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高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 14 常见不定代词用法释疑
1 这里为什么用some?
有读者问:
When I asked him if he had broken some rule of working machinery, he shook his head.
在这一句中,为什么用some而不用any?
在if(意谓“假如”或“是否”)引导的从句中,用some或any皆可,似乎没有什么区别,再如:
(1)If you want some (any )help, let me know.
(2)If we had some (any )money, we could buy it.
2 又为何选some?
有读者问: 有一道选择题:
(1)There must be_________ book which could help.
A. some B. any C. one D. one useful
是何原因只能选A而不可选C或D?这句话应如何理解?
应选A,因为some指某一本,there must be some(后接一表人或物的单形名词)是一常见句型,再如:
(2)There must be some job I could do.总有一种我可以做的工作吧。
上述句(1)的意思是:总有一本书会对我们有所帮助。
3 some 可用在特殊疑问句吗?
有读者问: 你说过 any 用在十足的疑问句中,而 some 则可用在形为疑问实为请求、邀请等的疑问句中,这里所说疑问句是否包括特殊疑问句?
一般多指一般疑问句,较少用于特殊疑问句,但也并不是完全不可用于特殊疑问句,下面即是用于特殊疑问句的一例:
Why don't you ask some other question? (问话人实际上觉得“你”可以另提一个问题)
4 some在此作何解释?
有读者问:
(1)I'm sure we'll get our money back the next two months, and then some.
请问在这一句中的不定代词some作何解释?
句中的and then some是一种固定说法,意谓and a lot more(而且远不止此),在句中应重读。再如:
(2)She is as attractive as Marilyn Monroe and then some .
有时可译作“至少”,如:
(3)It would cost all the money he had and then some .
5 some与about有何不同?
有读者问: 有这样一句话:
(1)Each year some 24,000 bulls die in Spanish bull rings with a sword plunged into their hearts.
这里的some与about有何区别?
some在此与about在意义上没有什么区别,都是“大约”的意思。但在语气上,some则较about强,往往有“高达”或“多至”的含义,再如:
(2)They have exported some four million tons of bootlaces this year.
(3)Some 86 per cent of the peasants are landless.
同样,在下面一些例句中,some亦有“偏高”(appreciative)的含义:
(4)It was some party!
(5)That is some dog.
有时,恰恰相反,some则具有贬义,如:
(6)He must be some relation of her.
(7)He married some silly little girl.
(8)There must be some job I could do.
下面句中的some such也多少含有贬义:
(9)You know that this man had been concerned in some such matter.
6 这里的形容词为何置于something 之前?
有读者问:有这样一句话:
(1)And there, glowing with a faint blue light in the glass test-tubes on the table, was the mysterious something which they had worked so hard to find: Radium.
请问该句中的形容词 mysterious 为什么放在不定代词之前?
句中的 something 确是有点不寻常,它前面不但有形容词 mysterious, 而且有定冠词 the。这是由于不定代词在此被用作名词所致。你如愿意的话,也可以将它叫做名词化的不定代词。这种名词化了的不定代词和其他名词化的词一样,使得英语词汇更加丰富多彩。下面再举几例,以供参考:
(2)A something made her happy.
(3)I'm not a somebody , but a nobody.
(4)— What says the letter?
— Kind nothings .
7 这里的any何意?
有读者问: 现行研究生精读课本中有这样一个例子:
(1)The witness he had brought there cut any ice with the prosecution.
此句中的any起什么作用?其含义如何?
不定代词any在肯定结构中,可有褒义,如“大、多”等,例:
(2)I have any amount of letters for you.
(any意味着“多”)
(3)There are accessible to you, in liberaries, any number of books and treatises about different kinds of woods. (any意味着“数目大”)
也可有贬义,如“小、少”等,例:
(4)I am glad you take any pleasure in my poor poem.
(any意味着“尽管很小”)
(5)Maria's elder brother had been at first quite willing that his sister should marry with any bridegroom who presented himself.
(any意味着“即使不足道的”)
据此,上述句(1)中的any似乎意为“很大的”。这样,cut any ice with即意为“对……起了很大的作用”或“对……产生了很大影响”。
8 这里为何用any?
有读者问: 有这样一句话:
(1)I've not seen the letters; only his secretary sees any of his letters, for he is pretty reticent about business letters, as big business men have to be.
第二分句中为何用any? 它意谓“任何”吗?
这里的any不意谓“任何”。any在这里表示一种含蓄的条件,any of his letters有一种“如果他的秘书能看到他的什么信件的话”的含义。有时any则有“是否有什么”的含义,如:
(2)Bending over the dead body of the dog, she tried to discover any signs of life. (any signs of life意谓“是否有什么活着的迹象”)
总之,不要一看到肯定结构中的any,就将它等同于“任何”。any在肯定结构中往往有种种不同的含义,读者在阅读中应随时加以注意。
9 any number of如何理解?
有读者问: 有这样一句话:
(1)There are accessible to you, in libraries, any number of books and treatises about different kinds of woods, about different kinds of tools, and about the industry of woodwork.
句中的any number of是什么意思? any如理解为“任何”似乎不大讲得通。
不定代词any在肯定句中并不总是意谓“任何”,或者说不仅仅意谓“任何”。当any用来表示数量时,它往往有偏高(appreciative)或偏低(depreciative)的含义。在上述例(1)中的any即有偏高的含义,换言之,any number of相当于many或a large number of。再如:
(2)There are any number of reasons for eating good food.
(3)Don't ask George what his excuse is. He can invent any number.
除常与number连用外,any还可以与其他表示数量的名词连用,如:
(4)She has got any amount of explanations for you.
(5)There are any quantity of iron crosses on the Western Alps.
(6)During that memorable trip over the Atlantic, the highest speed maintained for any length of time was 26.4 knots.
这种表偏高数量的any亦可与不表数量的名词连用,如:
(7)He will need any help he can get.
(any=as much as possible,甚至相当于all)
(8)Every man of any capacity holds within himself two men, the wise and the foolish.
(9)If the broker saw me, he'd ask any price for them!
表数量的不定代词any亦可有“偏低”的含义,相当于the smallest or least possible amount or degree of,如:
(10)There isn't any hope of finding the lost child.
(11)It isn't any use looking for her.
(12)Have you any idea of what they are talking about?
10 又如何理解这里的any?
有读者问: 下面一句中的any是什么意思,语法上如何分析?
(1)I don't like it any.
不定代词any在此相当于at all,用以加强否定的语气。语法上,它相当于副词,在此起状语的作用。any的这种用法常用在否定句和疑问句中,再如:
(2)It didn't hurt him any .
(3)That didn't help them any .
(4)Does the radio disturb you any ?
(5)Did he work any this week?
与any如此用法很相似的不定代词还有some,其义相当于to some extent,但多用在美国英语中,如:
(6)He is farming some .
(7)My experience on the farm helped me some , of course.
(8)The quality of the American soldier may have deteriorated some over the years.
11 应选any抑或a little?
有读者问: 有这样一道选择题:
(1)_____ food is better than none.
A. Any B. Little C. Every D. A little
答案是A,我想问一问是否也能选D?
最好选D,因为在此a little相当于even a little. 再如:
(2)A little drink will work wonders in a cowardly man.
12 比较最高级怎能与any连用?
有读者问: 我们有时见到这样的句子:
(1)He certainly has the funniest face of any man in the world.
这里为什么可用any表示范围?
人们常用下面这样的结构:
(2)He certainly has the funniest face of all men in the world.
也常用下面这样的结构:
(3)His face is certainly funnier than any other man in the world.
但人们却又常把上述两种句子结构混杂在一起,结果就产生了例(1)这样的结构。如果说得形象一点,那例(1)就是例(2)和例(3)的混血儿了。
13 这里为何用 anything?
有读者问:为什么下面两句中都用 anything?
(1)If there's anything else I can do please let me know.
(2)This is the last time I'll ever ask you to do anything for me.
anything 和 any 一样,都常用于表示疑问、否定或条件。句(1)中的 anything 即用于条件从句之中。这是一种常见的用法,再如:
(3)If there is anything more you want, please let me know.
(4)If anything should happen, I can take care of myself.
句(2)中用 anything 是因为它实际上用在一个含有否定意义的句子中。
14 anything but 有否定意义
有读者问:某期杂志有一篇翻译文章,原文为“看来自己被推举为此次全校职称评审委员会主要成员绝对不是什么幸事……”译文则是:“It was not anything but a good luck for him to be made one of the chief members of the College Professorship Evaluation Committee...”译文是否有误?是否应将 not 去掉?
是的,应去掉 not, 因为 anything but 本身已有否定意义。
15 为何不用any而用some?
有一读者问:
(1)Would you like some bananas?
此句为什么用some而不用any?
在问句中,any表示疑问,如:
(2)Have you any matches?你有火柴吗?
some表示请求或邀请,如:
(3)Will you give me some paper? 请你给我一些纸好吗?
同样,你所问的句子也表示请求,意思是: 你吃点香蕉吗? 有时在问句中,some虽不表示请求,但疑问的语气要比any轻,如:
(4)Can you see some of the ants? (You can see some of the ants, can't you?)
如用any,则完全是疑问语气了。
16 这里用 any 抑或 some?
有读者问如何做这道选择题:
If I can spare_________money, I will buy a pen.
A. some B. any
一般应用 any,因为 any 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句。用于条件句时,any 表示是否“能省下钱”是个疑问,是不确切的事。但如肯定“能省下一些钱”,则可用 some 替代 any。总之,any 常含有“疑问或不确定”的成分,some 则常含有“肯定”的成分,一般说来,在条件从句中,用 any 和用 some 的区别并不是很大的。
17 这里用 anyone 抑或 someone?
有读者问: 初中英语课文中有这样一句话:
Did someone tell you about him?
为什么句中用 someone 而不用 anyone?
anyone 纯粹表示疑问; someone 则含有肯定意义,也就是说,说话人认为或猜想有人告诉了“你”,用在提问中只不过是想证实一下而已。
18 这里为什么选用neither?
有读者问: 有这样两道选择题:
(1)Mike has two sisters. _____of them have ever entered the college.
A. All B. Both
C. None D. Neither
(2)John and Bill did experiment yesterday._________of them was successful in it.
A. All B. Both
C. None D. Neither
请问为什么都选neither,而不选all或none? none of them和neither of them后面的谓语动词是不是只能用单数形式? 如果neither和none之后没有of them呢?
这里都应选neither是因为它的意思是“两者(之中不论哪一个)都不……”。不可选all是因为:它与句子本义不合;all意谓“全体”时只指“三个或三个以上的人或物”;表汉语中的“……都不……”时,英语中不可用all,如不可说all of us did not go,而应说none of us went。至于不可用none也是由于它只可表“三个或三个以上的人或物(都不)”的缘故。
none of them通常皆用动词的复数形式。neither of them应用动词单数形式,如上述例(2),但也可用动词复数形式,如上述例(1)。我们认为初学者以用动词单数形式为宜。
如neither之后没有of短语,但其义仍是“二者(之中不论哪一个)都不”的话,其后的动词形式与“neither+of短语”一样,应用单数形式,但也可用复数形式,如:
(3)We have two interpreters, but neither understand(s)Italian.
19 no与not any有何区别?
有读者问:
(1)There isn't any bread.
(2)There is no bread.
这两句有何不同?
这两个句子在意义上没有什么区别。句(1)的not any多用于一般谈话;句(2)的no则较为正式。这种区别亦适用于复数名词,如:
(3)There aren't any buses after midnight.
(4)There are no buses after midnight.
但请注意在句子中开头用否定词时则须用no,不可用not any,如:
(5)No man is born wise. (不可用not any man)
(6)No department stores open on Sundays.
(不可用not any department stores)
顺便提及,句(1)如有上下文,亦可改作:
(7)There is none.
20 怎样用none指人?
有读者问: 请问是否可用none回答who引导的疑问句?
我们不知你指的具体问句是什么。让我们姑且假设有人问道:Who went to the party yesterday? 那么答案应是No one, 而不是None。关于不定代词none指人的用法,应注意下列几点:
1. none用以指人时,一般多用作all的否定词,即相当于no people(后用复形动词),如:
(1)None were permitted to enter by this gate.
(2)None could afford the books or food.
(none在此否定一特定团体的成员)
2. none常后接of或but, 如:
(3)None of us understand the play. (同样回答上述Who went to the party yesterday? 亦可说None of us did.)
(4)None but the nurses deserve a salary increase.
3. 有时none亦可指代“没有一个人”,但常相当于not one(后常接of短语),并不相当于no one,如:
(5)None of us is perfect.
(6)None of the guests wants to stay.
4. none偶尔也有相当于no one的情况,但一般都用在书面语中,其后不接of短语,如:
(7)None is happy at the result.
(8)None should neglect his work.
(9)None is thought to have a distinguished prose style.
在口语中, 一般皆不用none,而应用no one。再如下面一些句子中皆应用no one(或no-one),但一般不可后接of短语:
(10)No one left.
(11)No one can leave the classroom without permission.
(12)They have seen no-one else all afternoon.
其实,在当代英语中,即使书面语亦常用no one, 如:
(13)No one wearing the crown is willing to step down from the throne.
顺便提及,none作为代词还可指物,由于它与本题无关,就恕不举例说明了。
21 none和nothing之不同
有读者问到一道选择题:
(1)I wanted some tea, but there was _________left in the teapot.
A. none B. any C. nothing D. no
答案是A, 我不明白为什么C不行。
none(没有一点)用以指代其前的名词。它在此指代其前的名词tea,故其意为“没有一点茶”。nothing则意为“没有东西”,不用以指代其前的名词;nothing left意为“什么也没有剩下”,这显然不合题意。再试比较:
(2)—Have you any paper?
—I have none.(none指代其前的paper,意为“我没有纸”。如说I have nothing,则意为“我什么都没有”)
但请看下一句:
(3)They have eaten up all the food, so nothing is left on the table.(这里则应用nothing,表“没有任何食物”。all the food指多种食物,不指一种食物,故不可用none)
22 如何理解for nothing?
有读者问到这样一句话:
Some people will never learn that you can't get something for nothing.
句中每个词都认识,但不知道整句是什么意思?
你的困难可能在于不理解for nothing。这是一现成说法,其义为“白白地,无代价地”;语法上是一介词短语,用作方式状语。懂得for nothing之后,全句就容易理解了,即意为:“有一些人永远不会明白,什么事都是要付出代价的”,you在此泛指任何人。
23 none抑或no one?
有读者问如何做这道题:
(1)—How many monkeys did you see?
— _____.
A. None B. No one
这里应选A。no one只可指人,相当于nobody,故不可用。试比较:
(2)We had three cats once — none are alive now.
(用none指动物)
(3)They saw no one . (no one指人)
顺便提一下,这道题也可以答以not one。
24 no one, not one, none
有读者问这样一道选择题:
(1)_____ of them has been turned to stone.
A. No one B. Not one C. No D. Even one
答案是B,而我认为应是A,请问哪一个正确? 又,是否亦可用None?
应选B。不可选A,因为no one(或拼作no-one)相当于nobody,其后一般不可接of them之类的介词短语,如:
(2)No one can do it.
顺便提及,上述句(1)中的Not one of them可以代之以None of them而意义不变,但后者的语气较弱,而且常后接复形动词。
25 用none but, no one but, nobody but都可以
有读者问: 有这样一句话:
(1)None but an exceptionally strong man could have survived the accident.
为什么这里不用no one but而用none but?
none指人时相当于no one或nobody,这三个词语皆可后接but。none but如上述例(1),现将no one but和nobody but的用法举例如下:
(2)No one but me saw him.
(3)It hurt nobody but himself.
较之于no one和nobody, none显得文气一些,所以上述书面语例(1)用none较好。
26 all 与 everything 有何不同?
有读者问:请问 all 与 everything 有什么区别?
all 和 everything 皆意谓“一切”时往往可以互换使用,如:
(1)All I have belongs to you. (亦可用 everything)
(2)Everything he said was true. (亦可用 all)
但 all 比较正式,而且其后多有定语从句修饰。 everything 则较通俗,而且其后常可不用修饰语,如:
(3)She does everything .
(4)Is everything all right?
(5)Everything is difficult at the beginning.
在一些固定说法中, all 之后亦可不用修饰语,如:
(6)That's all .
(7)Winner takes all .
下面格言中的 all 不可代之以 everything:
(8)All that glitters is not gold.
另外, all 不意谓“一切”而意谓“唯一的事物 (the only thing)”时,也不可代之以 everything, 如:
(9)All he wants is more pay and less work.
27 all, all the, all of
有读者问:all children 与 all the children 有什么区别? all the children 与 all of children 是否也有所区别?
关于 all children 与 all the children 的区别,可从下面两个句子看出:
(1)All children can be naughty sometimes.
(2)All the children are well taken care of.
句(1)中的 all children 显然泛指所有的儿童。再如:
(3)All men must die. (all men 泛指一切人)
(4)All books are written to be read but not all books are worth reading.
(all books 泛指一切书籍)
句(2)中的 all the children 则特指某个地点(如某个托儿所)的所有儿童,如引出上下文即可清楚地看出这一点。这种“all+the+复数可数名词”结构之后也可用限制性定语表出其特指的性质,如:
(5)All the ministrations of the doctors and nurses couldn't save the sick child's life. (其限制性定语是 of 短语)
(6)I'm going to examine all the minerals I could get hold of and see which ones are radioactive. (其限制性定语是一定语从句)
但在不会引起误会的条件下, all 之后的定冠词有时可以省去,如:
(7)I will see all students at 11 a.m.
(8)We hail from all corners of the country and have joined together for a common revolutionary objective.
此外,复数可数名词之前如有数字, all 后则可用亦可不用定冠词 the,如:
(9)All (the)thirty passengers on the boat were saved.
(10)All three men spoke at once.
(11)Memory of the dance that none of them had attended shook all four days .
但“all+数字”结构不可用 the,如:
(12)All three were unconscious. (all three=all three of them)
至于 all the children 与 all of the children (但一般不说 all of children),二者在意义上并没有什么区别,只是后者较口语化而已。也有人说,all of 多用于美国英语。“all+the+不可数名词”与“all of+the+不可数名词”这两种结构亦无甚区别,如 all (of)the coffee, all (of)the music 等。但也有人认为在不可数名词之前应用 all the, 不应用 all of the。在单数可数名词之前,往往可用 all of,不大用 all,如可说 all of the book,却很少说 all the book。但在时间词 day, hour, week 等之前,则很少用 all of the,应用 all the 或只用 all。
28 这里的 all 为什么放在 are 之前?
有读者问:高中英语书中有这样一句话:
(1)How silly you all are!
这里的all 为什么放在 are 之前?它是什么词性?
不定代词 all 在此用作 you 的同位语。我们可以说:
(2)You are all silly. (all 在 are之后,这是正常语序)
也可以说:
(3)You all are silly. (all 在 are 之前,是为了强调 are)
但在以 be, have 或助动词 (包括情态动词在内)等结尾的句子结构中,如用 all 作同位语,它则必须置于be, have 或助动词等之前而不可置于其后,如问题中所举的例(1)。同样,如用不定代词 both 作同位语,也必须说:
(4)How silly you both are! (both 须置于 are 之前)
其他如:
(5)— Have you all a bike?
— Yes, we all have. (all 须置于have 之前)
(6)— Can you both swim?
— Yes, we both can. (both 须置于情态动词 can 之前)
一些常置于谓语动词之前的 always, often, never, seldom, already, just, really, still, almost 等副词,在以 be, have 或助动词 (包括情态动词在内)结尾的句子结构中,也必须置于这些动词之前而不可置于其后,现以 always 为例:
(7)— Is he always ready to help others?
— Yes, he always is. (always 须置于 is 之前)
(8)— Have you always a dog?
— Yes, I always have. (always 须置于 have 之前)
(9)— Is the world always turning?
— Yes, it always is. (always 须置于助动词 is 之前)
最后,还应指出,例(1)中的you all 也可能相当于all of you。
29 all怎么放在the之前?
有读者问: 为什么只可说all the world不可说the all world? 形容词all怎么放在定冠词the之前呢?
根据英人夸克(Quirk)等所著的《英语语法大全》(A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language )第5.16节,all,both和half都是前位限定词,须放在冠词之前(如all the time),所有格限定词之前(如all my time),以及指示限定词之前(如all this time)。所以,只可说all the world,不可说the all world。
30 all 与 whole 的区别
有的读者来信问到 all 与 whole 作为形容词到底有哪些不同。
这个问题比较复杂,往往牵涉到英语的习惯用法,这里只能简略地谈一谈。all 与 whole 用作定语时,既可用于可数名词,亦可用于不可数名词;既可用于单形名词,亦可用于复形名词。就让我们照此分类分别讨论如下:
先谈 all 和 whole 这两个词用于单形可数名词的情况。总的说来,在单形可数名词之前多用 whole,如:
(1)He ate the whole chicken. (whole 须置于 the 之后)
(2)The whole building was burning.
(3)Tell me the whole thing frankly.
(4)The whole army will be mobilized.
(5)The whole idea is false.
(6)Are you telling the whole truth?
但在表时间时,诸如 day, week, month, year 以及表季节的 spring, summer, autumn, winter 等词之前,则既可用 whole,亦常用 all,如:
(7)I waited all (the)week for him to answer.
(亦可说 the whole week。 注意 all 须置于 the 之前)
(8)We were there the whole day. (亦可说all[the]day)
那么,二者有无区别呢?我们认为在意义上,它们一般没有什么不同,只是 the whole 的语气要比 all the 顺一些。另外,在表时间的 hour 与 century 之前,则不可用 all the,只可用 the whole,如:
(9)I waited for her the whole hour.(亦可说 a whole hour)
但有时 the whole 指“某一”,all 则指“当日”等,试比较:
(10)I spent the whole morning studying English. (the whole morning指某一天整个上午)
I spent all (the)morning studying English.(all [the] morning 指当日整个上午)
除表时间的单形可数名词外,还有其他一些可数名词之前亦可用 all 或 whole,如:
(11)all the family
the whole family
(12)the whole story (似更为常见)
all the story
(13)all the way
the whole way
下面一对句子亦可用 all 或 whole:
(14)The monkey ate all the banana. (一般不说all the banana,但如重读all 则可)
The monkey ate the whole banana.(这是正常的说法)
下面一对句子虽然也可用 all 或 whole,但其结构不同:
(15)The whole city was busy killing mosquitoes.
(单数可数名词之前多用 whole)
All the inhabitants of the city were busy killing mosquitoes. (这里不可用 all the city,故用all the inhabitants of the city)
在复形可数名词之前,一般多用 all,如:
(16)Someday all cars won't make noise.
(17)All the children are orphans.
但在“数字+时间词”之前既可用 all (the),亦可用 the whole,如:
(18)I stayed there all four days.
(亦可说 the whole four days。 注意 all 须置于 four 之前)
在其他情况下,复形可数名词之前有时亦可用 whole,但其意义与 all 不同,试比较下面两句中的 all 与 whole:
(19)All forests in North Africa were destroyed during Roman times.
(all 意谓“全部”或“所有的”)
(20)Whole forests in North Africa were destroyed during Roman times.
(whole 意谓“整个整个的”或“整片整片的”)
现在谈 all 和 whole 用于不可数名词的情况。先说这两个词用于单形不可数名词的用法。
总的说来,在单形不可数名词之前多用 all,尤其在物质名词之前,如:
(21)All the money you gave him has been spent.
(不可说 the whole money)
(22)Not all food is good to eat. (不可说 the whole food)
有些物质名词之前亦可用 whole,但其意义有所不同,如 whole barley (不去麸的大麦粉)、whole flour (去麸的纯面粉)、whole milk (全脂奶)等。
有不少不可数的抽象名词之前则既可用 all,亦可用 whole:如:
(23)all my life (all 须置于物主代词 my 之前)
my whole life (whole 须置于 my 之后)
(24)all his business
his whole business
(25)all the time
the whole time
(26)all his energy
his whole energy
(27)all his attention
his whole attention
(28)all this confusion (all须置于指示代词this之前)
this whole confusion ( whole 须置于 this之后)
但请注意 all 后的抽象名词往往用于泛指, whole 后的抽象名词则用于特指,试比较:
(29)All hope was lost. (hope 在此泛指“希望”)
Our whole hope rested in this. (hope 在此特指某一特定的“希望”)
在专有地名之前,一般皆用 all,如:
(30)All London knew it.
(31)He is reputed to be the wealthiest man in all America.
但偶尔也有用 whole 的,如:
(32)It will focus the attention of the whole U.S.on this deal.
但在月份等之前既可用 all, 亦可用 whole,如:
(33)all July
the whole July
复形不可数名词有时也可以用 all,如:
(34)All their earnings were insufficient for their needs.
但当复形不可数名词相当于单形不可数名词时,则亦可用 whole,如:
(35)He devoted all his energies to the task.
(这里的 energies 与 energy 实际上无甚区别。故 all his energies 可换作 his whole energies)
最后,让我们也提一下 all of 和 the whole of 的用法。 all of 的用法和含义与 all 大致相同,但它较口语化,尤多用于美国英语。它的使用范围要大于 all,如一般不说 all the book, all the banana, 但可说 all of the book, all of the banana。不过,在时间词 day, week 等之前却很少用 all of,复数名词之前如无定冠词 the,亦不可用 all of,如可说 all children, all the children, all of the children,但不可说 all of children。
the whole of 与形容词 whole 的意义相同,但其使用范围比 whole 大得多。它不但可代替 whole, 如the whole of the book, the whole of the building, the whole of the story, the whole of a year 等,而且可用于不可使用形容词 whole 的结构,如 the whole of the money, the whole of the tea, the whole of the prisoners, the whole of July 等。专有地名之前亦可用 the whole of,如 the whole of Europe, the whole of China,但它有时与“all+专有地名”的含义有所不同,如:
(36)all China 全中国(指各地区或全国人民)
the whole of China 整个中国(指全国领土)
关于 all 与 whole 的区别,就谈这么多吧。
31 both of them与two of them
有读者问: two of them与both of them有何不同?
two of them指“他们中的两个”,不是指一个,也不是三个四个等。both of them指的是“他们俩”,不是指两个,而是指两个或二者一起。试比较:
(1)Two of them went. 他们中有两个去了。
(2)Both of them went. 他们两个都去了。
32 both 与 each 的区别
有读者问这样一道填空题:
(1)There are two windows in the room. They_________face south.
请问应填 both 还是 each? 或是两者皆可以选?
这里既可以填 both,亦可以填 each。但二者的含义有所不同。 both 意指“两个都”,each 意指“两个中的每一个都。”再如:
(2)As they had both worked hard, they each received a bonus.
但按常理而言,句(1)似乎用 both 的情况较多。
33 这里应选用each
有读者问如何做这道选择题:
(1)_____ of the students did everything as the teacher had told.
A. Each B. Every C. Everyone
应选 A。B 错是由于 every 相当于一形容词,不可用作主语。C 错是由于 everyone不可接 of the students。 如将 everyone 写作 every one, 就可以入选了。关于“each + of...”结构,再举一二例如下:
(2)Each of them came at a different time.
(3)Each of us has his opinion. (相当于we each have our opinions)
34 each是一同位语
有读者问到这样一句话:
We each have this kind of book.
此句为什么不用has而用have?
这里的主语是we,不是we each。each只是we的同位语,并不是主语的一个构成部分。所以,句中的谓语动词只须与we一致,与each无关。
35 如何理解one each?
有读者问: 《英语世界》某期中有一句:
(1)There are 14 eminent scientists on this commission, ten from Italy and one each from the United States of America, Great Britain, Germany, and Belgium.
我对one each不大理解,查词典也未找到相关的例句。
one each的意思是“各有其一”,one each from the United States of America, Great Britain, Germany, and Belgium即意为“美、英、德、比各有其一”。“数词+each”结构在英语中不乏其例,再如:
(2)The plants, one each in Shanghai and Guangzhou, produce 1.3 million tubes a year.
(3)Thirty-nine Japanese companies, four US firms and one each from Germany, Switzerland and France, were given the same permission on Monday by the Japanese Ministry of Finance.
(4)The players have been drawn to play in the tournament by the International Badminton Federation (IBF)from its top men and women rankings. They include eight entries each from China, Denmark and England, four each from Malaysia and South Korea, two from Sweden, one each from Australia, and 18 from the host country.
从语法结构来讲,each在此一般皆被认为是不定代词,作同位语用(也有人认为是副词,作状语用)。上述“数词+each”皆后接一个介词短语。其实亦可独立运用,例如:
(5)They sell oranges, two pence each .
(6)Biscuits! Can we have two each , Mum?
36 each 与 every 有何不同?
有读者问:each 和 every 到底有什么区别?为什么有时二者可以互换,有时又似乎不可以互换?
总的来说,each 和 every 皆意谓“每一个”,但 each 强调个别, every 强调整体。即一位西方语法大师所谓的“each singles out where every unites”, 试比较:
(1)Each one gave his opinion.
(2)Every one gave his opinion.
例(1)的意思是“每个人都发表了意见”, each one 强调一个个具体的个别的人。例(2)的意思是“人人都发表了意见”, every one 强调整体,即相当于“我们大家(we all)”,但又不完全等于“我们大家”,因为它毕竟还有“每一个人”的概念。再如有一位语法家举了这样一个例子,极为生动地说明了 every 与 each 的区别:
(3)Caesar has left every man his fields (the film showed us all the people cheering and looking joyfully at one another)and to each (pause: the film gave a close-up of one man after another, looking enquiringly and then congratulating himself, as Antony went on)a thousand drachmas.(这个句子是从一部关于古罗马凯撒大帝的影片摘出来的。说话人是古罗马将军安东尼)
括号中的解释是语法家加入的。他说当安东尼说完 Caesar has left every man his fields 时,电影显出的镜头是:人人欢呼,高兴地你看我,我看你。这个镜头生动地说明 every man 指的是所有的人们,强调整体。但当安东尼说到 and to each 时,则停顿了一下,之后影片中出现的却是:一个人接一个人的特写镜头,每个人都射出询问的眼光,接着就为自己庆幸不已。这些一个个特写镜头同样生动地说明 each 乃指的是一个个具体个别的人,不强调整体,而强调个别。
从上述两例可以看出, each 和 every 虽然可以互换,但二者的涵义有所不同。但如果 every 泛指人或物时,则一般不能代之以 each,如:
(4)Every man is mortal. (every 泛指人)
(5)Every eye was upon him. (every 泛指物)
但有时 every 虽是泛指,却也可以代之以 each,但二者的涵义仍不相同。试比较:
(6)Every theory is open to objection.
(7)Each theory is open to objection.
例(6)中的 every theory 泛指所有的现存理论,这些理论的数量是不定的,换言之,当我们说 every theory 时,我们的心目中并没有一个数量的限定范围。例(7)中 each theory 则指我们心目中的一个有限的数量范围之内每一个特定的理论而言。
这样说来, every 是不是只可用于数量无限的范围了呢?不,它也可以用于数量有限的范围,但如前所述,它强调所组成的整体,如:
(8)Every one of the cups was clean.
例(8)中的 cups 肯定是有限的, every one of the cups 实际上相当于 all the cups。
有人说 every 不可用于小的数量范围,这种看法虽不无根据,但似乎有点绝对化。事实上, every 有时亦可用于小的数量范围,如:
(9)He had five sons every one of whom made himself more or less conspicuous as a practical reformer in one path or another.
这里的 every 与其说是强调整体,不如说是强调“无一例外”的概念。
在所指的数量上, every 亦与 each 有所不同。前者须用来指三个或三个以上的事物。如例(9)中的 every 指“五个儿子”中的每一个,例(1)中的 each one 则可指两个人中的每一个,也可指两个以上的人中的每一个。
另外,在下列句子中,一般皆须用 every,不用 each:
(10)Every one passed but Tom. (but 亦可代之以 except,这里不可用 each one)
(11)Not every horse can run fast.(every 可用于否定, each 则不可)
(12)His every movement was watched. (every 的这种用法较为文气)
(13)I wish you every success. (every 在此意谓 complete)
(14)She shows every concern for us. (every 在此意谓“一切可能的”)
(15)Goodbye, everybody ! (不可用 each person)
(16)Almost every evening friends dropped in to see him.
(every 前可有 almost, absolutely 等语气副词, each 则不可)
(17)I enjoyed every minute of the party.(这是一种习惯说法,不可用 each)
(18)One apple out of every ten is bad. (out of 亦可代之以 in,皆是习惯用法)
在下列说法中,一般也都必须用 every:
在下列复合词中,不消说,也都必须用 every:
表示“每日(夜、晚)”、“每周”、“每月”、“每年”、“每时”、“每次”等分布概念时,一般多用 every,如:
(19)I get up at six every day.
(20)He telephoned his mother every week.
(21)He said it every night.
(22)Our team wins every time.
(23)Every time I went to his home, he was out.
(24)Every morning he went out early to fish.
(25)Do you have a physical examination every year?
但如强调分布概念并表示对具体的“每日”、“每月”等有一种较为熟悉之感(intimate knowledge)时,则可用 each,如:
(26)About 14,000 women in Britain die each year from breast cancer.
(27)Get Xiren to see that you take one (pill)each evening at bedtime.
(这里用 each 显然为了强调“每晚”的分布概念。在同书的下文中则有“Ever since you ordered it, madam, Xiren has been giving me one (pill)every evening.” 这样一句话,句中的 every 自然表的是一般分布概念,不必强调)
不定代词 each,总的来说,多用于有限的范围,如上述例(1)与例(7)所示。它还常用来表分配的概念,如:
(28)She gave two apples to each child.
(29)A parent divided his property among his children, and gave to each his due share.
each 强调一个个具体个别的人或事物,如:
(30)Put each of them in an envelope.
(31)He knows each person in the society.
(32)From each according to his ability. To each according to his work.
(33)Who knows that each grain of rice we eat is the fruit of intensive toil?
(这句话是“谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦!”的译文)
each 往往表示所说的事物是各不相同的,如:
(34)Each of his locks is unique. (is 亦可代之以 are)
(35)It was all highly specialized labour, each man having his task to do.
(这里指每个人有各自不同的分工)
each 常用于较小的数量范围,但如想强调个别性, each 亦可用于较大数量范围,如:
(36)There are more than ten thousand million of us, and each is contributing his share in the great modernization drive.
请注意在下列句子中,一般皆须使用 each,不可使用 every:
(37)He was sitting with a child on each side of him.
(表示两个事物中的每一个,须用 each,不可用 every)
(38)The boys each say they came first in the race.
(each 可用作同位语)
(39)Each was given his particular orders.(each 用作实词, every 只可用作形容词)
(40)They were given two each . (each 可用作副词)
(41)Each is worse than the one before. (这里须用 each 与 one 搭配)
(42)There is a row of beds with a curtain between each bed.
(“between each+单形名词”是一种习惯说法)
在以下固定说法中亦皆须用 each: each other, each and all, with each passing day。
以上讲了不少关于 each 和 every 是如何不同的情况,好像二者壁垒分明,毫无相同之处似的。其实不然,两者有时不但可以通用,而且可以说没有什么区别,如:
(43)Each girl must bring her own notebook.
(44)Every girl must bring her own notebook.
这两句中 each girl 和 every girl 实际上皆相当于 all girls。有时在同一句中,为了避免重复, each 和 every 同时出现,说明二者简直无甚区别,如:
(45)Just as every tree has its own bark, so each one of us has his own face to consider.
再请看下面一例:
(46)The demand for oil was soaring, exceeding supply. Crude brought three dollars and more at the well head for each and every barrel that gushed or flowed or was pumped to the surface.
这里的 each and every 已成一固定说法,更说明二者没有什么区别了。
37 这里只能选用 everybody
有读者问如何做这道题:
—Is_________here?
—No. Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A. anybody B. everybody
C. somebody D. nobody
这是一道有关不定代词用法的试题。孤立地看,这四种选择似乎都不能算错。但如将上下文结合起来看,就只能选择一项,那就是 everybody。“Is everybody here?” 的意思是“人都到齐了吗?”,这样与下文的“No. Bob and Tim have asked for leave.” (不,Bob 和 Tim 请假了。)就完全讲通了。其他三项选择则都与下文不能贯通,不是吗?
38 主语everybody常代之以 their, they, them
有读者问如何做这道选择题:
(1)Everybody must have_________own choice.
A. their B. your C. one's D. her
应选A。请记住 everybody (everyone), somebody(someone), anybody(anyone), nobody(no one)等复合词用作主语时,除在正式场合中外,一般皆后接代词they, them, their,再如下列句中的划线部分:
(2)Everybody (Everyone)has their problems.
(正式英语用 his或 his or her)
(3)If anybody calls, tell them (him)I have gone out.
(4)Nobody was hurt, were they ?
(5)When you love someone, you want to share your life with them , don't you?
39 everyone 与 every one 不同
有读者问: everyone 与 every one 有什么不同?
everyone 指“每人,人人”(everybody), 常指较为熟悉者,其后不可接 of 短语,如:
(1)In here everyone is a comrade.
(3)Have you told everyone about it?
有时概括性很强,如:
(3)Everyone says so.
(4)Everyone is liable to err.
every one 不但可指人,也可指物,如:
(5)Every one loves his mother.(every one 指人)
(6)He took every one . (every one 可指物)
every one 之后常接 of 短语,如:
(7)Every one of us knows that even the most carefully devised systems are not proof against errors.
(8)I tried every one of them .
every one 比较强调个别性,常重读 one, 除上述例(5)和例(7)外,再举一更为典型的例证如下:
(9)They were killed, every one of them .
40 every last何意?
有人问这样一个句子:
(1)He lived to remember every last one of them.
这里的last何意?
“every last+名词”是一种固定的强调说法,其意为“全部,无一例外”。再如:
(2)He told us to clear every last one of them out of the area.
(3)I squeezed from it every last drop of nourishment it can provide.
41 这里应分别填以another, the other
有读者问如何做这一道选择题:
I have three brothers. One is a soldier._________is a worker. And_________is a teacher.
A. One, the other B. Another, the other.
应填B,亦可填the other...the other one...
the other只适用于两者之间,这里是three brothers, 故不对。
42 the other day, some day, another day, one day
有读者问这样一道选择题:
_____ day, Bill was starting his motorbike when his sister Mary came out and asked for a lift.
A. Some B. The other
C. Another D. On one
答案是B,为什么?
the other day指不久前的一天,故合句意。some day指将来有一天,another day指又一天,one day(其前一般不用on)指很久以前的某一天,都不合句意。
43 the other与another不同
有读者问这样一道选择题:
— I don't like this wine, Do you like it?
— No. I like_________wine.
A. some other B. the other
C. another D. some else
答案是B,为什么不可选C?
应选B, the other指另一种酒。wine在此不可数,故而不可用another。
44 another, other, the other,others, the others
有读者问: another, other, the other, others, the others在用法上有何区别?
你最好查阅好的英语学习词典或辞书,这里只能简要地举例说明一下。
another可用作代词与形容词。它的本义是one other,意指“另(外)一个”(无定指),如:
(1)I don't like this one, show me another .
它也可指“再一个,又一个”(one more of the same kind),如:
(2)Have another cup.
它表“再,又”时还可后接复数可数名词,如:
(3)I'll be back in another six weeks.
other亦可用作代词和形容词,有复数形式others。其义为“别的(人或物)。作为代词,单形other常与the连用,并与one对比,如:
(4)One is white, the other is black.
复形others表不定指,如:
(5)Be kind to others .
the others表定指,如:
(6)I must consult the others about the matter.
作为形容词,other之后可接单形或复形名词,并常可前置the、形容词性物主代词(my, your, his等)、某些不定代词(any, some, no等)以及数词等,实例如:
(7)I sleep in this room, and my brother sleeps in the other room.
(8)Shut your other eye.
(9)Any other questions?
(10)I have two other questions.
the other有时有“对面的,相反的”的意思,实例如:
(11)He walked across the road to the other side.
(12)It's just the other way round.
45 other than与another...than不同
有读者问这样一道选择题:
I don't travel much. I have never gone to_________Detroit.
A. a city another than B. a city than
C. a city other than D. another city than
答案为C。此处的than是否有“除了”的意思? 是否亦可选D?
表“除了”的不单是than,而是other than。不可选D,因为another city than Detroit的意思不是“除了底特律之外的城市”,而是“另一个与底特律不同的城市”。
46 如何解释so much?
有读者问: 在英国著名小说《简·爱》(Jane Eyre)中,有这样一小段对话:
(1)—What is her age?
—Ten years.
—So much?
这里为何用much而不用many?
在英语里,指时间、金钱、价格等的不可数的量时,应用much,不用many。上述对话中的much即实指the amount of time that has passed by,即过去的时间的量。再如:
(2)Fifty dollars is much for me.
(fifty dollars指金钱的量)
(3)How much is this book?(how much指价格)
注意英语中的数目(number)亦可指一种不可数的量,言其“多少”时,亦应用much,例:
(4)How much is fifty devided by ten?
在小说《简·爱》第7章中亦有用much表数目的情况,如:
(5)The laundress tells me some of the girls have two clean tuckers in the week; it is too much ; the rules limit them to one.
47 如何解释much thanks?
有读者问如何解释much thanks中的much?
英语中不可数复形名词可为much所修饰,much在此意谓masses of。除much thanks(现已古旧)外,还有如:
(1)That's not too much cakes and ale.
(cakes and ale是一成语,意为“物质享受”,cakes在此不可数)
(2)He hadn't got too much clothes on.
如有兴趣,可参阅语法大师Jespersen的巨著A Modern English Grammar第二卷编号3.283。
48 两个 much有同样的功能吗?
有读者问:对下面两个句子中的 much 应怎样分析?它们具有同样的功能吗?
(1)It is not much of a place.
(2)He seems to me much of a type with the others.
不,两句中虽皆用同一 much,但二者的功用却不一样。
例(1)中的 much 是一不定代词,后接表示部分的 of,构成了一个用作程度状语的固定词组 much of,其结构与常见的 many of, plenty of, something of, little or nothing of 完全相同。但应注意, much of 之前往往有 not,换言之,它常用于否定结构。它的意思是“不是了不起的”,如例(1)即可译作“它不是一个什么了不起的地方”或“它是一个不大出名的地方”。再如:
(3)I'm not much of a tennis player.
(4)That is not much of a hat.
但有时亦可用于肯定结构,如:
(5)He is very much of a hero. (意谓“他有英雄气概”)
(6)He is just as much of a VIP as his brother. (much 在此纯表程度)
例(2)中的 much 是一个相当于副词的不定代词。它可以独立使用,并不与其后的 of 构成一固定词组。它也用作程度状语,但说来有趣,它的意思并不是“了不起的”,“很……”,而是“几乎”或“差不多”。所以例(2)的意思是:在我看来,他似乎和别的那些人几乎是同一类型。
这种 much 既然可以独立使用,其后自然也可以不接 of。现举几例如下:
(7)They are much the same. (常和 the same 连用)
(8)Today was much like yesterday.
(9)Everything is relapsing much into its usual state.
(10)They can usually do much what they please.
49 too much 与 much too
有读者问: 请问too much与much too有何区别?
这两个说法不论在意义上或是在用法上都有所不同。too much的意思是“太多”, much too的意思则是“在很大程度上太……”。现将too much的一些用法举例如下:
1. 相当于名词,如:
(1)It was too much for John to take.
(2)They needed rain as they needed the sun; but there always seemed to be too much or too little.
2. 相当于形容词,如:
(3)We need not attach too much importance to the difference between these two words. (too much在此用作定语)
(4)This is too much .
(成语,意谓“令人受不了”;too much用作表语)
3. 用作状语,如:
(5)He was too much tired to eat.
(6)I was too much disappointed to speak.
much too的用法比较简单,只用作状语,如:
(7)This dress is much too small for me.
(8)The food was served by two boys in uniform much too large for them.
请注意much too所表的程度要小于too,试比较:
(9)You are driving too fast.
(too fast表绝对地快,没有程度上的差别)
(10)You are driving much too fast.
(much too fast表在很大程度上太快了,或译作“快得太多了”)
下面一句中的a bit too亦表程度:
(11)You are driving a bit too fast. (a bit too fast亦表程度,意谓“太快了点儿”)
50 怎样用 much 和 many?
有读者问:有人说数量词 much 和 many 通常都用于否定结构和疑问句中,对吗?
对的,数量词(或不定代词)much 和 many 相当于形容词和名词时,现在一般用在否定结构和疑问句中,如:
(1)There isn't much time to change trains.
(2)Has he got much money saved up?
(3)— Are there many people waiting for the bus?
— No, there aren't many .
那么,在肯定结构中用什么词呢?在肯定结构中,我们可以用别的数量词,如 a lot of (lots of), plenty of, a large number of (后接可数名词), a great deal of (后多接不可数名词)等。其中最常用的是 a lot of,如上述句(3)中的答语如是肯定结构,即可说:Yes, there are a lot。
much 和 many 是否也可以用于肯定结构呢?可以,但一般只用在正式文体中,如:
(4)Much has been done to improve conditions of work.
(5)Many , just like me, have failed in the past but are trying again.
(6)Many famous poets have died young.
当 much 和 many 与 as, so, too 等连用时,亦可用肯定结构,如:
(7)You can have as much as you like.
(8)There's so much going on I know nothing of.
(9)There are far too many accidents at this junction.
many 与 for (经历)和 the 连用时亦可用于肯定结构,如:
(10)I have lived here for many years.
(11)One of the many people he knows can help him to get a job.
(the many 和 the few 相对)
另外有些含有 much 和 many 的成语,如 it's a bit much, much thanks, many a, a great many 等,这里就不举例说明了。
51 few, a few, the few
有读者问这样一道选择题:
(1)He is among_________in the village who have been to Beijing.
A. a few B. the few C. few D. fewer
正确答案是B,为什么不是A和C呢?
句意需要意为“特指的一小部分人”,故须用the few,再如:
(2)In the capitalist society the many are oppressed by the few . (the few与the many相对)
(3)We are seeing a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the few .
the与few之间还可插入形容词,如:
(4)Britain continues to treat higher education as something for the special few .
试比较下列句中的the few, a few, few:
(5)He was among the few people who were there. 他是到那里去的少数人之一。
(6)A few people were there. 有一些人到了那里。(a few表肯定)
(7)Few people were there. 很少人到那里。(few表否定)
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