高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 11 代词用法释疑 清单-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习知识清单聚焦代词用法核心语法点，涵盖人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词六大类别，通过分类解析、易错点辨析及典型例题构建完整知识框架。 清单采用“问题-解析-拓展”实用模式，针对“he指代歧义”“me too用法”等高频疑问点标注考频星级，用对比表格呈现“such/so”“each other/one another”等易混点，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设“高考真题链接”模块，如在反身代词部分附近三年相关真题及答题思路，方便学生自主复习，助力教师精准教学。

高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 11 代词用法释疑 人称代词 1 这里的 he 指代什么？ 有读者问： 下面一句中的 he 指的是谁？ (1)His son had become a teacher, which he wanted to be. 英语中用人称代词第三人称 he, she, it 及其复形 they 的情况远远多于汉语，所以它们之所指常给中国学生造成一定的困难，但一般皆可在一定的上下文中得到解决。在这个具体句子中，即使孤立地看，he 也应是指代 his son ，不会是指代父亲的。但如说： (2)His son had become a teacher, which he wanted him to be. 那么，he 自然指父亲，him 自然指儿子了。 2 这里只可用代词宾格吗？ 有读者问： 有人说当自身代词用以反射主语或宾语时，句中只有表方位的介词之后才可用人称代词宾格而不用自身代词，请问你的看法如何？ 在下述情况下，句中表方位的介词之后确应跟人称代词宾格，如： (1)I haven't got any money on me . （不用myself） (2)He stood up and looked around him . （不用himself） (3)She closed the door behind her . （不用herself） (4)Crabbe could find literary material all about him . （不用himself） (5)He kept his feet drawn up under him . （不用himself） (6)Nolan leaned back in his chair, hooking the jug towards him . （不用himself） 但如说只有在表方位的介词之后才可用人称代词宾格而不用自身代词，就未免武断了些。实际上，除表方位的介词后应跟代词宾格外，还有介词with亦应后接代词宾格，如： (7)Did you bring any money with you ? 有些介词则既可后接人称代词宾格，亦可后接自身代词，如like与besides: (8)I think this new magazine is aimed at people like us （或ourselves）. (9)Who's prepared to work overtime besides me （或myself）? 那么，表方位的介词之后是不是只可跟人称代词宾格而不可跟自身代词呢？ 事实也并非完全如此，有些固定说法（多用作比喻）中的方位介词之后即须用自身代词，如： (10)She's got a bit above herself since she went to live in that district. (11)She was beside herself with excitement as the day of her holiday approached. (12)Just between ourselves , he's a thief. 3 如何用“of+人称代词宾格”? 有读者问： 我遇到不少含有“人称代词宾格”的句子，如： (1)Her eyes were the saddest part of her . (2)She strolled along with one of them on each side of her . (3)At first she played for the fun of it and never thought that she would stay with the game. (4)I couldn't, for the life of me , make head or tail of this barbaric lingo. 应在什么情况下用“of+人称代词宾格”呢？ 它和物主代词有什么区别？ 上述句中的“of+人称代词宾格”也是一种属格（genitive，亦可译作生格）。这种属格比较文气，以前常用在诗文中，如著名英国诗人布朗宁（Robert Browning, 1812—1889）有一诗句： (5)The man had something in the look of him . 但在实际运用中，总的说来，用物主代词的情况要比上述属格多得多，人们多半会将（5）改作： (6)The man had something in his look . 然而，在现代的平易散文中，上述of属格也不时出现。这是什么缘故呢？ 简略言之，有下列几个原因： 1. 物主代词强调“所有”概念，如上述例（6）；of属格则强调“部分”概念，换言之，用of属格的目的在于强调它所修饰的名（代）词（即所谓中心词），如上述例（5）。 2. 有些含of属格的词组已经固定，其中有不少词组根本不可以用物主代词代替of属格，如上述（3）中的for the fun of it和例（4）中的for the life of me。再如on the face of it, on the top of it, in the middle of it, at the bottom of it, at the back of it, at the end of it, in face of it, in stead of it等，都是如此。 3. of属格往往具有感情色彩，如： (7)I will break the neck of you . (8)I have never seen the like of it . (9)I don't like the taste of it . (10)He will be the death of me . (11)That will be the ruin of him . 4. 有时不宜用或不能用物主代词，只得用of属格，如上述例（1）即不宜用物主代词，例（2）即不能用物主代词。再如： (12)I don't see very much of it but only a part of it . （不可能用物主代词its） (13)What do you think of his biography of you ? （不可能用物主代词your） (14)That was the house which was to have been the home of him and her ... （of him and her不可能改用物主代词） (15)By no means easy were the emotions of him who sat there watching. （him后有定语从句，故亦不可能用物主代词） 5. 有时of属格和物主代词意义不同，不能相互代替，如： (16)his thought 他具有的思想（或想法） the thought of him 对他的想法（或想念） (17)at his back 支持他 at the back of him 在他身后 (18)his death 他之死 the death of him 致他于死 (19)her cheek 她的面颊 the cheek of her 她的厚颜 最后应该指出，据一些语法家们所说，常用of属格的名词只有body, death, face, end, heart, cover, favour, front, life, like, look, back, centre, close, midst, memory, original, object, partner, history, ruin, rear, reach, sight, shape, size, surface, spite, stead, top, gaiety, owner, ransom, soul, teeth等。所以使用of属格的范围是比较有限的。 此外，使用of属格有时显然与诗文的韵律和节奏有关，但限于篇幅，这里就不说它了。 4 为何用me too? 有读者问： 有这样一道题： (1)—I'm tired. —_____. A. Me too B. You too C. My too D. I too 答案为A，D为何不行？ Me too是习惯用法，虽然这里的me相当于I。这种习惯用法有其历史渊源。大约从16世纪开始，英语中的as, than和be之后就出现用me代替I的情况了。如： (2)He is as tall as me . (3)He is older than me . (4)It's me . 这显然是由于其位置与介词和及物动词后的me的位置相似所致。后来，me亦可独立使用，以示强调，上述句（1）中的me too即是常用的一例。再如： (5)Who, me ? (6)—Hey, you!—Me ? (7)—Who wants some more tea?—Me . (8)Me , I am in transition from one college to another. 现今me亦可用在句子中代替I，如： (9)Me get caught! (10)Danner and me were not involved in it. (11)Me and Eleanor are living in the woods in Connecticut. 在当代英语中，不仅me可代替I，同样，us, him, her, them亦可相应地用以代替we, he, she, they。但似应指出，在非常正式的英语中，仍应用I等人称代词主格。 物主代词 1 their 较 his or her 普通 有读者问： 有这样一句话： (1)Everyone in the class is reading their book. 句中的 their 用错了吗？ their 在此一点都不错，它较正式的 his 或 his or her 要普通得多。再如： (2)Everyone has a way of their own.每人都有自己的一套做法。 (3)Everyone in favour of this proposal please raise their hand. 2 his何指？ 有读者问： James Boswell, for instance, could sit in the same room with Dr Johnson, with his eyes and ears open like a reporter so that when he came to write his book, he could transfer Johnson's personality to paper and catch the very sound of his voice. 这里的with his eyes and ears open指Boswell还是指Johnson? 又，catch the very sound of his voice作何解？ with his eyes and ears open中的his，从上下文看，显然指代Boswell。catch the very sound of his voice的大意是：传达他的声音笑貌。the sound of one's voice是一习惯说法，其意为“一个人的说话声或言谈声”。 反身代词 1 这里可否用 himself？ 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： One shouldn't praise _____. A. oneself B. himself 请问应选哪一个？可否用 himself? 这里既可用 oneself （英国英语），亦可用 himself （美国英语）。根据在英国出版的《剑桥国际英语词典》（Cambridge International Dictionary of English ），在非正式英语中这里也可以用 yourself。 2 为何选用ourselves? 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)My parents bought_________a new car several days ago. A. us B. ours C. ourselves D. them 答案为C，但我认为A和D在语法上都没错，为什么要选C呢？ 这一道题不够严谨。在一定的上下文里：A，C和D皆可入选。 ourselves（在此指全家）并没有错，虽然在语法家之间是有争议的，有的赞成，有的反对。但从语言实际来看，这种用以代替us的ourselves（其语气似乎要强一些）恐已积重难返了，尤其在口语中。它常用作动词和介词的宾语，或位于and, as, than, like等词之后。用作动词宾语的情况如上述句（1），用作介词宾语的情况有如： (2)The boy is one of ourselves . 其他情况如： (3)With the exception of a few Algerians and ourselves , everyone spoke Spanish. (4)They are not so big as ourselves . (5)You can do it better than ourselves . 其实，用自身代词代替人称代词的情况并不限于ourselves。用myself的场合似乎更多，实例如： (6)Williams, and Desmoulins, and myself are very sickly. (7)Brinsley said that he was prepared to give myself and Donaghy a pint of stout apiece. (8)So much for my patient — now for myself . (9)I think few persons have a greater disgust for plagiarism than myself . (10)...the house has been full of living things like myself . 同样，其他一些自身代词多少也可这样用，这里仅举几例如下： (11)I am like yourself ... (12)Mr.Rushworth could hardly be more impatient for the marriage than herself . (13)He judged her to be a year or so older than himself . 相互代词 1 each other与one another 有读者问： 有人说each other表示两者之间的关系，而one another表示三者或三者以上之间的关系。但《牛津实用英语语法》则说: (1)Each other is frequently preferred when there are more than two. 究竟哪一种说法对呢？ 关于each other和one another的用法，曾有过争议，但现在一般都认为二者可以通用。each other除可表两者之间的关系外，也可表三者或三者以上之间的关系，如： (2)The members of that family are very attached to each other . 反之，one another除可表三者或三者以上之间的关系外，也可表两者之间的关系，如： (3)The two nodded to one another . each other和one another也有一些细微的差别，《牛津实用英语语法》的说法即是其一。 其二， 还有人说， each other强调特殊性， 显得较为亲切， 而one another则偏重一般性。 指示代词 1 这里的 this 何意？ 有读者问： 有这样一句话： (1)“There's this house down in Worcester, Vinnie,” Barney said. “The guy that owns it is Andy the Fruit Man. ...” 上文并未提到过这幢房子，但这里却用了 this， 不知是何原故？ 这里的 this 原是美语，常用于口语叙述体中，相当于 a certain （某一个）的强调形式，但较不定冠词 a 生动。 There's 之后常可用此 this ，再如： (2)I was just reading this morning's Wall Street Journal and there's this California firm... (3)Anyway, there's this guy, away back then, and they call him Chevalier-Rider—because he handles a horse so good... 当然，它也可用在其他许多句型中，如： (4)I have a cousin who married this Puerto Rican fellow. (5)I ran into this fish-and-chips joint, and... (6)This man came up to me in the street and started making rude suggestions. (7)Why, last night I went to the picture show, and I was sitting there next to this girl and she got up and moved... (8)Next thing I knew I was in this big office... 有时 this 可与 certain 连用，如： (9)She would begin in the way that all story tellers began: “At this certain time, in this certain village, lived this certain person.” this 与 day, night 等时间词连用时，可相当 one 或 on a，如： (10)This Septemper day, he was particularly choleric. 有时还可用 this 加强 one 的语气，如： (11)This one night I started drinking at a bar in Boston and I got plastered. 同样，其复形 these 也可相当于“某”，如： (12)There were these two Irishmen called Pat and Mike. 2 关于those who 有读者问： 有这样一个句子： (1)Don't trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty! those是否即those men?those换成these行吗？ those在此相当于those people,但一般不在those who之间加上people。those who等于people who，已经固定，故不可将those代之以these。再如： (2)Those who would like to go on the trip should put their names on the list. (3)Those who expect the worst are less likely to be disappointed. (4)There are those who say she should never have been appointed. 3 如何分析such? 有读者问： 有这样一个句子： (1)Such would be our home in the future. 在这里such是主语还是表语？ 关于这里的指示代词such，有的语法家认为是主语，有的语法家认为是表语（或补语）。我们的看法是，为了学习上的方便，最好将这里的such看作主语。指示代词such肯定是可以用作主语的，如： (2)Such often occurred in feudal society. 有时such则似乎既可看作主语，亦可看作表语，如： (3)Such was her fright that she closed her eyes. （=Her fright was such that she closed her eyes.） 4 such little与so little 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)John doesn't understand you because he knows_________Chinese. A. such few B. so few C. such little D. so little C和D应选哪一个？ 应选D。“such little+名词”则常后接that从句，如： (2)Tom showed such little interest in his lessons that he almost failed. 5 应改为many such books 有读者问： 下面三个短语哪个正确： such many books (a) so many books (b) so many a book (c) 只有(b)是正确的。(a)不对，应改为many such books; (c)亦误，应改为many a book。 6 为何选用such that? 有读者问： 有一道选择题： (1)Working conditions in that factory are_________few workers stay longer than three hours. A. that B. such that C. so that D. so as 请问为什么选B? 只有such that是正确的，它不但符合语法也符合题意。be such that...并不乏例，再如： (2)His anger was such that he lost control of himself. (3)Their diet was such that they weren't getting the necessary vitamins. 7 这里应用 such， 不应用 so 有人问： 我遇到这么两道填空题： (1)It was_________fine weather that they went out to have a swim. (2)It was_________fine weather that all the bird came out to sing. 但第一题的答案是 such，第二题的答案却是 so，我百思不得其解，为什么第二题的答案不是 such? 答： 上述两题的答案都应是 such，而不可用 so。 fine weather 是名词短语，相当于一个名词，而指示代词 such 可相当于一个形容词，意谓“如此的”，作定语用。所以这里应用相当于形容词的 such 来修饰相当于名词的 fine weather。注意在 such...that 结构中， such 之后除可接“形容词 + 抽象名词 （如上述的fine weather）”外，还有一些其他说法，如： (3)He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. （such 后接 “ a + 形容词 + 单数可数名词”） (4)There are such great differences that close parallels cannot be drawn. （such 后接“形容词 + 复数可数名词”） so 一般用作副词，意谓“如此地”。它不可用以修饰名词，只可作为状语修饰形容词等。所以在此它不可用来修饰名词短语 fine weather。同样，上述例（3）中的 such 也不可代之以 so，而须将整个主句结构改为“He told us so funny a story...”；例（4）中的 such 也不可代之以 so，而须将整个主句结构改为“The differences are so great...”。 8 为何用such而不用so? 有读者问： 有这样一道填空题： (1)It was_________bad weather that they had to stay at home. 为什么用such而不用so呢？ 首先应记住，相当于形容词的such后接名词或“形容词+名词”，如： (2)We all enjoyed such food （或such stories）. (3)We all enjoyed such good food （或such thrilling stories）. 上面两句中的such皆不可代之以副词so。so作为副词，其后不可接名词或“形容词+名词”，但可后接“many, few, much+名词”，如： (4)There were so many mistakes in that essay. (5)Don't make so much noise. 另外，such可后接“a+（形容词）+名词”，so则不可，如： (6)She had such a fright that she fainted. (7)The camel had such a long neck. 但so可后接“形容词+a+名词”，上述句（7）中的such a long neck即可改作so long a neck。试比较： (8)He is such a nice man. (9)He is so nice a man.（比较正式） 9 no such 后一般不用 a 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)There is no such_________foolish person. A. a B. an C. / D. the 该选那一个？ 选 A 对吗？ 应选 C ，不宜选 A。 不定冠词 a 可用在“such+a+单数名词”结构中，如： (2)She said she would never again make such a mistake. (3)He is such a nice man. 但 such 之前如有 no, any, some 等不定代词，在规范英语中， such 之后则一般不再用不定冠词 a，如： (4)There's no such thing as ghosts. (5)She had no right to do any such thing. (6)Some such measure will certainly be tried. 此外， such 之前如有数词 one ，其后自然也不应有不定冠词，如： (7)We came upon more than one such family. 但在实际情况中，间或也有用不定冠词的现象，如： (8)There is no such a thing at all. (9)If any one asserted that there was no such a thing as the soul, what should you answer? 但我们认为 no such a... 这种用法不宜我国学生去仿效。 10 such亦可看作副词及其他 浙江一读者对我们在《英语学习》杂志的某期《语法通信》中讲到的关于such在such funny stories中相当于形容词而不相当于副词的看法提出了异议。他说在《新英汉词典》中却将such tall buildings中的such看作是副词，不知是否可以两说并存。 我们同意他的意见，可以两说并存。如果不强调形容词funny或tall，只将funny stories或tall buildings看作一个单位的话，就可以将such看作是相当于形容词的定语。 反之，如强调形容词funny或tall，就可以将such看作是相当于副词的状语。这样分析，比较持平稳当。有一位权威的语法家说：这种such在功能上虽不是状语，但实质上却是。我们觉得这种看法值得参考。 甘肃一读者来信说，既然such之后可接形容词和复数名词，为什么不可以说such many books而只可说so many books呢？ many本身并不是一个形容词，虽然它可以用作形容词。many和all, some, no, any, every, a few等一样，都是不定代词。这些不定代词与用作形容词的such连用时，皆须置于such之前。根据这一规则，我们就不能说such many books，而必须说many such books。同样，也必须说all such books, a few such books等，而不可将all, a few等置于such之后。 11 如何分析这里的such？ 有一读者问： 下面句中的such是什么词类，起何作用？ (1)Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. such像这样用在句首，曾遭到各种各样的批评，但现在已被公认为是规范英语了。这样的such一般皆被认为是指示代词，用以指代前面的句子，其句子功用是主语，如： (2)The explosion blew out all the windows, such was its force. 句（1）之前未道出such所指代的句子，与句（1）同样的句子再举一些如下： (3)Such is life! (4)Such was the result. (5)Such were her words. (6)Such often occurred in feudal society. 但置于句首的指示代词such并不总是起着主语的作用，如： (7)Such was her fright that she closed her eyes. 这个句子实际上相当于： (8)Her fright was such that she closed her eyes. 只是为了强调such而将它移至句首了。因此，such在此并非用作主语，而是用作表语。最后还应指出，上述句（1）—（6）的指示代词such比较文气，多用在书面语中，而在口语中则常代之以this, that, it, one等。 12 如何解释that same day? 有读者问： 有这样一个句子： (1)I arrived home on April 2, and that same day I broke my leg. 这里为什么用that same day而不用the same day? 这里的that same与the same同义。但前者较为古旧，并具有轻蔑或诅咒的语气。再如： (2)A man asked me the time, and later I saw that same man catching a bus. (3)The older man recognized, no doubt, in the younger that same ardent longing to achieve distinction which dominated himself. (4)He said that his government would not react with that same hysteria peculiar to rightist forces in America. 除that外，还有this, those等亦可与same连用，如： (5)Her grandmother had once defended a log cabin in this same state against an Indian attack. (6)This same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster. (7)Those same people who support lower taxes complain when the Government cut services.（亦可说these same people） 13 这里 the same 应后接 that 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)Is this the same tool_________you used yesterday? A. as B. that C. which D. what 我选 A，因为 the same...as 是固定搭配。可答案是B。请释疑。 简略地说：句（1）既可用 that， 亦可用 as。但对初学者来说，还是用 that （表示“同一个”）较好。再如： (2)This is the same tune that I heard yesterday. 14 the same后不仅可接that 有读者问： 有一本语法书说the same不但可后接as和that，还可后接which, who, when, where等，但未给例句，而我未见过，请举几例说明好吗？ the same后接which的情况并不罕见，因为which常可与that互换，例如： (1)The king allowed to her the same liberty which he claimed for himself. (2)They started out last Tuesday on the same journey which 600 years ago led to The Canterbury Tales . 和that, which相比较，who, when, where似乎用得较少。先看who (whom): (3)He is the same man who was here yesterday. (4)He is the same man whom we met yesterday. 以上两句中的who和whom，有人认为不及that好。再看when和where： (5)He was born at the same time when I was. (6)I put it back to the same place where I had found it. 15 为什么 the same 之后通常不用 which？ 有读者问： 有这样一道选择题： (1)I'd like to read the same book_________was read by Tom. A. which B. as C. what D. / 答案是B，可为什么不可以选A呢？ 像上述句（1）这样的结构，一般应用关系代词 as 或 that。关于是否可用关系代词 which ，有的语法家不赞成用，说它是“不自然的英语”。但有的语法家则承认它，有如： (2)He attested this to be the same which had been taken from him. 我们也不止一次地遇到过用 which 的情况，如： (3)A group of enthusiasts started out last Tuesday on the same journey which 600 years ago led to The Canterbury Tales ... 不过，对中国学生来说，我们认为最好不要模仿 which 的这种用法。 16 这里 same 之前为何不用 the？ 有人问：下面对话中 same 之前不用 the 对吗： (1)— Happy new year! — Same to you. 对的，在口语或套语中， same 之前常可省去定冠词 the ，再如： (2)— I'm just waiting until I move to the country. — Same with me. (3)— Does he love you? — Who knows? — Do you love him? — Same answer. Who knows? 在英语口语中，一句中的首词定冠词 the 常可省略，再如： (4)Time is up. (5)Line is busy. (6)Class is dismissed. 不定冠词 a 位于句首时，也常被省去，如： (7)Good idea! (8)Stranger to me. 疑问代词 1 who 抑或 whom？ 有一位读者来信问道：who 在什么情况下可以代替 whom？ 关于这个问题，许多年来，一直都是有争议的。我们的初步看法是：作为疑问代词，在非正式英语中，主格 who 确是常可代替宾格 whom，例如： (1)Who do you trust? (2)Who are you looking for? who 也可在间接疑问句中代替 whom， 例如： (3)It depends on who you want. who 也可置于及物动词之前，例如： (4)—I saw Ted Dawson today. —You saw who ? （有人说大多数人仍用 whom） who 也可置于不定式之前，例如： (5)Learn who to trust and who not to trust, but don't really trust anyone to start off with. who 甚至有时还可置于介词之后，例如： (6)—I give it away. —To who . （但仍须说 To whom did you give to?） 但在正式英语中，尤其在正式书面语中，许多语法家认为疑问代词 whom 还是不被 who 代替的好。 who 与 whom 用作关系代词时，在非正式英语中，whom 也常被 who 所代替，例如： (7)The man who I bought it from told me to oil it. (8)The man who I saw is called Smith. (9)The people who you were talking to are Swedes. (10)Mr. Dantry, who I found in great shape and still as dynamic as in the past, asked me to write a note on the mission of March 1940. 为什么主格 who 可以代替宾格 whom 呢？ 其原因并不复杂。由上述例句可以看出， who 所占有的位置是一句之首或一从句之首， 而这正是主语的正常位置，而主语的位置应为主格 who 所占有，这一错觉就是 who 可代替 whom 的原因所在。 但请注意，在复合定语从句中，who 与 whom 却都被认为是正确而且自然的英语。用 who 的情况有如： (11)I met a man who I thought was a lunatic. (12)There is no one who we can believe is competent. 有的语法家认为 who 之后应有停顿（或一逗号），如： (13)There was one， who , I learned it after days, was seen expiating some maturer offence in the hulks. 用 whom 的情况似乎更不鲜见。之所以可以用 whom， 显然是受到其后的及物动词的影响的缘故。但有的较保守的语法家认为用 whom 是错误的，应代之以 who。注意 whom 之后一般不停顿（或不用逗号），例如： (14)A woman whom I knew was my friend spoke next. (15)There I saw an old woman whom I guessed was his mother. (16)The school, founded by the 300 residents of the village, has enrolled 40 children whom they hope will be future soccer stars. (17)We would welcome your personal recommendation of friends and colleagues whom you consider merit inclusion in Dictionary of International Biography. whom 有时则难以说是与其后的及物动词有任何关系， 例如： (18)My wife whom I thank heaven is an honest woman. (19)He instructed Chang to arrest the Kuomintang agents whom Han had told him were hiding in the village. 最后，我们认为，对中国学生来说，在没有把握的情况下，还是按语法和教科书的规定办事为好。 2 who else's 还是 whose else？ 有人问：有这样一道选择题： If the pen is not yours, _____can it be? A. who's else B. whose else C. whose else's D. who else's 我认为应选 B，但有人认为应选 D，请问究竟选哪一个对？ 应选 D， 这是当今英语一般应用的形式。在20世纪以前，人们多用 whose else。 但从20世纪初开始，除英国教育界有一些人仍在灌输 whose else 外，大多数人都倾向于用 who else's 了。同样，其他如 somebody else 等的所有格也都用 somebody else's 等了。 3 and what not 为何译作“等等”？ 有读者问：有这样一句话： They ransacked his house and took away his books, clothes, typewriter, manuscripts, furniture and what not. 为什么 and what not 被译作“等等”? and what not 形式上为否定，实义上则为肯定，故可译作“等等”。它是一种省略结构，在此相当于 and I don't know what else they did not take away。 其本意是：我不知道还有什么东西他们没有拿走。 与 and what not 相似的还有 or what not, and I don't know what, and （或 or）what have you， and God knows what 等。这些说法皆起源于美国口语，所以许多英国词典未予收纳。著名的《朗文当代英语词典》 （Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ）曾收入 and what not, 但在其后年版本中却又不见了。 4 what, which, who 有读者问： 下面两句中的what与which有什么区别？ (1)What class are you in? (2)Which class are you in? 一般说来，what所指的选择范围较为广泛，是无限制的；which所指的选择范围则较小，是有限制的。据此，上述句（1）的意思仅仅是：你在哪个班？ 句（2）的意思则是： （在这几个班中）你在哪一个班？ 再试比较： (3)What paper do you take? 你订的是什么报？ (4)Which paper do you take?在这几种报纸中你订的是哪一种？ 但当which后接表示人的名词时，尤其在较为正式的文体中，却也可用在无限的选择范围内，如一英人所举的例证： (5)Which writers do you like? （在一般文体中仍应用What writers do you like?） 顺便提一下，用who时，其选择范围不仅可是无限的，如： (6)Who is your favourite composer? 也可以是有限的，如： (7)Who do you like best, your mother or your father? （当然也可用which代替who，但通常多用who） 最后，必须指出，只有which可后接of，如： (8)Which of the writers do you like best? 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $