Unit 1 Science and Scientists 教材原文助读2-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第二册教用Word(人教版)

本讲义聚焦人物传记阅读核心知识点，通过航天与物理领域词汇积累（如aerospace航空航天工业、aviation航空制造业）、语法解析（过去分词作状语、定语从句）及语篇结构分析（生平与贡献叙述）搭建学习支架，帮助学生从词汇基础到复杂句式理解，逐步掌握科学家传记文本的阅读方法。 该资料特色在于融合语言能力与文化意识培养，词汇表标注词性和搭配（如“patriotic adj.爱国的”“devotion n.奉献”）提升语言运用能力，通过钱学森“爱国奉献”和霍金“科学探索”事迹渗透文化意识。语法解析（如[1]处过去分词短语作状语）助力突破长难句，课中辅助教师讲解语篇逻辑，课后词汇与翻译资料帮助学生自主复习，弥补阅读盲点。

教材原文助读2 ①aerospace ['eərəʊspeIs] n．航空航天工业 ②have an impact on...对……有影响 ③patriotic [ˌpeItri'ɒtIk] adj.爱国的 patriot n．爱国者 ④devotion n．奉献，献身 ⑤well-respected adj.受人尊敬的；备受尊重的 ⑥attend schools上学 ⑦mechanical [mə'kænIkl] adj.机械的；发动机的；机器的 mechanic [mə'kænIk] n.机械师；机械修理工 ⑧break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 ⑨switch...to...把……转换到…… ⑩aviation [ˌeIvi'eIʃn] n．航空制造业；航空；飞行 ⑪air force空军 ⑫defend [dI'fend] vt.保卫；防守；辩解 defend...against...保护……免受……的伤害 defence n．防御；保护；辩护 ⑬pursue graduate studies攻读研究生 ⑭over the course of...在……的过程中 ⑮pioneer n．先锋；先驱 ⑯jet [dʒet] n．喷气式飞机 ⑰assistant [ə'sIstənt] n．助理；助手 graduate assistant研究生助理 assist vt.帮助；促进 ⑱conduct research进行研究 ⑲propulsion n．推进 ⑳leading adj.最重要的；一流的 ㉑space-exploration n．太空探索 ㉒overcome difficulties克服困难 ㉓in charge of主管；掌管；负责 in the charge of...由……掌管；由……负责 ㉔missile ['mIsaIl] n．导弹 ㉕undeveloped adj.不发达的 ㉖nevertheless adv.然而，不过；尽管如此 ㉗discourage sb.from doing sth.阻碍某人做某事 ㉘take on承担；呈现 ㉙leadership ['liːdəʃIp] n.领导；领导地位；领导才能 under sb.'s leadership在某人的领导下 ㉚launch its first man-made satellite发射第一颗人造卫星 launch v．发射；发起，发动 ㉛trace back to追溯到 trace [treIs] vt.追溯；追踪；查出 n．痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 ㉜knowledgeable adj.知识渊博的；有见识的 ㉝in the area of frontier science research　在前沿科学研究领域 ㉞outstanding [aʊt'stændIŋ] adj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的 stand out脱颖而出；突出 ㉟appreciation n．欣赏；感谢 ㊱inspiration n．灵感；鼓舞 ㊲sadden vt.使悲伤(常用于被动语态) THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE① Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on② China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. [1]Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic③ and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion④，Qian was an extremely well-respected⑤ man. [1]此处是过去分词短语“Described by...”作状语，其中包含who引导的定语从句，与介词短语with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit”共同修饰a man。 [2]Born in Shanghai in 1911, Qian attended schools⑥ in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical⑦ Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out⑧ in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to⑨ aviation⑩ [3]because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force⑪ to protect and defend⑫ the country． [2]此处是过去分词短语作状语。 [3]此处是because引导的原因状语从句，其中包含that引导的宾语从句；“to protect and defend the country”是动词不定式短语作目的状语。 Qian went to the United States in 1935 [4]to pursue his graduate studies⑬. Over the course of⑭ the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer⑮ in American jet⑯ and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant⑰ at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research⑱ into rocket propulsion⑲， and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, [5]now one of NASA's leading⑳ space-exploration㉑ centres． [4]此处是动词不定式短语作目的状语。 [5]此处作Jet Propulsion Laboratory的同位语。 After overcoming some difficulties㉒ during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of㉓ [6]not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile㉔ programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped㉕. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless㉖， Qian did not let that discourage him from taking㉗ on㉘ the challenge. When he was asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”， his reply was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.” [6]此处是“not only...but also...”连接两个并列成分，作介词of的宾语。 Under Qian's leadership㉙， China developed the Dongfeng missiles, [7]followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite㉚， Dong Fang Hong Ⅰ， from a Long March rocket. [8]Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou spacecraft can also be traced back to㉛ Qian's research, Qian earned the name of “the father of China's aerospace”． [7]此处是过去分词短语作状语。 [8]此处是because引导的原因状语从句。 Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable㉜， especially in the area of frontier science research㉝. However, [9]what might have made him such an outstanding㉞ and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation㉟ for art often gave him inspiration㊱ in his scientific research. On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened㊲ by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways. 中国航天之父 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且他热爱祖国、甘于奉献、成就斐然。 钱学森于1911年出生于上海，在北京上学，之后进入上海交通大学学习铁路机械工程。然而，在1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森决定转而学习航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要拥有自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。 钱学森于1935年赴美攻读研究生。在二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱。二十世纪三十年代，钱学森作为加州理工学院的研究生助理，帮助进行了火箭推进的重要研究。二十世纪四十年代，他和其他几个人建立了喷气推进实验室，现在是美国国家航空航天局最重要的太空探索中心之一。 在美国的最后几年，钱学森克服了一些困难后，于1955年回到中国。他受到了来自祖国的对待英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，而且负责中国的太空和导弹计划。当时，中国很贫穷，火箭科学也不发达。中国没有任何学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，也没有这一领域的人才或专家。尽管如此，钱学森并没有因此而放弃挑战。当他被问及“我们中国人可能制造导弹吗？”时，他的回答是坚决的：“为什么不能呢？我们中国人能制造出和别人制造的一样的东西。” 在钱学森的领导下，中国研发了东风导弹，随后是第一代长征火箭。1970年，中国成功地用长征火箭发射了第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。因为神舟飞船背后的许多技术也可以追溯到钱学森的研究，所以钱学森获得了“中国航天之父”的称号。 钱学森博览群书、知识渊博，尤其是在前沿科学研究领域。然而，使他成为如此杰出和有创造力的科学家的(原因)可能是他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的强烈兴趣。他对艺术的深刻鉴赏力经常给他的科学研究带来灵感。 2009年10月31日，钱学森去世，举国上下悲痛不已，人们用不同的方式纪念他。 ①gifted ['ɡIftId] adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 [同义词]talented adj.有才能的；天才的 gift n．天赋；天才 ②be familiar with...熟悉…… be familiar to...为……所熟悉 ③come down with患(病)； 染上(小病) ④muscle n．肌肉 ⑤abstract ['æbstrækt] adj.抽象的；理论上的 n.(文献等的)摘要 [反义词] concrete adj.具体的 ⑥achieve fame获得名声；成名 ⑦the origin of ……的起源 ⑧steady ['stedi] adj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的 steadily adv.稳定地；稳固地 ⑨concept ['kɒnsept] n．概念；观念 ⑩question and answer period问答环节 ⑪stand up站立，站起来 ⑫point out指出 ⑬correct vt.改正 ⑭astronomer [ə'strɒnəmə(r)] n．天文学家 astronomy [ə'strɒnəmi] n.天文学 astronaut n．宇航员 ⑮telescope ['telIskəʊp] n. 望远镜 ⑯besides [bI'saIdz] prep. 除……之外(还) adv.而且；此外 ⑰brilliant ['brIliənt] adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 brilliance n．才华；光辉 ⑱be willing to do sth.愿意做某事　 ⑳above all最重要的是；尤其是 ⑲furthermore [ˌfɜːðə'mɔː(r)] adv.此外；再者 ㉑fault [fɔːlt] n．弱点；过错 find fault with挑剔；批评；抱怨 ㉒combination n．结合；联合 ㉓characteristic n．特点，特征 A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted① scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with② images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and [1]using a computer to talk. [2]Since he came down with③ a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles④， his world became one of abstract⑤ thought. [1]此处是现在分词短语与“unable to move”并列作定语。 [2]此处是since引导的时间状语从句，其中包含which引导的定语从句，修饰a disease。 Hawking first achieved fame⑥ [3]when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general, there were two main theories on the origin of⑦ the universe. The first was the steady⑧ state theory, [4]which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, [5]which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept⑨ was Fred Hoyle, [6]a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period⑩ after one of Hoyle's lectures, Hawking stood up⑪ and pointed out⑫ that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. [7]Once the maths was corrected⑬， it showed that the big bang theory—and not the steady state theory—was true. Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers⑭ with telescopes⑮. A star was born. [3]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。 [4]此处是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the steady state theory。 [5]此处是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the big bang theory。 [6]此处作Fred Hoyle的同位语。 [7]本句中Once引导状语从句；that引导宾语从句。 So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius？Besides⑯ being brilliant⑰， he was brave, [8]though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say⑱ [9]what others were afraid to say, and to dream of [10]what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore⑲， he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all⑳， Hawking was willing to admit his faults㉑. This odd combination㉒ of characteristics㉓ had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. [8]此处是状语从句的省略形式，though后省略了he was；其中what引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语。 [9]此处是what引导的宾语从句，作动词say的宾语。 [10]此处是what引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。 一个纯粹思想的世界 史蒂芬·霍金是最著名和最有天赋的物理学家之一。大多数人都对他坐在轮椅上无法移动、用电脑说话的画面很熟悉。自从得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病后，他的世界就变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 霍金第一次出名是在1964年，当时他还是剑桥大学物理系的研究生，身体还算健康能够走路。一般来说，关于宇宙的起源有两种主要的理论。第一个理论是稳态理论，该理论认为宇宙没有起点和终点。另一个理论是大爆炸理论，该理论认为宇宙始于时间和空间的一个单一点。剑桥大学教授弗雷德·霍伊尔是稳态理论最有力的支持者。在霍伊尔的一次讲座结束后的问答环节中，霍金站了起来，指出霍伊尔在计算中犯了一个错误。一旦该计算问题被修正，它就证明大爆炸理论才是正确的，而不是稳态理论。霍金自己对大爆炸理论的研究很快就被天文学家用望远镜证实了。一个明星诞生了。 那么，是什么让史蒂芬·霍金成为一个天才的呢？除了聪明以外，他还很勇敢，虽然有时说话或做事会粗心。他愿意说别人不敢说的话，梦想别人不敢梦想的东西。此外，他很坚定。这对他作为一名科学家很有帮助，而且对他与疾病作斗争的帮助更大。最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。这些性格的奇怪组合使他成为二十世纪和二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $