Unit 1 Science and Scientists 教材原文助读1-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第二册教用Word(人教版)

Unit 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS 教材原文助读1 ①cholera ['kɒlərə] n．霍乱 ②used to do sth.过去常常做某事 ③severe [sI'vIə(r)] adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 severely adv. 严重地；严格地；严厉地 ④diarrhoea [ˌdaIə'rIə] n．腹泻 ⑤dehydration [ˌdiːhaI'dreIʃn] n．脱水 ⑥outbreak n．爆发；突然发生 ⑦hit v．攻击；进攻；袭击 ⑧frustrated [frʌ'streItId] adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 feel frustrated 感到沮丧 frustration n．挫折 ⑨in time 最后；迟早 ⑩rise v. 变得更加成功(或重要、强大等) ⑪attend to照料，照顾 ⑫give birth (to) 分娩，生育 ⑬once and for all最终地；彻底地 ⑭in general通常；一般而言 ⑮contradictory [ˌkɒntrə'dIktəri] adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 be contradictory to与……相矛盾 contradict v．相抵触，相矛盾；反驳 ⑯infection [In'fekʃn] n．感染；传染 ⑰germ [dʒɜːm] n．微生物；细菌；病菌 ⑱subscribe to同意；赞同；订阅 subscribe [səb'skraIb] vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)　 ⑲proof [pruːf] n．证据；证明；检验 prove v．证明；证明是 ⑳consequently adv.因此，所以 ㉑investigate v．调查；研究 ㉒particular adj.特定的；特别的 ㉓be determined to do sth.下定决心做某事 ㉔multiple ['mʌltIpl] adj.数量多的；多种多样的 multiply v．乘以；迅速增加；繁殖 ㉕water pump水泵 pump [pʌmp] n．泵；抽水机；打气筒　 ㉖household ['haʊshəʊld] n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人 ㉗suspect [sə'spekt] vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 ['sʌspekt] n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象　 suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事 ㉘blame [bleIm] vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责 be to blame (for...)(对……)应负责任 ㉙what is more更重要的是；而且 ㉚as a result of由于(后跟原因) as a result结果(后跟结果) ㉛accordingly adv.因此；相应地 ㉜handle ['hændl] n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) ㉝intervention [ˌIntə'venʃn] n. 介入；出面；干涉 ㉞infect [In'fekt] vt.使感染；传染 infectious adj.传染性的；感染的(尤指通过呼吸) ㉟link [lIŋk] n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 a link between...and...……与……之间的联系 be linked to...与……连接；与……有关联，与……有联系 ㊱raw [rɔː] adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 ㊲be likely to do sth.有可能做某事 ㊳pure [pjʊə(r)] adj.干净的； 纯的；纯粹的 pure water纯净水 ㊴tireless adj.不知疲倦的 ㊵substantial [səb'stænʃl] adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 ㊶decrease ['diːkriːs] n．减少；降低；减少量 [dI'kriːs] vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 on the decrease正在减少， 在降低 ㊷thanks to 幸亏；由于 ㊸statistic [stə'tIstIk] n．[pl.-s] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 ㊹transform [træns'fɔːm] vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 transform...into...使……转变成…… ㊺epidemiology [ˌepIˌdiːmi'ɒlədʒi] n．流行病学 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①” Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④， dehydration⑤， and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated⑧ [1]because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time⑨， he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor, and even attended to⑪ Queen Victoria when she gave birth⑫. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all⑬． [1]此处是because引导的原因状语从句，其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构作knew的宾语。 In general⑭， doctors in those days had two contradictory⑮ theories to explain [2]how cholera spread. One theory was [3]that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection⑯ from germs⑰ in food or water. Snow subscribed to⑱ the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof⑲. Consequently⑳， [4]when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate㉑. He discovered that in two particular㉒ streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to㉓ find out why. [2]此处是how引导的宾语从句。 [3]此处是that引导的表语从句，that在从句中不作成分。 [4]此处是when引导的时间状语从句。 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple㉔ deaths near the water pump㉕ in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16，37，38, and 40). However, some households㉖(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected㉗ [5]that the water pump was to blame㉘. What is more㉙， in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of㉚ this evidence, John Snow was able to announce [6]that the pump water carried cholera germs．[7]Accordingly㉛， he had the handle㉜ of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention㉝， the disease was stopped in its tracks. [5]此处是that引导的宾语从句。be to blame意为“负有责任”，动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动意义。 [6]此处是that引导的宾语从句。 [7]本句中含有“have sth.done”结构，意为“让/请某人做某事、使某事被做”；so that引导状语从句。 The truth was [8]that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected㉞ by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link㉟ between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River, Thames [9]that was polluted by raw㊱ waste. The people [10]who drank this water were much more likely to㊲ get cholera than those [11]who drank pure㊳ or boiled water． [8]此处是that引导的表语从句。 [9]此处是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词water。 [10]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。 [11]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those。 Through Snow's tireless㊴ efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial㊵ decrease㊶. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know [12]how to prevent cholera, thanks to㊷ the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics㊸， Snow transformed㊹ the way [13]scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology㊺．　 [12]此处是“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作know的宾语。 [13]此处是省略引导词that/in which的定语从句，修饰先行词the way。 约翰·斯诺战胜 “霍乱王” 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病可以导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，当霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲时，数百万人死于这种疾病。由于无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到沮丧。后来，他成为一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 对于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时的医生通常有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发的这种疾病，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上暴发得非常严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。 斯诺开始在地图上标出那些死去的人曾经居住过的地方的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。然而有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒，因此他们没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿搬离宽街后死于霍乱。这名妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，以至于每天都让人把那里的水运到家里来。因为这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这一干预，疾病的蔓延得以遏制。 事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证实了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用这种水的人更有可能感染霍乱。 经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售洁净的水，世界各地的霍乱威胁大幅度降低。然而，霍乱仍是一个问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，并且许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，在他使用地图和数据的过程中，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。出于这个原因，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $