高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 20 动词时态用法释疑 清单-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项

2025-12-06
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 高三
章节 -
类型 学案-知识清单
知识点 时态
使用场景 高考复习-一轮复习
学年 2026-2027
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 DOCX
文件大小 94 KB
发布时间 2025-12-06
更新时间 2025-12-08
作者 匿名
品牌系列 -
审核时间 2025-12-06
下载链接 https://m.zxxk.com/soft/55299813.html
价格 0.50储值(1储值=1元)
来源 学科网

摘要:

该高中英语高考复习知识清单聚焦动词时态用法释疑,涵盖一般现在、过去、完成、进行等时态的65个典型疑难问题,结合真题例句系统解析特殊用法与易错点,构建从基础到疑难的完整知识网络。 清单采用分类标注与对比解析相结合的方式,如将“现在完成时与since连用”标为五星高频考点,用表格对比一般过去时与现在完成时差异,培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设真题链接模块和错题警示标识,如在“瞬间动词不可与for+时间段连用”部分链接近五年高考真题,配答题思路提炼,帮助学生精准突破,教师可据此优化复习策略,提升备考效率。

内容正文:

高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 20 动词时态用法释疑 7 这个现在一般时从何说起? 有读者问一道要求用正确时态填空的考题: (1)See that the windows_________closed when you leave the room.(be) 答案是现在一般时 are,他认为错了,应用 will be 才对。 现在一般时 are 一点也不错,will be 倒是错误的。从表面上看,颇有点怪,关窗户明明是未来的事,怎么能用现在一般时呢?这要从一些动词(包括短语动词)要求其后的宾语从句的谓语动词所用的语气说起。 我们知道英语里有一些表主观愿望(desire)的动词,如 desire, demand, insist, mind, request, suggest, see 等,短语动词如 take care, make sure 等。这些动词和词组都要求其后的宾语从句的谓语动词用虚拟式。常用的虚拟式有 be 式(或叫作简单现在虚拟式,其形式与动词原形相同),如: (2)I suggest that the meeting be postponed. (3)Let him that hath (=has)ears and understanding see that he hear God's word respectfully. 还有 “shall+动词原形式”(有的语法家名之为迂回虚拟式),如: (4)I will take care that you shall learn all you want to know. (5)See to it that my boots shall be blacked . 还有 “should+动词原形式”(这也是迂回虚拟式, should 是上述 shall 的过去式),如: (6)He insists that should go . (7)I demand that John should go at once. 上述三种虚拟式中,be 式比较正式。但在美国,不论正式英语和非正式英语,皆用此式。 据一位著名的美国语法家说,这是由于这种虚拟式具有及早或立即行动的含义之故。“shall+动词原形”一式语气较强,现在只用在非常正式的文体中。 “should+动词原形”式的语气较为温和委婉,现在在英国英语中仍常使用。 根据上述例句分析,例(1)可仿照例(3)填 be,亦可仿照例(5)填 shall be,当然也可以填 should be。但动词 see (see 与 see to it 同义,意谓 take care)有点特殊,它后面的宾语从句当今一般皆用直陈语气现在一般时。其原因可能有二:虚拟语气在现代英语中有逐渐少用的趋势;直陈语气强调迫切性与直接现实性,与动词 see 更为合拍。除去 see 外,还有 mind, take care, make sure 等,亦要求其后的宾语从句用直陈语气现在一般时,如: (8)Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. (9)Take care (that)you don't break it. (10)Make sure you get here. 由此可见,see 后的宾语从句中的现在一般时(谓语动词)乃由虚拟式蜕变而来,而用将来一般时则是没有根据的。 8 这里为什么用现在一般时? 有读者问:我在阅读中遇到这样一句话: (1)Your tricks are all covered before this time. 问这里为什么用现在一般时? 现在一般时不但可表经常、现在和将来,也可表过去。在上述一句中,现在一般时 are 表的是离现在较近的一段过去时间。在这种情况下,现在一般时即可与表过去一时段的时间状语连用,如上述句中的 before this time。再如: (2)The new type of bus comes into service later this month. (现在一般时 comes 与表过去一时段的 later this month 连用) (3)I used to massage them, but lately a very plump Hawaiian woman insists upon doing the job for me. (现在一般时 insists 与表过去一时段的 lately 连用) (4)Taste is so much deteriorated within the past few years that style has practically disappeared. (现在一般时 is deteriorated 与表过去一时段的 within the past few years 连用) 这种现在一般时还可以与表“自从”的 since 或表“经历”的 for 连用,如: (5)Since when do you read newspapers? (6)For weeks and months nothing happens here at all. 你可能要问:现在一般时在此与现在完成时和过去一般时有什么区别呢?简单地说,现在完成时不但表现在的结果,而且强调从过去到现在的过渡;过去一般时则只表过去某一刻或某一段时间所发生的事或所存在的状态,强调与现在无关。现在一般时在此则只强调现在的事实(包括结果在内),不强调从过去到现在的过渡。 9 这里又为何用现在一般时? 有一读者问: (1)We did not expect to be staying in first-class hotels, because this is an economy tour. 该句中为什么用现在一般时 is? 全句不是在叙述往事吗? 句中 because 从句之所以用现在一般时 is 是因为这一从句所表的是一客观事实,并没有什么时间概念,其含义是经济旅游者总是不住一流旅馆的。这种在叙述往事时间或插入一些表示客观事实或一般规律的现在时态的情况并不罕见,再如: (2)I saw some small tablets in a very thin tape like a straw you drink from.(现在一般时 drink 表一般规律) (3)Though the hotel is slightly run down it was clean and the staff could not have been more helpful and friendly.(现在一般时 is 表客观事实) (4)My parents came to see me, to see how I live and it put their minds at rest. (现在一般时 live 表经常情况) 有时亦可插入现在进行时或现在完成时,如: (5)He had just reached the time of life at which “young” is ceasing to be the prefix of “man” in speaking of one.(插入现在进行时 is ceasing) (6)She had the tense nervousness of those who have had hard times from birth.(插入现在完成时 have had) 插入表客观事实的现在一般时的情况也不仅限于叙述往事时。它也可以插入叙述未来事情时,如: (7)I'll show you how the machine works .(现在一般时 works 表经常情况) (8)The largest denomination you will see is the one hundred-dollar bill. However, many people do not like to carry a bill of this size in their pocket. (这两句话是对将要到美国去的人讲的。现在一般时 is 和 do not like 都表经常情况) 10 这种现在一般时如何解释呢? 有一读者问:我最近遇到这样一句话: (1)The story is set in the summer of 1937. 请问现在一般时 is set 怎能和表过去的时间状语 in the summer of 1937 一起连用呢?这种用法应作何解释呢? 你所举的句子意思是“故事的背景是1937年的夏天”。它所表的是一客观事实,而其主语 the story 又是一客观存在,所以应用现在一般时 is set。 从表面上看,现在一般时 is 与表过去时间的 in the summer of 1937 似乎是矛盾的,但二者却统一在一个客观事实上,也可以说是客观内容决定了语法形式。同样,我们也可以说: (2)The story begins in the year 1937.(现在一般时 begins 与 in the year 1937 连用) 现在一般时与表过去时间的时间状语连用的情况,除上述一种外,至少还有两种值得注意: 一是用于照片说明的现在一般时可以与表过去时间的状语连用,如: (3)Workers yesterday finish checking and fixing Beijing's street lamps to guarantee the capital an attractive appearance on the eve of National Day tomorrow.(现在一般时 finish 与 yesterday 连用) (4)The crew board the cargo jet at Beijing airport yesterday afternoon before flying to Guangzhou. (现在一般时 board 与 yesterday afternoon 连用) 一是表最近过去的现在一般时可以与表过去的时间状语连用,如: (5)He is sure out a lot, lately, isn't he? (现在一般时 is 与 lately 连用) (6)The new type of bus comes into service later this month.(现在一般时 comes 与表过去时间的 later this month 连用) 11 say的现在一般时可表过去 有一读者问教科书上的这样一个句子: (1)She says she's got a headache and a cough. 根据上下文,says指的是过去发生的动作,那么为什么不用said呢? 现在一般时says在此指离现在较近的过去,所以说话人在思想上认为仍是现在。这种用法非常普通,再如: (2)She says dinner is ready. 顺便提一下,say有时有“认为”或“主张”的含义,例如: (3)Bill says you are a good doctor. 如将says改为said,则强调过去,与现在无关,而且其后的宾语从句亦须相应地使用过去时态。 12 这里为什么用现在一般时而不用将来一般时? 有读者问: (1)I have been waiting for the day you come. 该句中的从句为什么用现在一般时 come 而不用将来一般时 will come? 在这个句子中,定语从句为什么用现在一般时而不用将来一般时呢?我们认为,严格地说,这里的定语从句应用将来一般时 will come,用现在一般时 come 是不妥当的。但语言是复杂的,特殊情况很多。这里用现在一般时而不用将来一般时也是一种特殊情况,不少英美人就是这样说和写的。其原因大概是将应用将来一般时的从句与应用现在一般时的从句相混淆了,或者说,是将名词 the day 与短语连词 the day 相混淆了。我们知道, the day 用作短语连词时,其所引导的状语从句是应用现在一般时的,如: (2)I'll tell him the day he comes. 但例(1)中的 the day 并不是短语连词,而是一个名词词组,其后的定语从句应用将来一般时,但它却用了现在一般时。所以我们说说话人将作为名词词组的 the day 与作为短语连词的 the day 混淆了。这种现象还是比较常见的,再如: (3)The next time we meet here will be to sign papers. 在这个句子里,说话人也把名词词组 the next time 误当短语连词用了。 13 这里可以不用现在一般时吗? 有读者问这样一句话: (1)I'll give you anything you ask for. 在此句的宾语从句中为什么用现在一般时 ask 而不用 will ask? 难道这里的 ask 不是表示一个未来的动作吗? 这是一个很重要而且有趣的问题。首先必须牢记:主句如表未来,从句中表未来动作的动词,在某些情况下,皆须用现在时态而不用将来时态。除例(1)中的宾语从句须用现在一般时外,还有定语从句和状语从句等亦须用现在一般时,如: (2)There will be people there who interest her.(定语从句须用现在一般时 interest 而不可用 will interest) (3)I'll let you know when he comes back.(状语从句须用现在一般时 comes 而不可用 will come) 上述例句中的各种从句为什么必须用现在一般时而不可用将来一般时呢?我们觉得可能有两个原因:一是古时英语没有将来一般时,表示未来皆用现在一般时,这种习惯在某些语言现象中一直保留到现在;二是如用将来一般时,则会有表示主句所表之未来的未来的危险。且以例(3)为例,如将 when 从句中的 comes 改为 will come,其所表的未来岂不变为主句中的 will let 的未来了吗?全句的意思就会变成“我将通知你他何时将回来”。所以,为了避免这样的危险,这里必须用 comes 而不可用 will come。同时这也是一项检验主句表未来时其从句是否必须使用现在一般时的办法,不是吗? 14 这种现在一般时站得住吗? 有读者问:在你的大作《英语时态》中有一实例: (1)She can run no more. She demands that Jacques goes on. 句中用现在一般时goes而不用常见的虚拟式go,请问这种用法站得住吗?它的普遍性如何? 上述实例乃摘自英国电影《女英烈传》(Carve Her Name With Pride )。在当代英语中,尤其在英国,这种用直陈语气的现在一般时代替虚拟语气的动词原形的现象,已不罕见,再如: (2)The employees have demanded that the manager resigns .(现在一般时 resigns 代替了动词原形 resign) (3)Most of those surveyed suggest that the State makes legislation defining job changes as a legitimate right.(现在一般时 makes 代替了动词原形 make) 其实,这种现象并不难理解,其原因就在于现代英语中长期存在着一种直陈语气代替虚拟语气的趋势,再如: (4)Suppose he loses his way. (现在一般时 loses 代替了虚拟式 lost) (5)Let's assume our opponents win the election. (现在一般时 win 代替了虚拟式 won) 最明显而又较固定的例子就是: (6)See that the work is properly done. 这里表未来的现在一般时is是从老式英语中的虚拟式 shall 或 should be 演变而来的,用现在一般时显然比虚拟式有较活的现实意义。而在当代英语中,偶尔也仍有用虚拟式的情况,如: (7)We will see to it that such things should never happen again.(这里用的就是虚拟式 should happen) 15 这里用过去一般时是怎么回事? 有读者问这样一句话: (1)He took her to the airport when she left. 按照一般语法规则,非持续动词的过去一般时所表的动作皆已完成,但这里的 left 虽是非持续动词,其动作却并未完成,这是怎么回事? 上述语法规则仅指一般而言,是一种比较笼统的说法。用非持续动词,严格说来,也不够恰当,因为它除包括有限动词和瞬间动词外,还包括重复动词,如 struggle, chew, giggle, pooh-pooh 等。例(1)中的left是有限动词 leave 的过去式。 它在此的确表示其动作只是刚刚开始,并未结束。这说明在有限动词中有一些动词如表“始点”动作,其过去一般时的动作就不会已经完成。除例(1)中的 leave 外还有 dress, pass 等,如: (2)The wounds seemed to be about the neck of the self-made outcast. She dressed them now. She steeped a piece of linen in a basin and laid it with a gentle hand upon the sore. (3)One day, I passed Strickland ... Nodding, I walked on quickly; but in a minute I felt a hand on my shoulder. 16 过去一般时何时不用时间状语? 有一读者问:过去一般时何时可不用时间状语? 据一位英国语法家说, 过去一般时不用时间状语的情况有下列三种: 1. 在上下文清楚或对话人彼此明白或尽人皆知时,如: (1)Who was that? (指刚才) (2)Did you sleep well? (指昨夜) (3)Lei Feng died at his post. (尽人皆知) (4)— This time last year I was in Dalian. — How curious! I was there too. (从上文而知) 2. 用于其他状语从句中时,如: (5)Tom has been punished because he pulled Mary's hair. 3. 前面有现在完成时引导时,如: (6)Have you measured how wide the window was ? (7)I have seen him already — he came to borrow a hammer. 我们认为除了以上三种情况外,还有下列几种情况也可以不用时间状语: 4. 以地点状语代替时间状语时,如: (8)I saw him in town. 5. 与现在对比时,如: (9)He is not the man he was . 6. 表示人已死时,如: (10)— Who is he in the picture? — He was my father. 17 过去一般时亦可表未来 有一读者问这样一段话: (1)“You give her this in the morning,” he said, “and make sure she gets something to eat. If I hear she didn't get it. I'll come back here and pull out all your teeth.” 如何解释这里的过去一般时didn't get? 这是一个时态从属于另一个时态的问题。具体到上述句(1)中的过去一般时didn't get,它即是从属于其前的表将来的现在一般时hear。换言之,从hear的角度来看,get所表的动作就是过去发生的了,虽然从说话时的现在来看,它们都是用以表将来的动作。这种从属于将来时态(包括表将来的现在时态等)的过去一般时并不罕见,再如: (2)In the years to come it will be a great thing for a man to say that I died here like a hero. (died从属于will be) (3)As soon as you get it, mail it to me here. I'll be on the lookout, so Tom will never know it came . (came从属于will never know) (4)Be sure to let me know you arrived safely. (arrived从属于表将来的不定式to let) 18 英国也这样用过去一般时吗? 有读者问:有的语法书上说在美国往往用过去一般时表示新近发生的事,如: (1)What happened? 而在英国,则用现在完成时: (2)What's happened? 但我也见过英国出版物中有: (3)I already saw him. 英国英语现在是否也用过去一般时表示新近发生之事? 是的,当今英国也有人开始用一般过去时表示新近发生的事了。甚至有的英国出版的英语词典已收纳了例(3),还收纳了下面这样的例子: (4)The bell just rang. (5)Did you eat yet? 其实,在许多情况下,英国英语与美国英语的界线并不十分清楚。尤其当今美国电影在英国大量放映的情况下,可以想象美国英语对英国的影响是很大的。但上述用过去一般时代替现在完成时表示新近发生之事的英语似乎尚未得到英国教育界人士的认可。 19 关于since I was a teacher 有一读者问: 在一本语法中有这样一个例句: (1)It is already three years since he was a teacher. 解释为“他不当教师已经三年了”。这与《牛津实用英语语法》中的例句: (2)It is three years since I (last)saw Bill. 自从我(上次)和比尔见面到现在已经三年了。 所给的解释相同。但《新英汉词典》上的一例句的解释却不相同,该例句及其解释是这样的: (3)It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. 他参加革命已30年了。 请问这是为什么? 一般说来,since(自从)从句中的谓语动词如是过去一般时,并为非持续动词(其实应唤作有限动词和瞬间动词),其所表的动作(或状态)皆已结束,不再延续。上述例(2)中的非持续动词saw如此,例(3)中的非持续动词joined亦如此(joined即“加入”,其动作亦已结束,不再延续)。但请记住,since从句中的过去一般时如是持续动词,其所表的动作或状态一般亦已结束,不再延续,上述例(1)即属于这种情况,再如: (4)It's a long time since I lived here. (lived虽是持续动词,但在此其动作亦已结束,不再延续,故而应译作: 我不住在这里已很久了) (5)It's five years since I smoked. (smoked也是持续动词,但在此其动作亦已结束,不再延续,故而应译作: 我戒烟已有五年了) 但在一定的上下文中,since从句中的过去一般时即使是持续动词,其所表的动作或状态也有可能并未结束,仍在延续,如: (6)I have seen him a lot since he was ill.(在此句中,was所表的状态则往往在持续中) 20 如何解释sent? 有读者问: 如何解释下面对话中的过去一般时sent? (1)— How is your mother? — Thank you. She's pretty well, sir. — Say we sent our remembrances, will you? 过去一般时可以与将来时态连用表示将来时间。也可以说,这种过去一般时是从属于将来时态的。从现在的角度看,它是表现在时间的,但如从将来时态所表示的将来时间看,它则是表示其过去的。例(1)所用的过去一般时sent即是如此。从现在来看,是表现在;但如从表将来的say来看,sent就表它的过去了。这种情况并不罕见,再如: (2)After a few years you will realize that his works were sincere and penetrating. (3)In a hundred years, if you and I are remembered at all, it will be because we knew Charles Strickland. (4)Upon my return to America next year, many black Americans will ask me many questions about China. I shall gladly tell my brothers and sisters at home of the wonderful hospitality that was extended to me in your country. 21 这里又如何解释sent? 有读者问这样一句话: (1)He is awake now and sent me to find you, as he is very anxious to see you. 这里为什么用过去一般时sent? 对中国学生来说,这里用过去一般时sent似乎有点奇怪,因为其前其后皆用现在一般时表一持续状态。用过去一般时sent则强调说话人心目中有过去某一时刻,只是没有明白说出而已。换言之,过去一般时sent这一动作是在“他”醒后的某一时刻发生的。这种过去一般时与现在一般时连用的情况并不罕见,再如: (2)As Beijing does not have many entertaining places to go, we wanted to add some colour to the lives of diplomats' wives, and let them enjoy some real Chinese food. (现在一般时does not have表长期存在的客观事实,而过去一般时wanted这一心态则产生在过去某一时刻) (3)Mandela was set to spend Christmas in the lonely, heavily guarded prison house where the South African regime moved him earlier this month while he recovers from tuberculosis contracted after more than 26 years in high security jails. (这里过去一般时moved与现在一般时recovers连用。前者指在earlier this month所发生的动作,后者指当前存在的情况;而前者是发生在后者的框框之中的) (4)Not only did it look disgusting and spoil the scenery, it is also very dangerous. (过去一般时did...look指作者所看到的当时情景而言,现在一般时is则说明一客观事实或真理) 22 这里为什么用过去一般时? 有读者问到这样一句格言: (1)Most men were raised to succeed at work, not at home. 这里为何用过去一般时were raised而不用现在一般时are raised? 英语里有些格言须用过去一般时。这种格言原多是引自著名作品的引语或语录,原文皆使用过去一般时,故变为格言,就不可改变这一时态了。如下面两句使用过去一般时的格言皆源自莎士比亚的《无事生非》一剧: (2)Men were deceivers ever. (3)Care killed a cat. 忧能伤人。 问题中所提的例子可能原来也是引语,但不知引自何书。但不论是否有出处,过去一般时有时仍然是具有其指过去之本义的。 23 是否可以这样用wrote? 有读者问: 语法书告诉我们说,过去一般时可以表“过去的过去”,如: (1)When the clock struck ten we all went to bed. 这里过去一般时struck显然表“过去的过去”,因为它发生在主句中的went之前。但是否也可以说: (2)When he wrote the letter he posted it. 换言之,过去一般时wrote在这里是正确的吗? 在时间状语从句中,我们可以用过去一般时代替过去完成时,如例(1)。其主要不同在于主句中的过去一般时所表的动作与从句中的过去一般时所表的动作二者紧相连接,中间没有时隔。如从句中用过去完成时,则其所表的动作与主句的动作有了时隔。 但从句中的这种过去一般时只限于有限动词(一种非持续动词)。如属于无限动词(持续动词),则不可这样用。例(2)从句中的wrote则是一无限动词,其所表的动作尚未完成,所以它用在这里是不正确的,应代之以过去完成时had written。 顺便提一下,在原因状语从句中,亦可用过去一般时表“过去的过去”,如: (3)The firewood was all wet from the rain, because the storekeeper did not cover it up. 这里的过去一般时did not cover显然表“过去的过去”。它与过去完成时一般的区别在于前者强调事实本身,后者强调先后关系。 24 这里应用过去一般时表“过去的过去” 有一读者问这样一道选择题: (1)My books that a short time ago_________so tiresome, so heavy to carry, now seemed to me like old friends. A. seemed B. had seemed C. have seemed D. seem 为什么答案是A不是B呢? 应选A,因为其前有表具体时间的状语a short time ago。在这种情况下,表“过去的过去”的谓语动词一般应用过去一般时而不用过去完成时,再如: (2)That call was from my wife. She arrived home this afternoon. (用过去一般时arrived表过去的过去,因为其后有具体的时间状语this afternoon) 关于这个问题可参阅拙著《英语时态》(开明出版社出版)编号2.2.29。 25 by the time引导的从句亦可用过去一般时 有一读者问:by the time he was ten之类的时间状语只能与过去完成时连用吗? 能否与过去一般时连用? 在上述时间状语by the time所在的句子中,主句的谓语动词并非只可用过去完成时,亦可用过去一般时,例如: (1)By the time I went to bed, I was absolutely exhausted. (2)By the time that the security guards had realized what was happening, the gang were already inside the bank. (注意by the time that 相当于 by the time) 26 为什么选never thought而不选hadn't thought? 有一读者问这样一道选择题: (1)— Come on, Peter. I want to show you something. — Oh, how nice of you! I_________you_________to bring me a gift. A. never think, are going B. never thought, were going C. didn't think, were going D. hadn't thought, were going 我和我的同学都认为应该选D。可是标准答案却是B,不知是何原故。 在对方提出一项意见后,你可以说: (2)I hadn't thought of that. 我可没想到这一点。 这里的过去完成时hadn't thought所指的时间是:在对方提出那项意见之前,这是适合语境的。但如用在上述一段对话中就不合语境了。当有一个人表示要给你看一样东西时,你显然应该说你从未想对方会带给你一样礼物,而不应强调是在对方表示之前你不曾想到。 为什么答案应是B呢? 这是因为never thought在此是最自然的口语说法,其意是“我从未想到”。“never (always)+过去式”实际上等于“have never (always)+过去分词”,再如: (3)I never knew that. (4)I always liked him. 27 如何解释这里的seen和done? 有读者问这样一句话: (1)He seen his mistake as soon as he done it. 如何解释句中的seen和done? 上述句子说明某些较低的社会阶层在口语中往往用过去分词代替动词过去式。这种非正式英语似乎在未受过多少教育的民众中较为普遍。再如: (2)Did I say I never seen nobody work hard? (从此句中所用的never...nobody亦可看出说话人的文化程度是不高的) (3)It looks like the Injun whoreson done the whole thing. (Injun=Indian,粗俗语;whoreson是骂人的污秽语) 我们应当避免使用这种非正式的粗俗语。 28 这里也可以用will get 有一读者问道: (1)Let's see who gets there first. 这一句中为什么用gets而不用will get? 用gets与will get都可以,皆表示将来。现在一般时gets似乎更为常见,但will get亦不鲜见,如大人可对小宝宝说: (2)Let's run a race and see who'll get to the bed first. 二者之不同在于: 现在一般时gets与全句的谓语动词let同时,亦可说是从属于let;将来一般时will get则是以说话人的说话时刻为准的。 29 这里为什么用将来一般时? 有一读者问: (1)It will be long before he will come back. 在这一句中,before引导的从句为什么用将来一般时will come back而不用现在一般时? 具体到上面所问到的这一句中的从句,我们觉得用将来一般时或现在一般时都可以。有些语法家则认为应用现在一般时,不应再用将来一般时,因为在主句中已有表示将来的将来一般时了。但事实上,在当代英语中,表示将来的before从句用将来一般时的现象是屡见不鲜的。因此,问题已不在于before从句应用现在一般时或将来一般时,而是在于它们之间是否有所区别或有些什么区别了。 我们觉得,如细加揣摩,在表将来的before从句中,上述两种时态是有不同的含义的。总的说来,现在一般时仅表一项单纯的事实,没有任何言外之意。而将来一般时则不仅仅表一项单纯的事实,而却有言外之意。至于具体含有什么言外之意,则须由具体情况而定。不过,似乎有一点是共同的,即所有言外之意都表示说话人的一种主观态度或主观判断。如问题中所举的例句中之所以用将来一般时,即表示它并不单纯表示一个客观事实,而是说话人主观上认为“他”过很久才能回来,强调其时间之长,并往往含有感情色彩。再如: (2)Some predict it won't be many years before this country will have more foreign currency than Japan, Germany and the United States put together. (before从句用will have,强调所需时间之短) (3)We are considering how many of Chiang's troops we can annihilate in their sorties, how long before his casualties will force his withdrawal, and how to diminish armies still further in their retreat. (说话人在此只强调时间之长度) (4)It will be weeks before his disappearance will attract attention. (有一位语法家说从句在此强调否定结果,等于“His disappearance will not attract attention for weeks.”) (5)You must go to the top before you will find any coal. (说话人强调“你”到顶上才能捡到煤,言其距离与艰难) (6)He will die of hunger before he will steal . (这里须用will steal以强调与主句中will die的对比,这种句型可译作“他宁愿……而不愿……”) (7)You must fill out the application form and be interviewed before you will be considered for the job. (before在此近乎and then,故其后常用将来一般时) 有时主句表示经常情况,但其before从句亦可用将来一般时,如: (8)Tens of thousands of patients have to be exposed to the drug before one case of anemia will develop from it. (before在此亦近乎and then) will表示意愿以及表过去将来的从句同样可用过去将来一般时的情况,这里就不举例赘述了。 30 Shall? Will? Be going to? 一位当代英语语法家在他的一本语法书中写下了这样一组句子: 1.She is going to know in a minute. 2.You are taking your medicine every three hours! 3.I'm going to come with you if you like. 4.Sometimes the baby's going to cry for hours on end. 5.I will go at once because I can see you will be rude to me. 6.Am I going to leave without paying? 7.Will you leave without paying? 接着,这位语法家写道: 所有这些句子在语法上似乎都是正确的,但听起来却是错的,至少是不顺耳的。为什么呢? 作者没有正面回答这个问题,只是说: 在现代英语里,如何选用正确而又通顺的将来时形式,是一个令人很伤脑筋的问题。 全面而系统地讨论这个“令人很伤脑筋的问题”,在这篇短文中显然是不可能的。我们在这里只能就上述7个句子的不妥之处试图作一说明。 先看第一句。首先我们应当指出,这句话不应该用is going to。为什么呢? 因为这句话的本意是: 她一会儿就知道了。be going to与人连用时则往往有“意图”、“意向”、“打算”、“目的在于……”等含义,而这些含义显然与全句的意思不相符合。既然be going to 在这里不宜使用,那应该用什么好呢? 我们认为应该用助动词will与know一起构成简单将来时(或称为将来一般时),这样才符合句子的本意。 应该说,在一般情况下,be going to是不能和think, understand, hope, want, believe 等静态动词连用的。注意下面一些句子中的be going to虽然与一些静态动词连用,但其含义已非“意图”或“打算”,而是“肯定”或“预测”了: (1)The voters aren't going to like this. (2)There's going to be a thunderstorm. (3)This question is going to need quite a few sessions. 再看第二句。这一句也应该用will,不应该用are going to。为什么呢? 因为这句话是表“命令”的,而will正是常常可以用来表示“命令”的。再如: (4)You will work in this room. (5)Will you children be quiet? (6)All boys will attend roll call at nine o'clock. (7)The container is fragile. You won 't crush it. 可是现在进行时不也可表示语气较为温和的命令吗? 是的,现在进行时确实也可以表示命令,如: (8)You're staying . (9)You're not going . (10)Don't forget. You're taking part in the meeting. 但由上例可以看出,现在进行时只可以表示一次性动作;而“每隔三小时吃一次药”分明是多次性动作,故应用will,不应用现在进行时。 第三句也应用will, 这倒并不是因为不可以说I'm going to come (这样说并没有错),而是因为句子里含有if从句。我们知道,一个句子里如含有if从句,主句的谓语动词一般应用将来一般时(will+动词原形),如: (11)He'll help you if you ask him. (12)If you will give your opinion, I will appreciate it very much. (13)If what he proposes will benefit the people, we will act upon it. 这么说来,只要句子里有if从句,主句就绝不可用be going to啰? 也不可这样说。语言是活生生的东西,用它的人又各种各样,所以谈到语言现象,我们切不可绝对化。事实上,be going to用在含有if从句的句子中的情况并不罕见, 尤其在美国英语中,更是不足为奇。如: (14)“What am I going to do if something happens to her?” Garp wondered. (15)If they harass you after you leave office, I'm going to resign as Secretary of State, and I am going to tell the world why! (摘自《尼克松回忆录》) 但尽管如此,在一般情况下,尤其在英国英语里,还是用will较为稳妥。 第四句更是以用will为宜,因为句中婴儿的哭显然是习惯性的,而表示“习惯”自然应用will。再如: (16)She will sit there for hours doing nothing. (17)John will fall asleep in church. (18)He will talk for hours if you give him the chance. 第五句中的will应改为are going to。为什么呢? 这是因为be going to有“即将有危险或不愉快的事发生”的含义的缘故。再如: (19)The ice is going to break! (20)The truck is going to turn over. (21)I'm going to be sick. 但will无此含义,除非句子里含有if从句。 第六句应改为“Shall I leave without paying?” 因为这是一句询问对方意愿的话。be going to则不可这样用。 第七句应改为“Are you going to leave without paying?” 为什么呢? 因为两点:will you常用来表示请求,而这个句子的口气恰恰与此相反;用be going to是为了表示主语的“意图”,而这正是说话人的本意,即: 你想不付钱就走掉吗? 最后让我们简单地归纳一下: 1. 在当代英语中,表将来时态时,不论什么人称,都可以用will。(但在英国英语中,仍有第一人称用shall的。) 2. will用来表将来时,它所代表的时间离现在可近可远,由上下文而定。be going to表将来时,它所代表的时间,在一般情况下,离现在较近,有时甚至有“即将”的含义。 3. 情态动词will表“意愿”(willingness), be going to表“意图”(intention)。 4. 句中如含有if从句,主句的谓语动词用will较为稳妥。 5. will有时可表“命令”和“习惯动作”,be going to则无此含义。 6. “Shall I...”用在疑问句,是询问对方的意愿的。 31 可以用will I和 will we提问吗? 有一读者问: 我知道可以用shall I和shall we询问对方的意图或愿望,但不知可否用will I或will we提问? will I和will we往往用以针对对方的“will (won't)you...?”而进行反问的。它们可能表示几种不同的含义,视不同的上下文而定。但多半表示“当然如此”或“那还用问”的意思。现举一二例如下: (1) — Will you give me a hand? — Will I? Why, of course I will. (2)— You'll come, won't you? — Oh, will I? 但will I和will we除可以用简略答语表示同意对方的要求外,还可以用在完整的一般疑问句中。这种用法似乎多出现在美国英语中,如: (3)— Will I take the peas with me? — No, I'll finish shelling them myself. (will I在此等于shall I) 但在更多的情况下,will I或will we在其所在的疑问句中并不等于shall I或shall we,而是用以询问将来的事实,如: (4)Doctor, will I die? (5)Andre, what will I do with you? 试比较下列两个疑问句: (6)Will we eat on the plane? (7)Shall we eat on the plane? 例(6)相当于: (8)Do you know whether in fact we will eat on the plane? 你知道我们实际上会在飞机上用餐吗? 例(7)则基本上等于: (9)Do you want to eat on the plane? 你愿意在飞机上用餐吗? 32 shall I和shall we的另一用法 有读者问: shall I和shall we是否只可以用于询问对方的意愿吗? 不然。shall I和shall we也可以用以询问未来的事情,如: (1)Shall I be able to get up next week, doctor? (2)Shall we ever really like the French? 33 这种句型应用完成时态 有一读者问这样一道选择题: (1)—Do you know the town at all? —No, this is the first time I _________here. A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案是B,但为何C不对? 在这种句型中,皆须用完成时态,再如: (2)This is the first time I have met him. 如指过去,则须用过去完成时,如: (3)It was the first time I had met him. 但如将(the)first time用作从属连词,则可用过去一般时,例如: (4)The first time I met him, he was about your age. 34 how often能与完成时态连用吗? 有一读者问: 我们的英语试题中出现了这样一道题: (1)—How often have you seen her? —Oh, hundreds of times. how often习惯于用一般时态,怎么能用完成时态呢? 又,oftentimes才能表示次数,often怎能表示次数呢? 请解释。 你所问的例(1)所用的现在完成时并没有错,当然也可以说: (2)How often do you see her? 但二者是有区别的。例(1)是问过去一段时间。回答可以是多少次,如例(1)中的hundreds of times, 也可以是once a week。例(2)是问经常的情况,回答不可只说多少次,须说多少时间多少次,如once a week或twice a month。英语问“多少次”常用often,有时也用how many times,但现在已很少用oftentimes了。 35 by引导的时间状语常与完成时态连用 有一读者问这样一道选择题: (1)I have been here for four years; by next summer I _____. A. would be graduated B. shall have graduated 答案为B,为什么不用A? 将A改为would have graduated可以吗? 这里的by意指“在……之前”,故而by next summer之后应用将来完成时。这种by常与完成时态连用,再如: (2)By 2008 the number will have grown to 1,400 millions. would have graduated可用,但须改变谓语的时态,如: (3)He said that by next year he would have graduated from the university. 36 如何解释这里的现在完成时? 有一读者问这样一句话: (1)If he asks for me, tell him I have left for Paris. 请问如何解释这里的现在完成时have left? 这里的现在完成时have left显然表示一个尚未完成的将来动作。其主语是第一人称,说话时尚未离去。再如: (2)I have gone to Paris, and will write you as soon as I get there. 这是一纸条上的一句留言。句中的主语也是第一人称,其后的现在完成时have gone显然也没有完成,是一在后来始完成的动作。那么,应该如何解释这种其动作尚未完成的现在完成时呢? 我们知道,时态是有从属性的。这里的现在完成时从属于一将来时态。在上述两例中的第一例中,现在完成时have left即从属于表示将来的tell,换言之,现在完成时have left的动作是在tell的动作发生时完成的。上述第二例中的现在完成时have gone也从属于一将来时态,只是被省去了。显然,全句之前省去了一个从句when you see this note,其中的see就是现在完成时have gone所从属的将来时态。 37 现在完成时的结果在哪里? 有一读者问这样一句话: (1)“My life has only just begun,” I said to myself, “but now everything is gone.” 这里的现在完成时has begun所造成的结果在哪里? 有时由于时过境迁,现在完成时的动作所造成的结果已不复存在,如你所举的例中的has begun的结果即由于but now everything is gone而不复存在了。再如: (2)I have seen the book in the bathroom, for years, but now no one can find it. (现在完成时have seen的结果因but now no one can find it而不存在了) (3)The house has been painted , although no trace of paint can now be detected. (现在完成时has been painted的结果因although no trace... detected而不存在了) 38 have got等于have吗? 有一读者问: 请问have got与have有无区别? 二者皆意谓“有”时,have got较口语化,如: (1)What have you got in your pocket? 但有时二者却有不同的含义,试比较: (2)He has a blind eye. (3)He's got a black eye. 例(2)的意思是“他有一只眼睛瞎了”,例(3)的意思则是“他有一只眼被打青了”。顺便提及, have got to一般也等于have to, 但有时二者也有不同的含义,试比较: (4)Jim has to check the temperature every 12 hours. (5)Jim's got to check the temperature every 12 hours. 例(4)只表一习惯动作,例(5)则表一道命令,要吉姆从现在起每隔12小时检查一次温度。 39 死者怎用现在完成时? 有一读者问这样一句话: (1)Guangzhou has been visited by Lu Xun. 鲁迅早已故世,但这里却用了现在完成时,是何原因? 一个句子的谓语动词用什么时态,决定于主语而不决定于其他句子成分。上述句子中的谓语动词是现在完成时has been visited,其主语是Guangzhou,不是by短语中的Lu Xun,而Guangzhou现在仍旧存在。因此,这句话是正确的。但如果将鲁迅用作主语,将上述句子改为“Lu Xun has visited Guangzhou.”那就错了,因为鲁迅先生早已不在人世了。再如: (2)England has had many able rulers. 这句话是正确的,因为England现在仍旧存在。但不可说“Assyria has had many able rulers.” 因为Assyria (亚述古国)早已灭亡,应改作“Assyria had many able rulers.”才对。 这样说来,是不是现在完成时一律不可用死者作它的主语呢? 不,有两种情况倒是可以用死者作主语的。一是死者刚刚死去,说话人觉得他或她宛然仍在人间,如: (3)Betty Barnard, who's been here all along, murdered! 另一种情况是死者虽早已去世,但其言行对现在仍有影响,如: (4)Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. 40 这里为什么用现在完成时? 有读者问: 我在一部英语小说中遇到这样一句话: (1)This is the first time I've flown to Belin. 可是说话人不但尚未到达柏林,而且飞机还没有起飞,但他却用了现在完成时have flown。请问这是为什么? 现在完成时一般皆表示行动上已完成的动作。但它有时也表示行动上尚未完成但思想上却已完成的动作,你所遇到的这句话即是一例。虽然飞机还没有起飞,但他在思想上已到达了目的地柏林了。这种现在完成时常用在上述例(1)的句型中。再如: (2)This is the first time that I have dined at this restaurant. (3)This will be the last time that I have dined at this restaurant. 但请注意,上述例(2)和(3)中的现在完成时have dined只在一定的上下文中才可表示行动上未完成但在思想上已完成的动作。在不同的上下文中,它自然也可表示行动上已完成的动作。而例(1)也是一样。 41 关于现在完成时的两个问题 有读者提出现在完成时如无for(经历)或since(自从)所引导的状语所修饰,其所表示的动作是否会延续下去这样的问题。 一般来说,如果没有for或since引导的状语,现在完成时所表的动作或状态,皆已完成或结束,只是其结果仍影响于现在。如: (1)He has gone . (动作已结束,含义是 “He is not here now.”) (2)She has been ill. (病的状态已结束,含义是“That's why she looks pale.”) 但不可绝对化,例外还是有的,虽然为数较少。比较常见的情况有下面两种: 1. 在连词since引导的状语从句中,完成时态所表的动作或状态有时仍在延续,如: (3)There have not been many visitors since we have lived here. (4)He has visited me quite often since I have been ill. (5)I have gone camping twice since I have owned a bike. (6)Her English writing has improved a lot since she has kept a diary in English. (7)He has been grey-headed ever since I have known him. 上面5例中since之后的现在完成时所表的动作或状态显然仍会延续下去,但应注意:5例中,这些完成式动词都是持续动词(或叫做无限动词);since在此有from the beginning的含义。 这是不是说since从句中的现在完成时所表的动作都会无例外地延续下去呢? 事实并非如此。试举两三个例外如下: (8)It's a long time since I have seen you. (注意see不是持续动词) (9)It's an age since you have been here. (10)It is now four years since I have studied this question. (如将since代之以that, have studied当然会延续下去,因为全句已变为强调结构) 2. 据一位英语学家说,英语里只有continue一词的完成式可以表示其动作或状态仍在延续,如: (11)In the Philippines the typhoon has continued north. 动词remain的意思是continue to be,所以它的完成式亦可表延续下去的动作,如: (12)He has remained neutral. 有一位读者问到,现在完成时如与for(经历)或since(自从)连用,它所表示的动作是否必然要延续下去。 回答是否定的。应该承认,具有for或since引导的状语的现在完成时所表的动作往往会延续下去,但也应指出,在一定的上下文中,它所表示的动作并不再延续,如: (13)Have you waited long? (long=for long) (14)I've lived here since I was nine, but now I'm going away. 42 有关现在完成时与 since连用的问题 在这里,我们谈一个比较普遍的问题,即有关现在完成时与作“自从”解的 since 连用的问题。关于这个问题,有些情况在一般语法书中都有讲解,所以我们对这些情况只拟简单地举例说明一下。有些情况则在一般语法书中或未涉及,或语焉不详,所以我们将对这些情况多费一点笔墨。 总的来说,现在完成时与 since 连用时,其用法有两大类:一是表持续的动作或状态,这时 since 有“自从……起一直不断地”的含义;一是表非持续的动作或状态,这时 since 的意思则是“在过去某一时间与现在之间”,没有“一直不断地”的含义。 表持续动作或状态的这种现在完成时,概括地说,又有两种不同的用法。一是所用动词必须是持续动词(或叫做无限动词),如: (1)She has taught us since I came to this school. (2)I have been ill since last Sunday. 一是所用动词可以是非持续动词(或叫做有限动词),多用于否定结构,如: (3)He has never touched beer since last month. (4)Nothing has happened since then. 关于现在完成时与 since连用时表持续的用法,就简要地归纳如上。现在就让我们谈谈现在完成时与 since连用时表非持续的问题。关于现在完成时与 since连用时表非持续的动作或状态,又可以分做两小类来讲: 第一小类是多用非持续动词表重复的动作和状态,这是我们常可见到的,如下面句子中主句所用的现在完成时: (5)I have met him often since I have lived here. (6)I have gone camping twice since I have owned a bicycle. (7)Since we came to this school we have had three headmasters. (8)Since the end of last year, over 5 billion trees have been planted all over the country. 下面句子中的现在完成时也有重复的性质: (9)I must attend to work that has accumulated since I have been away. (10)I have learnt a lot since I have known him. (11)I have had much practice in English composition since I have kept a diary. 第二小类是多用非持续动词表过程和结果,这也是并不罕见的,如: (12)The corporation has shown remarkable results since starting six years ago. (13)Since last year it (the city's women's federation)has raised an anti-gambling army of 140,000 women organized into 3,293 teams. (14)Since here I've heard that some people in Shanghai would like it to be Hong Kong. (15)Since last I wrote to you I have seen the ruins of Rome. (16)I have considered , ever since I have been capable of serious reflection. (17)Since my writing the above, something has occurred of a most unexpected and serious nature. (18)The town has changed since 1949. (19)What have you done since yesterday? (20)What's happened since yesterday? (21)Since when have you become active in politics? (22)Fully a century has passed since mason's hand has touched it. (23)Has he had any illness since I have been gone? (24)The Cubans have given the champions (China's national women's volleyball team)some real trouble since Los Angeles. (25)Since the beginning of this year, there has been a sharp increase in the number of ship passengers, and tickets have not been easily available. (26)The first edition of the Persian translation of China's “Daodejin” (《道德经》)by Lao Zi has been sold out since its printing here (in Tehran)seven months ago in 4,000 copies. 读者读到这里可能要问:为什么为这一类的现在完成时不厌其烦地举了这么多例证呢? 我们这样做主要有两个原因:一是中国学生对现在完成时(与 since 连用时)的这种用法可能还不甚熟悉;第二个原因更为重要,即不是任何非持续动词皆可这样地用现在完成时。换言之,有些非持续动词的现在完成时就不能与 since 连用。如动作短暂的 open, close, leave, miss, find, lose, get 等动词的现在完成时一般皆不可与 since连用。例如应该说: (27)I have left the door open since ten minutes ago. (自然也可说 I have opened the door 或 I opened the door ten minutes ago, 但不可说 I have opened the door since ten minutes ago) 但请注意 raise, hear, see, occur, change, happen, become, pass, give, sell 等动词的现在完成时却可与 since 连用,分别如上述例(13)、(14)、(15)、(17)、(18)、(20)、(21)、(22)、(24)、(26)。 这是为什么呢?难道这些动词的动作不也是短暂的吗?是的,孤立地看,它们都是动作短暂的动词,但当它们放在不同的句子中时,它们就有时强调一单纯动作之结束,有时则强调其动作虽已结束,但其影响仍旧存在,而从动作到影响则有一个过程。且以 change 为例。如说: (28)I changed my address last year. 句中的 changed 只表一个单纯动作的结束,仅此而已,与现在毫无关系。但如说: (29)I have changed my address since last year. 句中的 have changed 则与现在有关了。它不但表其动作已结束,而且意味着句中的主语I现今的地址仍是去年所变换的那个地址。这就是我们所谓的现在完成时的影响或结果。 由此可以看出,同是表短暂动作的动词,有的只强调这一短暂的动作,而其现在完成时不可与 since 连用来表过程和结果;有的则有二重性,它们不但可以强调一个短暂的动作,而且其现在完成时可与 since连用表示一个过程和结果。而这正是一般语法书所未涉及的。 但问题到此并未完全了结。再请看下面两个句子: (30)I've got to know him since last year. (31)And since when have you begun to hold up our hearts as trustworthy guides for us? 一般说来,动词 get 和动词 begin 显然只应强调一个短暂的动作,没有上述的二重性,但为什么它们的现在完成时在此也可以与 since连用表示过程和结果呢?语言是复杂的。 begin 和 get 的确与上面所说的 open 一样,其现在完成时一般是不能与 since一起表过程和结果的,但如果其后的不定式是持续动词,情况就不同了。你看,例(30)的 have got 之后的不定式 to know 即是持续动词;例(31)的 have begun 之后的不定式 to hold up 也是持续动词,而这两个不定式的重要性显然大于其前的 have got 与 have begun。所以这两个句子中表示过程和结果以及持续的正是它们,而 have got 与 have begun,正如某些语法家所说的那样,所起的作用可以说是相当于助动词了。 最后一个问题似乎更加微妙了。你看,我们可以说: (32)I have graduated from college since we met.也可以说: (33)Since then I have graduated from college. 但却不可说“I have graduated from college since 2000.”这又是为什么呢?原来有的表短暂动作的非持续动词与具体时间或日期连用时,其动作性特别强,只能表动作的结束,不能表过程和结果,而graduate 就是其中之一,所以只能说: (34)I graduated from college in 2000. 但当这种动词的现在完成时与不表具体时间或日期的 since 连用时,则可表过程和结果,如上述例(32)和(33)。 所以,当现在完成时与 since 连用表过程与结果时,所用的非持续动词又可分为两小类:一小类是可以与后接什么都可以的 since 连用;一小类则是只可以与后接表非具体时间的词语的 since 连用。 上面谈了这么多种类的非持续动词,但到底那些种类有哪些动词,我们则须对具体问题做具体分析,机械划一的规则是没有的。 43 现在完成时的连用 有一读者问能不能说: (1)People have gone to the moon and come back to earth again. 如果能的话,那么下面两个句子也是对的吗? (2)They have gone to Shanghai and come back again. (3)I have bought a pen but have lost it. 你所举的(1)、(2)、(3)例都是正确的英语。这种现在完成时与另一现在完成时连用并一起完成的情况颇为常见,也并不难学。再如: (4)She's been married and divorced. (5)The river has been a scourge to China. But we have tamed it at last. (6)Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back so soon? 从上述六例可以看出我们不仅可以用现在完成时完成一个动作,也可以用它接连完成两个动作。 44 这样用have gone对吗? 有一读者问这样一句话: (1)Have you gone to New York? 这样用have gone对吗? 这句话不错,但这是美国英语,在英国英语中须说: (2)Have you ever been to New York? 在美国英语里还可以说: (3)I have gone to the movies. 在英国英语里则须说: (4)I have been to the movies. 但这是不是说在英国英语中have gone一律不可以表一种经历呢? 不是的,请看下面一些句子中的have gone皆是用以表经历的英国英语: (5)I have gone there twice. (6)My father has always gone to work by bike. (7)I have seldom gone to the cinema since I bought a TV. 表示上过什么学校时,也可以用have gone,如: (8)“I'm the only one who's gone to a public school,” he said. 45 现在完成时能与every day连用吗? 有读者问: (1)Every day you have said to yourself:“I have plenty of time. I will learn my lesson tomorrow.” 一般语法书上讲every day只能与一般现在时连用,而这里却与现在完成时连用,这是怎么回事? every day既可与现在一般时连用,也可以与现在完成时连用。与现在一般时连用时,泛指经常,包括过去、现在和将来,如: (2)I go to school every day. 但如与现在完成时连用,则仅指从过去某一时刻到现在的一段时间里的“每一天”,如: (3)It has rained every day since last Sunday. (4)I have met him every day for years. (5)He has come to see his sick mother every day this year. 如果上下文清楚,也可以不明确说出过去的一段时间。问题中所给的句子即是一个很好的例证。同样,如果上下文清楚,上面所举的例(3)、(4)、(5)皆可只用every day,省去其他时间状语。 46 现在完成时可后接last night吗? 有读者问这样一句话: (1)We have already discussed this affair last night. 这里的现在完成时have discussed后接指具体过去时间的状语last night对吗? 我们知道,现在完成时可后接表笼统的过去时间的状语,如: (2)I have ceased to believe that long ago . 不少语法家们都说long ago在此是一种添补之词,是事后想到的一种说法。但这只限于表笼统的过去时间的状语的说法看来已被突破,现在也可用表具体的过去时间状语了,例(1)中的last night即是一例。再如: (3)The five-thirty train has been in and gone half an hour ago . (4)The Chinese team has defeated Serbia and Herzegovina on Monday . (5)China's procuratorates have made obvious progress last year in handling violations of law by government officials. 请注意这种用作添补之词的时间状语理应置于句末,如上述例(1)、(2)、(3)、(4),但例(5)中的添补词last year却置于句子中间,这不能不说是又一次惯例的突破。 47 为什么这样用现在完成时是错误的? 有一读者问: 为什么不可说“He has died for ten years.”? 汉语可以说“他已死了10年”,但在英语中却不可说“He has died for ten years.”,因为它的意思不是“他死了10年”,而是“他死的动作已延续了10年”,这显然不是说话人的本意。那么应该如何表达才对呢? 有下面几种说法供你参考: (1)He has been dead for ten years. (2)He died ten years ago. (3)It is ten years since he died. 顺便提及,汉语中的“这电视机我已经买了10年了”,也不可译为“I have bought it for ten years.”, 而应该用下列一些说法: (4)I have had it for ten years. (5)I bought it ten years ago. (6)It is ten years since I bought it. 48 这里为什么用had died? 有一读者问: I had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago. 这一句中为什么用had died? 它有延续性吗? 这里用过去完成时had died是因为它发生在主句谓语动词had thought之前。虽然that从句可以译作“他至少已死了20年”,但并无延续性。 49 过去完成时后用 long ago 还是用 long before? 有读者问这样一句话: (1)I thought you had all died long ago. 问为什么用 long ago 而不用 long before? 这是一个老问题,许多辞书都谈过。严格说来,这里应用 long before,因为 had died 发生在 thought 之前。然而实际上,许多英美人倾向于用 ago。有的语法家认为它是错的;有一些较为开明的人则认为它较 before 生动,是可以接受的。人们之所以爱用 ago 也可能是因为它也可以从句子主语的说话时刻算起。例如下面一句中的 yesterday 就可以有两种解释: (2)He said he had seen Tom yesterday. 一种解释是 yesterday 被错误地等同于 the day before,另一种解释是 yesterday 也可说是主语 he 说话时所指的“昨天”。 50 had been 在此较 had gone 好 有读者问如何做这道选择题: He had_________the classroom before he came to the library. A. gone to B. been to B较好,其义为“曾去过”,后接 before 亦较自然。 A虽也不能算错,但 had gone 没有已离开教室的含义,其后接 before 令人有点突然 (abrupt)的感觉。 51 过去完成时的动作可发生在过去一般时之后 有读者问这样一句话: (1)They managed to fortify the sea wall before the storm had broken. 为什么这里用过去完成时 had broken? 它不是指 managed 之后的动作吗? 过去完成时 had broken 在此表过去的将来动作,正如现在完成时可表现在的将来动作一样。且看下面用现在完成时表将来动作的一例: (2)“Please wait till I have finished my work,”he said. 如将这个句子的直接引语变为间接引语,即会是: (3)He asked me to wait till he had finished his work. 你看,上述句(1)中的 had broken 与这里的 had finished 不都同样是表示过去将来的动作吗?过去完成时所表的动作可发生在过去一般时之后,也可发生在过去一般时之前,也可与过去一般时同时发生,详见拙著《英语时态》(开明出版社)2.6.13。 52 出现在过去一般时后的过去完成时 有一读者问这样一道题: (1)His parents took him to many hospitals. And by then he_________part of his hearing. A.got B.had got 请问正确答案是哪一个? 应选B。这样的过去完成时常出现在过去一般时之后,强调动作的完成和结果,并往往有“突然”、“意外”或“快速”等含义,比较生动。其时间状语常用by now(或now)和by then(或then),除上述例(1)外,再如: (2)The dancers, walking gingerly two by two, had by now left the shore. (3)Now he had come round. (4)We had by then been without sleep for twenty-four hours. (5)He had then remembered the warning given him by Allan's messenger. 这种过去完成时亦可与其他时间状语连用,如: (6)The faculty had at last heard that something was amiss in the night.(与at last连用) (7)In another moment she had burst into the dining-room.(与in another moment连用) (8)In the meantime,the passenger had alighted ,and I walked on.(与in the meantime连用) 在一定的上下文中,亦可省去时间状语,如: (9)In 1949 the People's Republic of China was born.Our dream had come true. (10)In the outer office a door slammed. Nelson Chase had come to work. 这种过去完成时亦可与表过去将来的时间状语连用,如: (11)He had soon told the story.(与soon连用) (12)Five minutes later they had left the building.(与five minutes later连用) 关于这种过去完成时,这里只能简要地谈这么多,欲知其详,可查阅拙著《英语时态》2.6.9。 53 这里应选用过去完成时和过去一般时 有一读者问如何做这道题: (1)— How long_________each other before they_________married? — For about a year. A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got A 不可选,因为how long have they known each other的意思是:他们到现在为止已经相识了多久,而before they get married是指将来,其意是:在他们(将要)结婚之前。将这两种意思连在一起显然是讲不通的。 B 不但讲不通,而且有用法错误。之所以讲不通是因为did they know与were going to get所指的时间前后不对头。前者指过去,后者指过去将来,将此二者连在一起有什么意义呢? 用法有误乃指的是did they know。在英语里,动词know用于表示认识多久时,需用其完成时态,不可用其一般时态,如: (2)Have you known him long? (3)When she had known me for a year, she invited me to tea. 所以,在这里说how long did they know each other是错误的。 C 也是错误的。其错误的性质与B完全一样。只不过其所指的时间不同于B罢了。 只有D 是正确答案。这项选择,不论在语法上还是在意义上都没有错。had known是一过去完成式,表示过去的过去,即发生在过去一般时got之前。这样,时间的前后顺序清楚了,全句的意思自然明了,与其下面的答话也就贯通了。 54 这是进行时态的一种特殊用法 有一读者问: 有这样两句话: (1)Not many years ago, some farmers were worried because hawks were taking many of their chickens. (2)Field mice were eating up a lot of the farmers' grain. 如何解释这里的过去进行时?能用“正在”翻译吗? 上述两句中所用的过去进行时是进行时态的一种比较特殊的用法。这种时态并不强调现在或过去某一时刻“正在”做什么,而是表示在一个特定的时段中,不断地或陆续地进行着的动作。上述句(1)中的 hawks were taking many of their chickens 的意思是:老鹰不断地抓走他们的许多鸡。句(2)的意思是:田鼠陆陆续续吃掉农夫的许多粮食。下面再举几例: (3)Ours is an epoch in which heroes are coming forward in multitudes. 我们的时代是一个英雄辈出的时代。 (4)Many associations are breaking up for lack of money. 许多协会因缺乏资金而纷纷解体。 (5)People are dying in that part of the world. 在世界的那一地区,人们在不断地死去。 (6)The Beijing Municipal People's Court announced that an average of 20,000 couples in the capital were getting divorced each year. 北京市人民法院宣称,首都每年平均陆续有2万对夫妇离婚。 55 静态动词亦可用进行时态 有一读者问这样一个句子: (1)You're forgetting the old saying: One is never too old to learn, in any case, you're not old at all. forget不能作延续性动词用,为何在此用进行时态呢? 一般说来,静态动词如want, know, believe, forget, understand等,皆无进行时态。但如强调其一时的心理活动,它们就可用作动态动词,具有进行时式,再如: (2)She finds that no one is believing her. (3)I'm remembering it. (4)— He's senile? — There's a word that I'm never knowing the meaning of. 如有兴趣,请参阅拙著《英语时态》(开明出版社出版)编号2.9.23。 56 可与进行时态连用的频率副词 有一读者问这样一句话: (1)She's always helping people. always是频率副词,为何可与现在进行时连用? 还有别的频率副词可与进行时连用吗? always与进行时连用,常具有感情色彩, 或表扬(如上述句[1])或责备,如: (2)You're always leaving something.你老是丢三落四的。 其他有的频率副词亦可与进行时连用,如: (3)The river is constantly flowing into the sea. (频率副词constantly与进行时连用) (4)He is continually complaining about the noise. (频率副词continually与进行时连用) 此外,频率很高的短语如for ever, all the time也常与进行时连用,如: (5)He is for ever singing his own praise. (for ever亦可写作forever) (6)The baby is crying all the time . 57 agree怎能有进行时态? 有一读者问这样一句话: (1)I'm agreeing because I don't care much for you. agree显然是瞬间动词,它怎能有进行时态呢? 首先应指出,agree并非瞬间动词(momentary verb)。英语里的瞬间动词仅指jump, hit, knock, kick, nod, tap等,它们也可以用进行时态,但其所表的动作一般皆有重复性,如: (2)The boy is jumping with joy. (3)Someone is knocking . (4)Why are you hitting me? 那么,像agree这样的动词是什么动词呢? 我们认为像这样的动词皆是有限动词,只是其动作比较短暂而已。这种动词亦有进行时态,表示其一定的持续性,这种动词的进行时有时可以译作汉语的“正在……”,如: (5)He is stepping into the car. (is stepping into可译为“正在步入”) (6)Look, they are still opening their mouths. (are still opening可译为“还在张着”) 但也有不少不可译作“正在……”的情况,而这正是使中国学生感到困惑的地方。如例(1)中的am agreeing(在此起一种解释前文的作用)即不宜译为“正在同意”,而只能译作“同意”。再如: (7)We are winning . (8)We aren't abandoning you. (9)They are making their first appearance in international competition. (10)They are only allowing you a single page letter. (11)It is reported that their team is withdrawing from the competition. 不难看出,上述五句中的现在进行时皆不宜直译作“正在……”。如例(7)中的are winning即不宜直译作“正在赢”,但可将它译作“正在占上风”。例(9)中的are making their first appearance也不可译作“正在第一次出现”,而可译作“初次参加”。其余各例皆应如此处理。 58 这里为何用being? 有一读者问: 下面两句中为何用being? (1)I'm afraid you are being too particular about your food. (2)He is being friendly to us. 连系动词be虽是静态动词,但可以用现在进行时态,表示一种临时或暂时的状态。例(1)的意思是:我想你恐怕太挑食了;其含义是:你现在太挑食,并不意味着你总是如此(也可能意味着你平时并不如此)。例(2)的意思是:他现在对我们做出友好姿态(也可能意味着平时并不友好)。再如: (3)You are not being very polite. 你这可是不大客气呀。 (4)Now you are just being silly. 你这是胡说些什么呀。 (5)You're being difficult again. 你又和人为难了。 (6)Am I being rude to ask such questions? 我提这种问题是不是失礼了? 59 这里应用am living 有读者问一道选择题: (1)I_________with Jackie and Stanley at the moment. A. lived B. live C. am living D. has lived 答案为C,这里用进行时态妥当吗? 这里应用进行时态am living,以表示“当时”或“暂时”。 live是持续动词(或称作无限动词),但强调其临时性时,则可用进行时态。除上述句(1)外,再如: (2)Where are you living ? (3)We know Miss Cole is living under an assumed name. 60 为什么 remember 也可用进行时态? 有一读者问: 有不少辞书上说 remember 和 know, understand 等动词一样,不可用进行时态,但我在 Publishers Weekly 上看到这样一个句子: (1)All the doings at 201 East 50th Street are a long way from the humble beginnings, but since Random is not the house that treads the past remorselessly down, it is remembering the occasion of its very first book — by reprinting its very first book. 这应做何解释呢? 英语中的静态动词有的的确是不可用进行时态,如 dislike, resemble 等,有的则是通常或一般不用进行时态, remember 即属于后一种。但这后一种静态动词有时则可用进行时态,这时它一般皆含有一种能动性或描写性,如 remember 常意谓 bring sth. back into the mind (回想起,忆及)。上述句(1)中的 is remembering则有描写性,显得鲜明生动。再如: (2)Now I'm remembering it. (有“开始忆得”的含义) (3)He was a sick man and he was remembering things. (4)His brows came together; he was remembering his father. (5)One day I was walking on No.143 Street. I was remembering a lot of things about the block. (6)She was remembering Walter Fane polishing his eyeglasses and the queer blind stare of his eyes when she had first mentioned St. Catherine's. 顺便提一下,由于进行时态在现代英语中愈来愈得势,所以有些不可用进行时态的静态动词有时也可用进行时态,如下面各句中的划线部分: (7)Charles is understanding French a lot better since he's been to France. (8)I wasn't meaning to be disrespectful. (9)The thought of fishing was seeming like a joke to her. (10)If I were to know my nature well, I should be knowing universal nature. 但是,话又得说回来。不少人认为上述句子中的进行时态是非正式英语,所以这种用法我们不宜仿效。 61 关于过去进行时的一种用法 在当代美国作家Herman Wouk所写的《战争风云》(The Winds of War )一书中有这么一段记载: 当1941年6月美国航空母舰“企业号”听到法西斯德国向苏联发动全面进攻的消息后,舰长请华伦上尉做了一段关于日本情况的讲话。在原著中,华伦开头是这样说的: (1)“Now, naturally, our concern is the Japanese. In theory, there should be no battle problem here. We're so much stronger than Japan in military potential that any Jap move to start a war looks suicidal. So you hear civilians say we'll blow the little yellow bastards off the map in two weeks, and all that poppycock.” Some of the young officers were smiling; their smiles faded... 在某个中译本中,这一段的译文是这样的: “现在,很自然,我们关心的是日本人。在理论上,这里不应该有战争的问题。在军事力量上我们比日本强得多,任何日本人要发动一场战争,看来就是自杀。所以我们听见老百姓说,两个星期我们就会把这些黄脸小个儿鬼子在地图上消灭掉之类的胡话。”有些年轻军官笑了笑,就不笑了…… 如将译文的最后一句与原文对照,就会发现译文显然错了。 错误发生在哪里呢? 发生在对过去进行时were smiling的理解上。译者误认为were smiling 发生在华伦讲完上面一些话之后。这样一来,译文不但语法上讲不通,其汉语本身也很牵强。其实这里的were smiling和一切进行时态一样,其动作应有一段持续的时间。它所持续的时间与华伦讲话所持续的时间相同。正确的理解应该是: 有一些青年军官本来还在笑,但当他们听到华伦讲到“...and all that poppycock”时,他们的笑容就收敛了。 译者为什么会犯这样的错误呢? 我们认为很可能是由于不熟悉过去进行时与过去一般时这两种时态的连用情况所致。而这种情况又恰恰在许多语法书中或未涉及,或语焉不详。下面我们探讨一下这个问题。 在“Some of the young officers were smiling; their smiles faded...”这个句子中,先用过去进行时,后用过去一般时。过去进行时所表的是一种情景、一个镜头或一个画面;过去一般时则表示在过去进行时的动作进行到某一时刻所发生的事情或事件。过去进行时所表的动作乃发生在过去一般时之前。这样的现象在英语中还是比较常见的。现再举一些例子: (2)The baby was crying , the crying suddenly stopped. 婴儿一直在哭,这时突然不哭了。 (3)During the exam, my shirt was hindering their work and was removed. 在检查中,我的衬衣碍他们的事,于是给脱掉了。 (4)One night we were suddenly awakened by a storm and soon we were wet through and bitterly cold. Vice Chairman Zhou was sitting up late working and he ran over to see how we were. 一天夜里,我们突然被暴风雨惊醒,浑身湿透,身上冷极了。周副主席深夜未眠,仍在工作,这时他跑过来看我们。 (5)Then they found out we were meeting and I put a stop to it. 后来他们发现了我们在会面,于是我就停止与他相会了。 以上都是简单句和并列句。在复合句中,过去进行时的动作先于过去一般时的情况就更常见了,如: (6)The man leaped up from the bench on which he was sitting . 那人从他所坐的长凳上跳了起来。 (7)The boy quickly swallowed the food he was chewing . 那男孩儿急忙把他咀嚼的东西吞了下去。 (8)He decided to give up the monthly allowance he was receiving from his uncle. 他决定不再要叔叔按月给他钱。 (9)The boy who was standing there ran away. 站在那里的男孩儿跑了。 (10)The man switched off the electric drill he was using . 那人把他所用的电钻关掉了。 (11)Madame Esmond left this room, where she was reading Defoe. 埃斯蒙德太太离开了这个房间,离开之前她在此读笛福的作品。 (12)British unemployment hit nearly 8 per cent last month, far more than most experts were forecasting . 英国的失业率上月已接近8%,远远超过了大多数专家的预测。 读者不难看出,在上述(6)—(12)等例句的各从句中,过去进行时简直有点接近于过去完成进行时了。是的,在这里过去进行时与过去完成进行时不但相似,而且也可以被过去完成进行时所代替。当然二者还是有区别的:过去进行时像一个移至“过去的过去”的镜头, 表一个画面或一种情景,过去完成进行时则强调时间的先后关系; 过去进行时不强调持续时间的长短,过去完成进行时则暗示持续了颇长的时间。 过去进行时不但可以表发生在同一句中过去一般时之前的动作,还可以在一独立句中单独进行倒叙,表过去的过去。如有一本书谈到某毒贩被捉拿归案前的情况时写道: (13)...And then, at about nine in the evening on December 6 in the dining room of the Howard Johnson Motor Lodge on Interstate Highway 10, La Farge's luck went sour. He was sitting at a table discussing possible narcotic deals with a Mexican national, a small-time racketeer named Jose Herrera. The two spoke in low voices, quickly and in Spanish. From time to time they looked at the people seated around them to see if anyone was interested in their talk. They didn't look closely enough. In the nearest booth to their table, an off-duty city detective, Nick Kellog, had been eating a hamburger and listening to their conversation. Fluent in Spanish he hadn't missed much, and he had heard enough to decide to do some follow-up work. ……12月6日晚9点左右,在第10号州际公路上的霍华德·约翰逊汽车旅馆的餐厅里,拉法日的厄运临头了。 他正坐在一张桌子旁和一个墨西哥人洽谈毒品交易。那人名叫何塞·埃雷拉,是个小走私犯。两个人压低嗓门讲西班牙语,说得很快。他俩不时向四周张望,看是否有人注意他们的谈话。可是他们看得还欠仔细。 在紧挨着他们桌子的一个小隔间里,坐着该市一个名叫尼克·凯洛格的侦探,他已下了班, 一边吃着汉堡,一边听他们谈话。他熟谙西班牙语,因此对他们所谈的话没有漏掉多少。他根据所听到的情况,决定要对此事进行进一步侦察。 上述引文第二段开头,过去进行时was sitting就是用来进行倒叙的,而且也表示一事件的背景。饶有兴味的是第三段中也用了过去完成进行时“had been eating...and listening...”, 表示其动作开始于前一段的一系列动作之前。这里的过去完成进行时是用来强调时间的先后关系,切不可代之以过去进行时。 上面所谈的都是过去进行时的动作先于过去一般时的情况。现在我们看一下过去进行时与过去一般时的动作同时发生的情况。 这种情况比较简单。过去一般时的动作发生在过去进行时时段中的情况,更是非常普通。这里举一二例即足以说明: (14)When I was walking to the station, I met Little Tom. 我在去车站的路上遇见了小汤姆。 (15)I'm sorry I didn't hear what you said. I was looking at the picture. 对不起,我没有听见你的话。我在看那张画呢。 但有一种现象却值得注意。那就是作者为了避免单调不愿老用过去一般时或过去进行时,而交替地使用这两种时态。如: (16)He was wearing a tall hat and carried an umbrella. 他头上戴着一顶高礼帽,手里拿着一把雨伞。 (17)Nobody was eating bread. Nobody drank vodka from a bottle. 没有人吃面包。也没有人拿着酒瓶喝伏特加。 (18)The day dawned and the birds were singing . 天亮了,鸟儿唱着歌。 现在再让我们看看过去进行时的动作后于过去一般时发生的情况。在这种情况下,过去进行时更像是一个镜头或画面,生动地展现在读者的面前。如: (19)The hobo sat down, and the judge was calling another name and another hobo was rising to his feet. 这个流浪汉坐了下去, 接着法官唤下一个人的名字,又一个流浪汉应声起立。 这种过去进行时往往有“开始”的含义,如: (20)One after another began to choke, and at the end all the women were weeping . 人们一个接一个地哽咽起来,最后妇女们都哭了。 说了半天,例(1)中的最后一句到底应该怎样译好呢? 根据以上的分析,也许这样译较好:一些年轻军官本来还笑吟吟的,这时突然收敛了笑容。 62 过去进行时可表过去将来? 有读者问这样一道改错题: (1)I wish I you today. I you the station if I had. 答案是A错,应改为had known。但我认为B也错了,were arriving怎能用进行时表将来呢? 用过去进行时表过去将来,正如可用现在进行时表将来一样,并不罕见。除上述句(1)外,再如: (2)I told her I was leaving soon. (3)I was meeting my sister the next day. 63 如何理解was announcing? 有一读者问: 我在一本英国小说中遇到过: (1)I looked afterward at the principal news page. The Secretary for Education was announcing a six-year plan to eliminate illiterary in the north — why the north in particular? 这里的was announcing应如何理解? 为何不用announced呢? was announcing与announced在此区别不大,亦指动作已完成,并无正在延续的含义。如细加揣摩,announced强调一个过去事实,仅此而已;was announcing则似乎有“最后结果如何尚不清楚”的内涵。有人说进行时态可以表一种在延续的结果,也许这里的was announcing即属于这种情况。再试比较: (2)He told me about it.此事他已全告诉我了。 (3)He was telling me about it. 此事他跟我谈起过。 64 这是典型的将来进行时 有一读者问: 下面一段文字中为什么用将来进行时? (1)The Greenwood Boys are a group of popular singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Worker's Club... 上述引文中最后三句所用的将来进行时是这一时态最典型的一种用法,即表示已安排好的或预告将来要发生的事。这种用法一般须有一将来某一时间,如上述引文中的第三句和第五句,再如: (2)Professor Craig will be giving a lecture on English poetry tomorrow afternoon. (3)We'll be living in Shanghai next year. 如果上下文已清楚地表明将来时间,则可省去不表,如上述引文中的第四句,再如: (4)I'll be waiting for you. (对话双方皆知所指的将来时间) (5)Will you be eating your meals in the hotel? (指对方在旅馆居住期间) 65 这里为什么用将来进行时? 有一读者问: 下面一句为什么用将来进行时而不用将来一般时? (1)If I fail to appear by 7 o'clock, I will not be coming at all. 这里用将来进行时比较好,因为它在此不仅表示结果,而且有强调“不必等我”之意。有时还带有感情色彩。再如: (2)If you don't write, they will be wondering what has happened to you. 有时将来进行时还有“警告”的含义,如: (3)Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold. 将来一般时也常表示结果,但其语气并不强烈,只表示一般的因果关系,如: (4)He'll help you if you ask him. (5)Try again and you'll succeed . 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 20 动词时态用法释疑 清单-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项
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