专题14 构词法(培优讲义)(全国通用)2026年中考英语一轮复习高效培优系列

2025-12-09
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摘要:

该初中英语中考复习资料聚焦“构词法”核心考点,系统覆盖派生法(前缀、后缀分类)、合成法(合成名/形/动词等)、转换法(名转动、动转名等)三大中考高频考点,通过“目标导图-考点深解-命题突破-重难攻坚-练测提能”五维教学环节,梳理词根词缀规律,指导学生通过构词逻辑推断词义,结合语法选择、完形填空等真题训练突破考点难点。 亮点在于“考点分类+真题实战”双轨策略,如通过“un-、im-、in-否定前缀对比表”帮助学生辨析易混点,培养语言能力和思维品质。特设“基础选择+词形转换填空”分层练习,配合重难攻坚模块(情态动词表推测等),确保学生高效掌握构词规律,教师可据此把控复习节奏,助力学生提升词汇理解与运用能力,实现中考复习精准提分。

内容正文:

专题14 构词法 目 录 目标导图 考点深解 考点1 派生法 考点2 合成法 考点3 转换法 命题突破 突破1 语法选择/单项选择中的情态动词考查 突破2 完形填空中的情态动词考查 突破3 语法填空中的情态动词考查 重难攻坚 攻坚1 情态动词表推测 攻坚2 既可数又不可数名词 攻坚3 名词作定语 练测提能 ◇考点 1 派生法 在一个词的词根前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法或词缀法。加在前面的词缀叫前缀,加在后面的词缀叫后缀。一般情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,不改变词根的词性;而后缀往往改变词根的词性,有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义,因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。派生法分为后缀法和前缀法。 A.前缀法 这种通过在词根的前面加词缀构成新词的方法叫前缀法。一般情况下,它不改变新词的词性,只引起词义的变化。许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。 前缀法分为: 1.表示否定和相反意义的前缀 2.表示程度或大小的前缀 3.表示其他意思的前缀 1.表示否定意义的前缀 前缀 含义及用法 例词 un- “不,非”,形容词、动词等前缀 happy高兴的—unhappy不高兴的 lock锁—unlock开锁;解除锁定 im- “不,非”,形容词前缀,常用在p,b,m开头的单词前 possible可能的—impossible不可能的 polite礼貌的—impolite不礼貌的 in- “不,非”,形容词前缀 active活跃的—inactive不活跃的 expensive昂贵的—inexpensive不贵的 dis- “不,相反”,动词、形容词、名词等前缀 like喜欢—dislike不喜欢 agree同意—disagree不同意 mis- “错误地”,表示错误,动词、名词前缀 understand理解—misunderstand误解 2.表示程度或大小的前缀 前缀 含义 例词 super- 超级 market市场—supermarket超市 man人—superman超人 micro- 微小的 world世界—microworld 微观世界 computer计算机—microcomputer 微型计算机 mini- 小的,短的 bus公共汽车—minibus小型公共汽车 3.其他前缀 前缀 含义 例词 re- 再,重复 build建—rebuild 重建;write写—rewrite重写 en- 使……处于某种状态 rich富有的—enrich使富有;courage勇气—encourage鼓励 mid- 在中间 night夜晚—midnight半夜 tele- 远距离的 camera摄影机—telecamera远距离摄影机 control控制—telecontrol远距离控制;遥控 kilo- 千 meter米—kilometer千米 B.后缀法 后缀法分为: 1.构成名词的常用后缀 2.构成形容词的常用后缀 3.构成副词的常用后缀 4.构成动词的常用后缀 1.名词后缀 后缀 用法 例词 -er 从事某种职业的人 teacher教师 worker工人 writer作家 -or 从事某种职业的人 actor演员 visitor参观者 inventor发明家 -ess 指女性 actress女演员 hostess女主人 -ian 指人 Australian澳大利亚人 musician音乐人 -ist 指人 artist艺术家 pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 -ment ……的行为 development发展 agreement同意 -(t)ion 状态、行为等 action行动 invention发明 invitation邀请 discussion讨论 -ship 集体、资格、性质、状态等 friendship友谊 relationship关系 -ness 性质、状态、特点等 illness疾病 sadness伤心 kindness仁慈 -ing 活动、状态等 meeting会议 swimming游泳 reading读书 -ce 以 t 结尾的形容词去 t,再加-ce importance重要性 silence沉默 difference差异,不同 2.形容词后缀 后缀 含义 例词 -y 有……特性的 healthy健康的 sleepy困倦的 lucky幸运的 rainy多雨的 noisy吵闹的 -ly 具有……性质; 每隔……时间 weekly每周的 lovely可爱的 friendly友好的 -ous 有……性质的 dangerous危险的 humorous幽默的 -ful 充满……的 careful仔细的 useful有用的 helpful有帮助的 -less 没有,无 careless粗心的 meaningless无意义的 -ern 表示方位 western西方的 southern南方的 -en 表示材料 golden黄金的 wooden木制的 -al 与……有关的 national国家的 traditional传统的 musical音乐的 cultural文化的 -ing 描述事物 interesting有趣的 moving感人的 -ed 表示状况、心情 interested感兴趣的 moved感动的 后缀 含义 例词 -en 使变得 deepen使变深 widen使变宽 weaken削弱 3.动词后缀 4.副词后缀 后缀 含义 例词 -ly 以……方式 widely广泛地 quietly安静地 sadly伤心地 slowly缓慢地 politely有礼貌地 ◇考点 2 合成法 把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起,这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性,最常见的包括:名词合成词,形容词合成词,动词合成词。之间有的用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。 1. 合成法——名词 合成词 构成 例子 合 成 名 词 n.+ n. bedroom, policeman, spaceship, watermelon n. + v.-ing handwriting adj.+ n. first-aid, midnight, superman, blackboard, greenhouse v.-ing + n. living-room, swimming-pool v. + n. breakfast, playground, birthday n. +v.+-er book-seller, film-maker, story-teller, housekeeper prep./adv. +n. underground, upside, overcoat, afternoon 其他 fisherman, sister-in-law, take-off 2. 合成法——形容词 合成词 构成 例子 合 成 形 容 词 adj.+ n.+-ed cold-blooded, warm-hearted n.+ p.p. man-made, heart-broken n. +a. world-famous, seasick adj.+ n. full-time, high-speed, second-hand n./adj./adv.+v.-ing peace-loving, good-looking, hard-working adj. /adv. +p.p. * well-known, well-educated 3. 合成法——动词、代词和副词 合成词 构成 例子 合成 动词 n./adj./adv. + v. baby-sit, uplift , underline 合成 代词 himself, everyone, nobody, something, another 合成 副词 however, maybe, wherever, anywhere, otherwise ◇考点 3 转换法 在词形不变的情况下,把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,而没有加任何词缀,这种构词方法称为转换法。转换法种类很多,但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。 例如: dream v. 做梦 → n. 梦 look v. 看 → n. 相貌 back n. 后背 → v. 支持 air n. 空气 → v. 通风 better adj. 较好 → v. 改善 1. 转换法——名词转换成动词 许多名词可转化成动词,意思也随着有些改变。如: chair(n.椅子→ v.主持) hand(n.手→v.上交) land(n.土地→v.着陆) cook(n.厨师→v.烹调) order(n.命令→v.订购) name(n.名字→v.取名) lift(n.电梯→v.举起) picture(n.画→v.描绘) press(n.报刊→v.挤压) nurse(n.护士→v.照料) smoke(n.烟→v.吸烟) stand(n.看台→v.站)  2.转换法——动词转换成名词 大量动词可转化为名词,有时意思没有太大改变。如: try (v.尝试→n.尝试) read (v.阅读→n.阅读) swim (v.游泳→n.游泳) sigh (v.叹气→n.叹气) cry (v.哭→n.哭) shout (v.呼喊→n.呼喊) kiss (v.吻→n吻) guess (v.猜测→n猜测) 3.转换法——形容转换成动词。 better(adj.更好的→v.改善) calm(adj.安静的→v.使安静) cool (adj.凉快的→v.冷却) spare(adj.空闲的→v.节省) own (adj.自己的→v.拥有) close(adj.亲密的→v.关闭) slow (adj.慢的→v.减慢) last (adj.最后的→v.持续) 4.转换法——形容词转换成名词。 cold(a.冷的→n.感冒) back(a.后面的→n.背部) quiet (a.安静的→n.恬静) calm (a.平静的→n安静) 5.形容词转化成副词。 deep(a.深的→ad.深地) wide(a.宽的→ad.广泛地) hard(a.困难的→ad.努力地) well(a.健康的→ad.很好地) 一、单项选择 1.Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A.blackboard B.headache C.creative D.snowball 2.Among the following words, which one forms the opposite meaning by adding a different prefix? A.patient B.pleasant C.polite D.possible 3.It was an ________ trip. I will never forget it. A.forgettable B.unforgettable C.forget D.forgotten 4.Which “re-” in the following words has the same meaning as that in the word “reuse”? A.recommend B.remember C.return D.recycle 5.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “impolite”? A.blackboard B.uncertain C.chairperson D.earthquake 6.We form a new word “________” in a different way from the other three. A.firefighter B.noticeboard C.impatient D.greenhouse 7.Which of the following words is formed the same way as “housework”? A.instruction B.uncertain C.cheerful D.chairperson 8.We can add prefix “im-” to the following words to form new words with the opposite meaning _______. A.honest B.correct C.common D.partial 9.Which of the following words has a different prefix to make it have an opposite meaning? A.possible B.polite C.correct D.patient 10.Which of the followings can’t we add “un-” to give it the opposite meaning? A.happy B.correct C.certain D.important 11.To tell the ________, I don't agree with you. A.true B.truly C.truth D.truely 12.We are ___________ to hear that we will have a three-day off. A.please B.pleased C.pleasure D.pleasant 13.We can add the suffix “ly” to ________ to form an adjective. A.bad B.friend C.usual D.real 14.The old lady has been __________ for two weeks and her __________ made her son lose himself. A.died;dead B.died;death C.dead;death D.dead;die 15.“How much do you   ?”means“What’s your   ?” A.weigh;weigh B.weigh;weight C.weight;weight D.weight;weigh 二、用所给词的适当形式填空 1.My English teacher always speaks to us with great (kind). Everyone in our class likes her. 2.He offered me a lot of useful (suggest). I got the job in the end. 3.My 80-year-old grandmother is still very and even teaches others square dance. (act) 4.I would like to visit Paris. It is one of the great tourist in the world. (attract) 5.The festival is celebrated to welcome the of spring. (arrive) 6.Three quarters of say they save money for travel more than any other season. (America) 7.The twins want to be great (magic) when they grow up. 8.The flood which happened last week caused 100 people's (die). 9.Scientists didn't find anything (value) in this area last year. 10.Panda is kind of (love) animal, I like it very much. ◇突破 1 单项选择中的构词法考查 典例1We can add the prefix “un-” to ________ give it the opposite meaning. A.patient B.complete C.correct D.usual 变式1Which of the following words can’t add the same suffix (后缀) to create nouns? A.art B.tour C.invent D.science ◇突破 2 词汇/用所给词的适当形式中的构词法考查 典例2It’s (possible) for me to eat all the food in 10 minutes. 变式2She is (able) to come to the meeting because she’s sick. ◇突破 3 语法填空中的构词法考查 Do you know 1 to be a good host or a guest? Here are some 2 (suggest). A good host always tries to make guests feel 3 (welcome). Tidy up the house before your guest 4 (arrive). Open the door for your guest and hang 5 his/her coat. Offer something to drink or eat. If it is the 6 (one) time to visit a 7 (Russia) house, you should bring a gift, like sweets or flowers. Follow your host to do things. As 8 old saying goes, “Do as the Romans do.” Don’t be 9 (noise). It is good to help prepare the dinner. Remember to write a thank-you note after you leave. In a word, do things in a way you want to be 10 (treat). ◇难点 1 派生法 典例1Which of the following words has a prefix (前缀) “im-” to make it have an opposite meaning? A.correct B.friendly C.usual D.patient 变式1 Which of the following words can be added with the suffix (后缀) “-y”? A.end B.use C.cloud D.meaning ◇难点 2 转换法 典例2 He made his final __________  last winter and__________ from then on. A.appear; disappeared B.appearance; disappeared C.disappearance; appeared D.appearance; appeared 变式2 — What ______ you, dad? —I was ______ that the dog could do so many useful things for the disabled. A.surprised; surprised B.surprising; surprising C.surprised; surprising D.surprising; surprise 一、单项选择 1.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as disabled? A.daily B.unfriendly C.pancake D.dishonest 2.Which of suffix of sub-in the following words has the different meaning as that in the word of “substitute”? A.rescue B.submit C.subway D.submission 3.We can add the prefix (前缀) “un” to all the following words to form a new word EXCEPT ________. A.important B.agree C.interesting D.comfortable 4.“________” has the same word-building like “Handwriting”. A.Humans B.Treasure C.Priceless D.Wildlife 5.Which of the following words can’t add -ion to form a noun? A.protect B.paint C.celebrate D.collect 6.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “kindness”? A.rubber B.uncertain C.railway D.action 7.Which of the following words is a compound word (合成词)? A.Healthy. B.Blackboard. C.Illness. D.Helpful. 