选择性必修第四册 Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility（教师用书Word）-【正禾一本通】2026年新高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（译林版）

该高中英语高考复习讲义覆盖词汇（阅读、多义、核心、拓展）、短语、句式、语篇等高考核心考点，按“词汇多维背诵—短语巧学助记—句式遮挡背诵—语篇词汇串记”逻辑架构，通过考点梳理（单词/短语过关测）、方法指导（句式迁移练、语境串记）、真题训练（阅读理解、完形填空）等环节，帮助学生系统构建知识网络，突破难点，体现复习的系统性和针对性。 资料采用“词汇—短语—句式—语篇”四维联动复习法，创新运用遮挡背诵（如句式左栏遮挡右栏翻译）、语境串记（如语篇中嵌入核心词汇）等策略，结合多义单词熟义与生义对比（如“wrinkle”从“皱纹”到“皱起”）培养思维品质，设置分层练习（基础拼写、语境运用）和应用文/读后续写语料积累，保障复习效果。通过语篇分析提升语言能力，助力学生高效掌握考点，为教师把控节奏提供清晰路径，有效提升应考能力。

任务(一)　词汇、句式、语篇背诵 单词多维背诵 阅读单词 1．cigar n．雪茄烟 2．eyebrow n．眉毛 3．geophysicist n．地球物理学家 4．core adj.核心的，最重要的 n．核心，最重要的部分 5．substantial adj.大量的，价值巨大的；结实的，牢固的 6．embrace vt.& vi.欣然接受；包含；拥抱 7．phase n．阶段，时期 8．anchor n．锚；给以安全感的人(或物) vi.& vt.抛锚；使固定 9．likewise adv.同样地；也，而且 10．rejoice vi.& vt.非常高兴，深感欣喜 11．barely adv.刚好；仅仅，勉强可能；几乎不；刚才[近义：hardly adv.几乎不] 12．principle n．道德原则；法则；信条 13．decent adj.正派的，合乎礼节的；得体的，适当的 14．superb adj.极佳的，卓越的，质量极高的 15．virtue n．美德；正直的品性；优点 16．integrity n．诚实正直；完整，完好[近义：honesty n．诚实] 多义单词 [熟词生义] 1．wrinkle [熟义] n．皱纹；褶皱，皱痕→[生义] vt.& vi.(使脸上)起皱纹，皱起 2．garbage [熟义] n．垃圾→[生义] n．废话 3．inch [熟义] n．英寸；少量，短距离→[生义] vt.& vi.(使朝某方向)谨慎移动 [一词多义] 4．keen ①adj.灵敏的，敏锐的②adj.渴望，热切，热衷于③adj.喜爱；对(……)着迷，有兴趣 5．arrest ①vt.逮捕，拘捕 ②vt.吸引(注意) ③vt.中止；阻止 ④n.逮捕；拘捕 ⑤n.停止；中止 6．wire ①vt.给(某人)打电报②vt.接通(电源) ③n.金属丝；电线；铁丝网 7．harvest ①n.收成，收获量；收获季节，收割 ②vt.& vi.收割，捕猎 8．quote ①n.引语，原话 ②vt.& vi.引用，引述；举例说明 9．wrap ①vt.裹，包 ②vt.用……缠绕(或围紧) ③n.包裹材料 核心单词 1．a worthwhile career一项高尚的事业 2．outline the history of his career 概述他的职业生涯 3．relieve the burden of the family减轻家庭的负担 4．resign from my present job 辞去我现在的工作 5．forgive me for interrupting you请原谅我打断了你 6．be cheated by false information被虚假信息欺骗 7．bow gracefully to the audience优雅地向观众鞠躬 8．after a brief pause短暂的停顿之后 9．pretend to be doing her homework假装在做她的家庭作业 10．It′s a great privilege to meet you.很荣幸能认识你。 11．meet deadlines for your schoolwork在最后期限前完成你的学业 12．find fault with my work挑剔我的工作 拓展单词 1． appoint vt.　　　 任命；委任 appointment n. 约定，约会；任命，委任；职务 appointed adj. 指定的，约定的 2． rely vi. 依赖，依靠；信赖，信任 reliable adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的；真实可信的，可靠的 3． bless vt. (表示惊奇)；祝福 blessing n. 幸事，幸运；赞同 4． suspect vt.& vi. 疑有，觉得；认为 n. 嫌疑犯，可疑对象 suspicion n. 怀疑；疑心 suspicious adj. 怀疑的；可疑的 5． crime n. 罪恶，罪行 criminal n. 罪犯 adj. 犯法的，犯罪的；刑事的；不道德的 6． innocent adj. 无辜的，清白的，无罪的；天真无邪的，纯真的 innocence n. 清白，无辜；无罪；天真，纯真 7． legal adj. 合法的；法律的 legally adv. 合法地；法律上 illegal adj. 不合法的 8． social adj.　　　　　 社会的；社交的 society n. 社会 socialist adj. 社会主义的 n. 社会主义者 socialism n. 社会主义 9． shame n. 羞耻；羞愧；惭愧；让人遗憾的事 ashamed adj. 惭愧，羞愧，尴尬 shameful adj. 可耻的，丢脸的 10．disappoint vt. 使失望，使沮丧 disappointed adj. 失望的，沮丧的 disappointing adj. 令人失望的 disappointment n. 失望，沮丧 11．mercy n. 仁慈，宽恕 merciful adj. 仁慈的；宽大的 12．guide vt. 带领；引导 n. 向导 guidance n. 指导；导航 13．fault n. 过错，责任；弱点，缺点 faulty adj. 有错误的，有缺陷的；出故障的 短语巧学助记 1．tear down 拆毁，拆除[同义：pull/take down] 2．make one′s fortune 发财[同义：seek one′s fortune] 3．lose contact 失去联系[反义：get in touch 取得联系] 4．arm in arm 臂挽着臂[联想：hand in hand手牵手] 5．under arrest 被逮捕 6．at the mercy of sb/sth 任……处置；对……无能为力 7．weigh on sb/sth 使焦虑不安，加重……的思想负担 8．on the beat 在巡逻中 9．turn up 出现，到场；卷起；调高[反义：turn down 调低] 10．pull out 离开，撤离；拔出 11．to one′s disappointment 令某人感到失望的是 12．make a difference 有影响，有关系[点拨：后接介词to，表示“对……起作用/产生影响”] 13．in store 贮藏着；等待着；将要发生 句式遮挡背诵 1．In the doorway of a store stood a man，with an unlit cigar in his mouth.(全部倒装) 2．Well，we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time，no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.(no matter what引导让步状语从句) 3．Honoured guests，teachers and students，it is my pleasure and privilege to welcome you here today and present my thoughts on this special occasion.(it作形式主语) 4．Always give your best in whatever you set out to do，however difficult that might be.(疑问词＋­ever引导从句) 5．Sow the seeds of success today and your harvest will be great tomorrow.(祈使句＋and＋陈述句) [遮住左栏尝试背诵] 1．一个男人站在一家店门口，嘴里叼着一支未点燃的雪茄。 2．那天晚上我们约定，从那日那刻起，不管日后各自情况如何，不管距离多远，都要在二十年后的同一天、同一时间在这儿再聚。 3．尊敬的来宾、老师们、同学们，今天我很高兴，也很荣幸地欢迎你们来到这里，并在这个特别的场合发表我的看法。 4．无论你们开始做什么，无论多么困难，都要全力以赴。 5．今天播下成功的种子，明天你将会拥有丰厚的收获。 语篇词汇串记 　　There is a man who is a socialist, and he has a nephew who used to be keen on making his fortune to relieve his family of financial burden．At first，he worked at a mineral water factory.However，the bonus there was discouraging and his income barely supported his family.Therefore，he resigned．Since then this man had lost contact with him. Two years later，this man was informed that his nephew was suspected of being involved in a diamond and jade theft.Hearing the disappointing news，the man was ashamed and determined that he would send him to prison without mercy．It was just two months later that the suspect made an appointment with his uncle secretly.On seeing his nephew, the man tried to persuade him to acknowledge his criminal behaviour.Watching the wrinkles on his uncle′s face，the young man felt guilty about his illegal acts and admitted his fault．His uncle likewise forgave and embraced him.In the end，they went to the police station arm in arm． [遮住左栏，忆加黑词汇] 有一个人是社会主义者，他有一个侄子曾经热衷于发财来减轻家庭的经济负担。起初，他在一家矿泉水厂工作。然而，那里的奖金令人沮丧，他的收入几乎无法养活他的家庭。因此，他辞职了。从那以后，这个人就与他失去了联系。 两年后，这个人得知，他的侄子涉嫌盗窃钻石和玉石。听到这个令人失望的消息，这个人感到羞愧，决定毫不留情地把他送进监狱。仅仅两个月后，嫌疑人就秘密约了他叔叔见面。这个人一见到他的侄子，就试图说服他承认自己的犯罪行为。看着他叔叔脸上的皱纹，这个年轻人对自己的违法行为感到内疚，并承认了自己的过错。他的叔叔也同样原谅并拥抱了他。最后，他们胳膊挽着胳膊去了警察局。 任务(二)　背诵过关测＋练 (一)单词过关测＋练 阅读单词知意 1．cigar 　　　　 n．雪茄烟 2．eyebrow n．眉毛 3．geophysicist n．地球物理学家 4．core adj.核心的，最重要的 n．核心，最重要的部分 5．substantial adj.大量的，价值巨大的；结实的，牢固的 6．embrace vt.& vi.欣然接受；包含；拥抱 7．phase n．阶段，时期 8．anchor n．锚；给以安全感的人(或物) vi.& vt.抛锚；使固定 9．likewise 　 adv.同样地；也，而且 10．rejoice vi.& vt.非常高兴，深感欣喜 11．barely adv.刚好；仅仅，勉强可能；几乎不；刚才 12．principle n．道德原则；法则；信条 13．decent adj.正派的，合乎礼节的；得体的，适当的 14．superb adj.极佳的，卓越的，质量极高的 15．wrinkle n．皱纹；褶皱，皱痕 vt.& vi.(使脸上)起皱纹，皱起 16．virtue n．美德；正直的品性；优点 17．integrity n．诚实正直；完整，完好 核心单词练通 1．outline vt.概述，略述 n．概述；轮廓线，略图 2．burden n．(责任、义务等的)重担，负担 3．bow n．蝴蝶结；弓 vi.鞠躬；低(头) 4．pause vi.停顿，暂停 n．停顿，停顿的时间 5．pretend 　 vi.& vt.假装；装扮；扮作；自诩，自认为 6．privilege n．荣幸；特殊利益 vt.给予特权，特别优待 7．deadline n．最后期限，截止日期 8．fault n．过错，责任；弱点，缺点 结合语境拼写单词 9．After he resigned (辞职) from the post，he was dedicated to helping the disabled. 10．This morning my classmate forgave (原谅) me for what I said last night. 11．She acknowledged cheating (作弊) in the exam and felt ashamed of it. 12．He wrapped (用……缠绕) his arms around me and whispered，“You are bound to succeed.” 13．“Yeah！” David smiled weakly，bowing (低头) his head. 14．The wrinkles (皱纹) on the premier′s face suggest that he is no longer young. 拓展单词悉变 1．mercy n．仁慈，宽恕→merciful adj.仁慈的；宽大的 2．rely vi.依赖，依靠；信赖，信任→reliable adj.可信赖的，可依靠的；真实可信的，可靠的 3．crime n．罪恶，罪行→criminal n．罪犯 adj.犯法的，犯罪的；刑事的；不道德的 4．innocent adj.无辜的，清白的，无罪的；天真无邪的，纯真的→innocence n．清白，无辜；无罪；天真，纯真 5．bless vt.(表示惊奇)；祝福→blessing n．幸事，幸运；赞同 6．appoint vt.任命；委任→appointment n．约定，约会；任命，委任；职务→appointed adj.指定的，约定的 7．suspect vt.& vi.疑有，觉得；认为 n．嫌疑犯，可疑对象→suspicion n．怀疑；疑心→suspicious adj.怀疑的；可疑的 利用语境串记单词 8．I feel ashamed of my shameful action，which is a shame to me.(shame) 9．Without your guidance and encouragement，we couldn′t have made such great progress，so we decide to engage you as our guide．(guide) 10．We know from the daily legal report that the former president had something to do with the illegal organization and was put to prison.(legal) 11．From his discouraged look，I judged he wasn′t hired，which was really discouraging．But I still encouraged him to go to other companies to try his fortune.(courage) 12．Judging from his disappointed look，his boss was disappointed with his disappointing performance.So to his disappointment，he didn′t get promoted.(disappoint) (二)短语过关测＋练 1．tear down　　 　 　 拆毁，拆除 2．make one′s fortune 发财 3．lose contact 失去联系 4．arm in arm 臂挽着臂 5．under arrest 被逮捕 6．at the mercy of sb/sth 任……处置；对……无能为力 7．weigh on sb/sth 使焦虑不安，加重……的思想负担 8．on the beat 　　　　 在巡逻中 9．turn up 出现，到场；卷起；调高 10．pull out 离开，撤离；拔出 11．to one′s disappointment 令某人感到失望的是 12．make a difference 有影响，有关系 13．in store 贮藏着；等待着；将要发生 根据语境选词填空 14．More than ten policemen turned up at the spot where the accident happened. 15．Without a sure supply of water，farming in that area remains at the mercy of the weather. 16．There was a time when many people went to California to make their fortunes． 17．Thank you so much for making me feel important and showing me that I could make a difference． 18．The city will tear down the old building and create a park there. (三)句式迁移练 1．句式：祈使句＋and＋陈述句 给我一次机会，我会给你一个绝妙的惊喜。[申请信] Give me a chance，and I′ll give you a wonderful surprise． 2．句式：no matter what引导让步状语从句 你要记住，不管世界变成什么样，你都要善良。 You have to remember that no matter what the world turns out to be，you have to be kind. 3．句式：全部倒装 以下是如何平衡兼职工作和学习的三条建议。[建议信] Here are three suggestions on how to keep a balance between a part­time job and study. Part 1　核心词句——学表达 appointment n．约会；约定，预约；委任→appoint vt.任命；委派→appointed adj.约定的；指定的 【用法归纳】 ◎make an appointment with sb 与某人约会 ◎keep/break an appointment守/违约 ◎appoint sb as/to be...任命某人为…… ◎appoint sb to do sth 委派某人做某事 【写作语料】 ◎be appointed as manager被任命为经理 ◎appear at the appointed time 在约定的时间出现 【语境运用】　完成句子 ①我被指定来负责安排那一天的所有活动。 I was appointed to take charge of arranging all the activities on that day. ②得知他被任命为队长后，他无法克制激动的心情，手舞足蹈地进了家门。[读后续写之动作＋情感描写] Learning he was appointed as head of the team, he couldn′t contain his excitement and danced into the house. ③既然你已经和朋友约好了，你就应该守约。 Now that you have made an appointment with your friend, you should keep the appointment． suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 【用法归纳】 ◎suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人(做了)某事 ◎suspect sb to be...怀疑某人是…… ◎suspect that 怀疑…… 【语用点拨】 与“suspect sb of sth”结构类似的动词短语还有： ◎remind sb of sth提醒某人某事 ◎inform sb of sth告知某人某事 ◎cure sb of sth治愈某人的某种疾病 ◎accuse sb of sth指责/指控某人某事 ◎convince sb of sth劝服某人相信某事 【语境运用】　单句填空/完成句子 ①Suspected (suspect) of being a spy，the stranger is being questioned by the police. ②我非常伤心，因为他怀疑我偷了他的钱。 I was overcome with sadness because he suspected me of stealing his money． ③这名中年男子因与受害人发生冲突而被怀疑是凶手。 The middle­aged man was suspected to be the murderer because he had a conflict with the victim. ④(2024·全国甲卷)中国各城市中共享单车的快速普及让一些人怀疑它们会取代传统交通工具。 The rapid adoption of shared bicycles in Chinese cities led some to suspect that they would replace traditional forms of transportation． ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧→shame n．羞耻；羞愧；让人遗憾的事→shameful adj.可耻的；不道德的→shameless adj.无耻的；没廉耻的 【用法归纳】 ◎be/feel ashamed of...为……而感到羞耻 ◎be ashamed to do sth羞于/耻于做某事 ◎It′s a shame that...……真让人遗憾 【写作语料】 ◎a shameful waste 可耻的浪费 ◎hang one′s head in shame 羞愧地低下头 ◎be ashamed of your shameful behavior为你的可耻行为感到羞愧 【语境运用】　完成句子 ①他又羞愧又害怕，不敢走进房子。 Shameful and frightened, he dared not step into the house. ②听到其他学生互相窃窃私语，乔伊斯羞红了脸。 Hearing other students whispering to each other, Joyce′s face flushed with shame． ③她为自己在考试中作弊感到羞愧万分，眼泪顺着脸颊流了下来。[读后续写之心理描写] She felt ashamed of having cheated in the exam and tears ran down her cheeks. forgive vt.& vi.原谅；宽恕；免除(债务)→forgiveness n．原谅；宽恕 【用法归纳】 ◎forgive sb sth 原谅某人某事 ◎forgive sb for doing sth＝forgive sb′s doing sth原谅某人做了某事 ◎forgive and forget摒弃前嫌 【写作语料】 ◎forgive his ignorance原谅他的无知 ◎forgive her for being rude 原谅她的粗鲁行为 ◎fail to get others′ forgiveness没有得到别人的原谅 【语境运用】　单句填空/完成句子/翻译句子 ①My nephew never admitted his guilt or asked for forgiveness (forgive) after offending others. ②Please forgive my interrupting (interrupt)，but I really don′t agree with that. ③众所周知，不计前嫌是一种美德，尤其是在这样一个竞争激烈和充满压力的社会中。 As is known to all，it′s a virtue to forgive and forget，especially in such a competitive and stressful society. ④我真诚地希望你能够原谅我所做的事。[应用文写作之道歉信] I sincerely hope that you can forgive me for what I did. disappointed adj.失望的，沮丧的→disappoint vt.使失望/沮丧→disappointing adj.令人失望的→disappointment n．