考前押题04 选词填空题（期末复习专项训练）高一英语上学期沪教版

考前押题04 选词填空题(期末专项训练) 话题1 社会与文化 话题4 环保与发展 话题2 科学与技术 话题5 生态与自然 话题3 科学与研究 话题6 运动与健康 话题1 社会与文化 Passage 1 A．overemphasized      B．diverse    C． promoting     D．resources       E. critical F. normalization    G. embrace    H. shaping    I. affordable   J. decorated   K. questioning Cosmetic surgery has become increasingly popular in modern society, offering individuals the opportunity to enhance their physical appearance through various procedures. However, people’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery are   1 and complex, reflecting a range of beliefs and values. One common attitude towards cosmetic surgery is the acceptance and 2 of it. With advancements in medical technology and the rise of social media influencers 3 beauty standards, more people view cosmetic surgery as a valid means of self-improvement. For some, undergoing plastic surgery is similar to getting a haircut or going to the gym — a personal choice to enhance one’s confidence and self-esteem. On the other hand, there is a segment of society that holds a more   4 view of cosmetic surgery. Some individuals believe that altering one’s appearance through surgery perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards and 5 physical appearance. They argue that true beauty comes from within and that society should focus on advocating self-acceptance and body positivity. Additionally, there is a subset of people who view cosmetic surgery as a luxury 6 only to the wealthy and privileged. Some argue that   7 should be allocated towards more essential healthcare needs rather than cosmetic enhancements. Furthermore, cultural and religious beliefs play a significant role in 8 attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. In some cultures, altering one’s appearance through surgery may be seen as taboo or challenge to traditional values. Overall, people’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery are influenced by a variety of factors including societal norms, personal values, cultural beliefs, and economic considerations. While some 9 cosmetic surgery as a tool for self-improvement and enhancing confidence, others view it with skepticism, 10 its impact on beauty standards and societal priorities. Ultimately, the choice to undergo cosmetic surgery is a personal decision that reflects individual attitudes and values towards beauty and self-image in today’s society. Passage 2 A．apply    B．broadly    C．complicated    D．downside    E．hardly    F．neighbors G．overburdened    H．pills    I．re-labeling    J．turning    K．worse Britain appears to be in a mental-health crisis. In the past decade no European country has seen a greater increase in the use of antidepressants(抗抑郁药); now only the Portuguese and Icelanders are popping more of the 1 . Around 4.5m Britons were in contact with mental-health services in 2021-22, a rise of almost l m in five years. There are a few reasons why Britons might be unhappier than their 2 . One global poll found that teenagers in Britain were some of the loneliest in the world, with few supportive relationships and a low sense of purpose and meaning: all risk factors for poor mental health. Britain’s poorest households are also 3 off than their equivalents in France and Germany, for example, which makes them more vulnerable to conditions such as anxiety and depression. And Britain’s health system can seem more 4 than those in most other rich countries. In England alone, some 3.8 m are waiting for mental-health treatment. Those factors might explain why more people are 5 to medication. Another reason is increased awareness. Campaigns around depression and anxiety have been particularly successful in Britain. That is 6 a good thing. A reduction in humiliation (蒙羞) has encouraged more people to seek help. Taking antidepressants – or using mental-health services — has become much more acceptable. But there is a 7 to this, as The Economist recently reported. Surveys suggest that Britons are increasingly 8 common human emotions, such as stress and grief, as mental illnesses. “You’re going to lose any sense of what mental illness is if you start to 9 it to 30%, 50% of the population,” says Adrian Massey, author of a book called “Sick-Note Britain”. For all the focus on anxiety and depression in campaigns, severe mental illnesses still receive too little attention. This is a problem: according to the GBD, Britain has the highest rates of severe mental illness in Europe. The causes of such conditions are unclear, but seem to involve a 10 interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Illegal drug misuse, for which Britain has among the highest rates in the region, also plays a role. 话题2 科学与技术 Passage 1 A．technical   B．attributed   C． confined   D．observations   E. sensation   F. totaling   G. anticipatory H. consistent   I. precisely   J. suspicious   K. attached For centuries, people have described unusual animal behavior just ahead of seismic (地震的) events: dogs barking endlessly, cows halting their milk, toads leaping from ponds. A few researchers have tried to prove a link, but most such attempts have relied largely on anecdotes and single 1 . Now researchers at the University of Konstanz, along with a multinational team of colleagues, say they have managed to 2 measure increased activity in a group of farm animals prior to seismic activity. During separate periods 3 about four months in 2016 and 2017, the researchers 4 these highly sensitive biologgers and GPS sensors, which can record accelerated movements in any direction, to six cows, five sheep and two dogs living on a farm in an earthquake-prone area of northern Italy to keep track of the activities and the nervousness of animals. “Only now can we do continuous biologging,” says study co-author Martin Wikelski. “Because the 5 possibilities are finally there.” The paper’s statistical analysis showed animals’ activity significantly increased before magnitude 3.8 or greater earthquakes when they were housed together in a stable — but not when they were out to pasture (吃草). Wikelski says this difference could be linked to the increased stress some animals feel in 6 spaces. Analyzing the increased movements as a whole, the researchers claim, showed a clear signal of 7 behavior hours ahead of tremors. Besides, it showed that the farm animals appeared to anticipate quakes anywhere from one to 20 hours ahead, reacting earlier when they were closer to the origin and later when they were farther away. This finding is 8 with a hypothesis that animals somehow sense a signal that spreads outward. It holds that in the days before an earthquake, shifting tectonic plates (地壳板块) squeeze rocks along a fault line, causing the rocks to release minerals that force ions into the air, and then the animals react to this novel 9 . Not involved with the new study, Wendy Bohon, a geologist from Washington, D．C．, is 10 of the air ionization idea. Heiko Woith, a geologist at GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, says the time frame was still too short and points out that limited data collection in many studies makes it impossible to determine whether a measured signal was related to a quake or was simply noise. Passage 2 A．reveal B．means C． identify D．confirmed   E. highlighted  F. value G. return   H. appearance I. conditions  J. trained   K. discriminate Face shape lets AI spot rare disorders People with genetic syndromes sometimes have telltale (泄露秘密的) facial features, but using them to make a quick and cheap diagnosis can be tricky given there are hundreds of possible 1 they may have. A new neural network that analyses photographs of faces can help doctors narrow down the possibilities. Yaron Gurovich at biotechnology firm FDNA in Boston and his team built a neural network to look at the gestalt — or overall impression — of faces and 2 a list of the 10 genetic syndromes a person is most likely to have. They 3 the neural network, called DeepGestalt, on 17,000 images correctly labelled to match more than 200 genetic syndromes (综合症). The team then asked the AI to 4 potential genetic disorders from a further 502 photos of people with such conditions. It included the correct answer among its list of 10 responses 91 per cent of the time. Gurovich and his team also tested the neural network’s ability to distinguish between the different genetic mutations (变异) that can lead to the same syndrome. They used photographs of people with Noonan syndrome, which can result from mutations in any one of five genes. DeepGestalt correctly identified the genetic source of the physical 5 64 per cent of the time. It’s clearly not perfect, but it’s still much better than humans are at trying to do this. As the system makes its assessments, the facial regions that were most helpful in the determination are 6 and made available for doctors to view. This helps them to understand the relationships between genetic make-up and physical appearance. The fact that the diagnosis is based on a simple photograph raises questions about privacy. If faces can 7 details about genetics, then employers and insurance providers could, in principle, secretly use such techniques to 8 against people who have a high probability of having certain disorders. However, Gurovich says the tool will only be available for use by clinicians. This technique could bring significant benefits for those who have genetic syndromes. The real value here is that for some of these ultra-rare diseases, the process of diagnosis can be many, many years. This kind of technology can help narrow down the search space and then be 9 through checking genetic markers. For some diseases, it will cut down the time to diagnosis dramatically. For others, it could perhaps add 10 of finding other people with the disease and, in turn, help find new treatments or cures. 话题3 科学与研究 Passage 1 A．techniques B．negative C． factual D．slip E. identify F. conscious G. stick H. distance I. analyzers J. approach K. deceptive The Language of Lying “Sorry, my phone died.” “It’s nothing. I’m fine.” “I love you.” We hear anywhere from 10 to 200 lies a day, and we spent much of our history coming up with ways to detect them, from medieval torture devices to polygraphs, blood-pressure and breathing monitors, voice-stress 1 and eye trackers. But although such tools have worked under certain circumstances, most can be fooled with enough preparation, and none are considered reliable enough to even be admissible in court. But, what if the problem is not with the 2 , but the underlying assumption that lying brings about physiological changes? What if we took a more direct 3 , using communication science to analyze the lies themselves? Psychologically speaking, we lie partly to paint a better picture of ourselves, connecting our fantasies to the person we wish we were rather than the person we are. But while our brain is busy dreaming, it’s letting plenty of signals 4 by. Our 5 mind only controls about 5% of our cognitive function, including communication while the other 95% occurs beyond our awareness. According to the literature on reality monitoring, stories based on imagined experiences are qualitatively different from those based on real experiences. This suggests that creating a false story about a personal topic takes work and results in a different pattern of language use. A technology known as linguistic text analysis has helped to 6 three such common patterns in the subconscious language of deception. First, liars mention themselves less when making 7 statements. They write or talk more about others, often using the third person to 8 themselves from their lie, which sounds more false: “Absolutely no party took place at this house,” or “Nobody hosted a party here.” Second, liars tend to be more 9 , because on a subconscious level, they feel guilty about lying. For example, a liar might say something like, “Sorry, my stupid phone battery died. I hate that thing.” Third, liars tend to use longer sentence structure, inserting irrelevant but 10 sounding details in order to pad the lie. A President confronted with a scandal claimed: “I can say, categorically, that this investigation indicates that no one on the White House staff, no one in this administration presently employed was involved in this very odd incident.” Passage 2 A．challenging  B．costly  C． exclusion  D．guaranteed  E. necessarily  F. performed G. scale  H. similarly  I. suffering  J. tracked  K. vain Is more happiness always better than less? The researchers asked college students to rate their feelings on a 21 from “unhappy” to “very happy” and compared the results with academic and social outcomes. Though the “very happy” participants had the best social lives, they 22 worse in school than those who were merely “happy”. The researchers then examined a data set from another study that rated college freshman’s “cheerfulness” and 23 their income nearly two decades later. They found that the most cheerful were not the highest earners. That distinction once again went to the second-highest group, which rated their cheerfulness as “above average”. As with everything in life, happiness has its trade-offs. Pursuing happiness to the 24 of other goals — known as psychological hedonism (享乐主义) — not only is in 25 , but may also give you a life where you do not reach your full , potential, where you are unwilling to take risks, where you choose temporary pleasures over 26 experiences that give life meaning. The way to understand the study above is not to deny that happiness is good; rather, it is to remember that a little bit of unhappiness has benefits. When I talk with people about their fear of negative outcomes in life, their true source of fear, in many cases, centers on how they will feel about having failed, not about the consequences of failure itself. This is similar to the way discomfort with uncertainty causes more anxiety than 27 bad news. To avoid these bad feelings, people give up all kinds of opportunities that involve the possibility of failure. However, bringing good things into your life, whether love or career success, usually involves risk. Risk does not, of course, 28 make us happy. A risky life will very likely bring disappointment, but it can bring greater rewards than a life played safe, as the studies suggested. None of this is to say that we are foolish for wanting to be happy. On the contrary, the desire for happiness is natural and normal. However, making the quest for positive feelings your highest or only goal is a 29 life strategy. Endless happiness is impossible to achieve, and doing so sacrifices many of the elements of a good life. As the Canadian-American psychologist Paul Bloom wrote, “It’s the 30 we choose that affords the most opportunity for pleasure, meaning, and personal growth.” 话题4 环保与发展 Passage 1 A．switch    B．cost    C． deadliest    D．flooding    E. items    F. shipping G. translates    H. packed    I. sticks    J. lightweight    K. recycle     Plastic is everywhere, but it’s not great for our health or the planet. In the past, a typical box from Amazon — an online shopping platform — arrived 1 with plastic air pillows (枕头) made from flexible plastic film. When plastic film is thrown away, it often ends up in landfills or in the environment, including the oceans, where it can injure and kill marine life. In studies of 80 marine species that died after swallowing a variety of plastic rubbish, flexible plastic proved to be the 2 . Now Amazon announced that by October 2024, it had removed all plastic air pillows from its delivery packaging. “We want to make sure the final package is easy to 3 at home,” says Pat Lindner, Amazon’s vice president of sustainable packaging. To make the 4 , the company had to make sure that a replacement would work as well as the plastic version. It actually turned out to perform better. The number of packages that get damaged in shipment was reduced. Amazon worked with suppliers to find a 5 , 100% recycled paper that’s easier to wrap around an object to protect it. The paper also takes up less space, so now more 6 fit in a smaller box. That 7 to using less gas or electricity, in the case of the company’s electric vans to make a delivery. It’s a welcome change following years of pressure from environmental groups to stop plastic pollution 8 into oceans. “The fact that the world’s largest e-commerce company has made plastic air pillows a thing of history globally is fantastic news for the world’s oceans,” the nonprofit Oceana said in a statement in response to Amazon’s announcement. Plastic is cheap, but the new system saves the company money since there’s less risk that something will break during 9 and need replacement, Lindner says. “And so the fact that we can deliver packages more safely and with less damage is a 10 saving to us.” Passage 2 A．absent B．flood C． bound D．indistinguishable E. polishing F. strikingly G. consequently H. command I. engaged J. differing K. critically Rhinoceros horns(犀牛角) are big business. Traditional Chinese medicine uses them to treat rheumatism and gout, even though they have no actual pharmaceutical properties beyond placebo(安慰剂). And craftsmen carve them into dagger handles. A kilogram can thus 1 as much as $60,000, so there is tremendous incentive for poachers to hunt the animals. Since almost all rhinoceros populations are endangered, several 2 , this is a serious problem. Some conservationists therefore suggest that a way to reduce pressure on the animals might be to 3 the market with fakes. This, they hope, would reduce the value of real horns and 4 , the motivation to hunt rhinos. That would require the fake s to be good. But Fritz Vollrath, a zoologist at Oxford University, thinks his skills as a forger(伪造者) are up to the challenge. As he writes in Scientific Reports, he and his colleagues from Fudan University, in Shanghai, have come up with a cheap and easy-to-make fake 5 similar to the real thing. The main ingredient of Dr. Vollrath’s forged horns is horsehair. Despite their 6 appearances, horses and rhinos are reasonably closely related. Horses do not have horns, of course. But, technically, neither do rhinos. The “horns” of rhinoceros are composed of hairs 7 tightly together using a mixture of dead cells. Examination under a microscope showed that hairs collected from horses’ tails had similar features to those found in the horns of rhinos except that horse hairs had a special layer 8 in those of the rhino, but the researchers were able to remove this with a solution of lithium bromide.(溴化锂溶液) They bundled the treated horse hairs as tightly as they could in a matrix of a special glue, and then left the bundles in an oven to dry. The result was a rough material that, with some 9 , looked like rhino horn. Whether to launch 10 fakes onto the rhinoceros-horn market would truly reduce prices and demand remains to be tested. But it might. It is an old trick in warfare to leave the enemy with forged, worthless money. Something similar may yet help save the rhino. 话题5 生态与自然 Passage 1 A．average B．adapt C． consisting D．persistent E. exactly F. stuck G. failing H. extremely I. referred J. initial K. range From roughly the 16th to 19th centuries, much of the Earth was caught by a persistent freezing cold. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere (半球) experienced long stretches of temperatures so cold that people witnessed crops 1 and rivers freezing — like the Scheldt River. Thousands of people walking and playing across the frozen River Thames; Soldiers on horseback seeing ships 2 in the ice; Natives using snowshoes to outsmart the English army…These were some of the images that define the Little Ice Age — a period of several centuries last millennium in which parts of the Northern Hemisphere struggled with a(n) 3 cold. But what caused the Little Ice Age, how long did it last, how did people 4 to the freezing cold — and what lessons can we learn as we enter our own period of climatic change? The Little Ice Age was not a true ice age — 5 cooling was probably only in the order of 0.5 degrees Celsius, or 1 degree Fahrenheit — or was it consistently cold. Dagomar Degroot, associate professor of environmental history at Georgetown University has 6 to the era as a series of “little ice ages.” Although some researchers argue it may have begun earlier, NASA defines the Little Ice Age as beginning around 1550 and 7 of three cold peaks-around 1650,1770 and 1850. Scientists are still working out 8 what caused the Little Ice Age too. Theories 9 from decreased solar activity to increased volcanic eruptions, to the decline of populations in North America, which allowed forests to replace agricultural land, in the process removing about seven billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere. A 2022 study argued that the 10 trigger was actually a rise of extremely warm water flowing north from the tropics in the late 1300s,which pushed Arctic ice into the North Atlantic. Whatever the cause, the consequences of the Little Ice Age have a lasting effect on history, although to what extent is still controversial. Passage 2 A．critics        B．experimented        C．supply        D．sufficient        E．feed        F．resolve G．hazardous        H．novel                I．processed        J．produced        K．extinct The population of the world is increasing rapidly. By 2030, there could be 8.0 billion people on earth. Will there be 1 food for all these people, or will we have a food shortage? Some scientists think fish farming could 2 this problem. However, other scientists worry that fish farming could cause serious environmental problems. Fish farming is not a 3 thing. There were fish farms in China 3, 000 years ago. Today, about one-third of the fish we eat comes from fish farms. Most fish farms raise plant-eating fish. Popular kinds of plant-eating fish are carp, tilapia, and catfish. Unfortunately, many fish farms are starting to raise meat-eating fish. A popular type of meat-eating fish is salmon. These meat-eating fish live on 4 food made from wild fish. However, it takes up to 5 tons of wild fish to produce just 1 ton of farm-raised salmon. The 5 of wild fish is already decreasing. Eventually, many types of wild fish could go 6 . What will we do then? 7 of fish farming also say that farm-raised fish is unhealthy for humans. They say the fish contains dangerous chemicals. They also blame the issue on fish farming because it pollutes the water. Another criticism is that farm-raised fish can spread diseases to wild fish. Some people say that the farming methods being used now hasn’t 8 enough fish anyway. Instead of putting fish farms in lakes or near the coast, they say that the fish farms should be moved far out into the ocean. Several countries have already 9 with deep-ocean farms. In the future, fish farms might be large cages that move across the ocean. Like most things, there is both a good and a bad side to fish farming. Fish farming may help to 10 millions of people. At the same time, however, fish farming may damage the environment. 话题6 运动与健康 Passage 1 A．comprehensive B．spread C． impact D．incredible E. observed F. compared G. success H. firmly I. combination J. heavily K. motivate A new report by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals that around one in a hundred deaths worldwide is due to passive smoking, which kills an estimated 600,000 people a year. In the first study to assess the global 1 of second-hand smoke, WHO experts find that children are more 2 exposed to second-hand smoke than any other age-group, and around 165,000 of them a year die because of it. Children’s exposure to second-hand smoke is most likely to happen at home, and the double blow of infectious diseases and tobacco seems to be a deadly 3 for children in these regions. Commenting on the findings, Heather Wipfli and Jonathan Samet from the University of Southern California, said policymakers try to 4 families to stop smoking in the home. While deaths due to passive smoking in children were skewed (曲解) toward poor and middle-income countries, deaths in adults were 5 across countries at all income levels. In Europe’s high-income countries, only 71 child deaths occurred, while 35,388 deaths were in adults. Yet in the countries like Africa, an estimated 43,375 deaths due to passive smoking were in children 6 with 9,514 in adults. Only 7.4 percent of the world population currently lives in places with 7 smoke-free laws, and those laws are not always 8 enforced (施行). In places where smoke-free rules are 9 , research shows that exposure to second-hand smoke in high-risk places like bars and restaurants can be cut by 90 percent, and in general by 60 percent, the researchers said. Studies also show such laws help to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers and lead to higher 10 rates in those trying to quit. Passage 2 A．avoided   B．processed   C． suited   D．equal   E. steer   F. interfere G. understandably   H. concentration   I. thirst   J. cabin   K. unsettle Eating on a plane used to be common practice. But in the age of COVID-19, many passengers are 1 less inclined to remove their masks to take a mid-flight bite ― or to even have a snack at the airport. As a result, it’s more common to eat at home before embarking on a flight. Those with longer travel journeys may even eat a large meal to carry them through the day. Still, not all preflight eats are created 2 . Tracy Lockwood Beckerman, a registered dietitian based in New York City, said it’s worth considering your overall health as you prep for travel, including what you eat and drink. “It’s important to eat foods that will keep your immune system strong, keep you hydrated and are easily digested before flying,” Beckerman said. So, which foods are best 3 on a day when you’re traveling by plane? “It’s super common for dehydration to set in when flying, thanks to the lack of humidity and dry air in the 4 ,” Beckerman said. “That’s why it’s not the smartest to have a meal high in sodium (钠) the day before or morning of your flight.” Beckerman also advised going easy on the salt shaker, opting for snacks without added salt to avoid dehydration-related headaches. Alcohol consumption tends to cause dehydration and has a different effect on the body than if you were to have a drink at ground level due to the low pressure in the cabin and the low oxygen 5 in blood. Therefore you are more likely to get drunk faster and urinate frequently. A cup of coffee can leave you dehydrated in an already dry environment and coffee also has a mild diuretic effect, which can lead to more frequent trips to the bathroom. Beyond the dehydrating effects, caffeine can also keep you awake during a flight, which is often an opportunity to catch up on sleep. The need for more frequent bathroom visits can also 6 with your ability to doze during your travels. If you have a sensitive stomach, you might want to 7 clear of foods that can mess with your digestion. That includes highly 8 snacks like candy and fast food, which often contain ingredients that could 9 your digestive system. A balanced meal that satisfies your 10 with water and hydrating fruits contains moderate amounts of complex carbohydrates and lean protein, and is low in added sugars and sodium is ideal. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $考前押题04 选词填空题(期末专项训练) 话题1 社会与文化 话题4 环保与发展 话题2 科学与技术 话题5 生态与自然 话题3 科学与研究 话题6 运动与健康 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题1 社会与文化 Passage 1 A．overemphasized      B．diverse    C． promoting     D．resources       E. critical F. normalization    G. embrace    H. shaping    I. affordable   J. decorated   K. questioning Cosmetic surgery has become increasingly popular in modern society, offering individuals the opportunity to enhance their physical appearance through various procedures. However, people’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery are   1 and complex, reflecting a range of beliefs and values. One common attitude towards cosmetic surgery is the acceptance and 2 of it. With advancements in medical technology and the rise of social media influencers 3 beauty standards, more people view cosmetic surgery as a valid means of self-improvement. For some, undergoing plastic surgery is similar to getting a haircut or going to the gym — a personal choice to enhance one’s confidence and self-esteem. On the other hand, there is a segment of society that holds a more   4 view of cosmetic surgery. Some individuals believe that altering one’s appearance through surgery perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards and 5 physical appearance. They argue that true beauty comes from within and that society should focus on advocating self-acceptance and body positivity. Additionally, there is a subset of people who view cosmetic surgery as a luxury 6 only to the wealthy and privileged. Some argue that   7 should be allocated towards more essential healthcare needs rather than cosmetic enhancements. Furthermore, cultural and religious beliefs play a significant role in 8 attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. In some cultures, altering one’s appearance through surgery may be seen as taboo or challenge to traditional values. Overall, people’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery are influenced by a variety of factors including societal norms, personal values, cultural beliefs, and economic considerations. While some 9 cosmetic surgery as a tool for self-improvement and enhancing confidence, others view it with skepticism, 10 its impact on beauty standards and societal priorities. Ultimately, the choice to undergo cosmetic surgery is a personal decision that reflects individual attitudes and values towards beauty and self-image in today’s society. 【答案】 1．B 2．F 3．C 4．E 5．A 6．I 7．D 8．H 9．G 10．K 【导语】本文的体裁属于说明文。文章主要介绍了现代社会中人们对整形手术的不同态度及其背后的原因，包括社会文化因素、个人价值观、经济条件等。 1．考查形容词。句意：然而，人们对整形手术的态度是多样和复杂的，反映了各种信仰和价值观。结合上下文，此处需要一个形容词修饰名词attitudes“态度”，且表达出“多样的”的含义，用形容词diverse，作定语。故选B。 2．考查名词。句意：人们对整容手术的普遍态度是接受并将其正常化。此处与acceptance“接受”并列，作表语，且需要表达“规范化，正规化”的意思，用名词normalization。故选F。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：随着医疗技术的进步和社交媒体影响者推动美容标准的提升，越来越多的人将整形手术视为自我提升的有效手段。逗号前为with复合结构，此处描述社交媒体影响者在“提升”美容标准方面的作用，用promote“提升”的现在分词，作宾补。故选C。 4．考查形容词。句意：另一方面，社会上有一部分人对整形手术持更为批判性的看法。此处需要一个形容词来修饰名词view“观点”，表达“批判性”的含义，因此用形容词critical，作定语。故选E。 5．考查形容词。句意：一些人认为通过手术来改变一个人的外表会延续不现实的美丽标准和过分强调身体的外表。此处需要一个形容词，表示“过份强调的”的意思，用形容词overemphasized，作定语，修饰physical appearance。故选A。 6．考查形容词。句意：此外，还有一小部分人认为整容手术是只有富人和特权阶层才能负担得起的奢侈品。此处需要一个形容词，修饰名词luxury“奢侈品”，表达“买得起的，负担得起的”之意，用形容词affordable，作后置定语。故选I。 7．考查名词。句意：一些人认为，资源应该被分配到更基本的医疗需求上，而不是用于整形美容。此处需要一个名词，指代应当被重新分配的东西，即“资源”，用名词resource的复数resources。故选D。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，文化和宗教信仰在塑造对整形手术的态度上起着重要作用。此处需要一个动词，表达“塑造、影响”的意思，用动词shape的动名词形式，作in的宾语。故选H。 9．考查动词。句意：虽然有些人接受整容手术，将其作为自我提升和增强自信的工具，但也有人持怀疑态度，质疑它对审美标准和社会优先事项的影响。由空后的“cosmetic surgery as a tool for self-improvement and enhancing confidence”可知，此处需要一个动词表达“欣然接受，乐意采纳”的意思，用动词embrace，作从句谓语。故选G。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然有些人接受整容手术，将其作为自我提升和增强自信的工具，但也有人持怀疑态度，质疑它对审美标准和社会优先事项的影响。view为主句谓语，本空需要非谓语动词动词，此处需要一个现在分词形式，表达“质疑”的意思，用question的现在分词questioning，作状语。故选K。 Passage 2 A．apply    B．broadly    C．complicated    D．downside    E．hardly    F．neighbors G．overburdened    H．pills    I．re-labeling    J．turning    K．worse Britain appears to be in a mental-health crisis. In the past decade no European country has seen a greater increase in the use of antidepressants(抗抑郁药); now only the Portuguese and Icelanders are popping more of the 1 . Around 4.5m Britons were in contact with mental-health services in 2021-22, a rise of almost l m in five years. There are a few reasons why Britons might be unhappier than their 2 . One global poll found that teenagers in Britain were some of the loneliest in the world, with few supportive relationships and a low sense of purpose and meaning: all risk factors for poor mental health. Britain’s poorest households are also 3 off than their equivalents in France and Germany, for example, which makes them more vulnerable to conditions such as anxiety and depression. And Britain’s health system can seem more 4 than those in most other rich countries. In England alone, some 3.8 m are waiting for mental-health treatment. Those factors might explain why more people are 5 to medication. Another reason is increased awareness. Campaigns around depression and anxiety have been particularly successful in Britain. That is 6 a good thing. A reduction in humiliation (蒙羞) has encouraged more people to seek help. Taking antidepressants – or using mental-health services — has become much more acceptable. But there is a 7 to this, as The Economist recently reported. Surveys suggest that Britons are increasingly 8 common human emotions, such as stress and grief, as mental illnesses. “You’re going to lose any sense of what mental illness is if you start to 9 it to 30%, 50% of the population,” says Adrian Massey, author of a book called “Sick-Note Britain”. For all the focus on anxiety and depression in campaigns, severe mental illnesses still receive too little attention. This is a problem: according to the GBD, Britain has the highest rates of severe mental illness in Europe. The causes of such conditions are unclear, but seem to involve a 10 interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Illegal drug misuse, for which Britain has among the highest rates in the region, also plays a role. 【答案】 1．H 2．F 3．K 4．G 5．J 6．B 7．D 8．I 9．A 10．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了英国人正处于心理健康危机之中，分析了导致这一现象背后的原因。 1．考查名词。句意：在过去的十年里，没有哪个欧洲国家的抗抑郁药使用增长如此之快；现在只有葡萄牙人和冰岛人服用更多的药物。根据“In the past decade no European country has seen a greater increase in the use of antidepressants; now only the Portuguese and Icelanders are popping more of the”以及句意“药物”可知应填复数名词pills，作宾语。故选H。 2．考查名词。句意：英国人可能比他们的邻居更不快乐，原因有以下几点。根据“One global poll found that teenagers in Britain were some of the loneliest in the world, with few supportive relationships and a low sense of purpose and meaning: all risk factors for poor mental health.(一项全球民意调查发现，英国青少年是世界上最孤独的人群之一，他们几乎没有支持性的人际关系，目标感和意义感也很低：这些都是导致心理健康状况不佳的风险因素)”以及句意“邻居”可知应填复数名词neighbors，故选F。 3．考查比较级。句意：例如，英国最贫穷的家庭也比法国和德国的同等家庭更贫穷，这使得他们更容易受到焦虑和抑郁等状况的影响。根据“off than their equivalents in France and Germany, for example, which makes them more vulnerable to conditions such as anxiety and depression”以及句意“更加贫穷”可知短语为worse off，故选K。 4．考查形容词。句意：而且英国的医疗系统似乎比大多数其他富裕国家的医疗系统负担过重。根据“In England alone, some 3.8 m are waiting for mental-health treatment.(仅在英格兰，就有380万人在等待心理健康治疗)”以及句意“负担过重”可知应填形容词overburdened，作表语。故选G。 5．考查动词。句意：这些因素或许可以解释为什么越来越多的人开始求助于药物治疗。根据“to medication”以及句意“求助于”可知短语为turn to，根据上文are可知为现在进行时。故选J。 6．考查副词。句意：总的来说，这是一件好事。根据“A reduction in humiliation has encouraged more people to seek help. Taking antidepressants — or using mental-health services — has become much more acceptable.(羞辱的减少鼓励了更多的人寻求帮助。服用抗抑郁药——或者使用心理健康服务——已经变得更容易被接受了)”以及句意“总的来说”可知应填副词broadly，故选B。 7．考查名词。句意：但正如《经济学人》最近报道的那样，这种做法也有不利之处。根据“Surveys suggest that Britons are increasingly re-labeling common human emotions, such as stress and grief, as mental illnesses.(调查显示，英国人越来越多地将压力和悲伤等人类常见情绪重新定义为精神疾病)”以及句意“不利之处”可知应填名词downside，作主语，不定冠词提示用单数。故选D。 8．考查动词。句意：调查显示，英国人越来越多地将压力和悲伤等人类常见情绪重新定义为精神疾病。根据“common human emotions, such as stress and grief, as mental illnesses”以及句意“重新定义为”可知应填动词re-label，根据上文are可知为现在进行时。故选I。 9．考查动词。句意：“如果你开始把它应用到30%到50%的人身上，你就会对什么是精神疾病失去任何概念，”阿德里安·梅西说，他是一本名为《病态笔记英国》的书的作者。根据“it to 30%, 50% of the population”以及句意“应用”可知应填apply，此处为不定式作宾语。故选A。 10．考查形容词。句意：造成这种情况的原因尚不清楚，但似乎涉及遗传和环境因素的复杂相互作用。根据“interplay of genetic and environmental factors”以及句意“复杂”可知应填形容词complicated，作定语修饰名词interplay。故选C。 话题2 科学与技术 Passage 1 A．technical   B．attributed   C． confined   D．observations   E. sensation   F. totaling   G. anticipatory H. consistent   I. precisely   J. suspicious   K. attached For centuries, people have described unusual animal behavior just ahead of seismic (地震的) events: dogs barking endlessly, cows halting their milk, toads leaping from ponds. A few researchers have tried to prove a link, but most such attempts have relied largely on anecdotes and single 1 . Now researchers at the University of Konstanz, along with a multinational team of colleagues, say they have managed to 2 measure increased activity in a group of farm animals prior to seismic activity. During separate periods 3 about four months in 2016 and 2017, the researchers 4 these highly sensitive biologgers and GPS sensors, which can record accelerated movements in any direction, to six cows, five sheep and two dogs living on a farm in an earthquake-prone area of northern Italy to keep track of the activities and the nervousness of animals. “Only now can we do continuous biologging,” says study co-author Martin Wikelski. “Because the 5 possibilities are finally there.” The paper’s statistical analysis showed animals’ activity significantly increased before magnitude 3.8 or greater earthquakes when they were housed together in a stable — but not when they were out to pasture (吃草). Wikelski says this difference could be linked to the increased stress some animals feel in 6 spaces. Analyzing the increased movements as a whole, the researchers claim, showed a clear signal of 7 behavior hours ahead of tremors. Besides, it showed that the farm animals appeared to anticipate quakes anywhere from one to 20 hours ahead, reacting earlier when they were closer to the origin and later when they were farther away. This finding is 8 with a hypothesis that animals somehow sense a signal that spreads outward. It holds that in the days before an earthquake, shifting tectonic plates (地壳板块) squeeze rocks along a fault line, causing the rocks to release minerals that force ions into the air, and then the animals react to this novel 9 . Not involved with the new study, Wendy Bohon, a geologist from Washington, D．C．, is 10 of the air ionization idea. Heiko Woith, a geologist at GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, says the time frame was still too short and points out that limited data collection in many studies makes it impossible to determine whether a measured signal was related to a quake or was simply noise. 【答案】 1．D 2．I 3．F 4．K 5．A 6．C 7．G 8．H 9．E 10．J 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是研究人员成功测量到地震前农场动物活动的增加。他们使用生物记录器和GPS传感器跟踪动物的活动，并发现地震前它们的活动显著增加，该理论支持了动物能够在地震前感知信号的假设。然而，一些地质学家对此持怀疑态度，因为之前的研究数据收集有限。 1．考查名词。句意：一些研究人员试图证明两者之间的联系，但大多数这样的尝试主要依赖于轶事和单一的观察。分析句子，设空处使用名词作宾语，此处表示“观察”用observation，此处表示复数意义，与前文的anecdotes构成并列结构。故选D。 2．考查副词。句意：现在康斯坦茨大学(University of Konstanz)的研究人员和一个由多国同事组成的团队表示，他们已经成功地在地震活动之前精确测量了一组农场动物体内活动的增加。分析句子，设空处使用副词作状语，修饰动词measure。precisely意为“精确地”符合句意。故选I。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：在2016年和2017年的不同时间段，研究人员将这些高灵敏度的生物记录器和GPS传感器安装在意大利北部一个地震多发区的一个农场上的六头牛、五只羊和两只狗身上，以跟踪动物的活动和紧张程度。分析句子，第四空为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，total意为“总计”，periods与其是主动关系，故使用现在分词作后置定语进行修饰。故选F。 4．考查动词。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，句子表述过去事实，故使用一般过去时。attach意为“附着，连接”，根据后文的“these highly sensitive biologgers and GPS sensors”可知，此处指出将这些高灵敏度的生物记录器和GPS传感器安装在意大利北部一个地震多发区的一个农场上的六头牛、五只羊和两只狗身上，故attach符合句意。故选K。 5．考查形容词。句意：“只有现在我们才能进行连续的生物学记录，”该研究的合著者马丁·威克尔斯基说。“因为技术上的可能性终于出现了。”分析句子以及根据前文Only now can we do continuous biologging可知，设空处使用形容词technical 作定语，修饰名词possibilities，意为“技术的”。因为技术上的可能性出现了，所以才能够进行持续性的生物学记录。故选A。 6．考查形容词。句意：威克尔斯基说，这种差异可能与一些动物在密闭空间中感受到的压力增加有关。分析句子，设空处使用形容词confined作定语，修饰名词，意为“狭窄的”，同时根据前文的“when they were housed together in a stable”可知，地震发生前，当这些动物被关在一起的，故动物在密闭的空间中感受到压力的增加。故选C。 7．考查形容词。句意：研究人员称，从整体上分析这些增加的动作，可以在地震发生前几个小时显示出预期行为的清晰信号。分析句子，设空处使用形容词anticipatory作定语，修饰名词behavior，意为“预期的”，符合语境。故选G。 8．考查形容词。句意：这一发现与一种假设相一致，即动物以某种方式感知到向外传播的信号。根据前文“Besides, it showed that the farm animals appeared to anticipate quakes anywhere from one to 20 hours ahead, reacting earlier when they were closer to the origin and later when they were farther away.(此外，它还表明，农场里的动物似乎能提前1到20小时预测到地震，离震源近的时候反应早，离震源远的时候反应晚)”以及后文的“a hypothesis that animals somehow sense a signal that spreads outward.(一种假设，动物以某种方式感知到向外传播的信号)”可知，该发现与之前的假设是一致的。分析句子，设空处使用形容词consistent 作表语，意为“一致的”。故选H。 9．考查名词。句意：该理论认为，在地震发生前的几天，移动的构造板块沿着断层线挤压岩石，导致岩石释放矿物质，将离子释放到空气中，然后动物对这种新感觉做出反应。根据前文“the rocks to release minerals”可知，在地震发生前的几天分析句子，导致岩石释放矿物质，动物对这种释放的新感觉是有反应的。同时，分析句子，设空处使用名词sensation作宾语，意为“感知，感觉”，符合语境。故选E。 10．考查形容词。句意：来自华盛顿特区的地质学家Wendy Bohon没有参与这项新研究，她对空气电离的观点持怀疑态度。分析句子，设空处使用形容词作表语，根据后文的“Heiko Woith, a geologist at GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, says the time frame was still too short and points out that limited data collection in many studies makes it impossible to determine whether a measured signal was related to a quake or was simply noise.( 德国地球科学研究中心的地质学家Heiko Woith,说，时间框架仍然太短，并指出许多研究中有限的数据收集使得无法确定测量到的信号是与地震有关还是仅仅是噪音)”指出了该理论的局限性，即在许多研究中有限的数据收集使得无法确定测量到的信号是与地震有关还是仅仅是噪音，因此对该理论是持有怀疑的态度。suspicious为形容词，意为“怀疑的”，符合句意。故选J。 Passage 2 A．reveal B．means C． identify D．confirmed   E. highlighted  F. value G. return   H. appearance I. conditions  J. trained   K. discriminate Face shape lets AI spot rare disorders People with genetic syndromes sometimes have telltale (泄露秘密的) facial features, but using them to make a quick and cheap diagnosis can be tricky given there are hundreds of possible 1 they may have. A new neural network that analyses photographs of faces can help doctors narrow down the possibilities. Yaron Gurovich at biotechnology firm FDNA in Boston and his team built a neural network to look at the gestalt — or overall impression — of faces and 2 a list of the 10 genetic syndromes a person is most likely to have. They 3 the neural network, called DeepGestalt, on 17,000 images correctly labelled to match more than 200 genetic syndromes (综合症). The team then asked the AI to 4 potential genetic disorders from a further 502 photos of people with such conditions. It included the correct answer among its list of 10 responses 91 per cent of the time. Gurovich and his team also tested the neural network’s ability to distinguish between the different genetic mutations (变异) that can lead to the same syndrome. They used photographs of people with Noonan syndrome, which can result from mutations in any one of five genes. DeepGestalt correctly identified the genetic source of the physical 5 64 per cent of the time. It’s clearly not perfect, but it’s still much better than humans are at trying to do this. As the system makes its assessments, the facial regions that were most helpful in the determination are 6 and made available for doctors to view. This helps them to understand the relationships between genetic make-up and physical appearance. The fact that the diagnosis is based on a simple photograph raises questions about privacy. If faces can 7 details about genetics, then employers and insurance providers could, in principle, secretly use such techniques to 8 against people who have a high probability of having certain disorders. However, Gurovich says the tool will only be available for use by clinicians. This technique could bring significant benefits for those who have genetic syndromes. The real value here is that for some of these ultra-rare diseases, the process of diagnosis can be many, many years. This kind of technology can help narrow down the search space and then be 9 through checking genetic markers. For some diseases, it will cut down the time to diagnosis dramatically. For others, it could perhaps add 10 of finding other people with the disease and, in turn, help find new treatments or cures. 【答案】 1．I 2．G 3．J 4．C 5．H 6．E 7．A 8．K 9．D 10．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种利用面部特征让人工智能发现罕见疾病的方法。 1．考查名词。句意：患有遗传综合征的人有时会有明显的面部特征，但考虑到他们可能患有数百种可能的疾病，使用它们进行快速廉价的诊断可能会很棘手。根据句意可知，人们可能患有数百种可能的疾病，“condition”意为“疾病”，为可数名词，“hundreds of”后接可数名词复数“conditions”。故选I。 2．考查动词。句意：波士顿生物技术公司FDNA的雅伦·古罗维奇和他的团队建立了一个神经网络，用于观察面部的完形或整体印象，并返回一个人最有可能患有的10种遗传综合征的列表。根据句意可知，神经网络通过观察面部的完形或整体印象，可以返回一个人最有可能患有的10种遗传综合征的列表，“return”意为“返回”，动词词性，符合语境。故选G。 3．考查动词。句意：他们在17000张正确标记的图像上训练了名为DeepGestalt的神经网络，以匹配200多种遗传综合征。根据句意可知，神经网络要通过训练才能实现匹配200多种遗传综合征的能力，“train”意为“训练”，动词词性，句中陈述的动作发生在过去，故应用过去式“trained”。故选J。 4．考查动词。句意：然后，该团队要求人工智能从另外502张患有这种疾病的人的照片中识别出潜在的遗传疾病。根据句意可知，通过训练，要求人工智能从患有这种疾病的人的照片中识别出潜在的遗传疾病，“identify”意为“识别”，动词词性，不定式符号“to”后接动词原形。故选C。 5．考查名词。句意：DeepGestalt在64%的情况下正确识别了外貌的遗传来源。根据句意可知，人工智能通过面部特征识别疾病，由此可知，句中指正确识别了外貌的遗传来源，“appearance”意为“外貌”，为不可数名词，符合语境。故选H。 6．考查动词。句意：当系统进行评估时，对确定最有帮助的面部区域会被突出显示，并可供医生查看。根据句意可知，最有帮助的面部区域应该被突出显示，“highlight”意为“突出”，动词词性，“facial regions”和“highlight”为被动关系，故应用“highlight”的过去分词“highlighted”。故选E。 7．考查动词。句意：如果人脸可以揭示遗传的细节，那么雇主和保险公司原则上可以秘密使用这些技术来歧视那些极有可能患有某些疾病的人。根据句意可知，文章讲述的是通过面部特征识别疾病，由此可知，句中指人脸可以揭示遗传的细节，“reveal”意为“揭示”，动词词性，情态“can”后接动词原形。故选A。 8．考查动词。句意：如果人脸可以揭示遗传的细节，那么雇主和保险公司原则上可以秘密使用这些技术来歧视那些极有可能患有某些疾病的人。根据句意可知，雇主和保险公司不会选择有遗传疾病风险的人，由此可知，他们会用这些技术来歧视那些人，“discriminate”意为“歧视”，动词词性，不定式符号“to”后接动词原形。故选K。 9．考查动词。句意：这种技术可以帮助缩小搜索空间，然后通过检查遗传标记进行确认。根据句意可知，句中指通过这种技术确认罕见遗传疾病，“confirm”意为“确认”，动词词性，句子为被动语态，故应用“confirm”的过去分词“confirmed”。故选D。 10．考查名词。句意：对于其他人来说，它可能会增加寻找其他患有这种疾病的人的方法，从而帮助找到新的治疗方法或治愈方法。根据句意可知，句中指通过这种技术能增加寻找患有这种疾病的人的方法，“means”意为“方法”，名词词性，符合语境。故选B。 话题3 科学与研究 Passage 1 A．techniques B．negative C． factual D．slip E. identify F. conscious G. stick H. distance I. analyzers J. approach K. deceptive The Language of Lying “Sorry, my phone died.” “It’s nothing. I’m fine.” “I love you.” We hear anywhere from 10 to 200 lies a day, and we spent much of our history coming up with ways to detect them, from medieval torture devices to polygraphs, blood-pressure and breathing monitors, voice-stress 1 and eye trackers. But although such tools have worked under certain circumstances, most can be fooled with enough preparation, and none are considered reliable enough to even be admissible in court. But, what if the problem is not with the 2 , but the underlying assumption that lying brings about physiological changes? What if we took a more direct 3 , using communication science to analyze the lies themselves? Psychologically speaking, we lie partly to paint a better picture of ourselves, connecting our fantasies to the person we wish we were rather than the person we are. But while our brain is busy dreaming, it’s letting plenty of signals 4 by. Our 5 mind only controls about 5% of our cognitive function, including communication while the other 95% occurs beyond our awareness. According to the literature on reality monitoring, stories based on imagined experiences are qualitatively different from those based on real experiences. This suggests that creating a false story about a personal topic takes work and results in a different pattern of language use. A technology known as linguistic text analysis has helped to 6 three such common patterns in the subconscious language of deception. First, liars mention themselves less when making 7 statements. They write or talk more about others, often using the third person to 8 themselves from their lie, which sounds more false: “Absolutely no party took place at this house,” or “Nobody hosted a party here.” Second, liars tend to be more 9 , because on a subconscious level, they feel guilty about lying. For example, a liar might say something like, “Sorry, my stupid phone battery died. I hate that thing.” Third, liars tend to use longer sentence structure, inserting irrelevant but 10 sounding details in order to pad the lie. A President confronted with a scandal claimed: “I can say, categorically, that this investigation indicates that no one on the White House staff, no one in this administration presently employed was involved in this very odd incident.” 【答案】 1．I 2．A 3．J 4．D 5．F 6．E 7．K 8．H 9．B 10．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出我们每天都会听到谎言，分析了说谎的原因并介绍了一种被称为语言文本分析的技术，这种技术已经帮助识别了潜意识中欺骗语言的三种常见模式。 1．考查名词。句意：我们每天听到的谎言从10到200个不等，我们花了很长时间来想出检测谎言的方法，从中世纪的刑具到测谎仪、血压和呼吸监测仪、语音压力分析仪和眼动仪。根据上文“from medieval torture devices to polygraphs, blood-pressure and breathing monitors”及后面“eye trackers”可知，该空需要一个表示测谎设备名词作宾语与monitors和trackers并列，由此可知名词analyzers意为“分析者；分析仪”，符合句意。故选I项。 2．考查名词。句意：但是，如果问题不在于技术，而在于说谎会带来生理变化这一潜在假设呢？ 该空需要一个名词作宾语，上文中“such tools”指的是中世纪的刑具到测谎仪、血压和呼吸监测仪、语音压力分析仪和眼动仪这些都是用科技手段测谎，而这里问假如测谎的关键问题不是技术问题呢， techniques“技术”为名词，符合句意。故选A项。 3．考查名词。句意：如果我们采用一种更直接的方法，用传播科学来分析谎言本身呢？该空需要一个名词作宾语，根据下文的举例“using communication science to analyze the lies themselves?”可知，此处在建议一种新的测谎的方法。名词approach意为“方法，方式”符合句意。故选J项。 4．考查动词。句意：但是，当我们的大脑忙于做梦时，它会让大量的信号溜走。该空需要一个动词作了let的宾语的补足语，动词短语slip by意为“溜走”符合句意。故选D项。 5．考查形容词。句意：我们的意识只控制了5%的认知功能，包括交流，而另外95%的发生在我们意识之外。该空需要一个形容词作定语；根据下文“while the other 95%occurs beyond our awareness.”可知，形容词conscious意为“有意识的”与beyond our awareness(意识之外)相对应，符合句意。故选F项。 6．考查动词。句意：一种被称为语言文本分析的技术已经帮助识别了潜意识中欺骗语言的三种常见模式。该空需要一个动词，help to do。根据第二段“We hear anywhere from 10 to 200 lies a day, and we spent much of our history coming up with ways to detect them…”可知，本文是在探讨检测谎言的方法，此处介绍了一种新的识别谎言的手段，动词identify意为“鉴别，识别”与detect意思相近，符合句意。故选E项。 7．考查形容词。句意：首先，说谎者在做欺骗性陈述时很少提及自己。该空需要一个形容词作定语，这里指撒谎者说谎言的时候的表现，形容词deceptive“具有欺骗性的”符合句意并与下一句中的false呼应。故选K项。 8．考查动词。句意：他们写的或说的更多的是关于别人的事情，经常用第三人称来与自己的谎言拉开距离，而这些谎言听起来更假：“绝对没有在这所房子里举行派对，”或“没有人在这里举办派对。”这里在分析撒谎者说谎时总是用第三人称而不提到自己的目的，应该是把自己和谎言描述的事情撇清关系。distance可作动词意为“使远离，疏远”符合句意。故选H项。 9．考查形容词。句意：其次，说谎者往往更消极，因为在潜意识层面上，他们对撒谎感到内疚。该空需要一个形容词作表语，根据下文“they feel guilty about lying”，人在撒谎并且内心愧疚时，应该是情绪状态不很好。形容词negative意为“消极的”符合句意。故选B项。 10．考查形容词。句意：第三，说谎者倾向于使用较长的句子结构，插入不相关但听起来真实的细节来充实谎言。该空需要一个形容词，与but前的形容词irrelevant意思应该是相反的，形容词factual“真实的”符合句意。故选C项。 Passage 2 A．challenging  B．costly  C． exclusion  D．guaranteed  E. necessarily  F. performed G. scale  H. similarly  I. suffering  J. tracked  K. vain Is more happiness always better than less? The researchers asked college students to rate their feelings on a 21 from “unhappy” to “very happy” and compared the results with academic and social outcomes. Though the “very happy” participants had the best social lives, they 22 worse in school than those who were merely “happy”. The researchers then examined a data set from another study that rated college freshman’s “cheerfulness” and 23 their income nearly two decades later. They found that the most cheerful were not the highest earners. That distinction once again went to the second-highest group, which rated their cheerfulness as “above average”. As with everything in life, happiness has its trade-offs. Pursuing happiness to the 24 of other goals — known as psychological hedonism (享乐主义) — not only is in 25 , but may also give you a life where you do not reach your full , potential, where you are unwilling to take risks, where you choose temporary pleasures over 26 experiences that give life meaning. The way to understand the study above is not to deny that happiness is good; rather, it is to remember that a little bit of unhappiness has benefits. When I talk with people about their fear of negative outcomes in life, their true source of fear, in many cases, centers on how they will feel about having failed, not about the consequences of failure itself. This is similar to the way discomfort with uncertainty causes more anxiety than 27 bad news. To avoid these bad feelings, people give up all kinds of opportunities that involve the possibility of failure. However, bringing good things into your life, whether love or career success, usually involves risk. Risk does not, of course, 28 make us happy. A risky life will very likely bring disappointment, but it can bring greater rewards than a life played safe, as the studies suggested. None of this is to say that we are foolish for wanting to be happy. On the contrary, the desire for happiness is natural and normal. However, making the quest for positive feelings your highest or only goal is a 29 life strategy. Endless happiness is impossible to achieve, and doing so sacrifices many of the elements of a good life. As the Canadian-American psychologist Paul Bloom wrote, “It’s the 30 we choose that affords the most opportunity for pleasure, meaning, and personal growth.” 【答案】 21．G 22．F 23．J 24．C 25．K 26．A 27．D 28．E 29．B 30．I 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了幸福多总是比幸福少的问题，解释了相关的研究，指出只追求幸福而不追求其他目标——即所谓的心理享乐主义——不仅是徒劳的，而且可能会让你的生活无法充分发挥你的潜力，你不愿冒险，你选择暂时的快乐而不是赋予生活意义的挑战经历。 21．考查名词。句意：研究人员要求大学生在 “不快乐”到 “非常快乐” 的范围内对他们的感受进行评分并将结果与学业和社交结果进行比较。由空前on a可知设空处填名词单数形式作宾语，根据“from “unhappy” to “very happy””可知，名词scale“范围，程度”符合句意。故选G。 22．考查动词。句意：尽管“非常快乐”的参与者拥有最好的社交生活，但他们在学校的表现却不如那些仅仅“快乐”的人。设空处作谓语，根据“worse in school”以及句意“表现”可知应填动词perform，根据上文had可知此句为一般过去时，设空处填动词过去式performed。故选F。 23．考查动词。句意：然后，研究人员检查了另一项研究中的数据集，该研究对大学新生的“快乐程度”进行了评级，并追踪了他们近20年后的收入。根据“their income nearly two decades later”以及句意“追踪”可知应填动词track，设空处与rated并列，在从句中作谓语，根据上文rated可知为一般过去时，设空处填动词过去式tracked。故选J。 24．考查名词。句意：只追求幸福而不追求其他目标——即所谓的心理享乐主义——不仅是徒劳的，而且可能会让你的生活无法充分发挥你的潜力，你不愿冒险，你选择暂时的快乐而不是赋予生活意义的挑战经历。根据“known as psychological hedonism”以及句意“排除”可知应填名词exclusion“排斥；排除在外”，不可数名词，作介词to宾语，to the exclusion of意为“把……排除在外”。故选C。 25．考查固定短语。句意：只追求幸福而不追求其他目标——即所谓的心理享乐主义——不仅是徒劳的，而且可能会让你的生活无法充分发挥你的潜力，你不愿冒险，你选择暂时的快乐而不是赋予生活意义的挑战经历。根据“but may also give you a life where you do not reach your full”以及句意“徒劳的”可知短语为in vain，故选K。 26．考查形容词。句意：只追求幸福而不追求其他目标——即所谓的心理享乐主义——不仅是徒劳的，而且可能会让你的生活无法充分发挥你的潜力，你不愿冒险，你选择暂时的快乐而不是赋予生活意义的挑战经历。根据“where you choose temporary pleasures over”以及句意“挑战”可知应填形容词challenging，作定语修饰名词experiences。故选A。 27．考查形容词。句意：这类似于对不确定性的不安会导致比肯定的坏消息更多的焦虑。根据“This is similar to the way discomfort with uncertainty causes more anxiety than”以及句意“肯定的”可知应填形容词guaranteed，修饰名词news作定语。故选D。 28．考查副词。句意：当然，冒险不一定会让我们快乐。根据“However, bringing good things into your life, whether love or career success, usually involves risk.(然而，把美好的事物带入你的生活，无论是爱情还是事业上的成功，通常都是有风险的)”以及句意“一定”可知应填副词necessarily，修饰动词make。故选E。 29．考查形容词。句意：然而，把追求积极的感觉作为你最高或唯一的目标是一种代价高昂的生活策略。根据“Endless happiness is impossible to achieve, and doing so sacrifices many of the elements of a good life.(无尽的幸福是不可能实现的，这样做会牺牲许多美好生活的元素)”以及句意“高昂的”可知应填形容词costly作定语，故选B。 30．考查名词。句意：正如加拿大裔美国心理学家保罗·布鲁姆所写的那样，“我们选择的苦难为我们提供了获得快乐、意义和个人成长的最多机会。”根据“Endless happiness is impossible to achieve, and doing so sacrifices many of the elements of a good life.(无尽的幸福是不可能实现的，这样做会牺牲许多美好生活的元素)”以及句意“苦难”可知应填名词suffering，作主语，故选I。 话题4 环保与发展 Passage 1 A．switch    B．cost    C． deadliest    D．flooding    E. items    F. shipping G. translates    H. packed    I. sticks    J. lightweight    K. recycle     Plastic is everywhere, but it’s not great for our health or the planet. In the past, a typical box from Amazon — an online shopping platform — arrived 1 with plastic air pillows (枕头) made from flexible plastic film. When plastic film is thrown away, it often ends up in landfills or in the environment, including the oceans, where it can injure and kill marine life. In studies of 80 marine species that died after swallowing a variety of plastic rubbish, flexible plastic proved to be the 2 . Now Amazon announced that by October 2024, it had removed all plastic air pillows from its delivery packaging. “We want to make sure the final package is easy to 3 at home,” says Pat Lindner, Amazon’s vice president of sustainable packaging. To make the 4 , the company had to make sure that a replacement would work as well as the plastic version. It actually turned out to perform better. The number of packages that get damaged in shipment was reduced. Amazon worked with suppliers to find a 5 , 100% recycled paper that’s easier to wrap around an object to protect it. The paper also takes up less space, so now more 6 fit in a smaller box. That 7 to using less gas or electricity, in the case of the company’s electric vans to make a delivery. It’s a welcome change following years of pressure from environmental groups to stop plastic pollution 8 into oceans. “The fact that the world’s largest e-commerce company has made plastic air pillows a thing of history globally is fantastic news for the world’s oceans,” the nonprofit Oceana said in a statement in response to Amazon’s announcement. Plastic is cheap, but the new system saves the company money since there’s less risk that something will break during 9 and need replacement, Lindner says. “And so the fact that we can deliver packages more safely and with less damage is a 10 saving to us.” 【答案】 1．H 2．C 3．K 4．A 5．J 6．E 7．G 8．D 9．F 10．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了亚马逊公司为减少塑料污染，将其快递包装中的塑料气枕替换为可回收纸包装的举措及相关益处。 1．考查过去分词。句意：在过去，来自亚马逊 —— 一个在线购物平台 —— 典型包裹到达时被装满了由柔性塑料薄膜制成的塑料气枕。根据下文“with plastic air pillows (枕头) made from flexible plastic film. ”可知，“be packed with” 符合句意，是固定短语，意为 “被装满”，此处用过去分词 “packed” 作状语，表示被动和完成的动作，故填 H。 2．考查形容词最高级。句意：在对 80 种因吞食各种塑料垃圾而死亡的海洋物种的研究中，柔性塑料被证明是最致命的。根据语境及定冠词 “the” 可知，此处应填形容词最高级 “deadliest”，表示 “最致命的”，符合句意。故填C。 3．考查动词。句意：我们希望确保最终的包装在家里易于回收。“be easy to do sth.” 是固定结构，意为 “做某事是容易的”，此处需要一个动词，“recycle” 意为 “回收”，符合语境，故填K。 4．考查名词。句意：为了进行这种转变，公司必须确保替代品能像塑料版本一样有效。“make the switch” 是固定搭配，意为 “进行转变”符合句意，故填A。 5．考查形容词。句意：亚马逊与供应商合作，找到了一种轻便的、100% 回收的纸，这种纸更容易包裹物体以保护它。此处需要一个形容词修饰 “paper”，“lightweight” 意为 “轻量的，轻便的”，符合语境，故填J。 6．考查名词。句意：这种纸也占用更少的空间，所以现在更多的物品能装进一个更小的盒子里。根据“fit in a smaller box”可知，此处指更多的物品，“items” 意为 “物品”，符合语境，故填E。 7．考查动词。句意：这意味着在公司的电动货车送货的情况下，使用更少的汽油或电力。“translate to” 是固定短语，意为 “意味着，转化为”，主语 “That” 是第三人称单数，所以用 “translates”，符合句意。故填G。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：这是在多年来环保组织施加压力要求阻止塑料污染涌入海洋之后受到欢迎的改变。“stop sth. from doing sth.” 是固定结构，意为 “阻止某物做某事”，“flooding into” 意为 “涌入”符合语境，为动名词作宾语。故填D。 9．考查名词。句意：塑料很便宜，但新系统为公司节省了资金，因为在运输过程中东西损坏并需要更换的风险降低了。此处指在运输过程中，“shipping” 意为 “运输”，作宾语。符合语境，故填F。 10．考查名词。句意：所以我们能够更安全地递送包裹并且减少损坏，这对我们来说是成本的节省。“cost saving” 意为 “成本节省”符合语境，故填B。 Passage 2 A．absent B．flood C． bound D．indistinguishable E. polishing F. strikingly G. consequently H. command I. engaged J. differing K. critically Rhinoceros horns(犀牛角) are big business. Traditional Chinese medicine uses them to treat rheumatism and gout, even though they have no actual pharmaceutical properties beyond placebo(安慰剂). And craftsmen carve them into dagger handles. A kilogram can thus 1 as much as $60,000, so there is tremendous incentive for poachers to hunt the animals. Since almost all rhinoceros populations are endangered, several 2 , this is a serious problem. Some conservationists therefore suggest that a way to reduce pressure on the animals might be to 3 the market with fakes. This, they hope, would reduce the value of real horns and 4 , the motivation to hunt rhinos. That would require the fake s to be good. But Fritz Vollrath, a zoologist at Oxford University, thinks his skills as a forger(伪造者) are up to the challenge. As he writes in Scientific Reports, he and his colleagues from Fudan University, in Shanghai, have come up with a cheap and easy-to-make fake 5 similar to the real thing. The main ingredient of Dr. Vollrath’s forged horns is horsehair. Despite their 6 appearances, horses and rhinos are reasonably closely related. Horses do not have horns, of course. But, technically, neither do rhinos. The “horns” of rhinoceros are composed of hairs 7 tightly together using a mixture of dead cells. Examination under a microscope showed that hairs collected from horses’ tails had similar features to those found in the horns of rhinos except that horse hairs had a special layer 8 in those of the rhino, but the researchers were able to remove this with a solution of lithium bromide.(溴化锂溶液) They bundled the treated horse hairs as tightly as they could in a matrix of a special glue, and then left the bundles in an oven to dry. The result was a rough material that, with some 9 , looked like rhino horn. Whether to launch 10 fakes onto the rhinoceros-horn market would truly reduce prices and demand remains to be tested. But it might. It is an old trick in warfare to leave the enemy with forged, worthless money. Something similar may yet help save the rhino. 【答案】 1．H 2．K 3．B 4．G 5．F 6．J 7．C 8．A 9．E 10．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了为了保护犀牛免受盗猎，科学家们正在研究如何制造仿制的犀牛角以扰乱市场，降低真犀牛角的价值和减少猎杀犀牛的动机。 1．考查动词。句意：因此，一公斤犀牛角可以要价高达60,000美元的价格，这给盗猎者带来了巨大的猎杀犀牛的动机。分析句子可知，空格处应填入一个动词，且能与as much as $60,000搭配，表示“要求，索取”的意思。command在此处意为“要求，索取”，符合句意。故选H项。 2．考查副词。句意：由于几乎所有的犀牛种群都处于濒危状态，有几种已经处于严重濒危状态，这是一个严重的问题。分析句子可知，这是一个独立主格结构，根据下文“this is a serious problem(这是一个严重的问题)”可知，空白处应填表示“严重地”含义的表达。critically意为“关键地，严重地”，在此处表示前因后果的关系，符合句意。故选K项。 3．考查动词。句意：因此，一些环保人士建议，减少对犀牛的压力的一种方法可能是用假货淹没市场。根据下文“This, they hope, would reduce the value of real horns(他们希望这样能降低真正犀牛角的价值)”可知，空格处应填入一个动词，且能与the market搭配，表示“淹没，充斥”的意思。flood意为“淹没，充斥”，符合句意。故选B项。 4．考查副词。句意：他们希望，这会降低真犀牛角的价值，并因此降低猎杀犀牛的动机。根据上文“This, they hope, would reduce the value of real horns(他们希望，这会降低真犀牛角的价值)”以及下文“the motivation to hunt rhinos(猎杀犀牛的动机)”可知，前后句之间为因果关系。consequently意为“因此”，作状语修饰谓语动词reduce，符合句意。故选G项。 5．考查副词。句意：他和他的同事在《科学报告》中写道，他们已经想出了一种廉价且易于制作的仿制品，与真品惊人地相似。根据下文“similar to the real thing(与真品相似)”可知，空格处应填入一个副词，用于修饰similar，表示“惊人地”的意思。strikingly意为“显著地，惊人地”，符合句意。故选F项。 6．考查形容词。句意：尽管马和犀牛的外表不同，但它们在进化上是相当接近的。根据下文“appearances(外表)”以及“horses and rhinos are reasonably closely related(马和犀牛在进化上是相当接近的)”可知，空格处应填入一个形容词，用于修饰appearances，表示“不同”的意思。differing意为“不同的”，符合句意。故选J项。 7．考查动词。句意：犀牛的“角”是由毛发紧紧地绑在一起组成的，使用的是死细胞的混合物。根据下文“tightly together using a mixture of dead cells(使用死细胞的混合物紧紧地……在一起)”可知，空格处应填入一个动词，且能与together搭配，表示“绑在一起”的意思。bound意为“绑定”，符合句意。故选C项。 8．考查形容词。句意：显微镜下的检查显示，从马尾收集的毛发与犀牛角中发现的特征相似，除了马毛有一层在犀牛角中缺失的特殊层。根据上文“except that horse hairs had a special layer(除了马毛有一层特殊层)”可知，空格处应填入一个形容词，用于修饰layer，表示“缺失”的意思。absent意为“不在场的，缺失的”，符合句意。故选A项。 9．考查动名词。句意：结果是一种粗糙的材料，经过一些打磨后，看起来像犀牛角。根据空白处下文“looked like rhino horn(看起来像犀牛角)”可知，空格处应填入一个动名词，用于表示材料变光滑的过程。polishing意为“打磨”，符合句意。故选E项。 10．考查形容词。句意：是否将无法区分的仿品投放到犀牛角市场会真正降低价格和需求还有待测试。根据空白处上文“looked like rhino horn(看起来像犀牛角)”可知，空格处应填入一个形容词，用于修饰fakes，表示“无法区分”的意思。indistinguishable意为“无法区分的”，符合句意。故选D项。 话题5 生态与自然 Passage 1 A．average B．adapt C． consisting D．persistent E. exactly F. stuck G. failing H. extremely I. referred J. initial K. range From roughly the 16th to 19th centuries, much of the Earth was caught by a persistent freezing cold. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere (半球) experienced long stretches of temperatures so cold that people witnessed crops 1 and rivers freezing — like the Scheldt River. Thousands of people walking and playing across the frozen River Thames; Soldiers on horseback seeing ships 2 in the ice; Natives using snowshoes to outsmart the English army…These were some of the images that define the Little Ice Age — a period of several centuries last millennium in which parts of the Northern Hemisphere struggled with a(n) 3 cold. But what caused the Little Ice Age, how long did it last, how did people 4 to the freezing cold — and what lessons can we learn as we enter our own period of climatic change? The Little Ice Age was not a true ice age — 5 cooling was probably only in the order of 0.5 degrees Celsius, or 1 degree Fahrenheit — or was it consistently cold. Dagomar Degroot, associate professor of environmental history at Georgetown University has 6 to the era as a series of “little ice ages.” Although some researchers argue it may have begun earlier, NASA defines the Little Ice Age as beginning around 1550 and 7 of three cold peaks-around 1650,1770 and 1850. Scientists are still working out 8 what caused the Little Ice Age too. Theories 9 from decreased solar activity to increased volcanic eruptions, to the decline of populations in North America, which allowed forests to replace agricultural land, in the process removing about seven billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere. A 2022 study argued that the 10 trigger was actually a rise of extremely warm water flowing north from the tropics in the late 1300s,which pushed Arctic ice into the North Atlantic. Whatever the cause, the consequences of the Little Ice Age have a lasting effect on history, although to what extent is still controversial. 【答案】 1．G 2．F 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．I 7．C 8．E 9．K 10．J 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球北半球的小冰河时期的情况。 1．考查动词。句意：在此期间，北半球经历了长时间的低温，人们目睹了庄稼歉收，河流冻结，比如斯海尔德河。根据“the Northern Hemisphere experienced long stretches of temperatures”以及句意“歉收”可知应填fail，此处为现在分词作宾补。故选G。 2．考查动词。句意：成千上万的人在结冰的泰晤士河上散步玩耍；马背上的士兵看见船陷在冰里；当地人用雪鞋智胜英国军队……根据“in the ice”以及句意“陷在”可知应填过去分词stuck，作宾补。故选F。 3．考查副词。句意：这些是定义小冰期的一些图像——在过去一千年的几个世纪里，北半球的部分地区与持续的寒冷作斗争。根据“These were some of the images that define the Little Ice Age — a period of several centuries last millennium”以及句意“持续的”可知应填形容词persistent，修饰名词cold。故选D。 4．考查动词。句意：但是，是什么导致了小冰期，它持续了多长时间，人们是如何适应寒冷的，当我们进入自己的气候变化时期时，我们能学到什么？根据“to the freezing cold”以及句意“适应”可知应填动词adapt，此处为特殊疑问句，应填原形。故选B。 5．考查形容词。句意：小冰河期并不是真正的冰河期——平均温度可能只有0.5摄氏度，或者1华氏度——或者它一直很冷。根据“nor was it consistently cold”以及句意“平均的”可知应填形容词average，修饰名词cooling。故选A。 6．考查动词。句意：乔治城大学环境史副教授达格马尔·德格鲁特把这个时代称为一系列的“小冰河期”。根据“to the era as a series of “little ice ages.””以及句意“称为”可知应填refer，根据has可知为现在完成时。故选I。 7．考查动词。句意：尽管一些研究人员认为它可能开始得更早，但美国宇航局将小冰川期定义为大约始于1550年，由三个寒冷的高峰组成——大约在1650年、1770年和1850年。根据“of three cold peaks-around 1650,1770 and 1850”以及句意“由……组成”可知应填consist，作介词as的宾语，应用动名词形式。故选C。 8．考查副词。句意：科学家们还在研究导致小冰河期的确切原因。根据“what caused the Little Ice Age too”以及句意“确切”可知应填副词exactly，作状语。故选E。 9．考查动词。句意：从太阳活动减少到火山爆发增加，再到北美人口的减少，这使得森林取代了农田，在这个过程中从大气中去除了大约70亿吨的碳。根据“from decreased solar activity to increased volcanic eruptions, to the decline of populations in North America”以及句意“范围变化”可知应填动词range，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为复数名词，谓语用原形。故选K。 10．考查形容词。句意：2022年的一项研究认为，最初的触发因素实际上是14世纪后期从热带向北流动的极暖水上升，将北极的冰推入北大西洋。根据“trigger was actually a rise of extremely warm water flowing north from the tropics in the late 1300s,which pushed Arctic ice into the North Atlantic”以及句意“最初的”可知应填形容词initial，作定语修饰名词trigger。故选J。 Passage 2 A．critics        B．experimented        C．supply        D．sufficient        E．feed        F．resolve G．hazardous        H．novel                I．processed        J．produced        K．extinct The population of the world is increasing rapidly. By 2030, there could be 8.0 billion people on earth. Will there be 1 food for all these people, or will we have a food shortage? Some scientists think fish farming could 2 this problem. However, other scientists worry that fish farming could cause serious environmental problems. Fish farming is not a 3 thing. There were fish farms in China 3, 000 years ago. Today, about one-third of the fish we eat comes from fish farms. Most fish farms raise plant-eating fish. Popular kinds of plant-eating fish are carp, tilapia, and catfish. Unfortunately, many fish farms are starting to raise meat-eating fish. A popular type of meat-eating fish is salmon. These meat-eating fish live on 4 food made from wild fish. However, it takes up to 5 tons of wild fish to produce just 1 ton of farm-raised salmon. The 5 of wild fish is already decreasing. Eventually, many types of wild fish could go 6 . What will we do then? 7 of fish farming also say that farm-raised fish is unhealthy for humans. They say the fish contains dangerous chemicals. They also blame the issue on fish farming because it pollutes the water. Another criticism is that farm-raised fish can spread diseases to wild fish. Some people say that the farming methods being used now hasn’t 8 enough fish anyway. Instead of putting fish farms in lakes or near the coast, they say that the fish farms should be moved far out into the ocean. Several countries have already 9 with deep-ocean farms. In the future, fish farms might be large cages that move across the ocean. Like most things, there is both a good and a bad side to fish farming. Fish farming may help to 10 millions of people. At the same time, however, fish farming may damage the environment. 【答案】 1．D 2．F 3．H 4．I 5．C 6．K 7．A 8．J 9．B 10．E 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了世界人口增长和随之而来的潜在食物短缺问题，以及养鱼作为解决方案的利弊。 1．考查形容词。句意：到2030年，地球上可能将有80亿人口。会有足够的食物供给所有这些人吗，还是会发生食物短缺？根据后文“or will we have a food shortage(还是会发生食物短缺)”可知，此处应表示“足够的”，形容词。故选D项。 2．考查动词。句意：然而，其他科学家担心养鱼可能会引起严重的环境问题。根据前文“some scientists think fish farming could(其他科学家担心养鱼可能会)”以及下文“this problem(这一问题)”可知，此处应表示“解决”含义的动词。故选F项。 3．考查形容词。句意：养鱼不是一件新鲜事。根据前文“Fish farming is not a(养鱼不是一件)”和后文“There were fish farms in China 3, 000 years ago(三千多年前在中国就有渔场)”可知，此处应表示“新奇的，新颖的”，使用形容词作定语。故选H项。 4．考查动词。句意：不幸的是，许多养鱼场开始养殖食肉鱼类。一种受欢迎的食肉鱼类是鲑鱼。这些食肉鱼类以加工食物为食，这些食物由野生鱼类制成。根据后文“made from wild fish(由野生鱼类制成)”可知，此处应表示“加工”。故选I项。 5．考查名词。句意：然而，这需要多达5吨的野生鱼类才能生产出1吨的养鱼场养殖鲑鱼。根据后文“wild fish is already decreasing(野生鱼的……正在下降)”可知，此处应表示“供应”。故选C项。 6．考查形容词。句意：最终，许多野生鱼类可能会灭绝。根据上文“wild fish could go(野生鱼会……)”以及下文“What will we do then?(那个时候我们应该怎么办？)”可知，此处应表示“灭绝的”。故选K项。 7．考查名词。句意：养鱼的批评者还说，养鱼对人类来说是不健康的。根据后文“Another criticism is that farm-raised fish can spread diseases to wild fish (另一个批评是渔场养的鱼会将疾病传播至野生鱼)”可知，此处应表示“批评者”。故选A项。 8．考查动词。句意：然而，现在使用的方法还没有产生足够的鱼类。根据后文“enough fish (足够的鱼)”可知，此处应表示“产生”。故选J项。 9．考查动词。句意：几个国家已经在深海养殖场进行了实验。根据后文“with deep-ocean farms(深海养殖场)”可知，此处应表示“对……进行实验”。故选B项。 10．考查动词。句意：渔场养殖有助于养活数百万人。根据后文“millions of people(数百万人)”可知，此处应表示“养活”。故选E项。 话题6 运动与健康 Passage 1 A．comprehensive B．spread C． impact D．incredible E. observed F. compared G. success H. firmly I. combination J. heavily K. motivate A new report by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals that around one in a hundred deaths worldwide is due to passive smoking, which kills an estimated 600,000 people a year. In the first study to assess the global 1 of second-hand smoke, WHO experts find that children are more 2 exposed to second-hand smoke than any other age-group, and around 165,000 of them a year die because of it. Children’s exposure to second-hand smoke is most likely to happen at home, and the double blow of infectious diseases and tobacco seems to be a deadly 3 for children in these regions. Commenting on the findings, Heather Wipfli and Jonathan Samet from the University of Southern California, said policymakers try to 4 families to stop smoking in the home. While deaths due to passive smoking in children were skewed (曲解) toward poor and middle-income countries, deaths in adults were 5 across countries at all income levels. In Europe’s high-income countries, only 71 child deaths occurred, while 35,388 deaths were in adults. Yet in the countries like Africa, an estimated 43,375 deaths due to passive smoking were in children 6 with 9,514 in adults. Only 7.4 percent of the world population currently lives in places with 7 smoke-free laws, and those laws are not always 8 enforced (施行). In places where smoke-free rules are 9 , research shows that exposure to second-hand smoke in high-risk places like bars and restaurants can be cut by 90 percent, and in general by 60 percent, the researchers said. Studies also show such laws help to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers and lead to higher 10 rates in those trying to quit. 【答案】 1．C 2．J 3．I 4．K 5．B 6．F 7．A 8．H 9．E 10．G 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了二手烟的危害以及制定无烟法律的影响。 1．考查名词。句意：在第一项评估二手烟全球影响的研究中，世界卫生组织专家发现，儿童遭受二手烟的影响比任何其他年龄群体的人更严重，其中每年约有165000人死于二手烟。根据空前的形容词global，空处应用名词作宾语。根据“children are more 　　2　　exposed to second-hand smoke than any other age-group, and around 165,000 of them a year die because of it”可知，这里是说二手烟的影响。impact“影响”符合题意。故选C。 2．考查副词。句意参考上题。空处应用副词作状语修饰动词exposed。根据“around 165,000 of them a year die because of it”，这里是说儿童遭受二手烟的影响严重。heavily“严重地，大量地”符合题意。故选J。 3．考查名词。句意：儿童接触二手烟最有可能发生在家里，传染病和烟草的双重打击似乎是这些地区儿童的致命组合。根据空前的a，这里应用名词单数形式。根据“the double blow of infectious diseases and tobacco”，这里是说传染病和烟草的组合。combination“结合体，结合”符合题意。故选I。 4．考查动词。句意：南加州大学的Heather Wipfli和Jonathan Samet在评论这一发现时表示，政策制定者试图激励家庭在家里戒烟。try to do sth.意为“试图做某事”，所以空处应用动词原形。根据空后的“to stop smoking in the home”，这里是说激励这些家庭停止在家吸烟。motivate“激励”符合题意。故选K。 5．考查动词。句意：尽管儿童因被动吸烟而死亡的情况倾向于在贫穷和中等收入国家，但成年人的死亡分布在各个收入水平的国家。根据空前的were，空处应用动词的过去分词形式，构成一般过去时的被动语态。根据空后的“across countries at all income levels”，这里是说成年人的死亡分布在各个收入水平的国家。spread“使分散，使分布”为动词，其过去式和过去分词均为spread。故选B。 6．考查动词。句意：然而，在非洲等国家，与成年人9514的死亡人数相比，估计有43375名儿童死于被动吸烟。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词，在句中作状语。compared with意为“与……相比”，符合题意。故选F。 7．考查形容词。句意：目前，世界上只有7.4%的人口生活在有全面无烟法律的地方，而这些法律并不总是得到严格执行。根据空后的“smoke-free laws”，空处应用形容词作定语，表示全面无烟的法律。comprehensive“全面的”符合题意。故选A。 8．考查副词。句意参考上题。空处应用副词作状语修饰enforced。根据空前的“are not always”，这里是说这些全面无烟的法律并不总是得到严格的执行。firmly“坚定地”符合题意。故选H。 9．考查动词。句意：研究人员表示，在遵守无烟规定的地方，研究表明在酒吧和餐馆等高风险场所二手烟接触可以减少90%，而一般情况下是减少60%。根据空前的are，空处应用动词的过去分词形式，构成一般现在时的被动语态。根据“research shows that exposure to second-hand smoke in high-risk places like bars and restaurants can be cut by 90 percent”，这里是说在遵守无烟规定的地方可以有效减少二手烟的接触，observed“遵守”符合题意。故选E。 10．考查名词。句意：研究还表明，这些法律有助于减少吸烟者吸烟的数量，并提高戒烟者的成功率。根据空后的rates，这里应用名词，作定语。根据“help to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers”和“in those trying to quit”，这里是说这些法律可以减少吸烟，提高戒烟者戒烟的成功率。success“成功”符合题意。故选G。 Passage 2 A．avoided   B．processed   C． suited   D．equal   E. steer   F. interfere G. understandably   H. concentration   I. thirst   J. cabin   K. unsettle Eating on a plane used to be common practice. But in the age of COVID-19, many passengers are 1 less inclined to remove their masks to take a mid-flight bite ― or to even have a snack at the airport. As a result, it’s more common to eat at home before embarking on a flight. Those with longer travel journeys may even eat a large meal to carry them through the day. Still, not all preflight eats are created 2 . Tracy Lockwood Beckerman, a registered dietitian based in New York City, said it’s worth considering your overall health as you prep for travel, including what you eat and drink. “It’s important to eat foods that will keep your immune system strong, keep you hydrated and are easily digested before flying,” Beckerman said. So, which foods are best 3 on a day when you’re traveling by plane? “It’s super common for dehydration to set in when flying, thanks to the lack of humidity and dry air in the 4 ,” Beckerman said. “That’s why it’s not the smartest to have a meal high in sodium (钠) the day before or morning of your flight.” Beckerman also advised going easy on the salt shaker, opting for snacks without added salt to avoid dehydration-related headaches. Alcohol consumption tends to cause dehydration and has a different effect on the body than if you were to have a drink at ground level due to the low pressure in the cabin and the low oxygen 5 in blood. Therefore you are more likely to get drunk faster and urinate frequently. A cup of coffee can leave you dehydrated in an already dry environment and coffee also has a mild diuretic effect, which can lead to more frequent trips to the bathroom. Beyond the dehydrating effects, caffeine can also keep you awake during a flight, which is often an opportunity to catch up on sleep. The need for more frequent bathroom visits can also 6 with your ability to doze during your travels. If you have a sensitive stomach, you might want to 7 clear of foods that can mess with your digestion. That includes highly 8 snacks like candy and fast food, which often contain ingredients that could 9 your digestive system. A balanced meal that satisfies your 10 with water and hydrating fruits contains moderate amounts of complex carbohydrates and lean protein, and is low in added sugars and sodium is ideal. 【答案】 1．G 2．D 3．A 4．J 5．H 6．F 7．E 8．B 9．K 10．I 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在疫情时代，由于乘客对在飞机上及机场里摘下口罩进食的担忧，登机前在家吃饭变得越来越普遍，针对此现象，文章从营养师的角度给出了相应的饮食建议。 1．考查副词。句意：但在COVID-19时代，可以理解的是，许多乘客不太愿意摘下口罩在飞行途中吃点东西，甚至不愿意在机场吃点零食。空处作修饰less inclined的成分，结合“in the age of COVID-19”和“less inclined to remove their masks to take a mid-flight bite”可推知，G项understandably“可理解地”符合题意，作状语，表示疫情期间这样的行为是可以理解的。故选G。 2．考查形容词。句意：不过，并不是所有的飞行前饮食都是一样的。空处作补足语，结合“are created”可推知，D项equal“相同的”符合题意，表示并非所有这些饮食都是一样的。故选D。 3．考查动词。句意：那么，当你坐飞机旅行时，哪些食物是最好避免的呢？空处和are构成句子的谓语，结合下文所给的避免特定食物或饮料的具体建议可知，A项avoided“避免”符合题意，构成一般现在时的被动语态，表示最好避免一些食物。故选A。 4．考查名词。句意：贝克曼说：“由于机舱缺乏湿度且空气干燥，飞行时脱水是非常常见的。”空处作in的宾语，结合“when flying”可推知，J项cabin“机舱”符合题意，表示机舱中空气干燥。故选J。 5．考查名词。句意：饮酒容易导致脱水，对身体的影响与在地面上喝酒不同，因为机舱内的气压低，血液中的氧浓度也低。空处作due to的宾语，结合“the low oxygen”和“in blood”可推知，H项concentration“浓度，含量”符合题意，表示血液中的氧浓度也低。故选H。 6．考查动词。句意：频繁上厕所也会干扰你在旅行中打瞌睡的能力。空处和can构成句子的谓语，应用动词原形，结合“with your ability to doze during your travels”可推知，F项interfere“干涉，干扰”符合题意，构成固定短语interfere with，意为“干扰，妨碍”，表示会干扰你在旅行中打瞌睡的能力。故选F。 7．考查动词。句意：如果你的胃很敏感，你可能要避开那些会扰乱你消化的食物。空处作want to的宾语，应用动词原形，结合“clear of foods”可推知，E项steer“引导，指导”符合题意，构成固定短语steer clear of，意为“避开”，表示避开那些会扰乱你消化的食物。故选E。 8．考查形容词。句意：这包括高度加工的零食，如糖果和快餐，它们通常含有会扰乱你消化系统的成分。空处作修饰snacks的定语，且被highly修饰，结合“like candy and fast food”可推知，B项processed“经过加工的”符合题意，表示高度加工的零食。故选B。 9．考查动词。句意：这包括高度加工的零食，如糖果和快餐，它们通常含有会扰乱你消化系统的成分。空处和could构成句子的谓语，应用动词原形，结合“like candy and fast food”和“your digestive system”可推知，K项unsettle“扰乱”符合题意，表示扰乱你消化系统。故选K。 10．考查名词。句意：理想的膳食应该是平衡的，可以通过饮水和补水水果来解渴，其中含有适量的复杂碳水化合物和瘦肉蛋白，并且低添加糖和钠。空处作satisfies的宾语，结合“with water and hydrating fruits”可推知，I项thirst“口渴”符合题意，表示通过饮水和补水水果来解渴。故选I。 $