Unit 1 Science and Scientists教材原文助读-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第二册教用课件(人教版)

该高中英语课件围绕“科学与科学家”主题，选取约翰·斯诺战胜霍乱、钱学森推动中国航天、史蒂芬·霍金研究宇宙等事迹，通过词汇积累和课文原文助读搭建学习支架，引导学生从核心词汇过渡到语篇理解，梳理科学探究与人物精神的脉络。 其亮点在于融合语言能力、思维品质与文化意识培养，词汇部分标注词性变化及固定搭配提升语言运用能力，课文讲解中分析斯诺调查逻辑等培养思维品质，钱学森事迹渗透家国情怀。采用语篇分析与语境学习法，助力学生提升语言技能与科学思维，为教师提供系统教学资源。

第一部分 教材助读 Unit 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS 1 教材原文助读1 1 教材原文助读2 2 内 容 索 引 教材原文助读1 PART 01 第一部分 3 ①cholera ['kɒlərə] n．霍乱 ②used to do sth.过去常常做某事 ③severe [sI'vIə(r)] adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 severely adv. 严重地；严格地；严厉地 ④diarrhoea [ˌdaIə'rIə] n．腹泻 ⑤dehydration [ˌdiːhaI'dreIʃn] n．脱水 ⑥outbreak n．爆发；突然发生 ⑦hit v．攻击；进攻；袭击 返回导航 ⑧frustrated [frʌ'streItId] adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 feel frustrated 感到沮丧 frustration n．挫折 ⑨in time 最后；迟早 ⑩rise v. 变得更加成功(或重要、强大等) ⑪attend to照料，照顾 ⑫give birth (to) 分娩，生育 ⑬once and for all最终地；彻底地 返回导航 ⑭in general通常；一般而言 ⑮contradictory [ˌkɒntrə'dIktəri] adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 be contradictory to与……相矛盾 contradict v．相抵触，相矛盾；反驳 ⑯infection [In'fekʃn] n．感染；传染 ⑰germ [dʒɜːm] n．微生物；细菌；病菌 ⑱subscribe to同意；赞同；订阅 subscribe [səb'skraIb] vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)　 返回导航 ⑲proof [pruːf] n．证据；证明；检验 prove v．证明；证明是 ⑳consequently adv.因此，所以 ㉑investigate v．调查；研究 ㉒particular adj.特定的；特别的 ㉓be determined to do sth.下定决心做某事 ㉔multiple ['mʌltIpl] adj.数量多的；多种多样的 multiply v．乘以；迅速增加；繁殖 返回导航 ㉕water pump水泵 pump [pʌmp] n．泵；抽水机；打气筒　 ㉖household ['haʊshəʊld] n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人 ㉗suspect [sə'spekt] vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 ['sʌspekt] n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象　 suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事 返回导航 ㉘blame [bleIm] vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责 be to blame (for...)(对……)应负责任 ㉙what is more更重要的是；而且 ㉚as a result of由于(后跟原因) as a result结果(后跟结果) ㉛accordingly adv.因此；相应地 ㉜handle ['hændl] n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) 返回导航 ㉝intervention [ˌIntə'venʃn] n. 介入；出面；干涉 ㉞infect [In'fekt] vt.使感染；传染 infectious adj.传染性的；感染的(尤指通过呼吸) ㉟link [lIŋk] n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 a link between...and...……与……之间的联系 be linked to...与……连接；与……有关联，与……有联系 返回导航 ㊱raw [rɔː] adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 ㊲be likely to do sth.有可能做某事 ㊳pure [pjʊə(r)] adj.干净的； 纯的；纯粹的 pure water纯净水 ㊴tireless adj.不知疲倦的 ㊵substantial [səb'stænʃl] adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 返回导航 ㊶decrease ['diːkriːs] n．减少；降低；减少量 [dI'kriːs] vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 on the decrease正在减少，在降低 ㊷thanks to 幸亏；由于 ㊸statistic [stə'tIstIk] n．[pl.-s] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 ㊹transform [træns'fɔːm] vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 transform...into...使……转变成…… ㊺epidemiology [ˌepIˌdiːmi'ɒlədʒi] n．流行病学 返回导航 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①” Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④， dehydration⑤， and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe, millions of people died from the disease. 返回导航 As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated⑧ [1]because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time⑨， he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor, and even attended to⑪ Queen Victoria when she gave birth⑫. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all⑬． [1]此处是because引导的原因状语从句，其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构作knew的宾语。 返回导航 In general⑭， doctors in those days had two contradictory⑮ theories to explain [2]how cholera spread. One theory was [3]that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection⑯ from germs⑰ in food or water. Snow subscribed to⑱ the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof⑲. [2]此处是how引导的宾语从句。 [3]此处是that引导的表语从句，that在从句中不作成分。 返回导航 Consequently⑳， [4]when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate㉑. He discovered that in two particular㉒ streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to㉓ find out why. [4]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。 返回导航 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple㉔ deaths near the water pump㉕ in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16，37，38, and 40). However, some households㉖(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected㉗ 返回导航 [5]that the water pump was to blame㉘. What is more㉙， in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of㉚ this evidence, John Snow was able to announce [6]that the pump water carried cholera germs． [5]此处是that引导的宾语从句。be to blame意为“负有责任”，动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动意义。 [6]此处是that引导的宾语从句。 返回导航 [7]Accordingly㉛， he had the handle㉜ of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention㉝， the disease was stopped in its tracks. [7]本句中含有“have sth.done”结构，意为“让/请某人做某事、使某事被做”；so that引导状语从句。 返回导航 The truth was [8]that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected㉞ by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link㉟ between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River, [8]此处是that引导的表语从句。 返回导航 Thames [9]that was polluted by raw㊱ waste. The people [10]who drank this water were much more likely to㊲ get cholera than those [11]who drank pure㊳ or boiled water． [9]此处是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词water。 [10]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。 [11]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those。 返回导航 Through Snow's tireless㊴ efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial㊵ decrease㊶. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know [12]how to prevent cholera, thanks to㊷ the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics㊸， Snow transformed㊹ the way [13]scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology㊺．　 [12]此处是“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作know的宾语。 [13]此处是省略引导词that/in which的定语从句，修饰先行词the way。 返回导航 约翰·斯诺战胜 “霍乱王” 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病可以导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，当霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲时，数百万人死于这种疾病。由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。后来，他成为一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 返回导航 对于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发的这种疾病，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上暴发得非常严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。 返回导航 斯诺开始在地图上标出那些死去的人曾经居住过的地方的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。然而有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒，因此他们没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿搬离宽街后死于霍乱。这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。因为这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这一干预，疾病的蔓延得以遏制。 返回导航 事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用这种水的人更有可能感染霍乱。 返回导航 经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售洁净的水，世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。然而，霍乱仍是一个问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，并且许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，在他使用地图和数据的过程中，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。出于这个原因，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。 返回导航 教材原文助读2 PART 02 第二部分 28 ①aerospace ['eərəʊspeIs] n．航空航天工业 ②have an impact on...对……有影响 ③patriotic [ˌpeItri'ɒtIk] adj.爱国的 patriot n．爱国者 ④devotion n．奉献，献身 ⑤well-respected adj.受人尊敬的；备受尊重的 ⑥attend schools上学 返回导航 ⑦mechanical [mə'kænIkl] adj.机械的；发动机的；机器的 mechanic [mə'kænIk] n.机械师；机械修理工 ⑧break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 ⑨switch...to...把……转换到…… ⑩aviation [ˌeIvi'eIʃn] n．航空制造业；航空；飞行 ⑪air force空军 返回导航 ⑫defend [dI'fend] vt.保卫；防守；辩解 defend...against...保护……免受……的伤害 defence n．防御；保护；辩护 ⑬pursue graduate studies攻读研究生 ⑭over the course of...在……的过程中 ⑮pioneer n．先锋；先驱 ⑯jet [dʒet] n．喷气式飞机 返回导航 ⑰assistant [ə'sIstənt] n．助理；助手 graduate assistant研究生助理 assist vt.帮助；促进 ⑱conduct research进行研究 ⑲propulsion n．推进 ⑳leading adj.最重要的；一流的 ㉑space-exploration n．太空探索 返回导航 ㉒overcome difficulties克服困难 ㉓in charge of主管；掌管；负责 in the charge of...由……掌管；由……负责 ㉔missile ['mIsaIl] n．导弹 ㉕undeveloped adj.不发达的 ㉖nevertheless adv.然而，不过；尽管如此 ㉗discourage sb.from doing sth.阻碍某人做某事 返回导航 ㉘take on承担；呈现 ㉙leadership ['liːdəʃIp] n.领导；领导地位；领导才能 under sb.'s leadership在某人的领导下 ㉚launch its first man-made satellite发射第一颗人造卫星 launch v．发射；发起，发动 ㉛trace back to追溯到 trace [treIs] vt.追溯；追踪；查出 n．痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 返回导航 ㉜knowledgeable adj.知识渊博的；有见识的 ㉝in the area of frontier science research　在前沿科学研究领域 ㉞outstanding [aʊt'stændIŋ] adj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的 stand out脱颖而出；突出 ㉟appreciation n．欣赏；感谢 ㊱inspiration n．灵感；鼓舞 ㊲sadden vt.使悲伤(常用于被动语态) 返回导航 THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE① Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on② China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. [1]Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic③ and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion④，Qian was an extremely well-respected⑤ man. [1]此处是过去分词短语“Described by...”作状语，其中包含who引导的定语从句，与介词短语with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit”共同修饰a man。 返回导航 [2]Born in Shanghai in 1911, Qian attended schools⑥ in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical⑦ Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out⑧ in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to⑨ aviation⑩ [3]because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force⑪ to protect and defend⑫ the country． [2]此处是过去分词短语作状语。 [3]此处是because引导的原因状语从句，其中包含that引导的宾语从句；“to protect and defend the country”是动词不定式短语作目的状语。 返回导航 Qian went to the United States in 1935 [4]to pursue his graduate studies⑬. Over the course of⑭ the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer⑮ in American jet⑯ and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant⑰ at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research⑱ into rocket propulsion⑲， and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, [5]now one of NASA's leading⑳ space-exploration㉑ centres． [4]此处是动词不定式短语作目的状语。 [5]此处作Jet Propulsion Laboratory的同位语。 返回导航 After overcoming some difficulties㉒ during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of㉓ [6]not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile㉔ programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped㉕. [6]此处是“not only...but also...”连接两个并列成分，作介词of的宾语。 返回导航 No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless㉖， Qian did not let that discourage him from taking㉗ on㉘ the challenge. When he was asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”， his reply was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.” 返回导航 Under Qian's leadership㉙， China developed the Dongfeng missiles, [7]followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite㉚， Dong Fang Hong Ⅰ， from a Long March rocket. [8]Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou spacecraft can also be traced back to㉛ Qian's research, Qian earned the name of “the father of China's aerospace”． [7]此处是过去分词短语作状语。 [8]此处是because引导的原因状语从句。 返回导航 Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable㉜， especially in the area of frontier science research㉝. However, [9]what might have made him such an outstanding㉞ and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation㉟ for art often gave him inspiration㊱ in his scientific research. [9]此处是what引导的主语从句。 返回导航 On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened㊲ by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways. 返回导航 中国航天之父 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且他热爱祖国、甘于奉献、成就斐然。 返回导航 钱学森于1911年出生于上海，在北京上学，之后进入上海交通大学学习铁路机械工程。然而，在1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森决定转而学习航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要拥有自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。 返回导航 钱学森于1935年赴美攻读研究生。在二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱。二十世纪三十年代，钱学森作为加州理工学院的研究生助理，帮助进行了火箭推进的重要研究。二十世纪四十年代，他和其他几个人建立了喷气推进实验室，现在是美国国家航空航天局最重要的太空探索中心之一。 返回导航 在美国的最后几年，钱学森克服了一些困难后，于1955年回到中国。他受到了来自祖国的对待英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，而且负责中国的太空和导弹计划。当时，中国很贫穷，火箭科学也不发达。中国没有任何学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，也没有这一领域的人才或专家。尽管如此，钱学森并没有因此而放弃挑战。当他被问及“我们中国人可能制造导弹吗？”时，他的回答是坚决的：“为什么不能呢？我们中国人能制造出和别人制造的一样的东西。” 返回导航 在钱学森的领导下，中国研发了东风导弹，随后是第一代长征火箭。1970年，中国成功地用长征火箭发射了第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。因为神舟飞船背后的许多技术也可以追溯到钱学森的研究，所以钱学森获得了“中国航天之父”的称号。 返回导航 钱学森博览群书、知识渊博，尤其是在前沿科学研究领域。然而，使他成为如此杰出和有创造力的科学家的(原因)可能是他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的强烈兴趣。他对艺术的深刻鉴赏力经常给他的科学研究带来灵感。 2009年10月31日，钱学森去世，举国上下悲痛不已，人们用不同的方式纪念他。 返回导航 ①gifted ['ɡIftId] adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 [同义词]talented adj.有才能的；天才的 gift n．天赋；天才 ②be familiar with...熟悉…… be familiar to...为……所熟悉 ③come down with患(病)；染上(小病) ④muscle n．肌肉 返回导航 ⑤abstract ['æbstrækt] adj.抽象的；理论上的 n.(文献等的)摘要 [反义词] concrete adj.具体的 ⑥achieve fame获得名声；成名 ⑦the origin of ……的起源 ⑧steady ['stedi] adj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的 steadily adv.稳定地；稳固地 ⑨concept ['kɒnsept] n．概念；观念 返回导航 ⑩question and answer period问答环节 ⑪stand up站立，站起来 ⑫point out指出 ⑬correct vt.改正 ⑭astronomer [ə'strɒnəmə(r)] n．天文学家 astronomy [ə'strɒnəmi] n.天文学 astronaut n．宇航员 ⑮telescope ['telIskəʊp] n.望远镜 返回导航 ⑯besides [bI'saIdz] prep. 除……之外(还) adv.而且；此外 ⑰brilliant ['brIliənt] adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 brilliance n．才华；光辉 ⑱be willing to do sth.愿意做某事　 ⑳above all最重要的是；尤其是 返回导航 ⑲furthermore [ˌfɜːðə'mɔː(r)] adv.此外；再者 ㉑fault [fɔːlt] n．弱点；过错 find fault with挑剔；批评；抱怨 ㉒combination n．结合；联合 ㉓characteristic n．特点，特征 返回导航 A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted① scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with② images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and [1]using a computer to talk. [2]Since he came down with③ a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles④， his world became one of abstract⑤ thought. [1]此处是现在分词短语与“unable to move”并列作定语。 [2]此处是since引导的时间状语从句，其中包含which引导的定语从句，修饰a disease。 返回导航 Hawking first achieved fame⑥ [3]when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general, there were two main theories on the origin of⑦ the universe. The first was the steady⑧ state theory, [4]which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, [5]which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. [3]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。 [4]此处是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the steady state theory。 [5]此处是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the big bang theory。 返回导航 The biggest champion of the steady state concept⑨ was Fred Hoyle, [6]a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period⑩ after one of Hoyle's lectures, Hawking stood up⑪ and pointed out⑫ that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. [7]Once the maths was corrected⑬， it showed that the big bang theory—and not the steady state theory—was true. Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers⑭ with telescopes⑮. A star was born. [6]此处作Fred Hoyle的同位语。 [7]本句中Once引导状语从句；that引导宾语从句。 返回导航 So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius？Besides⑯ being brilliant⑰， he was brave, [8]though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say⑱ [9]what others were afraid to say, and to dream of [10]what others were afraid to dream about. [8]此处是状语从句的省略形式，though后省略了he was；其中what引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语。 [9]此处是what引导的宾语从句，作动词say的宾语。 [10]此处是what引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。 返回导航 Furthermore⑲， he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all⑳， Hawking was willing to admit his faults㉑. This odd combination㉒ of characteristics㉓ had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 返回导航 一个纯粹思想的世界 史蒂芬·霍金是最著名和最有天赋的物理学家之一。大多数人都对他坐在轮椅上无法移动、用电脑说话的画面很熟悉。自从得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病后，他的世界就变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 返回导航 霍金第一次出名是在1964年，当时他还是剑桥大学物理系的研究生，身体还算健康能够走路。一般来说，关于宇宙的起源有两种主要的理论。第一个理论是稳态理论，该理论认为宇宙没有起点和终点。另一个理论是大爆炸理论，该理论认为宇宙始于时间和空间的一个单一点。剑桥大学教授弗雷德·霍伊尔是稳态理论最有力的支持者。在霍伊尔的一次讲座结束后的问答环节中，霍金站了起来，指出霍伊尔在计算中犯了一个错误。一旦该计算问题被修正，它就证明大爆炸理论才是正确的，而不是稳态理论。霍金自己对大爆炸理论的研究很快就被天文学家用望远镜证实了。一个明星诞生了。 返回导航 那么，是什么让史蒂芬·霍金成为一个天才的呢？除了聪明以外，他还很勇敢，虽然有时说话或做事会粗心。他愿意说别人不敢说的话，梦想别人不敢梦想的东西。此外，他很坚定。这对他作为一名科学家很有帮助，而且对他与疾病作斗争的帮助更大。最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。这些性格的奇怪组合使他成为二十世纪和二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。 返回导航 $