失望，沮丧 【用法归纳】 ◎be disappointed at/with/by...对……失望 ◎be disappointed to do sth对做某事感到失望 ◎be disappointed that...对……失望 ◎to one′s disappointment令某人失望的是 ◎in disappointment 失望地 【写作语料】 ◎a sense of disappointment 失落感 ◎a disappointing result令人失望的结果 ◎a disappointed look on David′s face 大卫的脸上流露出失望的表情 【语境运用】　单句填空/完成句子 ①Disappointed (disappoint) but not discouraged, we learned a lesson from this failure and decided to have another try. ②It is disappointing (disappoint) to fail, but it would be more disappointing not to try again. ③当这个孩子发现玩具店当天关门时，他失望地低下了头。 The child hung his head in disappointment when he discovered that the toy store was closed for the day. ④当这名运动员得知自己尽管做出了最大努力也未能晋级决赛时，他感到很失望。 The athlete was disappointed to learn that he had not qualified for the finals, despite his best efforts. pretend vt.& vi.假装；装扮 【用法归纳】 pretend 【写作语料】 ◎pretend to be looking out the window 假装在看窗外 ◎not pretend to know what you don′t know 不要不懂装懂 【语境运用】　单句填空/完成句子 ①Honestly, I felt a huge sense of loss at that time.Yet I managed to force a weak smile and pretended to appreciate (appreciate) it.[读后续写之情绪描写] ②To ease my embarrassment，I pretended to be reading (read) when my mother entered. ③When I am faced with difficulties in learning, I won′t pretend to have known (know) how to solve them, but turn to my classmates or teachers. ④因为她仍然生着他的气，所以她背对着他，假装在翻阅杂志。[读后续写之动作链] Since she was still mad at him, she turned her back to him, pretending to turn the pages of that magazine． privilege n．优惠待遇；特权；特别优待；荣幸 vt.给予特权；特别优待→privileged adj.有特权的；受特别优待的；荣幸的 【用法归纳】 ◎It is a privilege to do sth.做某事是一种殊荣。 ◎have the privilege to do/of doing sth有特权做某事 ◎be privileged to do sth有幸做某事 【写作语料】 ◎enjoy all the privileges of club membership享有俱乐部会员的所有特权 ◎feel much privileged to invite you to our program for a live talk show很荣幸能邀请您参加我们的现场脱口秀节目 【语境运用】　完成句子/一句多译 ①我很荣幸能站在这里发表关于成为明智的在线学习者的演讲。 It is a privilege for me/I feel privileged to stand here to deliver a speech on being smart online learners. ②(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)到我发言的时候了。我站在麦克风前，说道：“能接受这个奖是我的荣幸。” →It′s my turn to make a speech.I stood in front of the mic and said, “I feel privileged to receive the award．”(privileged) →It′s my turn to make a speech.I stood in front of the mic and said, “It′s a great privilege for me to receive the award．”(privilege) mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠→merciful adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的→merciless adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的 【用法归纳】 ◎show mercy to对……怜悯/宽恕 ◎have mercy on/upon对……怜悯/宽恕 ◎without mercy 残忍地；毫不留情地 ◎at the mercy of...任由……摆布；对……无能为力 【写作语料】 ◎at the mercy of the waves and the winds任凭海浪和风的摆布 ◎a merciful man仁慈的人 ◎be merciless to bad persons对坏人冷酷无情 【语境运用】　单句填空/完成句子 ①Whether Tom will get the bonus is at the mercy of his boss. ②如果我们继续毫不留情地杀死野生动物，人类迟早会自食恶果。 If we continue killing wild animals without mercy，sooner or later, the humanity will suffer the consequences. ③尽管梅瑞狄斯一家不富裕，但他们同情穷人，只要有可能，他们总是愿意伸出援助之手。 Although the Merediths weren′t well off，they showed mercy to/had mercy on the poor and were always willing to extend a supporting hand whenever possible. tear down 拆毁；拆除 【用法归纳】 ◎tear off撕掉，扯下 ◎tear up撕碎；撕毁 ◎tear apart 扯开，拆散，使分裂；使粉碎 ◎tear sth to/into pieces把……撕成碎片 【写作语料】 ◎tear down the walls of prejudice 摧毁偏见的高墙 【语境运用】　完成句子 ①那年轻人又生气又心碎，把信撕成了碎片。 Angry and heartbroken，the young man tore the letter to/into pieces． ②她尖叫着，抓起桌子上的画，将其撕得粉碎。[动作链] She screamed，grabbed the painting on the table and tore it apart． ③使我们松了一口气的是，直升机在熊拆毁篱笆之前就到了。 To our relief，the helicopter arrived before the bear tore down the fence． arm in arm 臂挽着臂 【写作语料】 读后续写关于“手臂”的动作描写： ◎welcome us with open arms 张开双臂欢迎我们 ◎stretch one′s arms out 张开双臂 ◎wave one′s arms 挥动双臂 ◎hold out/open one′s arms 某人伸出/张开双臂 ◎pull/gather sb into one′s arms 把某人拉/抱在怀中 ◎put/throw one′s arms around sb搂住某人 ◎catch/grab one′s arm抓住某人的胳膊 ◎cross/fold one′s arms双臂交叉 【语境运用】　完成句子 ①他双臂交叉放在胸前，这是一个表示抗拒和自我保护的姿势。 He crossed/folded his arms over his chest, which was a gesture of defiance and self­protection. ②她张开双臂欢迎失散多年的朋友，喜悦的泪水流下她的脸庞。 She welcomed her long­lost friend with open arms, tears of joy streaming down her face. ③看着这对老夫妇手挽手在海滩上散步，我感到了一种幸福感。 Watching the old couple walking along the beach arm in arm gives me a sense of happiness. ④我伸出双臂，把她拉进了一个温暖的怀抱。 I held out/opened my arms and pulled her into a warm embrace. ⑤我情绪激动，伸出双臂搂住他，被感动得落泪。 Overwhelmed with emotion, I threw my arms around him, deeply moved to tears. 句式：祈使句＋and＋陈述句 【教材原句】　Sow the seeds of success today and your harvest will be great tomorrow.今天播下成功的种子，明天你将会拥有丰厚的收获。 ◎“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”表示祈使句与后面的句子是顺承关系。 ◎“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”相当于“if＋否定条件状语从句＋主句”。 ◎“名词词组＋and＋陈述句”也有上述句式功能，名词词组中常含有more，another等词。 【佳句背诵】　 ①Follow the above suggestions and you will find it easy to change your terrible situation.[应用文写作之建议信结束语] 遵循上面的建议，你会发现很容易改变你的糟糕状况。 ②Don′t give up, or you will achieve nothing. 不要放弃，否则你将一事无成。 ③More effort, and you will succeed. 再努力一些，你会成功的。 【仿写借鉴】 ①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)我鼓励大卫说：“振作起来！再努力一点，你很快就会到达终点的。” I encouraged David，“Cheer up！Make more efforts/More efforts and you will reach the finishing line soon．” ②(2022·天津4月卷)改掉坏习惯，这样我们才会实现最初的志向。 Get rid of the bad habits，and we will achieve our initial ambition. Part 2　阅读词汇——善辨义 1．keen A．adj.热切，热衷于　B．adj.喜爱；对……着迷，有兴趣　C．adj.灵敏的；敏锐的 ①As is known to all，dogs have a keen sense of smell. C ②Given that you are keen on the traditional Chinese festival—Dragon Boat Festival，I am writing to introduce it to you in detail. B ③Hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey because they are keen to see rare birds at the destination. A 2．wrap A．vt.裹，包 B.vt.用......缠绕(或围紧) C.n.包裹材料 ①It was cold yesterday.He wrapped a scarf around his neck. B ②I′d like to wrap Christmas presents in pretty paper. A ③We stock a wide range of cards and gift wrap. C 3．arrest A．vt.吸引(注意)　B．n.逮捕；拘留　C．vt.逮捕；拘留　D．vt.中止；阻止 ①The escaped prisoner got arrested immediately he turned up at the railway station and was sent to prison again. C ②Her laughter arrested our attention and we all stared at her. A ③She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last year′s election. B ④The treatment arrested the growth of the disease. D 4．猜测句中加黑部分的词性和汉语意思 ①He wrinkled his forehead，confused and worried about the strange event.vt.(使)起皱纹；皱起 ②To my disappointment, he was talking a lot of garbage about the topic.n.废话 ③(2023·浙江1月卷)Sitting on a branch，he inched towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive.v.(使朝某方向)谨慎移动 巧借前缀geo­推测词义 前缀geo­来源于希腊语，意思是“地球、地理、地质”。 本单元：geo(地球)＋physics(物理学)→geophysics n．地球物理学 1．Geographers study the physical features of the Earth and their impact on human activities. [词义]geo(地球)＋graph(记录)＋er(人)→geographer n．地理学家 2．The geological survey revealed valuable mineral deposits hidden deep beneath the Earth′s surface. [词义]geo(地球)＋logical(学科的)→geological adj.地质的 3．The geocentric model of the universe was replaced by the heliocentric model during the Renaissance. [词义]geo(地球)＋centric(中心的)→geocentric adj.地心的 4．Geopolitical tensions caused concerns about supplies of oil. [词义]geo(地理)＋political (政治的)→geopolitical adj.地缘政治的 5．The geochemical analysis of the soil helped scientists understand the region′s environmental history. [词义]geo(地球)＋chemical(化学的)→geochemical adj.地球化学的 单句语法填空 1．It is a great privilege for me to show you around the heritage sites in our city. 2．Simon was highly self­critical and also found fault with his friends. 3．To pursue money，some people killed endangered animals without mercy. 4．The specialist was ashamed of being late for such an important meeting and missed the intense discussion. 5．Neither the experts nor the physician is (be) sure about the cure for the disease. 6．When her father called her，she pretended to have fallen (fall) asleep. 7．Only when all of us join hand in hand to ban noise pollution at all levels can we have a better environment. 8．We have decided to appoint an agent to handle (handle) our export trade with your country. 9．We all know that nurses and doctors have the privilege to enter (enter) the ward freely. 10．The police suspect him of carrying (carry) out two bomb attacks. (一)应用文写作[优秀的品质] 你校正在组织英语演讲比赛。请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为话题，写一篇发言稿，内容包括： 1．人物简介；2．尊敬和爱戴他/她的原因。 用本单元知识和右栏词块翻译句子 1．我很荣幸能站在这里发表一篇关于我最尊敬的人的演讲。(it作形式主语) It is a privilege for me to stand here to deliver a speech about the person I respect most. 2．说到我最尊敬的人，我不得不提到我的叔叔。他总是热衷于帮助别人。(定语从句) When it comes to the person I respect most，I have to mention my uncle，who is always keen on helping others. 3．他既热情又值得信赖，总是第一个向有困难的人伸出援手。(形容词短语作状语，动词不定式作定语) Warm­hearted and reliable，he is always the first man to give a helping hand to those in need. 4．每当我灰心丧气时，就是他不遗余力地帮助我克服困难。(强调句型) Whenever I am discouraged，it is he that/who spares no effort to assist me to overcome/in overcoming the difficulties. 5．在他的指导下，我认识到做一些改变世界的事情是值得的。 Under his guidance，I have learned that it′s worthwhile to do something to make a difference to the world. 6．这就是我的叔叔，他是一个正派的人，从他身上我学会了如何做一个有崇高美德的人。(完全倒装，“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句) Such is my uncle，a decent man，from whom I learned how to be a man with great virtue. [构建话题语义场] 1．个人品质 ①integrity 正直；诚信 ②responsibility 责任感 ③self­discipline 自律 ④perseverance 毅力 ⑤humility 谦逊 ⑥resilience 坚韧 ⑦generosity 慷慨 ⑧forgiveness 宽恕 ⑨warm­hearted热情的 ⑩give a helping hand to those in need帮助那些有需要的人 ⑪assist me to overcome/in overcoming the difficulties帮助我克服困难 ⑫a man with great virtue一个有崇高美德的人 2．社会责任 ⑬social justice 社会正义 ⑭community service 社区服务 ⑮global citizenship 全球公民意识 3．道德决策 ⑯moral dilemma 道德困境 ⑰value judgment 价值判断 ⑱ethical standards 道德标准 ⑲moral obligations 道德义务 4．美德培养 ⑳character education 品格教育 ㉑moral development 道德发展 ㉒virtue ethics 美德伦理学 ㉓role modeling 榜样示范 ㉔moral guidance 道德指导 ㉕character strengths 品格优势 (二)读后续写[优秀的品质＋情感细节描写之笑(2)] Ⅰ.教材语料积累 词汇 [情感描写]　keen adj.渴望，热切，热衷于　burden n．(义务、责任等的)重担，负担　guilty adj.感到内疚的，感到惭愧的；有罪的，有过失的　ashamed adj.惭愧，羞愧，尴尬　disappointed adj.失望的，沮丧的　mercy n．仁慈，宽恕→merciful adj.仁慈的　discouraged adj.灰心的　rejoice vi.& vt.非常高兴，深感欣喜 [动作描写]　forgive vt.& vi.(forgave，forgiven)原谅，宽恕　cheat vt.欺骗，蒙骗 vi.作弊，舞弊 bow vi.鞠躬　embrace vt.& vi.欣然接受；包含；拥抱 佳句 1．When he had walked about halfway around a certain block，the policeman suddenly slowed down.(动作描写) 2．In the doorway of a store stood a man，with an unlit cigar in his mouth.(场景描写) 3．The light showed a pale face，with keen eyes，a square jaw and a little white scar near his right eyebrow.(外貌描写) 4．About twenty minutes later，a tall man in a long overcoat，with collar turned up to his ears，hurried toward him.(动作描写) 5．The two men walked up the street，arm in arm.(动作描写) 6．Sow the seeds of success today and your harvest will be great tomorrow.(主旨升华) Ⅱ.拓展语料背诵 单词 1．grin v．& n．咧嘴笑 2．giggle v．& n．咯咯地笑；傻笑 3．roar v．& n．大笑 4．chuckle v．轻声地笑 词块 1．break into a wide grin绽放出大大的笑容 2．grin with delight高兴地咧嘴笑 3．grin/laugh from ear to ear笑得合不拢嘴 4．grin a welcome咧嘴一笑以表欢迎 5．give a wry/sheepish grin咧嘴苦笑；尴尬地笑 6．set the table in a roar使满座的人哄堂大笑 7．scream/roar with laughter放声大笑 8．howl with laughter狂笑 9．laugh a loud laugh大笑一声 10．roars of laughter大笑 句型 1．Grinning with delight，he patted me on the shoulder. 他高兴地咧着嘴笑着，拍了拍我的肩膀。(现在分词短语作状语) 2．Mom glanced in my direction，a smile creeping slowly across her face. 妈妈看了我一眼，一丝微笑慢慢掠过她的脸庞。(无灵主语) 3．With a wide grin and flapping tail，he drove away the loneliness in my heart simply by a loving，familiar face.它咧着嘴笑，甩着尾巴，这张充满爱的、熟悉的脸驱走了我心中的孤独。 4．The class roared with laughter after hearing the joke I told them. 听完我给他们讲的笑话，全班哄堂大笑。 5．The kids giggled with delight upon seeing the dog play with the kittens. 看到这只狗和小猫们在一起玩耍时，孩子们高兴得咯咯地笑了起来。(upon doing...) Ⅲ.语料综合运用 　　当鲍勃看到那个无家可归的男孩吃着他给他的一片面包时，他的脸上慢慢地掠过一丝微笑。鲍勃的母亲站在门口，高兴得咧着嘴笑。“你真是太善良了，我的孩子！我以你为荣！”她高兴地说道。这时，传来了那个无家可归男孩的声音，“太感谢你了。”听了这话，鲍勃笑得合不拢嘴。一想到自己做了好事，他就为自己感到骄傲，脸上绽开了大大的笑容。 　　When Bob saw the homeless boy enjoying a piece of bread he gave him，①a smile crept slowly across his face (无灵主语).Bob′s mother stood at the doorway，②grinning with delight (现在分词短语作状语).“How kind you are，my boy! I′m proud of you！” she said in a delighted voice.Then ③came the voice of the homeless boy (完全倒装), “Thank you very much.” On hearing the words，④Bob grinned from ear to ear.At the thought of the good deed he had done，he felt proud of himself，⑤his face breaking into a wide grin (独立主格). A卷 (时间：25分钟　满分：32．5分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题，每小题2．5分，共20分) A (2025·吉林高中毕业年级第一次模拟测试)A 13­year­old boy, Jonathan Werner, is breaking a new path when it comes to the Scout (童子军) slogan “Do a Good Turn Daily”．The boy in Troop 506 has got an unusual high rank for someone of that age. Like many troops, 506 sells popcorn each fall to raise money.In 2019, Jonathan watched as kids who′d made D|S1, 800 or more in sales received a Lego set as a reward.“I really wanted that Lego set，” he says. The next year, he earned his Lego set.But Troop 506 doesn′t just give out Lego sets.Under its generous reward program, scouts receive a percentage of their sales in gift cards and cash points.Inspired, Jonathan spent the next few years developing some astonishing tricks for selling. Popcorn too expensive? A simple donation would do.No cash? Credit cards were acceptable.He set up in front of local stores, working 12 hours a day.He even struck a deal with a car dealer: In all his sales efforts, he′d wear a mask with the company′s logo if the owner would buy popcorn for all his employees. Jonathan started pulling down jaw­dropping numbers.In 2021, he earned D|S46, 193.75 in sales.He might have spent much on himself, but he had other ideas.The popcorn season closes in late November, and the holidays were on his mind—particularly the stories his father, Steve Kolk, had told him about his own days in foster (寄养) care. “They didn′t really have New Year，” Jonathan says.With D|S5, 000, he could bring New Year to a lot of kids.He shifted from a big seller to a big spender, hand­selecting D|S5, 000 worth of gifts for dozens of kids according to their personal details.Each present must be hand­wrapped.And no kid should get just one gift.If you weren′t unwrapping at least two packages, you weren′t getting the real New Year morning experience that his father never had. The next year he strengthened his efforts, achieving a higher aim in sales and spending more on gifts.“It really makes me happy，” he says, “the feeling that I′m making those kids happy on New Year.” [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。本文主要介绍了Jonathan Werner是如何实现自我并且超越自我，积极投身于慈善活动的。 1．What originally motivated Jonathan to sell more popcorn? A．Standing out in an scouting activity. B．Being persuaded by scout kids. C．Desiring a toy he dreamed about. D．Receiving gift cards and cash points. C　[细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In 2019, Jonathan watched as kids who′d made D|S1, 800 or more in sales received a Lego set as a reward.′I really wanted that Lego set′”可知，Jonathan看到其他孩子因为卖爆米花赚了1 800或者更多并因此获得了一套乐高套装作为奖励时，他也想要一套乐高。故选C项。C选项“Desiring a toy he dreamed about”是对原文“I really wanted that Lego set”的同义转换。] 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Challenges Jonathan met in sales. B．Help that the car dealer provided. C．Marketing strategies Jonathan used. D．The role the reward program played. C　[段落大意题。根据第四段内容可知，如果觉得爆米花太贵，纯粹的捐助也可以。如果没带现金，信用卡也是可以的。他把地点设在当地的商店门口，一天营业12个小时。他甚至和一个汽车经销商达成协议以卖出更多爆米花。所以可知该段主要讲述了为了把爆米花卖出去，Jonathan使用的一些营销策略。故选C项。] 3．Why did Jonathan turn into a big spender over New Year? A．He hoped the kids could experience real New Year. B．His father suggested he should pay it forward. C．He had earned enough money to spend on gifts. D．A scout should do this during the popcorn closing season. A　[推理判断题。根据第六段中的“They didn′t really have New Year”“With D|S5，000...He shifted from a big seller to a big spender”和该段最后一句可推知，寄养中心的那些孩子们没有真正过过新年，Jonathan决定拿出5 000美元给他们买礼物，让他们过一个真正的新年，故选A项。] 4．Which of the following can best describe Jonathan? A．Determined, caring. B．Generous, cautious. C．Confident, economical. D．Modest, optimistic. A　[推理判断题。根据第三段第一句话“The next year, he earned his Lego set”可知，接下来的那一年，他得到了他想要的乐高套装，这说明他是一个坚持实现目标的坚定的人；再根据第六段中的“hand­selecting $5，000 worth of gifts for dozens of kids according to their personal details”可知，Jonathan拿出5 000美元，根据寄养中心几十个孩子的个人特点给他们买礼物，这说明他是一个体贴的人。故选A项。] B (2025·武汉市部分学校高三年级调研考试)To Karanth, everyone in every part of the world is born with a fundamental connection to nature.Growing up in Karnataka, she began accompanying her father into the wild at just two years old.But in her hometown, kids grew up with a negative perspective on wildlife.Elephants destroyed crops and sometimes people were badly injured or killed.Karanth discovered kids wouldn′t appreciate the fact that it′s the best place to witness extraordinary animals. In 2017, a conversation with her friend Gabby shifted her mindset towards education.Within half a year, Karanth and Gabby had the first version of “Wild Shaale” on their hands.A program designed for students who come into frequent contact with wildlife, Wild Shaale aims to develop a genuine understanding of wildlife and wild spaces and move beyond wildlife tolerance to concepts of conservation and environmental issues.The conservation education program fills a gap in environmental learning. While it is fortunate that a basic environmental education is supported by local government, Karanth believes the challenge lies in the quality of the curriculum and whether it′s delivered effectively and consistently.“You have to visualize what these schools look like.They may not have electricity—forget having computers, internet iPads, or anything.” Encouraging the students to find commonalities between themselves and the animals is the first step in changing perceptions and hopefully, behavior.“It comes down to the same things: we need food; we need water; we need space.Then they start to understand why situations of conflict arise，” Karanth says.“But then how do you convince them not to get angry, not to act in a way that leads to harm? That′s something we′re trying to work on.It′s not easy.” [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。Karanth和朋友Gabby通过“Wild Shaale”项目，来改善当地学生对野生动物的认知，以减少人类和野生动物之间的冲突。 5．What problem might Karanth′s hometown have faced? A．Human­wildlife conflict. B．Loss of wildlife habitats. C．Overpopulation of elephants. D．Disregard for wildlife balance. A　[推理判断题。根据第一段的“But in her hometown, kids grew up with a negative perspective on wildlife.Elephants destroyed crops and sometimes people were badly injured or killed”可知，在Karanth的家乡，孩子们对野生动物持有负面看法。大象会破坏庄稼，有时甚至伤害或杀死人。由此可知，Karanth的家乡可能面临过人与野生动物的冲突问题。故选A。] 6．Why did Karanth launch the program Wild Shaale? A．To help students identify animals. B．To fill a gap in local education. C．To change how students perceive wildlife. D．To publicize wildlife diversity. C　[推理判断题。根据第二段第三句中的“Wild Shaale aims to develop a genuine understanding of wildlife and wild spaces and move beyond wildlife tolerance to concepts of conservation and environmental issues”可知，Wild Shaale项目旨在培养对野生动物和野外环境的真正理解，将重点从接受野生动物的思想转变为环保问题的概念。故选C。] 7．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The support to the plan. B．The barrier to the program. C．The curriculum arrangement. D．The schools′ conditions. B　[段落大意题。根据第三段尤其是“Karanth believes the challenge lies in the quality of the curriculum and whether it′s delivered effectively and consistently”可知，虽然基础环境教育得到了当地政府的支持，但Karanth认为，挑战在于课程的质量，以及课程是否能有效而持续地进行。由此可知，本段主要谈论的是项目面临的阻碍，故选B。] 8．What is Karanth trying to achieve in the program? A．A shift in humans′ attitudes and behavior. B．A breakthrough in environmental studies. C．Appropriate ways to end local conflict. D．Approaches to changing animals′ behavior. A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Encouraging the students...is the first step in changing perceptions and hopefully, behavior”和“how do you convince them not to get angry, not to act in a way that leads to harm? That′s something we′re trying to work on”可知，鼓励学生发现他们和动物之间的共同点是“改变观念，并且有望改变行为”的第一步。说服人们不要愤怒，不要以导致伤害的方式行动，这是项目正在努力解决的问题。故选A。A项与原文中的“changing perceptions and hopefully, behavior”是同义转换。] Ⅱ.阅读七选五(共5小题，每小题2．5分，共12．5分) (2025·南昌市高三摸底测试)In every culture throughout time, the kitchen has had a powerful influence.The simple practice of sitting down together at the table gives us the chance to connect and communicate.1( ) It depends on where you live, your age, and other factors, but the answer is, yes.Our intentions for “home” are evolving. 2( )Fast­paced lifestyles and work schedules make it hard to find time to shop for groceries and prepare meals.Online food delivery services have taken off，too.In 2016, one in ten Chinese was ordering food online.Throughout Europe, online ordering is capturing 56 percent of the market in Sweden and 43 percent in Austria.In India，online food ordering had reached close to D|S12m (US) by 2023. While there is a trend towards bring­in and order­in food, as well as dining out, the kitchen is still a core in home life.Food & Wine cited a survey in 22 countries asking about cooking habits.3( )At the lower end were South Koreans, who spent just 3.7 hours per week cooking.People in India were at the top with 13．2 hours per week spent in the kitchen. Simply being in the kitchen, cooking and eating with other people, can have healthy benefits.Regardless of its size, the kitchen is a warm and inviting place.4( )The difference is, now you can follow a recipe on your iPad while cooking. It′s true that impersonal appliances are connecting to each other and to us.Refrigerators order vegetables.Cooktop hoods with sensors turn themselves on.While technology and our expectations for the kitchen are shape­shifting in real time, the fundamentals remain the same.5( ) A．So is cooking a way to express yourself? B．The global average was almost 6．5 hours. C．But is our relationship to the kitchen changing? D．It′s like gathering around a campfire in the past. E．People seem to be spending less time cooking worldwide. F．Now more of them are eating outside the home more frequently. G．The kitchen is where we connect with food and company in the soul of the home. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。本文主要讨论了厨房的重要性以及现代生活方式对厨房使用的影响。尽管现代快节奏的生活方式和外卖服务的兴起使得人们在厨房烹饪的时间减少，但厨房仍然是家庭生活的核心。 1．C　[上文提到在每一种文化中，厨房都有着强大的影响力。一起坐在桌子旁的简单活动给了我们联系和交流的机会，根据第二段的“but the answer is, yes”可知，空处应为一个一般疑问句，内容与我们与厨房的关系有关。C项“但是，我们与厨房的关系正在改变吗？”承上启下，符合语境。故选C项。] 2．E　[根据下文可知，快节奏的生活方式和工作计划让人们感到买菜做饭很困难，世界各地的人们更愿意叫外卖。由此可以推断，人们在烹饪上花费的时间在减少。E项“全世界的人们花在烹饪上的时间似乎在减少”可以概括本段大意。故选E项。] 3．B　[空前提到Food &Wine引用了一项在22个国家进行的关于烹饪习惯的调查，空后提到排在较末位置的是韩国人，他们每周只花3.7小时做饭。印度人每周花在厨房里的时间为13．2小时，位居榜首。因此空处介绍的也应是调查的结果。B项“全球平均时间差不多为6．5小时”符合语境。故选B项。] 4．D　[上文提到厨房是一个温暖且诱人的地方，仅仅在厨房里和其他人一起做饭和吃饭就对健康有好处。空后讲到不同之处在于现在你做饭时可按照平板电脑上的食谱做。D项“就像过去大家聚在篝火旁”是对空前提到的场景的一种比喻，也与空后描述的现在的情况形成对比，符合语境。故选D项。] 5．G　[空前提到虽然技术和我们对厨房的期望在实时变化，但厨房的基本功能仍然保持不变。因此空处应与厨房的基本功能有关。G项“厨房是我们与食物和宾客联系在一起的地方，是家的灵魂”呼应文章主题，是对上文的总结。故选G项。] B卷 (时间：30分钟　满分：40分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共4小题，每小题2．5分，共10分) (2025·福建宁德模拟)When I teach research methods, a major focus is peer review.As a process, peer review evaluates academic papers for their quality, integrity and impact on a field, largely shaping what scientists accept as “knowledge”—By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed？” Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals—I know how vulnerable the process can be. I had my first encounter with peer review during my first year as a Ph.D student.One day, my adviser handed me an essay and told me to have my written review back to him in a week.But at the time, I certainly was not a “peer”—I was too new in my field.Manipulated data (不实的数据) or substandard methods could easily have gone undetected.Knowledge is not self­evident.Only experts would be able to notice them, and even then, experts do not always agree on what they notice. Let′s say in my life I only see white swans.Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white.And a “peer” says, “Wait a minute, I′ve seen black swans.” I would have to refine my knowledge. The peer plays a key role evaluating observations with the overall goal of advancing knowledge.For example, if the above story were reversed, and peer reviewers who all believed that all swans were white came across the first study observing a black swan, the study would receive a lot of attention. So why was a first­year graduate student getting to stand in for an expert? Why would my review count the same as an expert′s review? One answer: The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor. Despite the fact that peers are professionals, peer review is not a profession.As a result, the same over­worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests.Besides the labor inequity, a small pool of experts can lead to a narrowed process of what is publishable or what counts as knowledge, directly threatening diversity of perspectives and scholars.Without a large enough reviewer pool, the process can easily fall victim to biases, arising from a small community recognizing each other′s work and compromising conflicts of interest. Despite these challenges, I still tell my students that peer review offers the best method for evaluating studies and advancing knowledge.As a process, peer review theoretically works.The question is whether the issues with peer review can be addressed by professionalizing the field. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析。 1．What can we learn about peer review in the first paragraph? A．It generates knowledge. B．It is commonly practiced. C．It is a major research method. D．It is questioned by some scientists. B　[推理判断题。根据第一段“By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, ′Was that peer reviewed？′”(出于本能，任何学者在跟进新想法时都会问：“这个想法经过同行评议了吗？”)”可知，从第一段中我们可以了解到同行评议是普遍的做法。故选B。] 2．What can be inferred about the example of swans? A．Complexity of peer review ensures its reliability. B．Contradictions between scientists may be balanced. C．Individuals can be limited by personal experiences. D．Experts should detect unscientific observation methods. C　[推理判断题。根据第四段“Let′s say in my life I only see white swans.Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white.And a ′peer′ says, ′Wait a minute, I′ve seen black swans.′I would have to refine my knowledge.(比方说，在我的生活中，我只看到白天鹅。也许我可以写一篇文章，总结说所有的天鹅都是白色的。一个′同行′说，′等一下，我见过黑天鹅。′我就得完善我的知识。)”可知，从天鹅的例子可以推断出个人可能会受到个人经历的限制。故选C。] 3．What is the author′s major concern about peer review? A．Workload for scholars. B．Toughness of the process. C．Diversification of publications. D．Financial support to reviewers. D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor.(这个过程几乎完全依赖于无偿劳动力。)”和倒数第二段“As a result, the same over­worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests.(结果，收到大量的同行评审请求总是那些过度劳累的学者。)”可知，作者对同行评议的主要担忧是对评审的财政支持。故选D。] 4．The passage is mainly about ． A．what fuels peer review B．why peer review is imperfect C．how new hands advance peer review D．whether peer reviewers are underrated B　[主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals—I know how vulnerable the process can be.(虽然我相信同行评议的重要性，我也为几家学术期刊做同行评议，但我知道这个过程有多脆弱。)”可知，本文主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析，因此B选项“why peer review is imperfect(为什么同行评议是不完美的)”是本文的主旨。故选B。] Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题，每小题1分，共15分) (2025·高三年级入学素质测试)Katie Mahoney in Halifax，Nova Scotia co­founded a non­profit organization with Cara Chisholm to make seniors′ wishes come true.Like many great ideas，Mahoney′s started 1 ． In 2014，a friend recommended her to 2 an act of kindness for someone.Mahoney wanted to choose someone 3 giving back to the Halifax community and knew quickly whom to 4 ：79­year­old Eleanor Wagner，who always 5 baked foods for the staff at the pub where Mahoney worked and did 6 work at the local homeless shelters.To know Wagner better，Mahoney spent a day with her.“It was the first time in years someone had 7 my day，” said Wagner. Their 8 experience got Mahoney thinking.How many other seniors might 9 that kind of undivided attention? And had some of those seniors 10 their dreams because they′d been busy caring for others? At the time，these questions made Cara Chisholm equally 11 ，so the pair founded We Are Young(WAY).WAY has helped realize many dreams.All are 12 things like watching a film. Though their organization operates 13 in Nova Scotia，they want to launch a nationwide movement that 14 how people view，value and support seniors—it′s generally thought that the seniors should devote themselves to their family and communities.“That is the 15 we′re trying to create，”says Mahoney. [语篇解读]　本文是记叙文。本文主要介绍了Mahoney在一次传递善意的行动后，和Chisholm合伙创建了We Are Young组织，旨在帮助老年人实现梦想。 1． A．small B．easily C．big D．casually A　[像许多伟大的想法一样，Mahoney的想法从小处开始。根据第二、三段内容可推测，Mahoney建立非营利组织的想法是因为一件传递善意的小事而产生的，故选A。small与great 相呼应。small“小小地”；easily“容易地，轻易地”；big“大大，给人印象深地”；casually“不经意地，随便地”。] 2． A．introduce B．identify C．advertise D．perform D　[根据空后的“an act of kindness”(一件善事)和本段倒数第二句中的“Mahoney spent a day with her”可知，这里是说“她的一个朋友建议她为某人做一件善事”，故D项 perform“做，执行”符合语境。introduce“使初次接触，使尝试”；identify“找到，发现”；advertise“(为……)做广告”。] 3． A．accidentally B．randomly C．regularly D．informally C　[Mahoney想选择一个经常回馈Halifax社区的人，并且很快确定了人选：79岁的Eleanor Wagner。她经常给Mahoney工作的酒吧工作人员送去烘焙食品，并在当地的无家可归者收容所做志愿工作。Mahoney要选一个人并为其做一件善事，结合下文中的“who always...at the local homeless shelters”可知，她是想选一个经常(regularly)回馈社区的人，故选 C。accidentally“偶然地”；randomly“随意地”；informally“非正式地”。] 4． A．praise B．pick C．respect D．award B　[句意参考第3题。此处“knew quickly whom to 4 ”与上文中的“wanted to choose someone”并列，表示“很快就确定选谁了”，故选 B。pick“挑选”与 choose为同义词转换。praise“赞扬，表扬”；respect“尊重”；award“授予，给予奖励”。] 5． A．called in B．set aside C．dropped off D．put away C　[句意参考第3题。此处说的是Eleanor Wagner所做的一些好事，根据空后的“baked foods for the staff”可知，她经常给工作人员送去烘焙食品，故选 C。call in“下令收回，要求撤回”；set aside“省出，留出(钱或时间)”；drop off“ (开车)顺便把……送到(某处)”；put away“把……收拾好”。] 6． A．voluntary B．part­time C．relaxing D．low­paid A　[句意参考第3题。根据上文中的“giving back to the Halifax community”和空后的“at the local homeless shelters”可知，她在当地的无家可归者收容所做志愿工作，故选 A。voluntary“自愿的，无偿的，义务的”；part­time“(工作)部分时间的，兼职的”；relaxing“使人放松的，轻松的”；low­paid“工资低的”。] 7． A．made B．started C．witnessed D．shortened A　[根据上一句中的“Mahoney spent a day with her”和第三段中的“that kind of undivided attention”可知，Mahoney和Eleanor一起度过了一天，并且全部的注意力都放在Eleanor身上。所以此处是说，“这是多年来第一次有人让我这么高兴”，make sb.′s day“使某人非常高兴”。故选 A。start“开始”；witness“目击”；shorten“(使)变短，缩短”。] 8． A．widened B．valued C．favored D．shared D　[她们共同的经历引起了Mahoney的思考。根据第二段倒数第二句中的“Mahoney spent a day with her”可知，此处指的是Mahoney与Wagner 这一天的共同(shared)经历，故选D。widened“拓宽的，扩大的”；valued“受珍视的”；favored“受众人喜爱的”。] 9． A．pay B．expect C．acknowledge D．accept B　[第二段提到Wagner与Mahoney 共同度过一天后非常高兴，空处下一句和第四段提到这些老年人的梦想和人们对他们的看法、关注与支持。因此此处表示“有多少其他的老年人会期望(expect)得到这样全心全意的关注？”。故选B。pay“付款”；acknowledge“承认”；accept“接受”。] 10．A．postponed B．achieved C．considered D．followed A　[根据空后的“because they′d been busy caring for others”(因为忙于照顾他人)可知，此处指的是“推迟自己的梦想”，故A项postpone“推迟，延期”符合语境。achieve“实现”；consider“考虑”；follow“追求”。] 11．A．puzzled B．amazed C．interested D．excited C　[根据上文Mahoney思考的两个问题可知，这些问题同样引起了Cara Chisholm的兴趣，于是两个人创立了“We Are Young”这个组织。故选C。puzzled“困惑的”；amazed“惊讶的”；interested“感兴趣的”；excited“兴奋的”。] 12．A．extraordinary B．meaningful C．urgent D．simple D　[空后的“like watching a film”是对things的解释说明，所以这里是说，这些梦想都很简单，比如看电影，故选 D。extraordinary“异乎寻常的，令人惊奇的”；meaningful“有意义的”；urgent“紧急的，需迅速处理的”；simple“简单的”。] 13．A．still B．again C．only D．even C　[Though引导让步状语从句，根据主句“they want to launch a nationwide movement”(她们想发起一场全国性的运动)可知，此处表示“尽管她们这个组织仅仅(only)在 Nova Scotia 活动”，故选C。] 14．A．indicates B．explains C．strengthens D．transforms D　[第三段提到WAY这个组织帮助其他人实现了很多梦想，所以她们想要发起的全国性的运动应是想要改变人们对老年人的看法、重视程度和支持方式，故选D。indicate“表明”；explain“解释”；strengthen“增强”；transform“改变”。] 15．A．opportunity B．influence C．reputation D．impression B　[根据空前句中的“it′s generally thought that the seniors should devote themselves to their family and communities”可知，人们普遍认为老年人应该致力于他们的家庭和社区。而她们想要发起的全国性的运动正是想要改变这种观念，改变人们对老年人的看法、重视程度和支持方式，也就是她们想要带来的影响(influence)。故选B。opportunity“机会”；reputation“名誉”；impression“印象，感想”。] Ⅲ.语法填空(共10个空，每空1．5分，共15分) (2025·宁夏石嘴山一模)Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China′s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian went to the United States for 1 (far) studies in 1935．Soon as a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology, he and his colleagues 2 (found) the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the 1940s, now one of NASA′s leading space­exploration centres. 3 (overcome) many difficulties in the US, Qian eventually returned to China in 1955．He received a hero′s welcome from his homeland.At that time, in poor China, its rocket science was undeveloped—No majors in rocket science; No talents; No experts.Nevertheless, the “No”s didn′t discourage him from 4 (take) on the challenge.His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？” was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things 5 other people make.” Under Qian′s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles and launched its first man­made satellite.Even much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also 6 (trace) back to Qian′s research, so he earned the name of “the father of China′s aerospace”． Qian was extremely 7 (knowledge), especially in the area of frontier science research.However, 8 might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong curiosity in other things, such as music and drawing.His deep appreciation for art often gave him 9 (inspire) in his scientific research. The whole country was saddened by Qian′s death 10 October 31，2009, and people honored and remembered him in different ways. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了钱学森对中国航天科学的影响及其突出贡献。 1．further　[考查固定短语。句意：钱学森1911年生于杭州，1935年赴美深造。表示“深造”的短语为further study。故填further。] 2．founded　[考查动词时态。句意：作为美国喷气和火箭技术的先驱，他和他的同事在20世纪40年代建立了喷气推进实验室，现在是美国宇航局领先的太空探索中心之一。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词作谓语，根据时间状语in the 1940s可知，此处应用一般过去时，故空处应用动词的一般过去时态。故填founded。] 3．Having overcome　[考查非谓语动词。句意：在美国克服了许多困难后，钱学森最终于1955年回到中国。分析句子结构可知，此处应是非谓语动词，与逻辑主语Qian之间是主动关系。结合语意可知，空处动作发生在主句动作之前，故此处应用现在分词的完成时，即Having done结构。故填Having overcome。] 4．taking　[考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，这些“没有”并没有阻止他接受挑战。作介词from的宾语，应用动名词形式。故填taking。] 5．as/that　[考查固定短语。句意：我们中国人能制造和别人一样的东西。短语the same...as/that表示“和……一样”，as/that在该句中引导定语从句，先行词为things。故填as/that。] 6．be traced　[考查语态。句意：甚至神舟火箭背后的许多技术也可以追溯到钱学森的研究，所以他赢得了“中国航天之父”的称号。technology与trace back 为被动关系，此处需要被动语态，因置于情态动词之后，故填be traced。] 7．knowledgeable　[考查形容词。句意：钱学森学识渊博，尤其是在前沿科学研究方面。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词作表语，意为“学识渊博的”，应填形容词knowledgeable。故填knowledgeable。] 8．what　[考查名词性从句。句意：然而，使他成为如此杰出和有创造力的科学家可能是因为他对其他事物的强烈兴趣，如音乐和绘画。引导主语从句，从句缺主语，意为“什么”，应用连接代词what来引导主语从句。故填what。] 9．inspiration　[考查名词。句意：他对艺术的热爱经常给他的科学研究带来灵感。分析句子结构可知，此处应用名词作宾语，结合语意可知，此处意为“灵感”，故应用名词inspiration，抽象名词不可数。故填inspiration。] 10．on　[考查介词。句意：2009年10月31日，全国人民为钱学森先生的逝世感到悲痛，人们以不同的方式缅怀他。根据后文October 31, 2009表示在具体某一天应用介词on。故填on。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $