找到正确的平衡，也就是说要让顾客感受到被感激，所以此处表达的是奖励计划应让人感觉有回报。故选D。 13．考查介词短语辨析。句意：公司花了很多时间，试图在利益和奖励之间找到正确的平衡，以换取客户的忠诚度。A. in memory of为了纪念；B. in search of寻找；C. in exchange for作为交换；D. in honor of向……致敬。根据上文“Companies spend a lot of time trying to figure out the right balance of benefits and rewards to give customers”和下文“cultivating loyalty isn’t just about math”可知，公司极力培养客户的忠诚度，他们花了很多时间来试图找出给予客户多少好处和奖励才能换取他们的忠诚的正确平衡。in exchange for为固定短语，意为“作为……的交换”。故选C。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：弄清楚什么样的好处会激励这种行为是你最重要的工作。A. abandon放弃；B. motivate激发；C. sharpen使尖锐；D. conserve保存。根据上文“The challenge of every loyalty program is designing it in a way to reward customers for a specific type of behavior by giving them the benefits they want. (每个忠诚度计划的挑战都是设计一种方式，通过给客户想要的好处来奖励他们特定类型的行为。)”可知，这里指福利会激发顾客购买更多产品的行为。故选B。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这不仅仅关乎你向顾客发放何种奖励，还涉及到你最初生产的产品本身。A. centers around围绕；B. persist in坚持；C. sticks to坚持；D. go beyond超越。根据下文“just what kind of rewards you hand out to your customers—it also involves the products you make in the first place”可知，后文说还涉及产品本身，说明不只是围绕放何种奖励。go beyond为固定短语，意为“超越”。故选D。 Passage 4 (25-26高二·上海同济大学附属第二中学·校考)I’ve been fascinated by happiness most of my life. When I was a small boy, I noticed that though many of the adults around me were wealthy and educated, they were not always happy, and this sometimes led them to behave in ways which I, as a child, thought strange. 1 , I decided to understand what happiness was and how best to achieve it. It was not surprising, then, that I decided to study 2 . On arrival at the University of Chicago fifty years ago, I was 3 to find that academic psychologists were trying to understand human behavior by studying rats in a laboratory. I felt that there must be other more useful ways of learning how we think and feel. Although my original aim had been to achieve happiness for myself, I became more 4 . I decided to build my career on trying to discover what made others happy. I 5 by studying creative people such as musicians, artists, and athletes, because they were people who devoted their lives to doing what they wanted to do, 6 things that just brought them financial rewards. Later, I 7 the study, by inventing a system called the experience sampling method. Ordinary people were asked to keep an electronic pager for a week, which gave out a beeping sound eight times a day. Every time it did so, they 8 where they were, what they were doing, how they felt, and how much they were concentrating. This system has now been used for more than 10,000 people, and the answers are consistent: as with 9 people, ordinary people are happiest when concentrating hard. After carrying out thirty years of research and writing eighteen books, I believe I have 10 that happiness is quite different from what most people imagine. It is not something that can be bought or collected. People need more than just wealth and comfort in order to lead happy lives. I found that the most obvious cause of happiness is intense 11 . This must be the main reason why activities such as music, art, literature, and sports have survived. In order to concentrate, whether you’re reading a poem or building a sandcastle, what you need is a challenge that your ability 12 . The way to remain continually 13 , therefore, is to keep finding new opportunities to improve your skills. This may mean learning to do your job better or faster, doing other more difficult jobs. As you grow older, you have to find new challenges, which are more appropriate to your age. I have spent my life studying happiness, and now, as I look back, I wonder if I have 14 it. Overall, I think I have, and my belief that I have found the 15 to its secret has increased my happiness immeasurably. 1．A．On the whole B．As a result C．To some degree D．In the meanwhile 2．A．physiology B．art C．medicine D．psychology 3．A．disappointed B．satisfied C．relieved D．annoyed 4．A．sympathetic B．ambitious C．idealistic D．doubtful 5．A．took off B．stood up C．started out D．broke through 6．A．not to mention B．as well as C．rather than D．in favour of 7．A．expanded B．interpreted C．completed D．evaluated 8．A．made up B．objected to C．depended on D．wrote down 9．A．creative B．diligent C．common D．important 10．A．implied B．proved C．promis$