高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 35 介词之比较 清单-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项

2025-12-07
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 高三
章节 -
类型 学案-知识清单
知识点 介词
使用场景 高考复习-一轮复习
学年 2026-2027
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 DOCX
文件大小 87 KB
发布时间 2025-12-07
更新时间 2025-12-08
作者 匿名
品牌系列 -
审核时间 2025-12-07
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来源 学科网

摘要:

该高中英语高考复习知识清单聚焦核心语法中介词比较专题,系统整理75组易混淆介词用法,涵盖空间介词(across/through)、时间介词(at/in/on)、固定搭配介词(instead of/instead)等关键范畴,构建介词辨析知识网络。 清单采用对比表格呈现介词差异,如above强调高度、beyond强调限度,配典型例句解析语境用法,培养学生语言能力与思维品质。设高频考点星级标注及错题警示,如at the end of与by the end of的时态差异提示,助力学生自主梳理难点,教师可据此精准指导复习,提升备考效率。

内容正文:

高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 35 介词之比较 1 above 与 beyond 在此之区别 有一读者问: 为什么下面第一道题应填 beyond ,而第二道题则应填 above: (1)The question is_________me. (2)The problem is difficult, but it is not_________the students. 总的说来, above 强调“超出高度 (altitude)”, beyond 强调“超出限度 (limit)或范围 (extent)”。其后接指人的宾语时, above 常侧重“超出某人的水平”或“超出某人的理解能力”,所以上述句(2)填 above 较好; beyond 则常侧重“超出某人的能力范围”,所以上述句(1)填 beyond 较好。又, beyond me 似已成为习惯说法,如我们常说: (3)It's beyond me. 英语里也可说 above me ,但比较强调“超出我的理解力”,如: (4)The book is above me . (5)What he said was quite above me . 这当然只是指全句主语表示事物或抽象概念时而言,全句主语如指人则是另一回事了。 2 across与through不同 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: (1)The small river runs_________the forest quietly. A. in B. across C. through D. on 应选B还是C? 有人说across指“横过”,through指“通过”,方向垂直。但词典中却有这样一例: (2)The river flows from west to east through the city. 不知作何解释。 介词across的确常意指“横过”,一般强调从一边横向到另一边,遂即停止,如横过一条街、一条河等,实例如: (3)He went across the street. (强调过街为止,至于过街后如何,那就是另外一回事了) (4)There is a bridge across the river. 介词through的本义是“穿过”或“通过”,可意为直穿过,也可意为横穿过,也可意为斜穿过,穿过之后一般并不就此停止,上述句(2)即是一例。再如: (5)We drove through the town. (6)The rain poured through a hole in the roof. 由此可见,上述句(1)应选用through。 3 这里用 through 与用 across 有何不同? 有一读者问:有这样两句话: (1)An Arab was walking alone through the desert ... (2)It winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains,through valleys ... 为什么在 desert(s)之前一个用 through,一个用 across? through 和 across 皆可译作“穿过”或“越过”,用在 desert 之前。但 throught the desert 强调“穿过沙漠的范围”,across the desert 强调“横过沙漠的表面”。 4 这里应选什么介词? 问:有这样一道选择题: The river's mouth is 220 miles wide, ocean-going ships can travel 1,000 miles_________the river. A. along B. up C. down D. by 应选A还是应选C? 从上下文来看显然应选C, 以表远洋船只可“沿江而上”1,000英里。 5 为何用after而不用in? 有一读者问: 有这样三个句子: (1)Wang Bing is leaving the USA after two years. (2)Yang Pei is leaving Australia after two years. (3)Peter and Bill are leaving China after three years. 这里为何不用in而用after? 这里既可用in亦可用after。但二者是有区别的。in two years可意为“两年之后”,亦可意为“两年之内”。而after two years则只有一个意思,即“两年之后”。 6 as for, as to, as far as...is concerned 有一读者问: as for, as to 和 as far as...is concerned 有何区别?可否通用? 这三种说法有时是可以通用的,且看下面三个句子: (1)As for me, I am not satisfied. (2)As to me, I am not satisfied. (3)As far as I am concerned , I am not satisfied. 这三个句子中的 as for, as to 和as far as...be concerned有几个共同点:1.皆意谓“就……而论”;2.皆是一种补充性声明,用以引起人们的注意;3.皆用作状语,位于句首。然而,上述三种说法并不完全等同,它们是各有其特点的。现将它们各自的特点分别作一探讨。 让我们先谈 as for。这是一短语介词,其后须接名词或代词。它有以下几个特点: 1. 它一般皆位于句首,意谓“就……而论,至于”,如上述句(1)。它很少位于句中,我们只见到过一例如下: (4)He inquired as for my health. 2. 它常用来表示新的前文未提到过的事物(但也有用以表示前文已提到过的事物的情况),如: (5)I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death. (摘自美国政治家 Patrick Henry 1775年所作的演说) (6)Much pasture land is under water; and as for the grain, most of that has been ruined. (as for 常与 and 连用) 3. 它较 as to 更加具有强调的意味,而且可有轻蔑、消极、不甚重要等含义,如: (7)I've invited Andy, Bob and Mark. As for Stephen, I don't care if I never see him again in my life. (8)The main dish was palatable, but as for the soup and the dessert...! (as for 常与 but 连用) (9)That's the answer. As for the cause, how do I know? (10)As for the rest of my infancy, there being nothing in it remarkable, I shall pass it over in silence. 4. as for 有时可省去,如: (11)Myself, I wouldn't take any notice of her. (myself 之前省去了 as for) 5. 有些人说它的使用频率要高于 as to。 as to 也是一个短语介词,其后须接名词或代词,它有以下几特点: 1. 它不但可位于句首,如上述句(2),而且可以位于句中。位于句首时意谓“就……而论,至于”,常用以表示前文已提到过的或是已被料到的事物(但也有表示前文未提到过的事物的情况),如: (12)As to that, I haven't decided yet. (13)As to Smith, it is impossible to guess what line he will take. (14)As to the journey, we must decide about that later. (15)As to your suggestion that I fly out to see you, I don't think this would be a good idea. 2. as to 位于句中时,则意谓“关于”。它可置于名(代)词之后,动词之后以及形容词之后,如: (16)I have no opinion as to the result. (置于名词之后。置于代词之后的情况见上述句(2)) (17)I doubted as to the last article of this eulogy. (置于动词之后) (18)The worst thing you can do to an author is to be silent as to his works. (置于形容词之后) 3. 位于句中的 as to 除可后接单词外,还常后接间接疑问句,尤常后接 whether 引导的从句,如: (19)As to whether he will consent, it is still too early to say. (20)They disagree as to how he works. (21)As to why they gave up the project, I'm still wondering. (22)I have often wondered as to where the money had vanished. (23)I could not help speculating as to who was going to fill the vacancy. (24)When in doubt as to which answer is right, follow the text. (25)As to what he is going to do, I did not ask him. 4. 有人认为同位语前的 as to 是多余的,尤其是 whether 引导的同位语之前的 as to,如: (26)There is some question as to whether the bill will pass. 但是也有人对此有不同的看法。他们说即使英语学者的著作也不免有用此所谓“多余的” as to 的情况。他们还说,除打电报时不用“多余的” as to 之外,其它场合用不用,还是听凭于个人的好恶吧。 5. 有人认为位于句中的 as to 常被滥用,应被别的介词所替代,如常可被 about ,concerning 所替代。例如上述句(16)与(18)中的 as to 即可代之以 about ,再如下面一句中的 as to 可以代之以 concerning: (27)The manufacturer complains that everything as to the future is left to the whim of the Board of Trade. 6. 注意位于句中的 as to 有时并不意谓“关于”,如: (28)He so behaved as to impress company favorably. (as to 在此与 so 连用,表示目的) (29)Transport rates vary both as to distance and as to weight. (as to 在此意谓“与……成比例”) 最后谈谈 as far as ... be concerned。 它也是一种用作句子状语的说法,其义是“就……而论”。 as far as 之后须接名词或代词,例除上述句(3)除外,再如: (30)As far as the weather is concerned , I do not think it matters. (31)As far as money is concerned , I'm in the hands of the bank manager. 这一说法的特点有: 1. 它不但可位于句首,亦可位于句中,如: (32)It does not matter how clean we are as far as breathing is concerned . 2. 亦可说 so far as...be concerned ,其义与 as far as...be concerned 完全一样,如: (33)I didn't enjoy the movie, and so far as that is concerned , I never like horror movies. 3. 第一个 as 在口语中可省去,如: (34)Far as he's concerned , every man wearing a badge is a fascist, a crook, or a hustler. (far 前省去 as) 4. 由于 as (so)far as...be concerned 这一说法比较笨重,因而在当代英语中往往省去了 be concerned ,只剩下 as (so)far as ,如: (35)As far as temperament , the Abyssinian cat is a most affectionate and loving companion. (36)As far as raising kids, he didn't have a clue. (37)So far as the program, it will be developed later. 但这种缩略形式到现在似乎仍停留在非正式英语中,在书面语中仍是不省去 be concerned 的好。 5. 注意 as far as...be concerned 中的 be 有时与其前的名(代)词的数并不一致,尤其在口语中,如: (38)As far as Adams and Mr. Cohn is concerned ...(应为 are) (39)As far as the infiltration of the armed services were concerned ...(应为 was ,但这里的 were 也可能是由于受到了其前的复数名词 services 的影响之故) 6. as far as...be concerned 还有两种变体:一种是 as far as...goes (went 等),实例如: (40)His account is true as far as it goes . 另一种变体是 as far as concerns...,由于较为少见,这里就恕不举例了。 7 apart from 与 aside from 有什么不同? 有一读者问: apart from 与 aside from 有何不同? apart from 与 aside from 用作短语介词时,其意义与用法无甚不同,只是前者通用于英美两国,而后者则多用于美国而已。 apart from (或aside from)的用法值得我们注意的倒是:它除意谓“分开”“远离”外,有时还相当于“除开”(except for),如: (1)Apart from Patrick, the car is empty. 有时则相当于“撇开……不说”(besides),如: (2)Apart from the injury to his face and hands, he broke both legs. 8 at the end of the week 与 by the end of the week 之区别 有一读者问:有这样一道题: I'll visit you_________the end of the week. A. at B. by C. to D. till 答案为A,但我认为B也对,你看呢? 对。但二者意义上稍有不同。at the end of the week 意为“在周末”, by the end of the week 意指“临近,不迟于,最迟到”,有 before 的含义。 9 再谈 by the end of 与 at the end of 的区别 有一读者问:我想知道 by the end of 与 at the end of 的区别。有人说by the end of 常和完成时态连用,at the end of 则常和一般时态连用。但高中英语第一册却有这样一句话: (1)At the end of six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. 句中的 at the end of...之后却用了过去完成时 had learned, 请解答。 at the end of 后接时间词时,它与 by the end of (此短语常后接时间词)的区别不在于它们与什么时态连用,而在于 at 与 by的含义不同。at 表“在或正是在”, by 表“在……之前或不到”。所以你所引的句子中的 at the end of six months 的意思是“在6个月的末尾”, 如用 by the end of six months, 它的意思则是“在6个月之前或不到6个月”。 “by the end of + 时间词”确是常与完成时连用,但也可与其他一些时态连用,这里只举它可与过去一般时连用一例如下: (2)The plants appeared wilted initially, but regained their vigor by the end of the 24-hour experimental period. 同样,“at the end of + 时间词”也不但可与一般时态等连用,它也可与完成时态连用,你所引用的上述句(1)即是一例。 你可能会问, by the end of 和 at the end of 既可与过去完成时连用,亦可与过去一般时连用,那么这两种时态又有什么不同呢?它们的不同之处在于过去完成时强调完成及其结果,过去一般时则只表述一个单纯的事实。 10 at night 与 in the night 有何不同? 有一读者问:at night 与 in the night 有何不同? at night 表一时点。它首先多指傍晚或黄昏至午夜的时刻,如: (1)He arrived at ten at night . (2)I never read at night so as not to injure my eyes. (3)He often calls to see me at night . (4)Is that programme at ten o'clock in the morning or at ten o'clock at night ? at night 常与 late 或 early 连用,如: (5)I don't like going out alone late at night . (6)I go to bed early at night . at night 表傍晚时甚至可从下班后开始,如: (7)Come home from work at night . 其次, at night 作为一时点亦可表整个夜间与at day或by day相对,如: (8)Owls are most active at night . (9)The moon shines at night . (10)Nurses often have to work at night . (11)Keep a light on at night . at night 表整个夜间时常与 sleep 连用,如: (12)I do not sleep well at night . (13)Try these pills if you can't sleep at night . 再次, at night 常与 during the day 等相对比,如: (14)He works in an office during the day and studies at night . (night 在此指前半夜) (15)We work during the day and sleep at night . (night 在此整个夜间) (16)They fought all day, and at night food and ammunition were brought up in carts. (night 在此亦表整个夜间) in the night 表一时段,常有黑暗、危险的含义。它首先多指说话人说话时的前一夜间的某一或某些时刻,如: (17)She woke in the night with a dreadful dream. (in the night 在此表前一夜间的某一时刻) (18)I woke up twice in the night . (in the night 在此表前一夜间的某些时刻) (19)In the night I've thought of things you said. (in the night 在此表前一夜间的某些时刻) (20)She was describing a meteor which she had seen in the night . (in the night 在此亦表前一夜间的某一时刻) 其次,in the night 作为一时段亦可表整个夜间,如: (21)There is no light in the night . (22)This is an old English and American going-to-bed charm to keep children from being afraid in the night . (23)Finally, to be quite sure that he would not be troubled by thieves in the night , he sat up in bed in the dark and said loudly,“Well, here I am in York, and without any money at all. ” 最后,应当指出,将 night 看作一时点或一时段,往往由说话人的心理因素而定。故而同一的意义,有的人用 at night 表达,有的人则用 in the night 表达,如: (24)A fire occurred at night . (25)A fire broke out in the night . (26)Why does the bat come out only at night ? (27)Bats come out in the night . 但下面两句中的 at night 与 in the night 的含义有所不同: (28)He stole away at night , leaving a letter on my pillow. (at night 在此强调时间) (29)The prisoner got away in the night . (in the night 在此有黑暗和危险的含义) 11 这里为什么分别用 at night 与 in the night? 有一读者问:初中英语新教材有这样几句话: In the Northeast it will be fine. The temperature will stay above zero in the daytime, but at night it will fall below zero again. In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night. 请问 at night 与 in the night 有何不同? 在这里用 at night, 是由于与其前的 in the daytime 相对之故;用 in the night 则是为了强调时段的概念。 12 at one point ≠在这一点上 有一读者说在《尼克松回忆录》(Memoirs of Nixon )中看到这样两段话: At nine o'clock I picked up the phone to see if Kissenger was still in the office and if he could come over. We talked for an hour about our present relationships with the Chinese and the Soviets, and about our problems in the Middle East, in Europe, and in other parts of the world... At one point Kissenger blurted out,“If they harass you after you leave office, I am going to resign as Secretary of State, and I am going to tell the world why!” 问到 at one point 的确切意思是什么?可否译为“在这一点上”? 让我们先探讨一下 at one point 的确切意义吧。理解正确了,如何译成汉语的问题就比较容易解决了。 英语里 point 一词的本义是“点”(dot),如表面上的一点等。后来有所引申,它也可指“地点”或“确切的地点”了。如: (1)This cord is weakest at this point . (2)The water is not more than five feet deep at any point . 我们知道,空间与时间的关系甚是密切,所以 point 这个词也可指“时间上的一点”了。 所问的 at one point 中的 point 即指的是时间。 point 用以指时间的情况是很多的。 下面再举一些例子供参考: (3)I don't have time to do that at this point of my life. (4)He was dreaming. At one point , he thought he saw a bulldozer about to crush him. (5)At one point we were suddenly interrupted by a telephone call from Shanghai. (6)“Believe me,” she said at one point , “I'm going to study French. ” 你可能要问,at one point 如指时间,那么它和 at one time 有什么不同呢?是的,二者皆指时间,但要注意 at one point 指的是“时间的一点或一刻”(an exact moment);而 at one time 指的是“曾经一度”(formerly),如: (7)At one time I was ill, but at no time was I ever better than now. 关于 at one point 的确切意义,我们已经搞清楚了。现在让我们看看应如何将它译成汉语吧。从以上的讨论可以看出,如将这个短语译为“在这一点上”,显然是错误的,虽然坊间一些译作中不乏这种译法。我们建议将它译为“一次”或“有一次”或“有一回”。具体到你所引的两段话, at one point 则可译为“在交谈中”。 “在这一点上”应是 on this point 的译法。 point 在这里既非“地点”,亦非“时间” ,而是“要点”(a single particular idea or fact)或“细目”(a single item)的意思 。 point 意谓“要点”和“地点”,是我们比较熟悉的,而它亦可指“时间”,则往往容易被人所忽略,这也许就是误将 at one point 译成“在这一点上”的缘故吧。 13 这里既可选at ,也可选 since 有一读者问如何做这道选择题: (1)She's waiting for her mother at the bus stop_________6 o'clock. A. at B. since C. for D. as 这道选择题可有两个答案。一是A ,全句意谓“她6点钟在公共汽车站等她的母亲”(这可能是命题人所要求的答案);一是B,全句意谓“她从6点钟起就在公共汽车站等她的母亲”。请注意,现在进行时(或过去进行时)与 since (自从)连用时,强调其动作仍在进行。再如: (2)There he is working as a doctor since the 1970s. (3)Now, since when are you giving me orders? 顺便提一下,现在完成进行时也常与 since 连用,但其动作不一定正在进行,而且强调 since ,如: (4)He's been shaving since last year. 他是从去年起开始刮脸的。 14 为何用at而不用in? 有一读者问: 有这样一句话: (1)In 1895 she married Piere Curie, a very bright scientist who had teaching at the School of Physics and Industrial Chemistry at Paris. 问为何不用in Paris而用at Paris? 一般说来,较大的地方前常用in,较小的地方常用at。但如强调位置或地点而不强调空间,较大的地方亦可用at,再如: (2)They were marching straight toward the wooden bridge which spanned the river at Rome. (3)Dr. Chen, chief of the orthopedic department of the No. 6 People's Hospical at Shanghai, demonstrated it to us. 在下面两种情况下,较大的地方之前也常用at: (4)We stopped at London on the way to New York. (这里显然将London看做路过的地理上的一点) (5)Thackery was not born in England but in India——at Calcutta. (Calcutta虽然是一大城市,但小于India,故Calcutta前用at, India前用in) 15 at New York 与 in Washington 之区别 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: (1)John arrived_________New York on Saturday and will arrive_________Washington on Sunday. A. at, in B. in, at C. in, in D. at, at 答案是A,但 New York 比 Washington 大,是不是应选B呢? 这里没有城市大小的问题。事实上,这两个城市都不算小。指地点时,at 和 in 的主要区别在于前者强调“点”,后者强调“圈”(即范围)。 John 是路过 New York以抵达目的地 Washington 的。可见 New York 是他暂时停留的一个“点”,而其目的地 Washington 则是他进入的一个“圈”。所以,所给的答案是对的。at 常用以表示旅行路线上的一“点”,再如: (2)We stopped at London on the way to New York. (3)At Urumqi, they failed to board a train to Yi-ning. 16 at the edge of 与 on the edge of 有何不同? 有一读者问:高中英语第二册上有这样一句话: (1)The air was so warm and bright, and I could hear birds whistling at the edge of the woods,...请问:at the edge of 与 on the edge of 有何不同? at the edge of 与 on the edge of 皆表地点,往往可以通用,但前者强调位置,可译作“在……的边缘”,后者强调表面,可译作“在……的边缘上”。再如: (2)He stood at (或 on)the edge of the field. 但当 on the edge of 用作比喻时则不可代之以 at the edge of, 如: (3)In those days many people were on the edge of starvation. 了解了上述例句中 at 与 on 的区别,按照类比的方法,下面一些短语中 at 与 on 的区别也都可迎刃而解: (4)at the brink of war 在战争的边缘 on the brink of war 在战争的边缘上 (5)at the side of the road 在路边 on the side of the road 在路边上 还可包括下面一些短语: (6)at the top of the hill 在山的顶部 on the top of the hill 在山顶上面 (7)at the bottom of the sea 在海的底部 on the bottom of the sea 在海底的上面 注意 at 除表示位置外,往往具有“有意识”或有“目的性”的含义,试比较: (8)at the door (指有意识地“在门口”,如等人等) on the door (仅指“在门上”) (9)at the window (指有意识地“在窗口”,如远眺等) on the window (仅指“在窗户上”) (10)at the river (指有意识地“在河上”,如钓鱼等) on the river (仅指“在河面上或河边上”) (11)at the sea (指有意识地“在海上”,如航行等) on the sea (仅指“在海面上”) 有时 at 与 on 则几乎无甚区别,如意指“在街角上”下面任一说法皆可以用: (12)at the corner of the street on the corner of the street 但如细加区别,则 at 强调位置,on 除表位置外还有立体的含义。 17 be pointed后可接at或to或out 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: He_______________by all mothers as an example of what a son should be. A. pointed to B. was pointed to C. pointed at D. was pointed at 正确答案是D,为什么不是B呢? 不知命题人如此命题的理由如何,我们则认为这里既可用was pointed at,亦可用was pointed to,还可用was pointed out。 18 如何区别 but, except, except for, excepting, except that? but 作“除……外”解时是一介词。它的语气没有 except 那么强,常用在下列一些词之后: all 以及由 every 和 any 起首的复合词; who, what, where 等疑问词; nobody, nothing 等否定词。现举几例如下: (1)All but him were drowned. (2)I will do anything but that. (3)Who but a mad man would administer a deadly prison. (4)It hurt nobody but himself. (5)It's nothing but a joke. except 是一简单介词,它的本义是“除去”或“不包括”,一般常用于表同类词语之间的关系,并常与all, every, nothing (或 nobody, none), any 等不定代词连用,如: (6)We all went except him. (him 与 we 同类) (7)He works every day except Sunday. (Sunday 与 day 同类) (8)We saw nothing except sea. (sea 与 thing 同类) except 之后除可接名词和代词外,亦可接其他一些词语,如: (9)I looked everywhere except there. (except 后接副词) (10)I can take my holidays at any time except in August. (except 后面接一介词短语) (11)I've done everything you wanted except make the beds. (except 后可接带 to 或不带 to 的不定式短语) (12)He shared most of her ideas, except that his were more radical. (except 后接一从句。注意 except that 也常被看做一短语连词) except for 是一短语介词,它由连词 except +介词 for 构成,其本义是“除去由于”,但通常皆译为“除去”,与 except 的意思似乎相同了,而这正是使中国学生感到困惑的主要原因。其实,在一般情况下,except for 的用法与 except 是很不相同的。首先 except for 一般不表同类词语之间的关系,而是表一整体中除外性的细节(即局部否定),如: (13)The bus was empty except for one old lady. (bus 与 lady 不是同类词语, except for one old lady 表一除外性的细节) 再如: (14)The wall was bare except for a picture of Chairman Mao. 但请注意 except for 有时意谓“除去为了”,如: (15)He didn't give her money except for food. (except for food 在此意谓“除了买食物的钱之外”) 其次, except for 也常相当于 but for, 意谓“要不是(由于)”,如: (16)Except for you I would be dead. (17)She would have left her husband years ago except for the children. 再次,英美人往往将 except for 与 except 不加区别,混同使用(但except for 只可用在名(代)词之前,如例(16)、(17),而这也是使中国学生感到困惑的一个原因。但一般说来,except for 可置于句首,而 except 在习惯上不用于句首。但 “except 不可置于句首”的说法也不可绝对化。实际上,破例地将 except 置于句首的情况也是有的,如: (18)Except a few mediocre pieces of fiction, his major literary works were rather successful. 最后,前已指出,except for与 except 的不同还在于 except 是一简单介词,而 except for 则是由“连词 except+介词”构成的短语介词之一。那么,自然也有由“连词 except +其他介词”构成的短语介词。现举几例如下: (19)We went nowhere except to school. (20)Except during one or two bouts of illness, such a thing never happened. (21)Borer was forgotten, except by the few who had known him. (22)Devon was both scholarly and very athletic, so the playing fields were vast and, except at such a time of year, constantly in use. excepting 是由动词转化而来的分词介词(有些词典只将它看作分词),较为正式,有较强的动态意味,其含义是“把……除外”。在用法上,它与简单介词 except 之不同之处在于: 1. excepting 之后常只用名词或代词,并可置于句首,如: (23)He answered all the questions excepting the last one. (24)Excepting Sundays the stores are open daily. 2. excepting 常用在 not, without, always 等词之后,而except 则一般不能这样用,如: (25)All men are fallible, not excepting the Pope. (26)Those cars are reliable, always excepting the old red one. except that 是一复合从属连词,似乎较为文气,如: (27)She knew nothing except that he was there. 19 before, in front of, in the front of, ahead of 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: (1)The young man and young woman were sitting behind him. He was sitting_________them. A. before B. in the front of C. ahead of D. in front of 问应选哪一个? 请把四个选项区别一下。 这里最好选in front of。和before相比,in front of表的距离较近,同时也比较平易。before表示位置时,多用在较正式的文体中(可参看编号42),如: (2)The men appeared before the judge yesterday. (3)Life opened out before him. in the front of的意思是“在……的前部”,实例如: (4)He is sitting in the front of the class. 他坐在班上的前排 ahead of常有“在……之先”的含义,如: (5)He is running ahead of me. 20 “随手”是一种意译 有一读者问:常遇到将Close the door behind you, please. 译作“请随手关门”,请问“随手”从何而来? “随手”纯粹是一种意译。应该是“请将你身后的门关上”。“介词behind+人称代词宾格”的本义是“在……的身后或背后”。在上述句子中的behind you则应该意译为“随手”,再如: (1)He entered my office and closed the door behind him . (这里的behind him亦应译作“随手”) 但“behind+人称代词宾语格”并不是在任何场合下都可以译作“随手”的,例如下面一些句子中的“behind+代词宾格”就不应译为“随手”: (2)He went out, leaving the door open behind him . (3)Adam and Eve wandered forth out of Paradise and the door closed behind them . 但是,话又说回来,下面一句却可在译文中加上“随手”二字: (4)“Lock it behind me ”, Janeway ordered. He took the suitcase and left. 这个祈使句似乎可译作“我走后你要随手把门锁上”。由此可见,翻译与解释往往并不是一码事。 21 这里应选between拟或among? 有一读者问:有这样一道选择题: (1)Which country lies_________France, Italy, Austria and Germany? A. in B. on C. between D. among 应选哪一个?为什么? 应选 C,因为 between 意谓“在法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间”,强调一个个别国家与一个个别国家之间。不可用 among,是因为它意谓“处于四国之中”,强调被作为集体的四个国家所包围。注意 between 并不限于二者之间,尤其是谈到在两国以上之间,皆须用 between,再如: (2)A treaty was concluded between the four powers. 22 by与through都不错 有一读者问: 有这样一道题: This is one of the means_________the electric energy is conducted from one place to another. A. by which B. by that C. through which D. through that 答案为A,请问为什么? 此题不够严谨。means(作为手段解)之前通常皆用by,但偶尔也可用through。又,关系代词which之前可用介词,that一般则不可。 23 这里的many weeks之前不用for 最近有一位读者来信说,有这样一个句子: (1)She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. 教参上说 many weeks 之前省去了 for。但据章振邦的《新编英语语法教程》第330页上说,在由 for 引导的表示时间长度的介词词组中,若这种短语放在句首或出现在否定句中,for不宜省略。这种说法对否?望予以解答。 《新编英语语法教程》的说法一般说来是对的,但有例外,上述句(1)中的 many weeks 即是一例。在像上述句(1)所用的否定结构中,表一段时间的词语之前一般皆不用 for,再如: (2)The man had not been gone more than a few minutes when another person approached. (more than a few minutes 之前不用 for) 另外,在否定结构中, long之前可用 for,但也可不用 for,如: (3)Cox did not stay in Peoria (for)long . 也有一些人说下面一否定句中也可省去 for: (4)I have not studied Japanese (for)three years . 有人还说这里用不用 for 是有区别的:如用 for,这句话可能有两种不同的含义,一是 for three years 修饰 have not studied, 全句意为“我有三年没有学日语了”;二是 for three years 只修饰 studied, 全句则意为“我学日语不到三年”。如不用 for,则只有一种含义,即“我学日语不到三年”。 表示时间长度的由 for 引导的介词短语如置于句首,则不可省去 for。 这条规则也只能指一般而言。例外也是有的,如: (5)(For)a lot of the time we just lay on the beach. 就是“肯定结构中的 for 常可省去”这一规则也不完全符合语言实际。诚然,如果谓语动词是持续性的,for 确是可有可无(但在正式文体中还是不省去 for 的好),如: (6)We lived there (for)five years . 有时在口语中则常常不用for,如: (7)Wait a minute . 但如若谓语动词是非持续动词,则不可省去 for,如: (8)I taught her for three years . 如省去 for,taught 则意味着“三年中自始至终地不停地教”, 这显然是不可能的事。而for three years 则无此义,只意味着“限于三年的时间”。 24 for oneself 与 by oneself 有一读者问:for yourself 与 by yourself 有何不同?二者是否可以互换? 二者不可互换。for oneself 意指“为自己”,实例如: (1)He built a new house for himself . 但常可译作“亲自”,实例如: (2)Go and see for yourself . 有时亦可仅译作“自己”,实例如: (3)Man in ancient times had to do almost everything for himself . by oneself 意指“独自”或“独立”,实例如: (4)He was standing by himself in a corner of the room. (5)Did you put those shelves up all by yourself ? (all 在此用以加强语气) 25 为何用for而不用of? 有一读者问:某期《英语世界》有两个句子,我有不解之处: (1)The principal port for the second longest river system in the world was located within this territory. 这里为什么用for而不用of? (2)There, far from view of passing motorists and hidden from encroaching civilization. 译者说encroaching是形容词,让我不解。为什么不说encroaching of civilization? 上述句(1)中的for表“限制”,即“限于此而非彼”。for the second longest river system的含义是:仅对the second...river system而言,而非其它river system。 再如: (3)She is the people's deputy for our district. (for our district仅指“我们区”,而非其他区) 如用of,则只表“属于”,并无“限于此而非彼”的含义。 上述句(2)中的encroaching civilization的重心是civilization(即所谓“中心词”),encroaching是现在分词,用作定语(也可以说它在此相当于形容词),其义为“进行侵吞的”。 亦可说hidden from the encroaching of civilization,但其重心变成了encroaching(名词化的动名词)。 26 为何一个名词用for,一个名词用to? 有一读者问: 有这样两句话: (1)They set out for London. He has booked the ticket for tomorrow to London. 同一地点London之前却用了不同的介词,这是为什么? set out(出发),和start(出发),leave(离开)等一样,必须后接“for+地点”。但名词ticket之后既可接“for+地点”,亦可接“to+地点”。此处之所以后接to London,显然是因为其前用了for tomorrow为了避免重复for的缘故。再如: (2)I leave tomorrow for Shanghai. (leave后用for) (3)I'd like a ticket to Vienna, please. (ticket后似乎多用“to+地点”) 27 take ship后应接for 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: (1)They went by train_________Tianjin, and took ship_________France. A. so far as, for B. as far as, to C. to, so far as D. for, as far a 是否应选B,然而老师却说应选A,为什么? 你的老师是对的,应选A。第一空白应填as far as或so far as,但took ship则必须后接介词for+目的地,再如: (2)What time are you leaving for Shanghai? (3)I'll get on the near plane for London. 28 for=就……而论 有一读者问: 有一道选择题: (1)It was cold_________the time of spring. A. at B. in C. by D. for 该选哪个介词好? 应选D,for在此=就……而言,故合句意。再如: (2)It is hot for May. (3)He is tall for his age. 29 这里用 for 与用 to 有何不同? 有一读者问:在Smoking is not good for you 一句中,介词 for 能否被 to 所替代?用 for 与用 to 有何区别? 当 good for 意谓“对……有益处”时,其中的介词 for 可以被 to 所替代,变为: (1)Smoking is not good to you. 再如: (2)Milk is good for (to )you. (3)Exercise is good for (to )the health. 但具有这种意义的 good for 似乎要比 good to 普通一些,所以有些当代英语词典只收前者,未收后者。在这些词典中,只收意谓 kind to (对……友善的)的 good to,如: (4)He is good to everybody. 中学课本里也有这样的例子,如: (5)Mother whales are very good to their young. good for 与 good to 皆可意谓“对……有益处”。这是语言上的一种相互交叉的现象。也就是说,二者的本义并不相同,for 指“目标”,强调客观情况,to 指“方向”,强调主观意向。 30 be good in与be good at 有一读者问: 有这样一个例句: (1)John is not good in sports, but when it comes to English, he is the best in class. be good in与be good at有何不同? be good in...的意思只是“在……方面好”,再如: (2)He is good in mathematics. 但如强调“精于,善于”则应用be good at,例: (3)He is good at figures. 31 为什么这里用 in three years? 有一读者问: 有这样一个句子: (1)I haven't been there in three years. 为什么这里用in而不用 for?是不是错了? 这里用 in 并没有错,但它是美国或加拿大英语。 in 在此的意思相当于 during。 这种in常用在否定结构中,再如: (2)He hasn't had a good meal in a long time. (3)The house has not been cleaned in some time. 另外,在有 first, only 以及最高级形容词的情况下,美、加英语也常用 in,如: (4)This is the first time in years that I have met such a man. (5)That was the worst accident in months. 在上述情况下,英国英语常用 for, 但当今用 in 的情况也不少。 32 这里为什么用in而不用for? 有一读者问:有这样一句话: (1)She hasn't seen her daughter in three months. 请问这里为什么用介词 in 而不用介词 for? 这里用介词 in 是美国英语,在英国英语里则用介词 for。但现在也有英国人用 in 的,如有一位英国教授在一篇对话中曾说: (2)I could swear that I haven't seen a downpour like this in twenty years! 33 in this way与by this way有何不同? 有一读者问: in this way与by this way有何区别? in this way的意思是“用这个方法”,如: (1)Do it in this way . by this way的意思是“通过这条路”,如: (2)I came by this way . 34 in和on在这里有何不同? 有一读者问:在下面三个句子中: (1)“Why are you crying, coloured boy?” asked Bob. He was going to hit Mustapha in the face. (2)Tom's brother hit Bob on the nose. (3)A British policeman beat him in the chest. 为什么the face和the chest之前用介词in, the nose之前用介词on呢? 对中国学生来说,该问题有一定的普遍性。先看第二句中的介词 on,较之于介词 in, on 可能容易理解一些。 介词 on 的本义是“在……的上面”,须与一物的表面相接触。句中的 hit Bob on the nose 就是 Tom's brother 的拳头打在 Bob 的鼻子上面的意思。介词 on 在这里强调接触到了 Bob 的鼻子的表面。这样的例子很多,再如: (4)She patted the child on the head. (5)The ball hit the boy on the back. (6)I felt somebody touch me on the shoulder. 同样,我们如果要强调一个人的脸部表面的话,也可以说 on the face 或 on one's face, 如: (7)—— Where is my nose, baby? —— Your nose is on your face. (8)There is a smile on the girl's face. (9)She was bound to give him a slap on the face. 现在再看例(1)中的 in the face 和例(3)中的 in the chest 这两个短语。如译成汉语,它们与 on the face 和 on the chest 似乎没有什么不同。但从英语的观点来看,二者的含义却是不一样的。 on 指与事物的表面相接触,而 in 则指“在事物的范围中”。在 in the face 中, face 给我们的印象不是一个表面,而是像一个“框框”,打人的拳头就是落在一个“框框”之中,或落在这个框框中的一部分上。 in the chest 也是一样。这里的 chest 也不是一个表面,而是一个范围或框框。如将 in the chest 改为 on the chest,它就变成一个表面了。 in 的这种用法,也不罕见,现再举二三例如下: (10)She slapped the rascal in the face. (11)The look in his face spoke plainer than words. (12)He struck me a blow in the face. 最后,请再看下面一个有趣的例句: (13)If I ever catch him in the act, I will give him a rap on the knuckles. 这里既有 in 又有 on。 in the act 表示在一行动之中, on the knuckles 则是打在表面突出的东西之上。 35 in和on在此可互换使用 有一读者问: 有这样两句话: (1)In hot summer days big trees can cool us with their shade. (2)On warm winter days he may think that spring has arrived. in与on在此有何不同? 二者可以相互通用。如细加区别,in hot summer days表示连贯的“炎热的夏日”,强调“期间”;on warm winter days表示不一定连贯的“暖和的冬日”,似乎有与其他“冬日”相区别的含义。请注意,这里都强调形容词hot和warm,如没有这两个形容词,就不可用days了。 36 in the street与on the street之不同 有一读者问: 有这样两个句子: (1)They are playing in the street. (2)There is a line of boys and girls on Garden Street. 为什么句(1)用in the street而句(2)却用on Garden Street? 在street之前,英国英语用in,美国英语用on。但请注意:1.在习语上,并无英美之别,如美国英语亦须用the man in the street,英国英语亦须用be on the streets; 2.美国作家也有在street之前用in的情况,如: (3)A storm raged in Main Street. 37 in和with在此可通用 有一读者问: 有这样一个句子: (1)I have some difficulties with pronunciation. 为什么用with而不用in? 这里with与in可相互通用。但如属学科,则似乎多用with,如: (2)I have some difficulties with mathemetics. 38 用in与不用in 有一读者问: 有这样两句话: (1)But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year... (2)Perhaps, but one is hard pressed to come up with the names of those who have done their thing their way and succeeded in the fame game. 句(1)用了介词in,句(2)则不用,这是为什么? 在当代英语中,介词in和其他一些介词(如for等)一样,也有三种情况:一是一般已省去不用,二是不可不用,三是可用可不用。介词in后接意指“方式,方法”的名词way时亦是如此。一是不用in,上述句(1)中的their way(按照他们认为正确或恰当的方式)即是一例。再如: (3)Have it your way. (4)I'm going to handle this my way. 二是不可不用in,上述句(2)中的in the same way即是一例,再如: (5)He spoke in a kindly way. (6)She answered in a very polite way. 三是可用in亦可不用in,如: (7)Do it (in )this way. (8)Do it (in )your own way. 39 in front of 与 before有何区别? 有一读者问: in front of 表示位置, before 也可以表示位置,请问二者有什么区别? 如单从意义上看,二者皆表“在……之前”,好像无甚区别。 实际上,在许多场合中,二者也确是可以互换的,如: (1)Mary was sitting in front of the mirror. (或用 before) (2)He was sitting before the door. (或用 in front of) (3)He clasped his hands before him. (或用 in front of) (4)He strode slowly across the carpet in front of the log fire. (或用 before) 然而,如仔细体会,这两个介词还是各有一些特点的。试先看短语介词 in front of。这个介词在习惯上常用在建筑物的名称之前,如: (5)There is a patch of grass in front of the building. (6)The large tree in front of the governor's house was blown down yesterday. (7)Be in front of the Dennis house at 3 in the morning and I will pick you up. (8)Soon the taxi pulled up in front of a small bar on a side street. 在表示近距离意谓“紧在……的跟前”(中间无他物相隔)时,也常用 in front of 或 just (right, directly)in front of,如: (9)The desk is in front of the blackboard. (10)She shook an indignant finger in front of his eyes. (11)We couldn't read the notice because several people were standing directly in front of it. 另外,在与 at (to)the rear of, to the right (left)of 等短语介词连用时,则必须用 in front of,如: (12)The pictures were taken by somebody who had squatted down in front of and to the left of the jeep with wide lens. (13)She watched to see if any headlights appeared either in front of or at the rear of the car. 在下面一些句子中表示“在……(人)的面前”时,亦须用 in front of: (14)You shouldn't use such bad language in front of the children. (15)How many old poems have you read that you dare show off in front of your elders? 现在我们再看介词 before。一般说来,在我们日常用的非正式的语言中多用 in front of, 在正式文体中多用 before。如下面一些句子都比较文气,故皆用 before: (16)The fire before them wasted away. (17)For the moment she was before him downcast and wistful. (18)Suddenly this scene before him seemed to rise like a curtain in a theatre, and then became blank. 在正式庄严的场合中更常用 before,如: (19)The old woman offered incense before the image of Guan-Yin. (20)The pay-master sat in a little booth, with a pile of envelops before him, and two policemen standing by. (21)You should always adopt an attitude of deference before your superiors. (22)Everybody trembled before him. 在抽象的比喻中也多用 before,如: (23)A happy future lies before you. (24)He never bows down before difficulties. (25)Old remembrance suddenly rose up before Mary. (26)Life opened out before him. 与其他介词(如 from)连用时,亦应用 before,如: (27)The lambs' noise increased to a chorus of baas, upon which Oak pulled the milkcan from before the fire and began to teach them how to drink from the spout of a tea-pot. 最后,再请看这样两句话: (28)Madame Lomotte stopped before a picture...And Soams crossed over to Madame Lomotte, who was still in front of the picture. 这里把 before 和 in front of 都用上了,那么它们又有什么区别呢?其区别似乎在于: was 是静态动词,故其后用 in front of 较好;动词 stopped 后用 before 或 in front o f 皆可,但为了避免与后文的 in front of 重复,所以使用了 before。 40 这里应用instead of 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: (1)I went to the cinema_________watching TV. A. instead B. instead of C. in stead of D. instead for 问以上选项有何区别? instead是一副词,用作状语,实例如: (2)We did not watch TV. Instead we went to the cinema. (第二句亦可改作But we went to the cinema instead . ) (3)I didn't have a pen, so I used a pencil instead . instead of一般多被看作是短语介词,应是上述选择题入选的选项,再如: (3)We had tea instead of coffee. (4)I will go instead of him. (5)Instead of helping me, he made my work more difficult. instead of有时亦可用作连词,用以连接动词(包括不定式)、形容词、副词、介词等,但由于与本题无关,这里就不详加说明了。 in stead of是古旧写法,1640年以后就将in和stead拼写在一起了。最后选项instead for似为命题人所编造。实际上并不存在此种说法。 41 into 与 through 不同 有一读者问:有这样一道选择题: The rain soon worked its way_________the roof. A. in B. through 答案是A,我认为应选B,对吗? 选 in 与选 through 的意思不一样。in = into, through 则表“通过,穿过”。 42 of one's age 与 at one's age 有何不同? 有一读者问:of one's age 与 at one's age 有何区别?下列几个句子中应用 of 还是应用 at: (1)I have a son_________your age. (2)When I was_________your age, I already had to work. (3)You should behave less childishly_________your age. (4)The two are_________an age. of one's age 与 at one's age 不论在意义上和用法上都不相同。从意义上讲, of one's age 相当于“具有某人的年龄”, at one's age 则相当于“在某人的年龄上”或“在某人的年龄时”。试比较: (5)She is a girl of my age . 她是一个和我同龄的姑娘。 (6)At her age she should know better.她这么大应该知道那是不对的。 从上面两个例句还可以看出 of one's age 与 at one's age 在用法上也不相同,of one's age 在例(5)中显然用作定语。 at her age 在例(6)中显然用作状语。 关于 of one's age 还应补充两点。一是它除可用作定语外,还可用作表语,如: (7)She is of my age . 二是 of 常可省去,如上面例(5)与例(7)中的 of 皆可省去不用。现在再看你所提出的四个句子,应用 of 还是应用 at 时,就应该不困难了。显然,句(1)应用 of (或省去);句(2)也应用 of (或省去);句(3)则应用 at; 句(4)应用 of 但习惯上不省去。 顺便提及,句(4)亦可换作: (8)The two are of the same age . (但可省去 of) 43 of, at, in 有一读者问: 有这样两个句子: (1)I was rather disappointed at not getting the tickets. (2)We notice that you have years of experience in carrying out the commodity inspection. 问句(1)可否用of替代at? 句(2)是否可用of替代in? 上述句(1)中的动名词前一般应用at,不用of或about,以表示原因或理由,再如: (3)He was disappointed at not being invited. disappointed of或about常表示因未得到什么而失望,如: (4)I was disappointed of my expected rise in May. (5)What are you so disappointed about ? 顺便提一下,disappointed也常后接in和with。实例如: (6)His parents were bitterly disappointed in him. (7)I was disappointed with the book when I had bought it. 上述句(2)中的experience应后接in,不后接of,表示“在……方面”,再如: (8)He has no experience in teaching English. experience of...表示“……经验”,与其后的名词或动词的关系比较密切,实例如: (9)He has no experience of life at sea. (10)Do you have any experience of working with children? 但有时of与in亦可互换,如: (11)He has no experience of /in teaching. 44 关于forty of them 有一读者问: 有一道选择题: (1)There could no longer be any doubt that they were robbers. He counted forty_________them. A. among B. from C. to D. of 答案是D,为什么? 这里应选D,不论介词of表同位关系或是表部分关系。如表同位关系,forty of them即意味着“一共有40个强盗”。这种表同位关系的of在英语中不乏其例,再如: (2)There are three of us. 我们一共有三个人。 (3)We are only three poor men of us. 数词之前也常用定冠词the,如: (4)He had ordered dinner for the two of them. (亦可说the pair of them) (5)The three of them had risen to their feet together. (亦可说all the three of them或all three of them) 顺便提一下,下面词句中的of亦表同位关系。 (6)All of the defendants were proved guilty. (7)He got angry with both of us. (8)It was a slip of a girl. (9)the City of Rome (10)the kingdom of Denmark 在一定的上下文中,上述句(1)中的of也可能表部分关系。这样,forty of them即意味着“他们中的40个”。甚至还有可能意味着“看不太清楚,至少有40个”。 45 这里的of应如何理解? 有一读者问: 有这样一个句子: (1)I am so utterly rejected of men that my only means of livelihood is to sit as a model to this compassionate artist who pays me sixpence an hour for stretching myself on this cross all day. rejected of men中的of何意? 这里的of=by,是一种较为古旧的用法。am...rejected of men的意思是“被男人所拒绝”(即不被男人所爱)。这种“被动结构+of”的现象还有如: (2)He is beloved of all. (3)He is despised and rejected of men. (4)He is tempted of the devil. 可接这种of的过去分词还有loved, ordained, abandoned, forgotten等。 46 这里的of为何不改用from? 有一读者问: 有这样一个句子: (1)There are many rice fields within two miles of this place. 此句中的of为什么不可改用from? 习惯使然,牢记住就是了。顺便提一下,介词of的本义就是away from,只是具有此义的of现今已弃而不用(obsolete),只保留在某些固定的说法中。除上述“within+表距离的词语+of+地点”外,还有如: (2)It still wants ten minutes of eight o'clock. (=8点还差10分。再如美语中的ten minutes of eight) (3)Japan lies to the east of China. (4)He shot wide of the mark. (=离目标很远;说错了) (5)A highwayman robbed him of his money. (同样用法还有deprive somebody of something, cure somebody of a disease等) 47 应填die of还是填die from? 有一读者问: 有这样一道填空题: (1)His father_________(die)the disease caused by water pollution. 应填die of还是填die from? 大致说来,die of多用于内因,如: (2)He died of hunger. (3)She died of cancer. (4)My aunt died of grief. die from多用于外因,如: (5)He died from overwork. (6)He died from a wound. 但实际上,二者相互通用的情况并不罕见,兹举少数几例如下: (7)die of/from pneumonia (8)die of/from snake bites (9)die of/from a cold (10)die of/from a fall over a cliff 有不少辞书说die from常代之以die of。但有时也有相反的情况,如disease是内因,一般应与die of连用,但也可用die from,实例如: (11)The disease from which he died was at that time incurable. 根据以上分析,上述句(1)既可填以died of,也可填以died from。 48 再说die of 与 die from 有一读者问:请问如何做这道题: (1)The man didn't die_________hunger but_________drinking too much. A. of, from B. from,of C. of,of D. from,from hunger 之前用 die of 或 die from 均可(of也许更普通些),但drinking too much 前应用 die from。但也有人认为 hunger 之前应只用die of。疾病之前,一般说来,用 die of 或 die from 皆可,但似乎多用 of,而表极度的悲喜等情绪时则应用 die of, 如: (2)He died of grief. 尤其当表示“……得要命”时,常用 die of,如: (3)We are all dying of curiosity. 但表由于外伤、饮食过量而致死时,则应用 die from ,如: (4)He died from a wound. (但也有人用 died of) 顺便提一下,die 之后亦可用 for,with等表示原因,实例如: (5)It died for lack of support. (6)She, the children, and her father all died with the cholera. 49 这里应用 of 还是用 in? 有一读者问:有这样一道填空题: (1)The Great Wall is one of the wonders_________the world. 我认为应填 of,但有人则认为应填 in,请问该填哪一个? 我们同意你的看法,这里填 of 较好。再如: (2)The Grand Canyon is one of the wonders of the world. (3)The Niagara Falls is one of the natural wonders of the world. 以上两例皆摘自国外具有权威性的英语词典,of皆强调从属关系。但强调“范围”,则用in较好,如: (4)The Great Wall is a real wonder in the world. 50 the statue of sb.与the statue to sb.之不同 有一读者问:“鲁迅的塑像”应译为the statue to Lu Xun还是the statue of Lu Xun? to和of都对。前者意指“献给”;后者则表同位关系,正如a picture of Lu Xun中的of表同位关系一样。 51 destructive of 与 destructive to 有一读者问:有这样一道选择题: Whenever any form of government becomes destructive_________these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it. A. to B. of 答案为B,选A不对吗? 选 A 与 B 都不错:destructive to 相当于 deadly to, destructive of 相当于 causing destruction of。但据一本具有权威性的英语惯用法词典,destructive 后接 of 的情况较多。 52 off 与 from 的异同 有一读者问:有这样两个句子: (1)People eat food off a fork, but never off a knife. (2)Many more visitors than it can comfortably be poured in, off the regular steamers, off charted motorboats, and off yachts. 问这两句中的 off 如何解释? 介词 off=not on, away or down from 时,有时可与 from 互换,但 off 似乎较多用于口语,如: (3)A book fell off the shelf. (4)I bought it off a man I met in a public house. (有人认为off在此是俗语) 上述句(1)中的 off 亦可代之以 from,并可用于笔语中,再如: (5)He ate it off the kitchen table. (6)At night they would sit huddled round this stove, while they ate their supper off the laps. (7)The master feeds me off his own plate. (摘自Aesop's Fables) 但当 off 用于离开或下马、下车、下船等时,则一般不可与 from 互换使用,上述句(2)即属于此种情况,再如: (8)He got off his bicycle. (get off 已是一固定的短语动词) (9)She jumped off the bus. (10)He came off his horse when it refused to take a fence. (come off 也是一短语动词) 此外,还有不少情况习惯上皆用 off 而不用 from, 请读者随时留意,这里就不细说了。 53 如何理解of of? 有一读者问: 我在一本美国畅销小说中遇到这样一个句子: (1)...the barber whom Pee Wee, by dint of hard work and superior tonsorial talent, had put of of business,... 如何理解这里的of of? 美国口语有off of的说法,这里的of of是off of的更加口语化的变体。off of即等于规范英语中的off,所以上述句(1)中的had put of of即等于规范英语中的had put off。to put somebody off business的意思是“将某人从行业中挤走”,所以上述句(1)即意为:Pee Wee仗着辛勤的劳动和卓越的理发才能将那个理发师搞得待不住了。off of在美国口语中并不罕见,再如: (2)A book fell off of the shelf. (3)Take the bag off of the peg. (4)I'm going to tell you a secret that you could get rich off of . (5)For a moment, he couldn't take his eyes off of the blood-spattered badge that his partner polished with a silicone cloth every afternoon before going on duty. 顺便提一下,在口语中还有off from (=from)的不规范说法,例如: (6)The vase dropped off from the mantelpiece. 54 on the beach 与 at the beach 之别 有一读者问: 有这样两个句子: (1)They take sandwiches and cans of Coca Cola or they make a fire and cook hamburgs on the beach. (2)There are a lot of activities at the beach. on the beach 与 at the beach 有何不同? 在英语里表地点的介词 at, on, in, by 等当中, at 的概括性最强,也就是说,最不精确具体。它只是意味着“在某一点(处)”。 at the beach 就是一种比较笼统的说法,意味着“在海滩处”或“在海滩那个地方”。 on the beach 就不同了,它很具体地指“在海滩的表面上”。如说 in the beach 则指“在海滩的范围之内”。如说 by the beach 则指“在海滩的近旁”。但请注意, at 后接表地点的名词时,往往有抱有某种目的的含义,如: (3)She was standing at the door. (可能在等人) (4)He was at his desk again. 他又伏案工作了。 55 the same evening之前省去了什么? 有一读者问: In fact, Mr. King's secret was discovered the same evening. 在这句话中,the same evening之前是否省去了in? the same evening是口语,其前省去了介词on。 56 on the bed与in the bed的区别 有一读者问: on the bed与in the bed有什么不同? 不都可译作“在床上”吗? 这两个短语,虽只有一词之差,其意义则颇不一样。on the bed的确特指“在床上”,即“在一特定的床的表面上”,如: (1)She sat down on the bed . (2)He lay on the bed , reading. in the bed虽然也指“在床上”,但具有人的上面盖有被毯或被单的含义,如: (3)He lay in the bed , shrunken and brown and very old. (4)Last night I heard Mickey in the bed next to me. He was crying so, it could have broken my heart. 不妨提一下,英语还常用短语in bed,其意为“睡或卧在床上”。bed在此似乎已变为抽象名词,故而其前没有冠词,如: (5)He's in bed asleep. (6)I was in bed all day with a headache. 57 on the tree与in the tree的区别 有一读者问: on the tree与in the tree有什么区别? 介词on的本义是“在……的上面”,这里的“上面”指“表面上”,也就是说须与一物的表面相接触。所以,on the tree的意思是“在树的表面上”,实例如: (1)Fruits grow on trees. (2)There are a lot of knots on the tree. 介词in的本义是“在……之中(或内)”,即“在……的包围之中”。in the tree的意思是“在树的枝叶包围之中”,其义与on the tree并不相同,虽然二者皆可译作“在树上”。 实例如: (3)I see a bird in the tree. (4)Tom is up in the tree. 说鸟在树上一般都指鸟在树的枝叶包围之中,故应用介词in。如强调鸟在树的表面上,也可用介词on,如有一位英国文学家曾说道: (5)The woodman takes an axe and cuts down the tree on which the nightingale sings... 58 on one's face不可改为in one's face 有一读者问: 有这样一个句子: (1)During the second century after Christ, a wise man said, “Bury me on my face because in a little while everything will be turned upside down. ” 这句话的确切意思是什么? on my face可否改为in my face? 这句话的意思是:在公元2世纪时,有一智者说道:“将我脸朝下落葬,因为过不多久一切都会颠倒的。” 这里的on my face并不意谓“在我的脸上”,而是意谓“我的脸朝下,贴着地面”,介词on在此有支撑着身体的含义。这样的on之后除可接一个人的face外,亦可接back, side, hands, knees等,如: (2)If you lie on your back, you can look up at the sky. (3)Can you stand on your hands? 然而on one's face确实常意谓“在某人的脸上”,但它与in one's face的含义不同。on one's face强调“在某人的脸部表面上”,in one's face则强调“在某人脸部的范围或部位内”,试比较: (4)There was a blank look on his face. (5)There was a blank look in his face. on one's face与 in one's face表示方向时,二者的含义也不相同。前者相当于onto one's face(向着某人的脸),后者则意味着in front of (或against)one's face (当着某人的面,正对着,公然地),试比较: (6)She threw water on his face. (7)She slammed the door in his face. 59 这里应用 on 还是 in? 有一读者问:有这样一道填空题: (1)You can be_________our team if you wish. 应填 in 还是 on? 英国用 on,再如: (2)Are you on the school team? 但美国则可用 on 或 in,如: (3)He is on (或 in )the baseball team. 60 这里用 on 或 in 皆可 有一读者问:有这样一道选择题: Mr. Brown_________much time_________studying Chinese history when he was young. A. spent, on B. took, on C. cost, in D. use, on 标准答案是A,但我认为 on 应改为 in 才对,不知我的看法对否? 答案没有错,这里可用 on,也可用 in,虽然前者似乎较为少见。 61 这里应用 on the water 有一读者问:《英语沙龙》某期第41页上有这样一句话: (1)It is enjoyable to watch the lovely movement of thousands of swans, wild ducks and seagulls, etc. swimming and playing on the water. 此处用 on 好像不好,我认为应该用 in 。这些鸟不可能全部在水面上嬉戏,总有一部分在水中吧?望回答。 这里应用 on。如船在水上航行,虽也有一部分在水中,但仍须用 on ,如: (2)Boats sail on water. (3)Let's have a row on the lake. 62 on the piano与to the piano 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: (1)I'll get Bill to accompany me_________the piano when I sing a song at the concert. A. by B. with C. on D. to 标准答案为C,其解释为“乐器名称前用介词on,句中意指用钢琴伴奏”。 但我在《新英汉词典》中看到to也有“随同,伴随”之义,其例为sing to the piano。究竟哪项选择正确? accompany somebody on the piano(为某人用钢琴伴奏)中的介词on意指“利用”(by means of, using),再如: (2)He will accompany me on the piano . sing to the piano(钢琴伴唱)中的介词to则意指“伴奏”或“唱和”(in accompaniment with),实例如: (3)He sang to the piano . (4)They danced to the music of a piano . 63 这道题应选什么介词? 有一读者问:有一道选择填空题是这样的: What do you feed your dogs _____? A. in B. at C. on D. with 我认为应填 C,但也有人说应填D, 不知到底谁对? 我们觉得可以填 on,也可以填 with, 在当代英语里,也可以什么都不填。 64 这里选over对吗? 有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题: We discussed the matter_________tea and cakes. A. over B. for C. since D. while 选A对吗? 可如何翻译呢? 对,应选A。可译作“我们边吃茶点边讨论这个问题。” 65 既可用over亦可用in 有一读者问: 有这样一道填空题: Two vivid and striking personal experiences of rock music_________the past two weeks have persuaded me that it has become a duty for those of us with enough common sense to see its potential dangers. 应填over还是in? 在这个具体的句子里,既可用over亦可用in。 66 go to town 与 go down town都可以说 有一读者问:有一道选择题: He has gone_________town. A. to B. into C. down D. for 我认为应选A。但答案是C,为什么? A和C都对。down和to一样,也是一介词。 67 to 和 for 作“对于”解时有何不同? 有一读者问: to 和 for 作“对(于)”解时有何区别? 这两个介词作“对(于)”解时,一般地说, for 强调“客观情况”, to 则强调“主观意向”。试比较: (1)Exercise is good for the health. (2)Exercise is good to the health. 但这两个介词作“对(于)”解时并不常互换使用。这时就需要一一牢记它们各自不同的搭配。这种搭配与其说有什么理由可讲,不如说是习惯使然。下面就让我们举一些例证,以见一斑。 for 作“对(于)”解时多与名词和形容词搭配。如: (3)He had a love for pictures. (与名词 love 搭配) (4)I have no ear for music. (与名词 ear 搭配) (5)Smoking is bad for one's health. (与形容词 bad 搭配) (6)The dog is too old for a hunt. (与“too+形容词”搭配) 但也可与某些动词搭配。如: (7)How do you account for that?(与动词 account 搭配,其义为“对……做出解释”) to 作“对(于)”解的用法较为广泛,它可以与名词、形容词搭配,也可以与动词搭配。与名词搭配,如: (8)It was an introduction to English literature. (与名词 introduction 搭配) (9)It is a major contribution to world peace. (与名词 contribution 搭配) 与形容词搭配,如: (10)He was deaf to our explanation. (与形容词 deaf 搭配) (11)Films are sensitive to light. (与形容词 sensitive 搭配) 与动词搭配,如: (12)I agree to the proposal. (与动词 agree 搭配) (13)I won't reply to this letter. (与动词 reply 搭配) 68 to 是否可与 of 互换? 有一读者问:有的参考书上说 the answers to the questions 中的 to 可以和 of 互换,不知对否? 可以说 the answers to the questions,也可以说 the answers of the questions,正如可以说 the key to the door 也可以说 the key of the door 一样。用 to 强调“针对……”,用 of 强调“属于……”。 69 这里用 to 和 of 有什么区别? 有一读者:高中英语第一册上说 entrance 作“入口”解时,一般与介词 to 搭配,而课后练习第五题却有这样的句子: (1)At the entrance of the park, Mary picked up a wallet... entrance 后接 to 与后接 of 有什么区别? 英语里有些名词可后接 to,也可后接 of,二者的意义往往相似。除问中提到的 entrance 外,再请看二三例如下: (2)I hold the key to (of )the door. (3)They are adherents to (of )the new theory. (4)He is a nephew to (of )my mother. 但二者所表示的关系并不相同。介词 of 表示一种所有或所属的关系,而介词 to 则有“通向”或“对于”的含义。介词 of 回答“属于谁或什么”,to 则回答“具有何种关系”。 70 这里用 to 和用 on 有何区别? 有一读者问:有一本书上说,在表示同一整体内部的某个方向时用 in,在表示不属于同一整体的某个方向时用 to,但说朝鲜位于中国东部却用了 on,请问 to 和 on 有什么区别? 下面两句话都不错: (1)Korea is to the east of China. (2)Korea is on the east of China. 但二者的含义不同。例(1)中的介词 to 表示方向,强调有距离,意思是朝鲜在中国境外的东部。例(2)中的 on 表示位置,强调靠近,意思是朝鲜与中国东部接壤。试再比较: (3)He was sitting to my right. (4)He was sitting on my right. 例(3)的含义是:他坐在我的右边,但不在我的身旁;例(4)的含义是:他坐在我的右边,并在我身旁。换言之,例(3)表示两个人有距离,例(4)则表示二人靠得很近。 71 应选towards 有一读者问: 如何做这道选择题: Our teacher gave us a dictation_________the end of the class. A. at B. after C. towards D. in 应选C,towards在此意为“临近”。 72 not until 与 not till 有一读者问:not until 与 not till 有何区别? not until 与 not till 的区别和 until 同 till 的区别一样,前者可用于口语体与书面体中,后者则常用在口语体中。美国英语似乎多用 until。又,句子开头似乎常用 not until,如: Not until yesterday did I get the news. 73 这里用with与用at有何区别? 有一读者问:高二英语课本上有一句: (1)All this must happen with very great speed. 句中介词用了 with。在同一本书上则有一句: (2)All this must be done at very great speed. 句中却用了介词 at。那么何种情况下用 with?何种情况下用 at? 这里用with和at都对。这也是一种交叉现象。 with 本表“手段”或“方式”,at 本表“速率”等的“率”,但在此都与 great speed 连用表“速度”了。但请注意有些说法则比较固定,如 with speed, with all speed, at full speed (at 有时可省去), at top speed 等,其中的 with 和 at 一般是不可互换的。 74 with 作“随身带有”解与 on 的区别 有一读者问:有一道选择题是这样的: (1)He had no paper_________him. A. with B. on C. to D. in 答案是A。但在高一英语第十一课上有一句: (2)I haven't any small change on me. 为什么此处用 on 而不用 with? “with + 人称代词宾格”中的介词 with 意谓“随身带着”,是一种比较正式的用法,如: (3)I have no dictionary with me. (4)He always carries an umbrella with him. “on + 人称代词宾格”中的介词 on 意谓“在……身上”,多指在口袋里放着或藏着较小的东西,是一种口语中非正式的用法。如上述句(2),再如: (5)He had an air pistol hidden on him. (6)The burglar was caught with the stolen goods still on him. 由此可见,上述句(1)、(3)、(4)皆须用 with ,而句(5)、(6)则既可用on,亦可用 with。 顺便提一下,介词 about 亦常与人称代词宾格连用,意谓“在身边”,其用法与 on 相同。所以下面三种说法都是正确的: (7)I have no money with me. (指随身未带钱) (8)I have no money on me. (指未带小小的钱包) (9)I have no money about me. (指未带小小的钱包) 75 compared with与compared to 有一读者问: 《新英语教程》阅读第四册有这样一句话: (1)Psychology is a young science compared to other scientific disciplines, and recent years have seen a virtual explosion in psychological research. compare可与to或with搭配,但前者意为“比拟,喻为”,后者意为“两者作比显出异同”。故此处用to似欠妥当,我以为用with更为准确,也不易引起学生的混乱。不当之处,望老师多多指教。 这是一个有争议多年的问题。不少编写英语语法书或写作指导书的人仍认为compare与with连用时应意为“作比”,compare与to连用时应意为“比拟,喻为”。但在当代英语中,作为谓语及物动词,compare...with表“作比”,compare...to表“比拟,喻为”,似乎仍不失为一条规则,虽然有不少人并不遵守它。但作为过去分词,意为“作比”时,compared不论与with连用(如[as] compared with),或是与to连用(如[as] compared to),二者实际上已无甚区别了。因此,上述句(1)中的compared to并无不妥当之处,虽然亦可用compared with。有趣的是,在当代英语中,作为谓语不及物动词,compare with与compare to亦皆可用来表示“可比”或“匹敌”,虽然仍有不少人主张只可说compare with,不可说compare to。现举可用compare to作比的实例如下: (2)No other auto race in the U. S. quite compares to the Sebring grind. (3)Ham and bamboo shoots did not compare to those made at Ying's. 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 35 介词之比较 清单-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项
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