8.We can add the prefix “un” to all the following words to form a new word EXCEPT ________. A.happy B.tidy C.certain D.polite 9.Which of the following words can we add the suffix “-ist” to to form a noun? A.dance B.win C.piano D.visit 10.The following words all have the same suffixes (后缀) EXCEPT ________. A.feel B.mean C.ill D.meet 11.The word “retell” means “to tell again”; “reuse” means “to use again”; “________” probably means “to play again”. A.replay B.misplay C.display 12.We form the word “________” in a different way from the other three. A.keyboard B.kindness C.mailbox D.moonlight 13.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “toothache”? A.hunting B.careless C.unhappy D.pancake 14.Which of the following words can we add “in-” as a prefix? A.Comfortable. B.Correct. C.Possible. D.Patient. 15.Which of the following words can be added with the suffix (后缀) “-ness”? A.mean B.act C.ill D.invite 16.Which of the following words can’t be added with a prefix (前缀) “un-”? A.comfortable B.able C.correct D.important 17.Which one of the following words will be like “friendly” after adding “-ly”? A.month B.real C.usual D.careful 18.Which of the following words is formed like “careful”? A.meaning B.uncertain C.hopeless D.baseball 19.We can put the prefix “in-” before ________ to get its opposite (相反的) meaning. A.certain B.correct C.important D.possible 20.Which of the following words has a different prefix to make it have an opposite meaning? A.important B.tidy C.correct D.healthy 21.Background is a compound word. Which of the following words is formed in the same way? A.carelessness B.agreement C.discovery D.wartime 22.In the words “retell” and “reuse”, “re”means “ _________ ” A.very B.more C.again 23.The word “________” is formed the same way as “impatient”. A.incorrect B.patiently C.humorous D.pancake 24.Which of the following suffixes is used to form a noun? A.-tion B.-less C.-ful D.-ly 25.Which of the following suffixes can be used to make an adjective? A.-ment B.-tion C.-ness D.-less 二、完形填空 When I first arrived in China, I knew little Chinese. And some of the Chinese words I 1 had something to do with food. I learned the names of a few dishes, but 2 didn’t know most of the things I saw on Chinese restaurant menus. Luckily, there were 3 to help me. Nearly every restaurant menu in China has pictures of food 4 it. But many 5 I’ve been to in the U.S. don’t. What is the 6 for the difference? One thing I’ve definitely (明确地) 7 about China is that food is a bigger part of their culture than it is in the U.S. A common way to 8 someone in China is to ask them if they’ve eaten yet. Food is just a bigger deal here—and having pictures of food in menus is 9 of that. Some menus are 10 like works of art, with beautiful photos. Another thing is the 11 of the dishes. Chinese dishes sometimes have fanciful (别出心裁的) names like “palace guard chicken” or “three fresh things from the soil”. These are interesting names, but they don’t really tell you 12 the dishes are like. Therefore, it’s 13 to have pictures, so you can actually see what you are going to eat. There are 14 even more reasons. All I know is that I was very 15 to have those picture menus when I first came to China years ago. 1.A.learned about B.came up C.kept away D.cleared out 2.A.ever B.only C.still D.just 3.A.videos B.covers C.pictures D.materials 4.A.at B.for C.from D.in 5.A.hotels B.hospitals C.rooms D.restaurants 6.A.result B.reason C.choice D.list 7.A.noticed B.thought C.reflected D.imagined 8.A.introduce B.remember C.respect D.greet 9.A.part B.body C.mind D.spirit 10.A.ever B.almost C.already D.right 11.A.plates B.colours C.pages D.names 12.A.what B.how C.why D.which 13.A.harmful B.helpful C.colourful D.awful 14.A.nearly B.simply C.probably D.hardly 15.A.thankful B.careful C.peaceful D.beautiful 1 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 专题14 构词法 目 录 目标导图 考点深解 考点1 派生法 考点2 合成法 考点3 转换法 命题突破 突破1 语法选择/单项选择中的情态动词考查 突破2 完形填空中的情态动词考查 突破3 语法填空中的情态动词考查 重难攻坚 攻坚1 情态动词表推测 攻坚2 既可数又不可数名词 攻坚3 名词作定语 练测提能 ◇考点 1 派生法 在一个词的词根前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法或词缀法。加在前面的词缀叫前缀,加在后面的词缀叫后缀。一般情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,不改变词根的词性;而后缀往往改变词根的词性,有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义,因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。派生法分为后缀法和前缀法。 A.前缀法 这种通过在词根的前面加词缀构成新词的方法叫前缀法。一般情况下,它不改变新词的词性,只引起词义的变化。许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。 前缀法分为: 1.表示否定和相反意义的前缀 2.表示程度或大小的前缀 3.表示其他意思的前缀 1.表示否定意义的前缀 前缀 含义及用法 例词 un- “不,非”,形容词、动词等前缀 happy高兴的—unhappy不高兴的 lock锁—unlock开锁;解除锁定 im- “不,非”,形容词前缀,常用在p,b,m开头的单词前 possible可能的—impossible不可能的 polite礼貌的—impolite不礼貌的 in- “不,非”,形容词前缀 active活跃的—inactive不活跃的 expensive昂贵的—inexpensive不贵的 dis- “不,相反”,动词、形容词、名词等前缀 like喜欢—dislike不喜欢 agree同意—disagree不同意 mis- “错误地”,表示错误,动词、名词前缀 understand理解—misunderstand误解 2.表示程度或大小的前缀 前缀 含义 例词 super- 超级 market市场—supermarket超市 man人—superman超人 micro- 微小的 world世界—microworld 微观世界 computer计算机—microcomputer 微型计算机 mini- 小的,短的 bus公共汽车—minibus小型公共汽车 3.其他前缀 前缀 含义 例词 re- 再,重复 build建—rebuild 重建;write写—rewrite重写 en- 使……处于某种状态 rich富有的—enrich使富有;courage勇气—encourage鼓励 mid- 在中间 night夜晚—midnight半夜 tele- 远距离的 camera摄影机—telecamera远距离摄影机 control控制—telecontrol远距离控制;遥控 kilo- 千 meter米—kilometer千米 B.后缀法 后缀法分为: 1.构成名词的常用后缀 2.构成形容词的常用后缀 3.构成副词的常用后缀 4.构成动词的常用后缀 1.名词后缀 后缀 用法 例词 -er 从事某种职业的人 teacher教师 worker工人 writer作家 -or 从事某种职业的人 actor演员 visitor参观者 inventor发明家 -ess 指女性 actress女演员 hostess女主人 -ian 指人 Australian澳大利亚人 musician音乐人 -ist 指人 artist艺术家 pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 -ment ……的行为 development发展 agreement同意 -(t)ion 状态、行为等 action行动 invention发明 invitation邀请 discussion讨论 -ship 集体、资格、性质、状态等 friendship友谊 relationship关系 -ness 性质、状态、特点等 illness疾病 sadness伤心 kindness仁慈 -ing 活动、状态等 meeting会议 swimming游泳 reading读书 -ce 以 t 结尾的形容词去 t,再加-ce importance重要性 silence沉默 difference差异,不同 2.形容词后缀 后缀 含义 例词 -y 有……特性的 healthy健康的 sleepy困倦的 lucky幸运的 rainy多雨的 noisy吵闹的 -ly 具有……性质; 每隔……时间 weekly每周的 lovely可爱的 friendly友好的 -ous 有……性质的 dangerous危险的 humorous幽默的 -ful 充满……的 careful仔细的 useful有用的 helpful有帮助的 -less 没有,无 careless粗心的 meaningless无意义的 -ern 表示方位 western西方的 southern南方的 -en 表示材料 golden黄金的 wooden木制的 -al 与……有关的 national国家的 traditional传统的 musical音乐的 cultural文化的 -ing 描述事物 interesting有趣的 moving感人的 -ed 表示状况、心情 interested感兴趣的 moved感动的 后缀 含义 例词 -en 使变得 deepen使变深 widen使变宽 weaken削弱 3.动词后缀 4.副词后缀 后缀 含义 例词 -ly 以……方式 widely广泛地 quietly安静地 sadly伤心地 slowly缓慢地 politely有礼貌地 ◇考点 2 合成法 把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起,这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性,最常见的包括:名词合成词,形容词合成词,动词合成词。之间有的用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。 1. 合成法——名词 合成词 构成 例子 合 成 名 词 n.+ n. bedroom, policeman, spaceship, watermelon n. + v.-ing handwriting adj.+ n. first-aid, midnight, superman, blackboard, greenhouse v.-ing + n. living-room, swimming-pool v. + n. breakfast, playground, birthday n. +v.+-er book-seller, film-maker, story-teller, housekeeper prep./adv. +n. underground, upside, overcoat, afternoon 其他 fisherman, sister-in-law, take-off 2. 合成法——形容词 合成词 构成 例子 合 成 形 容 词 adj.+ n.+-ed cold-blooded, warm-hearted n.+ p.p. man-made, heart-broken n. +a. world-famous, seasick adj.+ n. full-time, high-speed, second-hand n./adj./adv.+v.-ing peace-loving, good-looking, hard-working adj. /adv. +p.p. * well-known, well-educated 3. 合成法——动词、代词和副词 合成词 构成 例子 合成 动词 n./adj./adv. + v. baby-sit, uplift , underline 合成 代词 himself, everyone, nobody, something, another 合成 副词 however, maybe, wherever, anywhere, otherwise ◇考点 3 转换法 在词形不变的情况下,把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,而没有加任何词缀,这种构词方法称为转换法。转换法种类很多,但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。 例如: dream v. 做梦 → n. 梦 look v. 看 → n. 相貌 back n. 后背 → v. 支持 air n. 空气 → v. 通风 better adj. 较好 → v. 改善 1. 转换法——名词转换成动词 许多名词可转化成动词,意思也随着有些改变。如: chair(n.椅子→ v.主持) hand(n.手→v.上交) land(n.土地→v.着陆) cook(n.厨师→v.烹调) order(n.命令→v.订购) name(n.名字→v.取名) lift(n.电梯→v.举起) picture(n.画→v.描绘) press(n.报刊→v.挤压) nurse(n.护士→v.照料) smoke(n.烟→v.吸烟) stand(n.看台→v.站)  2.转换法——动词转换成名词 大量动词可转化为名词,有时意思没有太大改变。如: try (v.尝试→n.尝试) read (v.阅读→n.阅读) swim (v.游泳→n.游泳) sigh (v.叹气→n.叹气) cry (v.哭→n.哭) shout (v.呼喊→n.呼喊) kiss (v.吻→n吻) guess (v.猜测→n猜测) 3.转换法——形容转换成动词。 better(adj.更好的→v.改善) calm(adj.安静的→v.使安静) cool (adj.凉快的→v.冷却) spare(adj.空闲的→v.节省) own (adj.自己的→v.拥有) close(adj.亲密的→v.关闭) slow (adj.慢的→v.减慢) last (adj.最后的→v.持续) 4.转换法——形容词转换成名词。 cold(a.冷的→n.感冒) back(a.后面的→n.背部) quiet (a.安静的→n.恬静) calm (a.平静的→n安静) 5.形容词转化成副词。 deep(a.深的→ad.深地) wide(a.宽的→ad.广泛地) hard(a.困难的→ad.努力地) well(a.健康的→ad.很好地) 一、单项选择 1.Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A.blackboard B.headache C.creative D.snowball 【答案】C 【解析】句意:以下哪一项不是复合词? 考查复合词辨析。blackboard黑板,由black+board组成;headache头痛,由head+ache组成;creative有创造力的,为形容词,非组合词;snowball雪球,由snow+ball组成。根据“Which of the following is NOT a compound word?”可知,非复合词指不是由两个或多个独立单词组合而成的词。故选C。 2.Among the following words, which one forms the opposite meaning by adding a different prefix? A.patient B.pleasant C.polite D.possible 【答案】B 【解析】句意:在以下单词中,哪一个能通过添加不同的前缀来形成相反的含义? 考查构词法。patient有礼貌的,反义词为impatient;pleasant令人愉快的,反义词为unpleasant;polite有礼貌的,反义词为impolite;possible可能的,反义词为impossible。因此选项B添加的前缀与其余三项不一样。故选B。 3.It was an ________ trip. I will never forget it. A.forgettable B.unforgettable C.forget D.forgotten 【答案】B 【解析】句意:这是一次难忘的旅行。我将永远不会忘记它。 考查形容词用法。forgettable易被忘记的;unforgettable难以忘记的;forget忘记,动词原形;forgotten忘记,forget的过去分词。根据“an”和“trip”可知需填一个形容词,根据“I will never forget it.”可知是不会忘记,选项B的“unforgettable”符合题意。故选B。 4.Which “re-” in the following words has the same meaning as that in the word “reuse”? A.recommend B.remember C.return D.recycle 【答案】D 【解析】句意:下面哪个单词中的“re-”与单词“reuse”的意思相同? 考查单词的前缀。recommend推荐;remember记得;return返回;recycle重复利用。句中的“reuse”是重复使用,“re-”前缀是“重复、反复”的意思。选项D中的“re”与之意思相同。故选D。 5.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “impolite”? A.blackboard B.uncertain C.chairperson D.earthquake 【答案】B 【解析】句意:下列哪一个单词的组成形式与单词“impolite”相同? 考查构词法。blackboard黑板,black和board合成;uncertain不确定的,certain加前缀un-;chairperson主席,chair和person合成;earthquake地震,earth和quake合成。单词“impolite”为polite加前缀im-而来,与B选项的构成方法相同。故选B。 6.We form a new word “________” in a different way from the other three. A.firefighter B.noticeboard C.impatient D.greenhouse 【答案】C 【解析】句意:我们组成新单词“impatient”的方法不同于其他三个。 考查构词法。firefighter消防员,由fire和fighter合成;noticeboard布告栏,notice和board合成;impatient没有耐心的,是在单词patient前面加-im;greenhouse温室,由green和house合成。故选C。 7.Which of the following words is formed the same way as “housework”? A.instruction B.uncertain C.cheerful D.chairperson 【答案】D 【解析】句意:下列哪个词的构成方式与“housework”相同? 考查构词法。instruction指示,由前缀in+struction构成;uncertain不确定的,由前缀un+certain构成;cheerful高兴的,由cheer和后缀ful构成;chairperson主席,由chair和person两个单词构成。housework是由house和work两个单词构成的,与选项D相同。故选D。 8.We can add prefix “im-” to the following words to form new words with the opposite meaning _______. A.honest B.correct C.common D.partial 【答案】D 【解析】句意:我们可以给下列单词中的partial加前缀im,构成具有相反意义的新词。 考查构词法。honest诚实的;correct正确的;common普通的;partial偏袒的。honest—dishonest“不诚实的”,correct—incorrect“错误的”,common—uncommon“非同寻常的”,partial—impartial“不偏不倚的”。故选D。 9.Which of the following words has a different prefix to make it have an opposite meaning? A.possible B.polite C.correct D.patient 【答案】C 【解析】句意:下列哪个词有不同的前缀使它有相反的意思? 考查单词的派生。possible可能的,impossible不可能的;polite礼貌的,impolite不礼貌的;correct正确的,incorrect不正确的;patient耐心的,impatient不耐烦的。故单词“correct”的否定前缀与其它单词不同。故选C。 10.Which of the followings can’t we add “un-” to give it the opposite meaning? A.happy B.correct C.certain D.important 【答案】B 【解析】句意:下列哪一个单词不能够添加un变成反义词? 考查构词法。happy变成unhappy“不开心的”;correct变成incorrect“不正确的”;certain变成uncertain“不确定的”;important变成unimportant“不重要的”。故选B。 11.To tell the ________, I don't agree with you. A.true B.truly C.truth D.truely 【答案】C 【解析】句意:说实话,我不认同你(的观点)。 考查固定词组。A. true意为“真正的”,形容词;B. truly意为“真正地”,副词; C. truth 意为“事实、真相、实情”,固定词组:to tell the truth,意为“说实话”,常用作插入语。D项是错误项,true的副词形式应为:truly。故选C。 12.We are ___________ to hear that we will have a three-day off. A.please B.pleased C.pleasure D.pleasant 【答案】B 【解析】句意:听说我们要休息三天,我们很高兴。 考查形容词辨析。please愉快,动词;pleased高兴的,形容人;pleasure快乐,名词;pleasant令人愉快的,形容物。本句缺表语形容词,主语we是人;根据句意语境,可知We are pleased符合句意,故选B。 13.We can add the suffix “ly” to ________ to form an adjective. A.bad B.friend C.usual D.real 【答案】B 【解析】句意:我们可以在friend后面加上后缀“ly”来构成形容词。 考查词性转换。bad坏的,形容词;friend朋友,名词;usual通常的,形容词;real真的,形容词。名词friend后面加上ly可以构成形容词,其他加ly构成副词。故选B。 14.The old lady has been __________ for two weeks and her __________ made her son lose himself. A.died;dead B.died;death C.dead;death D.dead;die 【答案】C 【解析】句意:那个老太太死了2周了,她的死亡让她的儿子很消沉。 be系动词,系动词,后接形容词,be dead死亡,延续性动词;die死,短暂性动词;for two weeks用延续性动词,完成时态;her她的,形容词性的物主代词,修饰名词,death死亡,名词;故选C。 15.“How much do you   ?”means“What’s your   ?” A.weigh;weigh B.weigh;weight C.weight;weight D.weight;weigh 【答案】B 【解析】句意:“你有多重?意思是“你的体重是多少?”考查词性转换。weigh:重,称重量,动词;weight:重量,分量,名词。第一句缺少谓语动词,可知填weigh;第二句your是形容词性的物主代词,形容词性的物主代词修饰名词,可知后面是名词,可知填weight;选B。 二、用所给词的适当形式填空 1.My English teacher always speaks to us with great (kind). Everyone in our class likes her. 【答案】kindness 【解析】句意:我的英语老师总是非常和蔼地和我们说话。我们班的每个人都喜欢她。“kind”是形容词,根据“with great”可知,此处应用其名词形式“kindness”,意为“和蔼,仁慈”。故填kindness。 2.He offered me a lot of useful (suggest). I got the job in the end. 【答案】suggestions 【解析】句意:他给了我很多有用的建议,我最终得到了这份工作。分析句子结构可知,此处应使用名词作offer的宾语,suggest的名词形式为suggestion,表示“建议”,为可数名词。根据“a lot of”可知,此处应使用其复数形式。故填suggestions。 3.My 80-year-old grandmother is still very and even teaches others square dance. (act) 【答案】active 【解析】句意:我的80岁祖母仍然非常活跃,甚至还教别人跳广场舞。根据“even teaches others square dance”和提示词可知,80岁的祖母仍然非常活跃。active“活跃的”,形容词,作表语。故填active。 4.I would like to visit Paris. It is one of the great tourist in the world. (attract) 【答案】attractions 【解析】句意:我想去巴黎游玩。它是世界上著名的旅游景点之一。one of+名词复数为固定结构,表示“……之一”,所以空格处应填入名词的复数形式。attract为动词,attraction为名词形式。故填attractions。 5.The festival is celebrated to welcome the of spring. (arrive) 【答案】arrival 【解析】句意:庆祝这个节日是为了迎接春天的到来。the+名词+of表示“……的……”,所以空格处应填入名词形式。arrive为动词,表示“到来”,其名词形式为arrival。故填arrival。 6.Three quarters of say they save money for travel more than any other season. (America) 【答案】Americans 【解析】句意:四分之三的美国人说,他们为旅游节省的钱比其他任何季节都多。空格处缺少名词作主语,根据“say”可知名词America“美国”要转化为American“美国人”,American是可数名词;根据主谓一致原则,谓语动词say使用了原形,故分数后的主语America也要使用复数形式。故填Americans。 7.The twins want to be great (magic) when they grow up. 【答案】magicians 【解析】句意:双胞胎们长大后想成为伟大的魔术师。空格处缺少名词作宾语,故形容词magic要转化为名词magician“魔术师”,magician是可数名词,主语The twins是复数形式,故magician也要用复数形式。故填magicians。 8.The flood which happened last week caused 100 people's (die). 【答案】death 【解析】句意:上周发生的洪水造成了100人死亡。空格处缺少名词做宾语,故动词die“死亡”要变成名词death“死亡”,death是不可数名词。故填death。 9.Scientists didn't find anything (value) in this area last year. 【答案】valuable 【解析】句意:去年科学家在这个区域没有找到任何有价值的东西。空格处缺少形容词修饰不定代词anything,故名词value“价值”,要变成形容词valuable,表示“有价值的”。故填valuable。 10.Panda is kind of (love) animal, I like it very much. 【答案】lovely 【解析】句意:熊猫是一种很可爱的动物,我非常喜欢它。空格处缺少形容词作定语,故动词love“喜爱”要变成形容词lovely“可爱的”。故填lovely。 ◇突破 1 单项选择中的构词法考查 典例1We can add the prefix “un-” to ________ give it the opposite meaning. A.patient B.complete C.correct D.usual 【答案】D 【解析】句意:我们可以在usual加上前缀“un-”来表示相反的意思。 考查构词法。patient耐心的,其否定前缀为im-,形成impatient;complete完整的,其否定前缀为in-,形成incomplete;correct正确的,其否定前缀为in-,形成incorrect;usual平常的,其否定前缀为un-,形成unusual。根据题意可知,usual加前缀“un-”,表示相反的意思。故选D。 变式1Which of the following words can’t add the same suffix (后缀) to create nouns? A.art B.tour C.invent D.science 【答案】C 【解析】句意:以下哪个单词不能添加相同的后缀来构成名词? 考查名词后缀。art加后缀-ist可构成名词artist,意为“艺术家”;tour加后缀-ist可构成名词tourist,意为“游客”;science加后缀-ist可构成名词scientist,意为“科学家”;invent不能加-ist构成名词,通常加-tion或-or构成invention,意为“发明”或inventor,意为“发明家”。因此,invent不能与其他单词共享后缀-ist构成名词。故选C。 ◇突破 2 词汇/用所给词的适当形式中的构词法考查 典例2It’s (possible) for me to eat all the food in 10 minutes. 【答案】impossible 【解析】句意:对我来说,在10分钟内吃完所有食物是不可能的。根据“...for me to eat all the food in 10 minutes”可知,空格处用形容词作表语,说明主语“It”的情况,结合语境可知,短时间内吃完所有食物是难以实现的,需用形容词“possible”的反义词“ impossible”,意为“不可能的”。故填impossible。 变式2She is (able) to come to the meeting because she’s sick. 【答案】unable 【解析】句意:她不能来参加会议,因为她病了。根据“She is…to come to the meeting because she’s sick.”可知,因为她病了,所以她不能来参加会议。able需要在其前面加上否定前缀un-,构成反义词unable。故填unable。 ◇突破 3 语法填空中的构词法考查 Do you know 1 to be a good host or a guest? Here are some 2 (suggest). A good host always tries to make guests feel 3 (welcome). Tidy up the house before your guest 4 (arrive). Open the door for your guest and hang 5 his/her coat. Offer something to drink or eat. If it is the 6 (one) time to visit a 7 (Russia) house, you should bring a gift, like sweets or flowers. Follow your host to do things. As 8 old saying goes, “Do as the Romans do.” Don’t be 9 (noise). It is good to help prepare the dinner. Remember to write a thank-you note after you leave. In a word, do things in a way you want to be 10 (treat). 【答案】 1.how 2.suggestions 3.welcome/welcomed 4.arrives 5.up 6.first 7.Russian 8.an 9.noisy 10.treated 【解析】本文是说明文。通过列举一系列具体建议,介绍了如何成为一名好主人或好客人,涵盖待客礼仪、做客注意事项等方面,实用性强。 1.句意:你知道如何成为一名好主人或好客人吗?根据“Do you know ... to be a good host or a guest?”可知,此处需用“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语,结合语境,用how表示“如何做”。故填how。 2.句意:这里有一些建议。suggest为动词,some后接可数名词复数形式,suggest的名词形式是suggestion,其复数为suggestions。故填suggestions。 3.句意:一位好主人总是努力让客人感到受欢迎。feel为系动词,后接形容词作表语;welcome可直接作形容词,意为“受欢迎的”,也可使用过去分词形式welcomed,表示“被欢迎的”,两者均符合语境。故填welcome/welcomed。 4.句意:在客人到达之前整理好房子。主句为祈使句,从句描述一般情况,用一般现在时;主语your guest为第三人称单数,谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式arrives。故填arrives。 5.句意:为客人开门并挂起他/她的外套。hang up为固定短语,意为“挂起”,符合语境。故填up。 6.句意:如果这是第一次拜访俄罗斯人的家,你应该带一份礼物,比如糖果或鲜花。根据“If it is the ... (one) time to visit”可知,此处表示“第一次”,需用one的序数词形式first。故填first。 7.句意:如果这是第一次拜访俄罗斯人的家,你应该带一份礼物,比如糖果或鲜花。此处修饰名词house,需用Russia的形容词形式Russian,意为“俄罗斯的”。故填Russian。 8.句意:正如一句老话所说:“入乡随俗。”old是以元音音素开头的单词,前面需用不定冠词an修饰,an old saying意为“一句老话”。故填an。   9.句意:不要吵闹。be后接形容词作表语,noise的形容词形式是noisy,意为“吵闹的”。故填noisy。 10.句意:总之,用你希望被对待的方式去做事。主语you与treat之间是被动关系,需用被动语态,be动词后接过去分词treated。故填treated。 ◇难点 1 派生法 典例1Which of the following words has a prefix (前缀) “im-” to make it have an opposite meaning? A.correct B.friendly C.usual D.patient 【答案】D 【解析】句意:以下哪个单词可以通过添加前缀“im-”来使其具有相反含义? 考查前缀用法。correct正确的,其相反形式为incorrect,使用前缀“in-”;friendly友好的,其相反形式为unfriendly,使用前缀“un-”;usual通常的,其相反形式为unusual,使用前缀“un-”;patient耐心的,其相反形式为impatient,使用前缀“im-”。故选D。 变式1 Which of the following words can be added with the suffix (后缀) “-y”? A.end B.use C.cloud D.meaning 【答案】C 【解析】句意:下列哪个单词可以加后缀“-y”? 考查构词法。end(结束),加后缀“-y”不能构成正确单词;use(使用),加后缀“-y”不能构成正确单词;cloud(云),加后缀“-y”变成cloudy(多云的),是正确变化;meaning(意义),加后缀“-y”不能构成正确单词。所以只有“cloud”可以加后缀“-y”构成新单词,故选C。 ◇难点 2 转换法 典例2 He made his final __________  last winter and__________ from then on. A.appear; disappeared B.appearance; disappeared C.disappearance; appeared D.appearance; appeared 【答案】B 【解析】试题分析: 句意:去年冬天他最后一次现身,从那以后就消失了。appear 出现,名词形式为appearance disappear消失,名词形式为disappearance; from then on 从那时起; final最后的,修饰名词;根据语境可知是从最后一次出现后一直消失,故选B 变式2 — What ______ you, dad? —I was ______ that the dog could do so many useful things for the disabled. A.surprised; surprised B.surprising; surprising C.surprised; surprising D.surprising; surprise 【答案】A 【解析】句意:——什么让你惊讶,爸爸?——我很惊讶这只狗能为残疾人做这么多有用的事情。 本题考查形容词和动词。surprise当动词讲时,表示使……惊讶;当名词讲时,表示惊讶;surprising是形容词,表示令人惊讶的。surprised是形容词,表示感到惊讶的。第一空作谓语,用动词,排除BD两项。第二空作为系动词was的表语,用形容词,表示我感到惊讶,用surprised。故选A。 一、单项选择 1.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as disabled? A.daily B.unfriendly C.pancake D.dishonest 【答案】D 【解析】句意:下列哪个词的构成方式与disabled相同? 考查构词法。daily每天的,由名词day和形容词后缀-ly构成;unfriendly不友好的,由否定前缀un-和名词friend以及形容词后缀-ly构成;pancake薄煎饼,由两个名词pan和cake构成;dishonest不诚实的,由否定前缀dis-和形容词honest构成。“disabled”由否定前缀dis-和形容词able以及后缀-ed构成。选项D与其构成方式相同。故选D。 2.Which of suffix of sub-in the following words has the different meaning as that in the word of “substitute”? A.rescue B.submit C.subway D.submission 【答案】A 【解析】句意:以下单词中的sub前缀中,哪一个与“substitute”一词的含义不同? 考查单词前缀。substitute代替、取代,前缀“sub-”表示“在……之下”或“低于……”;rescue救援,前缀“re-”表示“再次”或“回”;submit提交,前缀“sub-”表示“在……之下”或“处于从属地位”;subway地铁,“sub-”表示“在……下面”;submission提交,前缀“sub-”表示“在……之下”。故选A。 3.We can add the prefix (前缀) “un” to all the following words to form a new word EXCEPT ________. A.important B.agree C.interesting D.comfortable 【答案】B 【解析】句意:我们可以在下面所有的单词后面加上前缀“un”组成一个新词,除了agree。unimportant“不重要的”,disagree“不同意”,uninteresting“无趣的”,uncomfortable“不舒适的”,agree不能加前缀un。故选B。 4.“________” has the same word-building like “Handwriting”. A.Humans B.Treasure C.Priceless D.Wildlife 【答案】D 【解析】句意:“野生动物”和“笔迹”有着相同的构词结构。 考查合成词及派生词辨析。Humans人类,为名词单数human“人类”的复数形式,为派生词;Treasure财富,派生词,其词根为treas;Priceless无价的,为price“价格”的派生词;Wildlife野生动物,为“wild”和“life”的合成词。题干中的Handwriting“笔迹,手稿”为“hand”与“writing”的合成词,与选项D“wildlife”的构词法一致。故选D。 5.Which of the following words can’t add -ion to form a noun? A.protect B.paint C.celebrate D.collect 【答案】B 【解析】句意:以下哪个单词不能加-ion形成名词? 考查构词法。protect保护,protection保护;paint用颜料画,painting绘画;celebrate庆祝,celebration庆祝;collect收集,collection收集。paint的名词形式为painting,B项符合。故选B。 6.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “kindness”? A.rubber B.uncertain C.railway D.action 【答案】D 【解析】句意:下列哪一个单词的组成形式与单词“kindness”相同? 考查构词法。“kindness”是由形容词“kind”加后缀“-ness”构成名词;rubber橡胶,直接构成;uncertain不确定的,前缀un + 形容词certain构成;railway铁路,是两个单词rail和way合成;action行动,是动词act加后缀-ion形成名词。与“kindness”构词方式相同的是D。故选D。 7.Which of the following words is a compound word (合成词)? A.Healthy. B.Blackboard. C.Illness. D.Helpful. 【答案】B 【解析】句意:下列哪个单词是合成词? 考查合成词。healthy健康的,不是合成词;blackboard (black+board) 黑板,是合成词;illness疾病,名词,不是合成词;helpful有帮助的,不是合成词。根据题意可知,blackboard是合成词。故选B。 8.We can add the prefix “un” to all the following words to form a new word EXCEPT ________. A.happy B.tidy C.certain D.polite 【答案】D 【解析】句意:我们可以把前缀“un”加到下面所有的单词上,组成一个新单词,除了polite。 考查否定前缀。happy幸福的,否定前缀加un-;tidy整洁的,否定前缀加un-;certain肯定的;否定前缀加un-;polite有礼貌的,否定前缀加im-。由此可知,我们可以把前缀“un”加到下面所有的单词上,组成一个新单词,除了polite。故选D。 9.Which of the following words can we add the suffix “-ist” to to form a noun? A.dance B.win C.piano D.visit 【答案】C 【解析】句意:下列哪一个单词我们可以加后缀“-ist”变为名词? 考查单词派生。dance跳舞,后面加r构成名词dancer“舞者”;win赢,获胜,后面加ner构成名词winner“获胜者,赢家”;piano“钢琴”,去o加ist构成名词pianist“钢琴家”;visit参观,拜访,后面加or构成名词visitor“参观者”。故选C。 10.The following words all have the same suffixes (后缀) EXCEPT ________. A.feel B.mean C.ill D.meet 【答案】C 【解析】句意:以下这些单词都有相同的后缀,除了“ill”。 考查构词法。feel感觉,是动词,后缀形式如“feeling”;mean意思是,是动词,后缀形式如“meaning”;meet遇见,是动词,后缀形式如“meeting”;ill有病的,是形容词,没有可添加的动词性后缀。故选C。 11.The word “retell” means “to tell again”; “reuse” means “to use again”; “________” probably means “to play again”. A.replay B.misplay C.display 【答案】A 【解析】句意:单词“retell”的意思是“再次讲述”;“reuse”的意思是“再次使用”;“replay”的意思是“再次播放”。 考查构词法。replay重播;misplay犯规;display显露。根据“The word ‘retell’ means ‘to tell again’”和“‘reuse’ means ‘to use again’”可知,表示“再次……”的单词前缀用re。故选A。 12.We form the word “________” in a different way from the other three. A.keyboard B.kindness C.mailbox D.moonlight 【答案】B 【解析】句意:我们组成新单词“kindness”的方法不同于其他三个。 考查构词法。keyboard键盘;kindness善良;mailbox邮箱;moonlight月光。分析每个单词可知,keyboard“键盘”,由key和board合成;kindness“善良”是在单词kind后面加-ness构成;mailbox“邮箱”由mail和box合成;moonlight“月光”由moon和light合成。故选B。 13.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as “toothache”? A.hunting B.careless C.unhappy D.pancake 【答案】D 【解析】句意:下列哪个单词的构成方式与“toothache”相同? 考查构词法。hunting打猎;careless粗心的;unhappy不开心的;pancake薄饼。toothache是由tooth和ache组合而成的复合词。hunting是hunt的动名词形式;careless是care加否定后缀-less构成的形容词;unhappy是否定前缀un-加happy开心构成的形容词;pancake是由pan和cake组合而成的复合词,与toothache的构成方式相同。故选D。 14.Which of the following words can we add “in-” as a prefix? A.Comfortable. B.Correct. C.Possible. D.Patient. 【答案】B 【解析】句意:以下哪个单词可以加前缀“in-”? 考查构词法。comfortable舒服的,否定形式为uncomfortable;correct正确的,否定形式为incorrect;possible可能的,否定形式为impossible;patient耐心的,否定形式为impatient。故选B。 15.Which of the following words can be added with the suffix (后缀) “-ness”? A.mean B.act C.ill D.invite 【答案】C 【解析】句意:以下哪个单词可以添加后缀“-ness”? 考查构词法。mean“意思”,其名词是meaning;act“行动”,其名词是action;ill“疾病”,其名词是illness;invite“邀请”,其名词是invitation。故选C。 16.Which of the following words can’t be added with a prefix (前缀) “un-”? A.comfortable B.able C.correct D.important 【答案】C 【解析】句意:下面哪个单词不能加前缀un-? 考查构词法。comfortable舒适的,uncomfortable不舒适的;able能的,unable不能的;correct正确的,incorrect不正确的;important重要的,unimportant不重要的。ABD选项的前缀都是un-;C选项的前缀是in-。故选C。 17.Which one of the following words will be like “friendly” after adding “-ly”? A.month B.real C.usual D.careful 【答案】A 【解析】句意:在加上“-ly”之后,下面哪个单词会像“friendly”? 考查构词法。month月,monthly每月的;real真实的,really真正地;usual通常的,usually通常;careful仔细的,carefully仔细地。friend加ly为friendly“友好的”,是形容词,只有选项A的单词加ly是形容词。故选A。 18.Which of the following words is formed like “careful”? A.meaning B.uncertain C.hopeless D.baseball 【答案】C 【解析】句意:以下哪个词的构成方式与“careful”相似? 考查构词法。meaning意义,名词,由动词mean加ing构成;uncertain不确定的,形容词,由形容词certain加前缀un-构成;hopeless无望的,形容词,由名词hope加后缀less构成;baseball棒球,名词,由名词base和ball合成。单词careful仔细的,形容词,由名词care加后缀ful构成的,与hopeless的构成方法相同。故选C。 19.We can put the prefix “in-” before ________ to get its opposite (相反的) meaning. A.certain B.correct C.important D.possible 【答案】B 【解析】句意:我们可以在correct前面加上前缀“in-”,得到它相反的意思。 考查派生和形容词辨析。certain肯定的,其反义词是uncertain;correct正确的,其反义词是incorrect;important重要的,其反义词是unimportant;possible可能的,其反义词是impossible。在correct前面加上前缀“in-”可以得到反义词。故选B。 20.Which of the following words has a different prefix to make it have an opposite meaning? A.important B.tidy C.correct D.healthy 【答案】C 【解析】句意:下面哪个单词有不同的前缀使其有相反的意思? 考查构词法。important“重要的”,反义词是unimportant“不重要的”;tidy“整洁的”,反义词是untidy“不整洁的”;correct“正确的”,反义词是incorrect“不正确的”;healthy“健康的”,反义词是unhealthy“不健康的”。由此可知,选项C的反义词是通过加上不同的前缀“in”构成的。故选C。 21.Background is a compound word. Which of the following words is formed in the same way? A.carelessness B.agreement C.discovery D.wartime 【答案】D 【解析】句意:Background是一个合成词。以下哪个词是以相同的方式构成的? 考查构词法。carelessness是从形容词careless加上后缀-ness形成的名词,是派生词;agreement是从动词agree加上后缀-ment形成的名词,是派生词;discovery是从动词discover加上后缀-y形成的名词,是派生词;wartime是由war和time组合而成的,是合成词。故选D。 22.In the words “retell” and “reuse”, “re”means “ _________ ” A.very B.more C.again 【答案】C 【解析】句意:在单词“复述”和“再次使用”中,“re”意思是“再”。 考查构词法。very非常;more更多;again再,又。根据“retell” 意思为“复述”; “reuse”的意思为“再次利用”,可知re作前缀,表示“再”、“重新”、“重复”的意思,故选C。 23.The word “________” is formed the same way as “impatient”. A.incorrect B.patiently C.humorous D.pancake 【答案】A 【解析】句意:“incorrect”一词的构成与“impatient”相同。 考查构词方式。incorrect不正确的,in为前缀,表否定;patiently耐心地,为副词,是由形容词patient词尾加ly构成;humorous幽默的,由名词humor加ous构成;pancake煎饼,由pan+cake构成。impatient中im是前缀,表否定,与incorrect构成方式相同。故选A。 24.Which of the following suffixes is used to form a noun? A.-tion B.-less C.-ful D.-ly 【答案】A 【解析】句意:下列哪个后缀用来构成名词? 考查后缀。-tion用来构成名词的后缀;-less用来构成形容词的后缀;-ful用来构成形容词的后缀;-ly用来构成形容词或者副词的后缀。本题问的是名词的后缀。故选A。 25.Which of the following suffixes can be used to make an adjective? A.-ment B.-tion C.-ness D.-less 【答案】D 【解析】句意:下列哪个后缀可以用来构成形容词? 考查词缀知识。-ment通常用于构成名词,如enjoyment“享受”;-tion常用于构成名词,如action“行动”;-ness常用于构成名词,如happiness“幸福”;-less则常用于构成形容词,如endless“无尽的”。故选D。 二、完形填空 When I first arrived in China, I knew little Chinese. And some of the Chinese words I 1 had something to do with food. I learned the names of a few dishes, but 2 didn’t know most of the things I saw on Chinese restaurant menus. Luckily, there were 3 to help me. Nearly every restaurant menu in China has pictures of food 4 it. But many 5 I’ve been to in the U.S. don’t. What is the 6 for the difference? One thing I’ve definitely (明确地) 7 about China is that food is a bigger part of their culture than it is in the U.S. A common way to 8 someone in China is to ask them if they’ve eaten yet. Food is just a bigger deal here—and having pictures of food in menus is 9 of that. Some menus are 10 like works of art, with beautiful photos. Another thing is the 11 of the dishes. Chinese dishes sometimes have fanciful (别出心裁的) names like “palace guard chicken” or “three fresh things from the soil”. These are interesting names, but they don’t really tell you 12 the dishes are like. Therefore, it’s 13 to have pictures, so you can actually see what you are going to eat. There are 14 even more reasons. All I know is that I was very 15 to have those picture menus when I first came to China years ago. 1.A.learned about B.came up C.kept away D.cleared out 2.A.ever B.only C.still D.just 3.A.videos B.covers C.pictures D.materials 4.A.at B.for C.from D.in 5.A.hotels B.hospitals C.rooms D.restaurants 6.A.result B.reason C.choice D.list 7.A.noticed B.thought C.reflected D.imagined 8.A.introduce B.remember C.respect D.greet 9.A.part B.body C.mind D.spirit 10.A.ever B.almost C.already D.right 11.A.plates B.colours C.pages D.names 12.A.what B.how C.why D.which 13.A.harmful B.helpful C.colourful D.awful 14.A.nearly B.simply C.probably D.hardly 15.A.thankful B.careful C.peaceful D.beautiful 【答案】 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.A 【解析】本文讲述了作者初到中国时因中文不好,在餐厅点餐遇到困难,而带有图片的中文菜单帮其解决了问题,进而分析了中国餐厅菜单带图片与美国餐厅菜单不带图片的差异原因。 1.句意:我了解到的一些中文词汇都和食物有关。 learned about了解,知道;came up出现,发生;kept away远离;cleared out清理,整理。根据前文“When I first arrived in China, I knew little Chinese.”以及后文“I learned the names of a few dishes”可知,此处是指作者所了解到的中文词汇,结合语境,learned about符合句意。故选A。 2.句意:我认识一些菜名,但餐厅菜单上的大部分东西我还是不认识。 ever曾经;only仅仅;still仍然,还是;just只是,正好。根据前文“I learned the names of a few dishes”以及转折连词“but”可知,此处表示虽然认识一些菜名,但大部分还是不认识,still能体现出这种递进的语义。故选C。 3.句意:幸运的是,有东西能帮到我。 videos视频;covers封面;pictures图片;materials材料。结合后文“Nearly every restaurant menu in China has pictures of food”可知,此处指的是能帮助作者的东西是图片,pictures符合语境。故选C。 4.句意:中国几乎每家餐厅的菜单上都有食物的图片。 at在;for为了;from来自;in在……里面。根据“nearly every restaurant menu in China has pictures of food…it”可知,此处表示“在菜单上”,用介词in,in it指代“在菜单里”。故选D。 5.句意:但我去过的美国的很多餐厅却没有。 hotels酒店;hospitals医院;rooms房间;restaurants餐厅。根据“nearly every restaurant menu in China has pictures of food…it”可知,前文一直在讨论中国餐厅的菜单,此处通过“but”进行转折,对比的应是美国的餐厅,restaurants与前文的restaurant相呼应。故选D。 6.句意:产生这种差异的原因是什么呢? result结果;reason原因;choice选择;list清单。根据后文内容,作者一直在分析中国和美国餐厅菜单差异的缘由,所以此处是在询问差异的原因,reason符合句意。故选B。 7.句意:关于中国,我明确注意到的一点是,食物在他们的文化中所占的比重比在美国大得多。 noticed注意到;thought认为;reflected反映;imagined想象。根据后文“food is a bigger part of their culture than it is in the U.S.”可知,这是作者在中国观察到的现象,noticed表示“注意到”,符合语境。故选A。 8.句意:在中国,问候别人的一种常见方式是问他们吃饭了没有。 introduce介绍;remember记得;respect尊重;greet问候。根据“ask them if they’ve eaten yet”可知,这是中国人问候他人的一种方式,greet符合语义。故选D。 9.句意:食物在这里是件更重要的事——菜单上有食物图片就是其中的一部分。 part部分;body身体;mind头脑;spirit精神。根据前文“food is a bigger part of their culture”可知,菜单带图片是食物在文化中占重要地位的一种体现,是其中的一部分,part符合语境。故选A。 10.句意:有些菜单配上精美的照片,几乎就像艺术品。 ever曾经;almost几乎;already已经;right正确地。结合“like works of art, with beautiful photos”可知,菜单因精美的照片,差不多能达到艺术品的程度,almost表示“几乎”,符合句意。故选B。 11.句意:另一个原因是菜名。 plates盘子;colours颜色;pages页码;names名字。根据后文“Chinese dishes sometimes have fanciful names like ‘palace guard chicken’ or ‘three fresh things from the soil’”可知,此处说的是菜名的问题,names符合语境。故选D。 12.句意:这些名字很有趣,但它们并没有真正告诉你这些菜是什么样的。 what什么;how怎样;why为什么;which哪一个。根据“they don’t really tell you…the dishes are like”可知,此处是宾语从句,从句中like是介词,缺少宾语,用what引导,what the dishes are like表示“菜是什么样的”。故选A。 13.句意:因此,有图片是很有帮助的,这样你就能清楚地看到你要点的食物了。 harmful有害的;helpful有帮助的;colourful色彩鲜艳的;awful糟糕的。根据“so you can actually see what you are going to eat”可知,图片能让人们看到食物的样子,是有帮助的,helpful符合句意。故选B。 14.句意:可能还有更多的原因。 nearly几乎;simply仅仅;probably可能;hardly几乎不。前文作者分析了两个原因,此处表示除此之外,或许还有其他原因,probably表示推测,符合语境。故选C。 15.句意:我只知道,几年前我刚到中国的时候,能有这些带图片的菜单,我非常感激。 thankful感激的;careful仔细的;peaceful平静的;beautiful美丽的。根据前文可知,带图片的菜单帮作者解决了点餐难题,所以作者对此是感激的,thankful符合语义。故选A。 1 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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