高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 12 关系代词用法详解与释疑 清单-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习知识清单系统梳理了关系代词核心用法，涵盖who/that指人辨析、which指人及指物特殊情况、as引导定语从句规则、that/which指物区别、介词+关系代词结构等五大知识模块，构建了从基础用法到特殊场景的完整知识网络。 清单采用分类解析与考频标注结合的方式，如将“非限制性定语从句as/which区别”标为五星高频考点，用对比表格呈现who/that适用场景，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设易错点警示（如“which指人仅限不强调个性的群体”红体标注）和记忆口诀（“不定代词最高级，序数词后that不离”），帮助学生精准掌握考点，教师可据此优化复习策略，提升备考效率。

1 有关关系代词的几个问题 有一些读者来信问到一些有关关系代词的问题。这里，我们先讨论两个有关关系代词的问题。 第一个问题是： 关系代词who与指人的that有什么区别？ 一般说来，先行词指人时，其后的关系代词多用who，不少语法学家认为这是现代英语一个趋向。但这并不意味着that已经过时。一位过世不久的英国语法学家曾说过： the man that built the house中that这种指代人的用法现在仍是正当的。所以我们不应对that指代人的用法有所忽视。至于who在现代英语中占有优势显然是由于它表人的意义较that明确的缘故。 具体地讲，下列情况一般多用who： 1. people和those（意谓“人们”）之后，如： (1)People who live in the south of England speak in a different way from people who live in the north. (2)Those who do not wish to go need not go. 2. 代词之后，如： (3)He who does not work, neither shall he eat. (4)All who heard the story were amazed. (5)Any who refused would have to go, he declared. (6)She is the one who grumbles. 3. 在非限制性定语从句中，如： (7)I will pardon him, who is honest. 4. 在接续性定语从句中必须用who，如： (8)I met Mr. Smith, who told me the news. 5. 在下面的分裂句中： (9)It isn't only homicidal maniacs who are dangerous. （意谓“不仅杀人狂是危险的”，如用that则会被理解为一未完成句，意谓“不仅危险的杀人狂”） 6. 在下面句子用作缩合连接代词时，如： (10)Who steals my purse steals trash. （who=he who或anyone who） (11)I've found who you were looking for. （who=the one who） 指人的关系代词that则多用于下列一些情况： 1. 先行词泛指一类人时，如： (12)He is a man that is never at a loss. 2. 先行词兼指人与物时必须后接that，如： (13)He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. (14)A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc. 3. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only等词时（这种先行词亦属于类指，故较常用关系代词that），如： (15)I knew her father for the simplest, hardest-working man that ever drew the breath of life. (16)You are the only friend （that ）I have. (17)He said she was the first woman （that ）he had ever looked at to love. 4. that常用作宾语，如： (18)He was the man that the bottle fell on. (19)The man that you saw this morning is my uncle. 5. that常用作表语，如： (20)He's not the man （that ）he was. (21)That is Mrs. Smith, Mary Brown that she was. （用that指婚前情况，如用who则表已死） (22)He died like the hero that he was. (23)Dora did not reply, gentle creature that she was. （that she was在此表原因） (24)Fool that he was, he was not taken in this time. （that he was在此表让步） 6. 在分裂句中，如： (25)Was it you that called at my house yesterday? 7. 先行词前有指示代词same时，如： (26)That's the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 8. 避免与who重复时，如： (27)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 但下一句则多用who: (28)Who's the man who has asked the question? 最后，应该指出，指代人的关系代词who与that用作宾语时可以省去（其实这种现象早已存在，并非省去），如上述例句（16）、（17）等。指代人的关系代词who与that作主语时亦可省去不用，如： (29)You're the first man's ever been good to me. （man后省去主语that） (30)I want a woman can milk. （woman后省去主语who或that） that用作表语时有时亦可省去，如上述例句（20）。 第二个问题是： 关系代词which可不可以指人？ 答案是肯定的。有的语法学家说，在古旧的和大众的英语中，关系代词which可以直接指代人。但在当代英语中，which指人时，多属不强调性别与个性的婴儿或儿童等，如： (31)His mother had ten children, of which he was the oldest. (32)He was the last child which was born. 偶尔也可指代不强调性别与个性的成年人，如： (33)The 78 persons which will be screened in Havana by the Justice Department are all from the United States. 除此以外，which多用于指人的品质如身份、地位、人品等，如： (34)He is exactly the man which his father wants him to be. (35)Most of the critics have been kind. I only saw one which was not. (36)He wanted to say goodbye to Christine, the only wife with which fate had seen fit to bless him. 由于which可表人的品质，所以在非正式英语中它可以代替用作表语的that,如： (37)He fought you just like a gentleman which he wasn't. which还可以用在代表人群的先行词之后，如： (38)He saw his friend surrounded by a group which was laughing. 2 关系代词as常后接连系动词 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)The road was narrow, _____made it difficult to drive. A. that B. which C. as D. this 这里为何只能选B而不能选C? 在关系代词as用作主语时，其动词一般用be或其他连系动词，如： (2)She was late for school, as was usual with her. (3)He has married again, as seemed natural. 上述两句中的as亦可代之以which（但as表为人所熟知的信息，which则表新的信息）。但关系代词which用作主语时，其后则可用行为动词，上述句（1）之所以须用which（后接行为动词made），其原因就在此。再如： (4)He has married again, which delighted us. 3 如何用as indeed? 有人问： 如何用as indeed? indeed何义？ 例如： (1)This generalization may seem obvious, as indeed it is; yet the rule therein implicit is often flouted by careless writers. indeed在此相当于in fact（事实上，实际上），因此as indeed即as in fact。如此句中的as indeed it is即意为“而事实上也正是显然的”（而不是似乎显然的）。as和indeed常在一起连用，indeed实际上只起一种强调的作用，再如： (2)They stated their concern that the travellers must be very tired, as indeed they were, after such a long flight. (3)Both the black girl and the old gentleman thought the Irishman rather a coarse fellow （as indeed he was）. (4)He never used the elephants for war, thinking them uncertain, as indeed they are. 从语法上看，以上诸例中的as皆为关系代词。as自然亦可用作连词，意为“如，像”，实例有如： (5)It could never here accurred to him — as indeed it never had — a better mission might be to bring to Hawaii the blessings... (6)Ironically, in language （as indeed in other matters）rules have a fascination for most of us. 顺便提一下，由于indeed在此等于in fact, 所以as indeed往往可以代之以as in fact，例如： (7)I shall tell him that you are going to recover your health, as in fact , you are. 4 这里最好用as，不用which 有读者问： 有这样一句话： (1)He made up his mind quickly, as was his nature. 这里可用which替代as吗？ 这里用as最好，因为as强调与主句和谐一致，再如： (2)She has married again, as seemed natural. 如用which，则强调给以新的信息，如： (3)He married her, which was unexpected. 5 为什么不用 as was disgraceful？ 有读者问： 为什么可以说： (1)He married her, as was natural. 却不可以说： (2)He married her, as was disgraceful. 而只能说： (3)He married her, which was disgraceful. 这是一个有趣而同时也很重要的问题。许多语法书告诉我们说，as 可以用作关系代词，其作用等同于 which。 但这并不是说关系代词 as 与关系代词 which 完全一样，在任何情况下都可以互换使用。实际情况是：二者有时可以互换，有时则不可互换。不论是哪一种情况，其范围都很广。我们在此只能谈谈上面提问中所涉及的问题。 上面所引的例（1）之类与例（3）之类中的 as 与 which 有两点相同之处： 一是二者都引导一个具有评述性的非限制性定语从句；二是二者都修饰其前的整个陈述句。二者的不同之点在于例（1）之类可用 as， 一般亦可用 which; 例（3）之类则只能用 which, 不能用 as。 让我们先讨论例（1）之类可用as 亦可用 which 的问题。一般说来，这二者的确是可以互换使用的，如： (4)He was late for school, as （which ）was usual with him. (5)She is extremely popular among students, as （which ）is common knowledge. 但它们的含义并不相同。其主要区别在于： 1. as 具有“显然”或“为人所熟知”的含义，而 which 则无此含义。 2. as 从句仅仅提供一种附加说明，而 which 从句则提供较为重要的评述。 3. as 具有连词的性质（有一位语法大师称之为“关系连词”），其后往往可插入it而不影响整个as从句的意义，如我们常说的 as is often the case, as is usual with him 等， 而 which 则无连词的性质，其后也不可插入 it。 4. as 从句可位于句首，如： (6)As is often the case, she was the first to come to class. (7)As was the custom with him, he went out for a walk. which 从句则不可置于句首。 5. 有时习惯上常用 as 而不用 which, 上面所引例 （1）中的 as was natural 即是一例，再如： (8)Mr. Smith has been with us many years, as is well known . 同样 as 用作宾语时，这种习惯用法也似乎不少，如： (9)Mr., Smith, as we know , works long hours. 现在让我们再讨论上述例 （3）之类的问题，即为什么有时只可用 which 而不可用 as 的问题。这个问题，较之于上面有关例（1）之类的问题，就简单多了。其原因可以说只有一个，那就是 as 从句须与其前的主语在意义上和谐一致（这可能与as 的本义“如同”有关）， 而which 从句则无此限制。具体到上述例（3），其中的 disgraceful —词显然与主句的意义不和谐一致，所以只可说 which was disgraceful, 而不可说 as was disgraceful, 而这也正是上述例（2）的错误之处。由于同样的原因，下面一句亦须用 which 而不可用 as: (10)He married her, which was unexpected. （如用 expected 则应用 as ） 最后请注意， as 在其所引导的非限制定语从句中用作主语时，其后除可用 be 外，还可用其他连系动词，如： (11)She has married again, as seemed natural. (12)Molly said nothing, as became her age and position. 在这种 as 从句中，除可用 be 和别的连系动词之外，其他行为动词一般都不可用，如下面一句只可用 which 而不可用 as: (13)She has married again, which delighted us. 但在 as 之后可插入 it 的情况下则属例外，如下面一句中的 as 之后则可用行为动词 happen: (14)The boy was run over by a motor car, as often happend here in New York. 6 as不及that好 有读者问： 有这样一道题： This is the same person_________came yesterday. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 为何选C而不选A和D? 应选C，因为一般来讲，that表示“同一的”，而as则表示“同样的”。也有人用who，但很不普遍。 7 这里应用as，不用it 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)_____has been announced, we must hand in our term paper before the tenth of June. A. It B. That C. As D. What 答案为C，但A为什么不可以选？ 不可选A，因为it不知何所指。选C是因为as是关系代词（其所引导的从句可以前置），其先行词是主句we must hand in our term paper before the tenth of June。关系代词as在其所引导的这种非限制性定语从句中用作主语，其谓语动词一般是be或连系动词，再如： (2)As is announced in today's papers, all the schools will reopen on 15 February. (3)As is often the case, she was the first to come to class. (4)He married again, as seemed natural. 关系代词as指代主句时，还可在其所引导的这种非限制性定语从句中用作宾语，如： (5)As you will find out, the whole village is rebuilt. 8 关系代词that可否用作表语？ 有读者问： 在您著的《高级英语语法》中提到关系代词that常用作表语； 还说在限制性定语从句中关系代词用作表语应用that， 在非限制性定语从句中则应用which。但Quirk等人所著的《英语语法大全》17.25节说：“当关系分句里充当非介词的补足语时，无论在限制性分句里，还是在非限制性分句里，人称先行词和非人称先行词之后都只能用which。”请您点拨。 让我们先谈第一个问题，即关系代词that可否用作表语。关于这个问题，Quirk等人所著的《英语语法大全》似乎有不尽一致之处。它在17.25节中确是说关系代词中只有which才可用作补足语（即我们所说的表语），但在16.34节注[6]中却有这样的例子： (1)She's not the brilliant dancer （that）she used to be. 并说“在限制性关系分句中，that具有类似的功能”。所谓“类似”，即指与上一例中的which“类似”。而在上一例中，which显然是用作表语的。又在以《英语语法大全》为蓝本的《新编英语语法》（章振邦主编）的42.2A一节中（第1308页）则明确说明关系代词that可以用作补语（即表语），并举了一个省去that的例子如下： (2)He's changed. He's not the man he was. 这说明，在关系代词that可用作表语的看法上，通过《新编英语语法》的明确论述，我们与《英语语法大全》16.34节中的注[6]可能是一致的。 关于第二个问题，感谢你的指出，我们应当将《高级英语语法》中的说法纠正为：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词用作表语多用that，在非限制性定语从句中则应用which。 9 用作表语的关系代词只能是that吗？ 有读者问： 有一本英语语法书上说，当关系代词用作主语补语时和当定语从句为there be句型时，都只能用that。这样说对吗？ 这种说法不妥。根据近年英国出版的一部具有权威性的英语语法巨著《英语语法大全》（A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language ）（17.25），关系代词在限制性或非限制性定语从句中用作非介词的补语时，都只能用which。这里所谓的补语即你所说的主语补语，也就是我国所通用的表语。实例如： (1)She is the perfect accountant which her predecessor was not. （限制性定语从句，which指人的特征） (2)This is not the type of modern house which my own is. （限制性定语从句，which指物） (3)He is teetotaller, which I am not. （非限制性定语从句，which指人的特征） (4)This is a powerful car, which my last car was not. （非限制性定语从句，which指物） 但上述规则似乎有点绝对化了。实际上，关系代词that亦可用作表语，但一般皆用于限制性定语从句中，如： (5)He died like the hero that he was. (6)It has taken China several decades to make it the beautiful city that it is today. 这种用作表语的that也可省去，如： (7)I suppose he's altered from the boy he was.（the boy之后省去了that） (8)If you behave like the modest unassuming young things you are, you couldn't fail to be a success anywhere. （things之后省去了that） 下面两句中的who其实也用作表语： (9)The trouble is that people don't believe that I'm who I say I am. (10)Isn't that who you are? 用作定语的there be结构，开首倒确是多用that（常可省去），但that在此似乎更应说是主语，如： (11)It is the best dictionary （that ）there is. (12)We are trying hard to narrow the gap （that ）there is between town and country. (13)I have told you all （that ）there is to tell. 但偶尔which也可用作上述定语从句的表语，如： (14)But all right, Mr. Poggioli, suppose there is a La Fronde, which there isn't. 10 关于that which 有读者问： 有这样一句话： (1)A definition paragraph defines, describes, or explains an unknown term by relating that which is unknown to that which is already known. 请问这里的两个that各指代什么？ 困难在于不知道that which是一个比较固定的词组。这个词组比较正式或古旧，所以许多词典（包括国内出版的《新英汉词典》和《英汉大词典》）未予收入。所幸张其春等编的《简明英汉词典》（商务印书馆）倒有一个解释，说that which中的that是“关系代词的前述词（即我们语法书中所说的先行词）= the+noun”，并有一例： (2)That which you bade me do, I did. 《简明牛津词典》（The Concise Oxford Dictionary ）也有解释，说that是一代词，代替了“the” +noun，通过其后的关系代词完成其意义，举例如：hold fast that which is good。that which的意义实际上相当于what，往往可译作“所”。所以上述句（1）中的by relating that which is unknown to that which is already known即可译为：用所已知者解说所不知者。上述句（2）亦可用“所”来译作：你所吩咐我做的事，我已做了。再如： (3)I have that which you gave me.（意谓“我已有你所给我的东西”） (4)He pointed out that children should have different kinds of knowledge, especially that which cannot be learned from textbooks. （that which cannot be learned from textbooks意谓“课本中所不能学到的东西”） (5)Real miracles never seem to be miracles, and that which at the first blush resembles one usually proves to be an instance of the extremely prosaic. （that which at the first blush resembles one意谓“乍一看与奇迹所相似的东西”） 当然也有不能用“所”来译的情况，如上述《简明牛津词典》所举的例子，即不宜用“所”，而似应译为“好的要坚持”。 11 that which与what的区别 有读者问： 请问that which与连接代词what有什么区别？ 二者同义，都意谓“所……的事物”。其语法功用也一样，皆用以引导一名词性从句。二者的区别在于what是一通用之词，如： (1)What he really needs is a nice cup of tea. (2)A computer can only do what you have programmed it to do. (3)The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted. that which则只用于很正式的文体中，如： (4)That which you bade me do I did. (5)That which is most highly valued in the tribe is valour. (6)That which upsets me most is his manner. (7)He always does that which the hour demands, not that which he would fain do. (8)The difference between “appropriate” and “suitable” is that “appropriate” is that which peculiarly fits or suits the general character, or some property or peculiarity of a thing or person with which it is associated. 有的语法家认为that which已属古旧，这从上述例（7）可明显地看出来。 12 用 that 还是用 which？ 有读者问： 高中英语书中出现了“This is the best film that (which)has been shown this year.”这样的答案，意思是用 that 或 which 都可以。这是为什么？ 有用 which 的现象。但根据英国夸克（Randolph Quirk)等人编著的《英语语法大全》（A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language ）, 通常还是多用 that。 13 为何用that而不用which？ 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)What was it_________he wanted? A. that B. which C. what D. as 答案是A，为什么B和D不对？ 三者有什么区别？ 注意：先行词如是代词it，其后的关系代词一般皆应用that，故上述句（1）的答案应是A，而不是B或D。再如： (2)What is it that makes you cry so? (3)It is his insolence that I object to. 14 谈谈关系代词that与which的区别 不少读者来信问到关系代词that和which的区别。这的确是一个常使中国学生感到困惑的问题，也是一个久已有的老问题。读者来信只问到that和which指物时的区别，所以我们的讨论也只限于指物，不拟涉及指人的问题。 有的语法家认为用that或which指物是一个文体问题，应由说话人或写话人的风格而定。但也有不少语法家认为这不完全是个文体上的问题，二者实际上还是有区别的。总的说来，他们认为that多用在非正式英语中，which多用在正式英语中。但也有语法家认为that最普通，既可用在非正式英语中，亦可用在正式英语中。此外，有的语法家认为用that时，其先行词多不具体指一确定的事物，而且与先行词的关系比较密切，而which与其先行词的关系则比较松驰。 具体地讲，很多语法家认为that与which有下列一些不同： that多用于： 1. all, everything, something, anything, nothing, little, few, much等不定代词为先行词时，如： (1)All that glitters is not gold. (2)Nearly all the wine had been drunk, but we finished the little that was left. (3)His writings contain much that is old and even trite. (4)That hospital is one of a few that have benefited from the help of a United Nations population fund programme. 其他如everything, something, anything和nothing后接that的情况，比较常见，这里就不举例了。值得注意的是间接疑问句中的what用作先行词时，其后的关系代词须用that，如： (5)I don't know what I can say that I've not said a thousand times already. (6)What does she do that 's so different? 2. 先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时，如： (7)It was the largest map that I ever saw. 3. 先行词为序数词以及only等所修饰时，如： (8)The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan. (9)That's the last thing that I want to do. (10)These are the only things that matter. 4. 用在It is...that...分裂句（即强调结构）中，如： (11)It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. （严格说来，that在此是一种缩合连接代词，=that which） 但请注意在分裂句中，亦可用which代替that。有时甚至用which较好，因为用that会给人一种句子尚未完成的感觉，如： (12)It is not only pictures which are beautiful. （意思是“不仅图画是美丽的”。如用that，意思会变成“不仅是美丽的图画”这样未完成的句子） 5. 先行词为指示代词same与such修饰时，如： (13)She was wearing the same dress that she'd on the day before. (14)Such an act that blurs the grace and blush of modesty... （此句摘自莎士比亚名剧《哈姆雷特》） 以上所谈的that用法大都可在一般语法书中见到。下面让我们列举一些一般语法书较少讲到的情况： 6. 先行词简短时，如： (15)I'll take you to the building that all elderly university teachers prefer. （此句用that亦与口语化有关） 7. 先行词不具体特指某（些）事物时，如： (16)Each made a list of books that had influenced him. 8. 从句中的主语为简短的人称时，如： (17)Who took the dictionary that I bought yesterday? 9. 从句的主语较为复杂时，如： (18)She tries to correct some misconceptions that politically romantic or conservative Americans express about China's modern history. 10. 定语从句表先行词的固有特点时，如： (19)There is a house that has big windows. （试比较the house which we have just passed） 11. 先行词表品质、地位等时，如： (20)He has a look that is intellectual, but somewhat bloodless. （先行词表品质） (21)He hasn't the position that Brown has. （先行词表地位） 12. 关系代词用作表语时，如： (22)It has taken us several decades to make it the beautiful city that it is today. (23)The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 13. that=in which, for which等时，如： (24)I wish you would see things in the light that we see them. (that=in which, which代表the light) (25)He took him for his model for the very reason that he ought to have shunned his example （that=for which, which代表the reason） 14. 具有如下的并列谓语的定语从句： (26)The life-work that Acton collected innumerable materials for, but never wrote, was a History of Liberty. （that...for显然较for which好） 15. 句中已有which需要有所变化时，如： (27)Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? (28)He enjoyed a lucrative practice which enabled him to educate his family with all the advantages that money can give. (29)She cannot regain control of the threads of culture that she has let drop, which now lie in muddled tangles at her feet. 不消说，上述情况中大都也可使用which，只不过that更为常见而已。现将多用which的情况列举如下： 1. 关系代词离先行词较远时，如： (30)Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. （注意此句的先行词story与关系代词which之间有另一名词airman，在这种情况下一般皆用关系代词which） 2. 定语从句表补充重要情况时，如： (31)Was I counting on Israel to work some miracle which would give me the strength? 3. “those+复形名词”之后的关系代词多用which，如： (32)A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 4. 两个并列的定语从句中第一个关系代词用that时，如： (33)I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast. （但皆用that的情况似乎也不少） (34)Luxury means something that is not necessary and not often had or done but which is very pleasant. 5. 先行词that之后，如： (35)I have that which you gave me. （that which比较正式，在非正式英语中常为what所代替） 6. 先行词之前有指示代词that用作定语时，关系代词亦常用which，如： (36)That pen which he took is mine. 7. 非限制性定语从句的关系代词多用which（有的语法家认为必须用which，决不可用that，但事实上也有用that的情况） (37)Beijing, which was China's capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 8. 与用作定语的单词或短语并列的定语从句应用关系代词which，如： (38)She has wanted to transfer to a job nearer to her home, but which still allows her to work in her field of electrical engineering. （which从句与nearer to her home并列。但有的语法家认为这种用法是不规范的） 9. 介词之后须用which，如： (39)This is the one of which I'm speaking. （语法家们说关系代词that原本是一限定词，故其前不可用介词） 最后，还应指出，that与which用作宾语时，在口语中，尤其当从句比较简短时，常可省去不用，如： (40)What a good harvest you've got this year! （省去了及物动词get的宾语） (41)That's the book he's been looking for. （省去了介词for的宾语） 再如上述例句（7）、（8）、（9）、（17）中用作宾语的关系代词皆可省去。 由于同样的原因，尤其在以there和it引导的句子中，用作主语的关系代词亦可省去，如： (42)There isn't much could be done. (much之后省去了用作主语的关系代词that) (43)Here's something goes to the plane. (something之后省去了用作主语的关系代词that) (44)It is distance lends enchantment to the view. (distance之后省去了用作主语的关系代词that) (45)I've some news may cheer him. (news后省去了用作主语的关系代词that) 比较正式的文件中有时亦可省去用作主语的that或which，尤其在含有插入语的定语从句（其实应唤作复合定语从句）中，如： (46)That night a sleeping George lay in a sweat of anticipation over the punishment he knew was coming. (punishment之后省去了用作主语的关系代词that或which，从句中含有摘入语he knew) 在非正式文体中，亦可省去用作表语的关系代词that，如： (47)My typewriter is not the machine （that）it was. (48)The house was large, with beautiful furniture. It was everything（that）ours wasn't. 其实以上所谓省去关系代词的用法古已有之，并非省略。 关于关系代词that与which指物时二者的区别，就谈这么多吧。 15 这里的which 又指代什么？ 有读者问： 有这样一个句子： (1)But he wasn't sick — which would be a good excuse. 请问 which 在此指代什么？ 关系代词在这里不是指代其前的否定句，而是指代其前的肯定结构。由于 which 从句用的是虚拟时形式 would be, 所以其前的肯定结构应是一个含蓄的条件从句 if he were sick。 这种“否定陈述句+指代肯定结构的定语从句”结构在英语里常可见到，再如： (2)They are no better （as they sometimes claim ）and no worse （as their enemies often state ）than anyone else. （as they sometimes claim 实指 they are better, as their enemies often state 实指 they are worse） 有时否定陈述句之后是一个名词性短语，如： (3)One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shop-keepers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar — a reasonable arrangement to avoid competition — but collect in the same area so that, I am told, they can form a closely-knit guild against injustice or persecution. （这里的名词性短语a reasonable arrangement to avoid competition 所指的显然不是 shopkeepers ... do not scatter themselves..., 而是 if they scatter themselves...） 16 the only country之后为何用which? 有读者问： 在新的中学英语教材中有这样一个句子： Australia is the only country in the world which covers an entire continent. 许多语法书都说当先行词为最高级形容词以及first, last, next, only等词所修饰时，其后的关系代词应用that。但这里的the only country之后却用了which，这是何原因？ 上述“许多语法书”的说法失之于绝对化或简单化了。但如是针对初学者而言，则是可以理解的。较为稳妥的提法似乎应是：当先行词为最高级形容词以及the first, last, next, only等词语所修饰时，其后的关系代词如用作主语，用that的事例多于which，但如用作宾语，则一般皆用that，不用which。 顺便提一下，作为英语教师，你可能还想知道为什么有些人愿用which而不用that。那就请参阅近年美国出版的权威著作Webster's Dictionary of English Usage 的that条，这里就恕不能细谈了。 17 much后为何接which? 有读者问： 在《薄冰英语语法》中有一例句： (1)There's much which will be unpleasing to the English reader. 不定代词much, little按说其后的关系代词应用that，但这里much之后却用了which，不知是何缘故？ much作为不定代词，其后的关系代词的确多用that，如： (2)I owe her much that I hold sweetest and most precious. (3)It was painful to hear so much that was pretty and undefended and natural assigned to a vulgar place among the categories of disorder. (4)Though more courses were offered during the sixties, there is little evidence that education improved and much that it declined. 但和许多其他不定代词（包括复合不定代词something, anything等）一样，much之后亦可接关系代词which，只是情况较少而已，上述句（1）即是一例，再如： (5)It seems that while the Chinese method of teaching elementary school children is not perfect （whose is?）,there is much which school systems such as those in the United States could learn from it. little作为不定代词，和much一样，也常后接关系代词that，但有时亦可后接which，如： (6)I have introduced little which can be termed modern. 这里我们愿意引述一位英语语法大师的话，他说有些学者从who和which会想到拉丁语的代词，从而认为它们较通俗的that要高雅一些。这也就是某些人喜用which的缘故吧。对于中国学生来说，还是以用that为妥。 18 关于some of which 有读者问： 有一道选择题： (1)I have many books, some of _________are on chemistry. A. them B. that C. which D. those 我认为应选A，但答案却是C，为什么？ 应选C，因为some of which are on chemistry是一个非限制性定语从句，最好不选A，除非另起一句，变作“Some of them are on chemistry.”。 在非限制性定语从句中，类似some of which的结构不乏其例，再如： (2)Instead of indulging himself in pop music or disco dancing, both of which he loves, he devotes four evenings a week to night school. (3)My mother has mailed me four airmail packages, two of which I received, and two of which are still missing. (4)China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. (5)It burned 1.01 million hectares, nearly 70 per cent of which was covered by forests.（it指一场大火） 请注意of which前的词语有时亦可置于of which之后，如上述句（5）中的nearly 70 per cent亦可放在of which之后，再如： (6)At the end of last year, the country's foreign debt came to ＄20.6 billion, of which ＄7.6 billion were long-term low-interest loans. (7)The garden covers an area of 420,000 square metres, of which more than 70,000 are under water. 19 during which 与 during which time 有读者问： 有一道改错题： Sir Winston Churchill British Prime Minister , he played a decisive role the Second World War. 答案是C错，应改为during which time。将C改成during which可以吗？ 不可以。during which何指不清楚，during which time则很清楚。顺便提一下，如将during that time ...the Second World War变成一个独立句，其中的that就不必改为which了。 20 这里应选用with which 有读者问： 有这样一道题： (1)The microscope is a very useful instrument_________scientists can see things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. A. in which B. through which C. with which D. from which 其答案要为C。但高一课本的Galileo and Aristotle 一课中却有这样一句： (2)He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. 据此，我认为上述句（1）选B合适，不知是否正确？ 可以说with或through a microscope。但上述句（1）中which的先行词不是microscope而是instrument，故而应用with which。 21 without which 抑或 without whom? 有读者问： Thank you very much for your kind help,_________I couldn't have succeeded at all. 在这一句中，应填以 without which 还是应填以 without whom? 应填以 without which, which 在此指代 your kind help 这个名词短语。 22 关于“in which+带 to 的不定式”结构 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)We haven't found a large room in which_________all these tools. A. put B. to put C. putting D. for putting 答案是A，可我们老师说应选B，到底哪一个对呢？ 你的老师是对的。 “in which+带 to 的不定式”结构是常见英语，再如： (2)A notebook is a book in which to write notes. (3)I had only a few minutes in which to enjoy the flower show. 顺便提一下，“which+带 to 的不定式”之前除可用介词 in 外，还可用其他介词如 against, by, from, on, with 等，实例如： (4)The seats have no back against which to lean . (5)This is the best means by which to gain the end. (6)We had to look for something from which to make a fire. (7)It's a board on which to cut vegetables. (8)I must buy a hammer with which to nail down the box. 23 关于“介词+关系代词which”结构 有读者问： 有这样一句话： (1)We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. 为什么一定要用to which，用其他如of which, for which不行吗？ 这里之所以用to which，是因为关系代词which的先行词是extent，而extent（程度）则常与介词to搭配，用以表达“到……程度”，例如： (2)The door opened to the extent of its short tight chain. (3)A computer is intelligent only to the extent that it can store information. the extent to which常见于正式或书面语中，再如： (4)The extent to which you had outstripped him hurt him. (5)The measure of success of the Revolution was largely to be found in the extent to which it boosted production and enabled the families to live a better, more comfortable life. 关系代词之前亦可用其他介词。但用什么介词则决定于其前的先行词的意义如何。现仅举几例如下： (6)I am aware there is always a limit beyond which I cannot go, but one thing is certain: be the best of whatever you are. （which的先行词是a limit, beyond与limit搭配） (7)The picture for which you are looking is in the drawer. （which的先行词是the picture, for与look搭配，构成短语动词） (8)Tell me the time at which you'll be ready. （which的先行词是the time, at与time搭配） (9)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. （which的先行词是the house, in表“在……内”） (10)The old house about which I was telling you is empty. （which的先行词是the old house, about表“关于”） (11)That was the period through which she lived here. （which的先行词是the period, through表“贯穿”） 24 who对, that也不错 有读者问： 有一道选择题： (1)A：_________is the man_________is feeling the elephant over? B: He is a trainer_________job is to train the elephant. A. Who...that...whose B. Who...who...whose C. That...who...whose D. Who...who...who 应选A还是应选B? 这里选A较顺，以避免连用两个who。关系代词that亦可指人，有一位英国学者说过： (2)We may well speak of the man that built the house. 可见表人的名词之后不一定非用关系代词who不可。 25 为什么用 and who？ 有读者问：有这样一个句子： (1)Seventeen, she is the daughter of a friend, a woman I love and admire， a woman of accomplishment whose children are accomplished and who love her. 这里为什么用 and who? and who 常为英美一些人所用, 有时是错用，如句（1）。 从语法结构看，这个 who 与 whose 并列，应与 whose 共用一个先行词 a woman of accomplishment, 但这显然讲不通。从逻辑上看，此 who 应指 children。 所以 and who 是错用了，应去掉 who 才对。这种错用 and who 的情况并不罕见，再如： (2)Most of the applicants were already working at jobs which did not fit what they had learned and who wanted a move for a variety of reasons, the spokesman explained. （这里的who应为they） (3)Every male Kaffir must go to a passing office and obtain a form, which he presents to his employer immediately he enters his employ, and who keeps it as long as the Kaffir is with him. (and who 之前没有与其并列的定语，故属错用；它乃指 his employer, 所以应改为 and the latter) 但还有一种具有争议的情况。比如： (4)She was a lady very learned in stones, ferns, plants, and vermin, and who had written a book about petals. 对于像这种句子中的 and who, 有人认为不妥，因为它与其前面的形容词短语 very learned in stones... 并不对等并列。有人则认为形容词短语 very learned in stones... 实际上具有与 who 从句同样的句子功用，两者都是 lady 的定语，所以不能算是错误。还有一种人可说是中间派，他们认为这种and who 也常用在优秀作家的著作之中，并不影响读者的理解，所以无伤大雅，充其量仅属微疵而已。但他们又劝人们要避免这种用法，句（4）即可改为： (5)She was a lady who was learned in stones, ferns, plants, and vermin, and had written a book about petals. 顺便提及，上述结构不仅限于 and who, 还有 but who, and (but)which 等，这里恕不一一举例说明了。 26 whose 可以指物 有读者问： 有这样一个句子： (1)I'm living in a house whose door faces south. 为什么这里用关系代词 whose 而不用of which? 这个句子既可用 whose door，亦可用 the door of which （或 of which the door）, 二者在意义上毫无区别。但在用 whose 一词上，英语学者们一直是有争论的。反对者认为 whose 是 who 的所有格，只可指人，用以指物是错误的。有的学者虽然不反对用 whose 指物，但认为这是一种非正式英语，不能登大雅之堂 （unliterary)。赞成者（现今似乎已占上风）则认为用以指物的 whose 已是标准英语，而且在文体上有简短、顺畅、得体之利，无 of which 笨重之弊；至于说它不是正式英语，从历史和当代作家的作品中看，都是站不住脚的。 实际上，在当代英语中，用以指物的 whose 可以说屡见不鲜，除上述句（1）外，再举几例如下： (2)One generation plants the tree under whose shade another generation rests. 前人栽树，后人乘凉。 (3)Let A，B，C be a triangle whose sides are of unequal length. （在数学中常用 whose） (4)The air attack caused fires whose smoke filled the air. (5)Her fingers began to pick at the golden embroideries on the tunic whose whiteness set off her orchid skin. (6)Swimming in winter might sound absurd, but it is the very sport whose popularity is snowballing. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $