核心语法点知识清单 Part 5 零冠词-2026届高考英语一轮复习

该高中英语高考复习知识清单系统整理了核心语法点“零冠词”专题，涵盖零冠词的定义、单形类名词（抽象化与物质化）、集体/物质/抽象名词的零冠词用法、专有名词零冠词规则，以及补充说明（如带限制性定语的不可数名词、方向名词零冠词等）和易错点辨析（如与定冠词、物主代词的区别）六大知识模块。 清单采用“概念解析+实例分类+考频标注”的方式，将“零冠词+单形类名词表职务/典型品质”标注为五星高频考点，用思维导图呈现“零冠词+单形名词”的五大应用场景（抽象化、物质化、职务、称呼语、成对名词），培养学生的语言能力和思维品质。特设“高考真题例句库”和“易混点对比表”，如对比“go to school”（零冠词表抽象概念）与“go to the school”（定冠词表具体地点），配有错误示例和正确用法解析，帮助学生精准掌握语法规则，教师可通过清单中的考频提示和实例分析优化复习策略，提升备考效率。

高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 5 零冠词 1 “零冠词”一词是很有用的 有一读者看到“零冠词”问是否印错？ 不，“零冠词”并未印错。国内出版的一些英语语法书多不用这一术语，而用“不用冠词的场合”，以减少初学者学习上的负担。其实，所谓“零冠词”（亦可称为“零性冠词”）也就是不用冠词的意思。系统地讲，英语有三种冠词，即定冠词（definite article）、不定冠词(indefinite article)和零冠词(zero article)。对于已具有一定水平的读者来说，“零冠词”一词是很有用的，因为它不但简便，而且很科学。比如下面一句： (1)Horses are useful animals. 句中的horses和animals即是“零冠词+复形名词”，而： (2)The child is father of the man. 句中的father即“零冠词+单形名词”。 2 试谈“零冠词+单形类名词”结构 据说有一条语法规则说：单数（应为单形）可数名词之前必须用冠词。我们认为这样说是不妥当的，至少是不全面的。我们为什么这样说呢？原因有两个：一是单形可数名词之前不仅可用所谓“冠词”，还可用某些物主代词、某些指示代词、某些不定代词，以及某些数词等，如 my book, this book, no book, one book；另一个是它所谓“冠词”显然仅指定冠词和不定冠词而言，而不包括零冠词（即不用冠词的场合），但事实上单形可数名词用零冠词的情况是屡见不鲜的。 单形可数名词有单形类名词（皆可数）、单形可数集体名词、单形可数物质名词与单形可数抽象名词等。这篇短文只限于谈单形类名词用零冠词的情况。为方便起见，让我们把这种情况叫做“零冠词+单形类名词”结构。 “零冠词+单形类名词”结构主要有两种用途，它们是将单形类名词加以抽象化与物质化。 首先，什么是抽象化呢？有一位语法家说得好：“一个普通名称的潜在意义主要内含着品质，品质是一般的，故而是抽象的。”这就是说，当一个个别的可数的代表着普通名称或事物的类名词用上了零冠词，它就代表一个一般的抽象的不可数的概念或品质了。或者说得简单一些，单形类名词用上零冠词就转化为一抽象名词了。这种单形类名词又可分为表人的、表物的、表地点的三种： 1.“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”可抽象化的有： (1)He had great neatness of person. （person 在此表人的外表这一整体概念） (2)Tall, gaunt and dogmatic, one's first impression of Laetitia was of undying latter-day puritan... （undying latter-day puritan 在此表永恒的近代清教徒的典型概念） (3)She had the door open now and was through it, a rustle of girl, a fragrant, snapping shadow and was gone as the door slammed shut. （girl 在此表典型的少女概念，可与 a burst of sun 类比） (4)A basketful of deeply-engrossed boy. （这是报上一张照片的说明，其中 boy 亦表一种典型概念） 最常用的“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”结构大概就是表“人”或“人类”的 man 了。 如： (5)Man is mortal. (6)Everybody says man has evolved from the monkey. (7)The skull of Peking man was discovered in 1929 in Zhoukoudian. (8)We have done all that mortal man can do. 为什么表“人”或“人类”的 man 用零冠词呢？语法家们的意见不尽相同。有的说 man 一词就像 home 一样，人们对之太熟悉了，谈到它时，只会觉得它是一个基本着眼点（primary concern)， 不会想到它区别于别的什么动物或东西。如例（6）中的 man 显然与 the monkey 不同：前者是基本着眼点，后者则有区别于其他事物的含义。有的语法家则说 man 是独一无二的事物，就像专有名词一样，所以应用零冠词。也有人说，因为说话人也是人，故总与 man 分不开，而 the horse 则不是这样。我们倾向于第一种说法。另外，请注意例（7）与例 （8）中的 Peking man 与 mortal man 虽有修饰语，但并不区别于其他类别。如有区别于其他类别的含义，则须用定冠词 the, 如 the Neanderthal man, the family man 等。 同样， woman 亦可用零冠词表示一基本着眼点，如对女子有偏见的人常说： (9)Woman is frail. (10)Woman is best when she is at rest. (11)She had that sort of queerness, endless assertion of her own will, which is one of the signs of insanity in modern woman. 用零冠词的 man 还可抽象化为男人的气质或丈夫气概，用零冠词的 woman 则表女人的气质，如： (12)That was a lot of man （或woman ）. 表男女对照时二者皆可用零冠词，如： (13)Woman lives longer than man in most countries. “零冠词+表人的单形类名词”也常指一个单位中的某一职务。职务是一不可数的、无限制性的、无形的一般概念，故应用零冠词。也有人说它像是专有名词。如： (14)I was surgeon successively in two shifts. (15)James was received in Scotland with great rejoicing and was crowned king. (16)There is a strain of high seriousness in her resolve to manage her farm and take over the duties of bailiff. 这种“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”之后常接一个 of 短语，如： (17)John is captain of the team. (18)He is Manager of the Westminster Bank. （如在 Manager 前加上定冠词 the 则有卓越非凡之含义） (19)He is Rector of the University. 在当代英语中，一般的不是唯一的职务亦可用“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”表示，如： (20)I’m chauffeur tonight. （chauffeur 在此表职责） (21)He is mechanic in a factory. (22)Had he not been bartender in a great city at one time until he drank so deeply that he was discharged? (23)During the silent ride to the suburbs that morning, Eli's thoughts were drawn to the first homicide case he'd investigated right after making detective. 但请注意下面一例中的 yonder solitary child 并不是“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”结构，而是等于 that solitary child，因为较古旧的形容词 yonder 在此= that: (24)It's dear old honest Ali Baba! Yes, yes, I know. One Christmas time, when yonder solitary child was left here all alone, he did come, for the first time, just like that. 2.“零冠词+表物的单形类名词”也可以转化为不可数的抽象名词，如： (25)Car is the best mode of transport. （car 在此表一不可数的总体概念） (26)I told her I had never been in so many hotels in my life as since I came to Europe. I have never seen so many — it's nothing but hotel. （hotel 在此亦表一总体概念） 表人体部分的单形类名词常可转而表抽象的概念，如： (27)“I am a person who cares a lot about face,” she told me. （face指面子） (28)Anne went herself to the east gable and sat down by her window in the darkness alone with her tears and her heaviness of heart. （heart指心情） 但下面一例中的 soul 则表一不可数的总体： (29)The idea of chastity should be widened to refer to purity of soul. And it should apply to both women and men. 3.“零冠词+表地点的单形类名词”也可以转化为不可数的抽象名词。最常见的有： bed, church, home, hospital, market, prison （或 jail）, town, school, college 等。实例如： (30)There is no place like home. （home 表一不可数的整体概念） (31)School is over at twelve. （school 指上课） (32)He had left college before that time. （college 意谓“大学学业”） (33)He risked jail. （jail 意谓“坐牢”） 注意下面句中的 place=room: (34)The day had faded until he could barely distinguish place for his feet. 其次，什么是物质化呢？说得简单些，就是“零冠词+单形类名词”转化为不可数的单形物质名词。例如： (35)Apple. （这是一幅上面画有一个苹果的画的说明。 apple 在此和 meat 一样，仅表物质，不可数，无区别性） (36)We had roast chicken for dinner. （chicken 转化为鸡肉） (37)Spider is a shrike's favorite food. （spider 转化为伯劳鸟的食物） (38)Most city people have never tasted squirrel, which is arguably as sweet as rabbit. （squirrel 与 rabbit 皆转化为肉食） 以上四例中的“零冠词+单形类名词”结构皆指食物。这种结构亦可指非食物，如： (39)There is too much sun in this room. （sun 转化为阳光） (40)The essence of pearl mixed with essence of men and a curious dark residue was precipitated. （pearl 变为不可数的物质名词） 和单形物质名词一样，这种用零冠词的单形类名词也可与单位词连用，如： (41)He had no chance to take a bite of biscuit. (42)There was a stretch of bad road beyond the river. (43)The man had his hand bound up with shabby strips of shirt. 上面所谈的是“零冠词+单形类名词”结构的两种主要用途。下面让我们谈谈这种结构的一些其他个别的具体用法。 1.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构的具体用法之一是常用来表示一种典型的品质，这种单形类名词常指人体部分（动物身体的部分亦然）以及衣物等，如： (44)She leant with blue face and bent knees against the window. (45)He sat with head bent over a pile of papers. (46)Then he was down, rolling over and over in the warm sand, crouching with arm up to ward off, trying to cry for mercy. (47)Wexford remained seated, legs crossed, left foot casually swinging up and down. 下面一些句子中的“零冠词+单形类名词”则表典型的衣物： (48)“This is Oliver,” said Philip Cavilleri, suit by Robert Hall, coiffure by Dom of Cranston, cashmere sweater by Cardin. (49)The tall and pretty bride in a white knitted dress, arm in arm with her bridegroom in dark suit and red tie, got out of the car in a shower of flowers. (50)The Greek, big apron, sleeves rolled up, was frying pork chops in two big skillets. (51)Lukitch poured out another glass and stood with bottle tipped. 注意下面三例中划横线的单形类名词亦皆属于这一类情况： (52)A girl came in, book in hand. (53)He stood there, pipe in mouth. (54)I fell head first down the stairs. 此类“零冠词+单形类名词”所指的事物不一定附属于人，如： (55)On the flat-topped desk was a reading lamp with whitelined green shade. 2.“介词+零冠词+单形类名词”结构常可表各种不可数的抽象概念，有许多已变成习语，如： (56)He's six, so he'll be going to school this year. （to school 表目的） (57)An ambulance is a motor vehicle for carrying sick or wounded people to hospital. （to hospital 表目的，但美国英语常用 to the hospital） (58)He spent six months in jail. （in jail 指在坐牢） (59)He is in college now. （in college指在上大学） (60)They were at table when we called. （at table指在吃饭） (61)It was considered a virtue not to talk unnecessarily at sea. （at sea指在航海中） (62)Do you come to school by bus ?（by bus 表手段） (63)She knows the words by heart. （by heart 亦表手段） (64)He went away on foot. （on foot表徒步） (65)They are trying to give young performers more opportunities on stage. （on stage指在舞台上表演） (66)In the past four years, he has been into hospital 12 times. （into hospital 表住院） (67)We sailed into port to refit. （into port 表入港） (68)The case was settled out of court. （out of court 指不打官司或私了） 意指“作为”的介词 for 与 as 之后也常接“零冠词+单形类名词”结构，如： (69)...and a third man beat time to them, making do for instrument in this betweenworld with an empty sardine-tin.（instrument 在此表不可数的总体概念） (70)She and her sister moved to an old cowshed and gave up their living rooms as classroom. （classroom 在此亦表不可数的总体概念） 3.“形容词+ of+ 表人体部分的单形类名词”结构中的单形类名词也常用零冠词，表不可数的典型概念，如： (71)Father Andrew Powel was a large man, red of face. (72)A woman, solid of frame and vigorous, very plain in face and dress, was leading a small boy of seven. (73)She called to a tall and slender youth, smooth of cheek and obviously becurled as to hair. (74)You are genuinely good and pure of heart. 4.“kind, sort, type 等+ of” 结构之后的单形类名词也常用零冠词，表不可数的总体，如： (75)What kind of man is he?（有人说如用 a man 则不表“甚等样人”，而是问“一个人的具体职业”） (76)A butterfly is a kind of insect. (77)A hammer is a sort of tool. (78)You have to stop this sort of thing. (79)John is a fine type of schoolboy. (80)What type of car are you looking for? (81)This is a strange species of rose. (82)That class of bag is not obtainable now. 饶有兴味的是 age （年龄）亦可用于此种结构，如： (83)—What age of woman is she? —Close on sixty — respectable and hard working! 请注意 kinds, types, species 等复形名词亦可用于此种结构，但 of 之后亦常可用复形类名词。例如： (84)These kinds of book are useful. （亦可用复形 books） (85)There are many types of officer in the army, of all kinds of rank. （亦可用复形 officers） 5. 当介词 of 前后两个单形名词（最后面一个名词是类名词）是一种同位关系时，最后面的类名词亦须用零冠词，如： (86)She was very much against the idea of hospital. （idea 与 hospital 同位） (87)Miriam was not used to the position of hostess. （position 与 hostess 同位） (88)Each morning at breakfast she played the role of happy wife for the servants' benefit. （role 与 wife 同位） (89)Becoming one of the most learned men in general knowledge of this sort, and also perhaps the most widely read man of his time, he entered upon his career of critic — without bias, any prejudice, any narrowness...（career 与 critic 同位） 6. 单形类名词用作表语表不可数的抽象概念时应用零冠词，这种单形类名词常具有形容词的品质，如： (90)He was master. (91)Now she was gypsy, pure gypsy. (92)He looked at the poor dead thing that had been man. (93)Marie was nineteen and virgin, but she was essentially woman. 这种单形类名词可后接副词 enough, 如： (94)I want you to be warrior enough to fight, if necessary, for what you believe, and for what is right. (95)Hardy is realist enough to see that human nature being what it is, the consequences of a surrender to impulse should not damn the individual irredeemably. 这种单形类名词也可与副词 all （=completely）连用，如： (96)“My boyfriend is all man,” boasted Anita Bussom to Ponny Plane. (97)This may look like an old jalopy to you, but it's all car. 这种单形类名词在比较结构中更像是形容词，如： (98)She is more mother than wife. (99)He is more artist than businessman. (100)Nicholson said that man was more animal than man, he was sure. (101)Though the youngest among them, she was more woman than they. 为了强调， 这种单形类名词常置于句首或从句之首， 但其后要用 that，如： (102)Little fool that he was! (103)Beggar that I am, I am even poor in thanks. (104)Lucky man that David was, he had a son who very much loved his father. 这种单形类名词还可置于从句之首，后接 as 或 though 或 that, 表示让步，如： (105)Child as she was, consciousness of self had come to her. (106)She has more sense than Mary, child though she is. (107)Child that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 除 be 外，其他连系动词如 become, turn, fall, stand 等亦可后接“零冠词+单形类名词”结构，如： (108)He became king. (109)He was a medical student before he turned writer. (110)She fell victim to fashion. （fell victim to 已成习语） (111)Will you stand godmother to the child? 连系动词 look 与 go 有时亦可后接“零冠词+单形类名词” 结构，如： (112)The group of buildings looks every inch ancient temple. (113)I went cabin-boy on board an Indiaman. “零冠词+单形类名词”结构用作表语时常后接 of 短语，如： (114)The child is father of the man. （格言） (115)We were sure that the captain was master of the situation. （master of the situation 已成习语） (116)He was son of a tailor. （强调父子关系） (117)He was headmaster of Rugby. （强调 headmaster 与 Rugby 学校二者的关系） (118)He was author of many literary works. （was author 可以说=wrote） (119)Han was sole owner of a business worth ten million yuan. （sole owner of a business 像是一个整体，如用定冠词 the, owner 与 business 的关系就不很密切了） “零冠词+单形类名词”结构也可后接介词 to 引导的短语，如： (120)Was Marice niece to this man? (121)Who is heir to the throne? (122)Perhaps that was a providence too, for John was brother to Ellen Amelia. 请注意下面一例中“零冠词+pinhead+in size”的用法： (123)These eruptions were pinhead in size. 7.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构一般皆表零念（即既无单念亦无复念），但当此结构用作名词的修饰语时，则可认为表复念，如： (124)Are you a member of a book club? （book club=a club that offers books cheaply to its members, 故 book 在此有复念） (125)An eyebrow pencil is a stick of coloured material in a holder, used for darking the eyebrows. （eye-brow 在此有复念） 其他如复合名词 toothpaste, football 等中的tooth 与 foot 皆可认为表复念。（但并非所有这种结构中的单形类名词皆表复念，如 tablecloth 则= a cloth for covering a table） 8.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构形式上常相当于同位语，实际上则起一种描写的作用，如： (126)Hannah Marsland, widow, aged 75 years. （省略句） (127)Thomas Betts, labourer, of no fixed address. （省略句） (128)After coffee Michaelis, restless and ill-sitting soul, wondered what he should do. (129)Burke, famous statesman, writer and philosopher, was member of parliament for Bristol from 1774 to 1780. 9.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构还可用作宾语补语和主语补语。用作宾语补语有如： (130)They made him prisoner. (131)He called me fool. (132)They continued to hold the three Americans hostage. 将上述主动结构变为被动结构，宾语补语即变为主语补语，如： (133)He was taken prisoner. (134)Abraham Lincoln was first elected president of the United States in 1860. 10. 单形类名词指词语本身时，自然须用零冠词，如： (135)The boy cried wolf. （wolf 为一单词） (136)The sounds help the description of wandering road.（road 与 wandering 构成一短语） 11.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构常用在习语中，这是大家所熟知的，故只就最常见的两类各举几例。 动词+单形类名词： (137)take root (138)lose heart (139)cast anchor (140)eat humble pie 介词+单形类名词： (141)at home (142)in town (143)by hand (144)on horseback 最后简略地谈一谈另一些为人所熟知的情况： 1. 呼语、感叹语等口语中常用“零冠词+单形类名词”结构。呼语如： (145)Come here, boy ! (146)Hello, exchange ? (147)I'm feeling better, doctor. (148)Stop thief ! 感叹语如： (149)O table ! (150)Poor fellow ! (151)Nice room you've got here. 2. 成对的单形类名词要用零冠词， 如： (152)Brother and sister were at breakfast. (153)They became man and wife. (154)Their wage is hardly enough to keep body and soul together. (155)The classmates left the room arm in arm. (156)I ask you simply as between man and man... (157)He turned and hurried out, thrilling from head to toe. (158)He ran from oil well to pumping station to crude storage. 请注意下面三例中成对的单形类名词： (159)I imagine train will be quicker than car. (160)It is funny how rogue knows rogue. (161)They are in a great stew about it all, mother lying down with screaming hysterics or something and daughter snapping like a turtle. 3. 两个以上的单形类名词并列时亦常用零冠词，如： (162)The little inn was really a combination of restaurant and dancing parlor and hotel. (163)His face, which was almost sculpturally masculine in its bold lines of brow, nose and jaw, softened suddenly. (164)A clean cloth was spread before him, with knife, fork, and spoon, salt-celler, pepper-box, glass, and pewter ale-pot. (165)Lion hunter, snake handler, midwife and cook — Doug Wright has been all those and more. (166)The man with net or bow or lance or gun creeps noiselessly as he thinks, toward the frog. 单形类名词还有不少其前可以省去定冠词与不定冠词的情况，但由于这已不属于“零冠词+单形类名词”结构的范畴，我们就不在这里谈了。 3 试谈“零冠词+单形集体、物质、抽象名词”结构 在这一篇中，让我们谈谈有关“零冠词+单形集体、物质、抽象名词”结构的一些问题。我们就按此题目所列的顺序先谈“零冠词+单形集体名词”结构。 说到集体名词，学过一点语法的人就会想到 family, committee, party, class, army, herd 等词，并想到这些名词的单数形式只能与定冠词或不定冠词连用，而不可用零冠词。可是这样想并不符合事实，有些单形集体名词常可用零冠词，如 mankind, humanity, officialdom, vermin 等。 请看实例： (1)They have performed a valuable service to mankind. (2)This is a crime against humanity. (3)This leaves the individual at the mercy of officialdom. (4)He says that football hooligans are vermin. 上述单形集体名词一般皆不可数，无复形，之所以用零冠词，对中国学生来说，是比较容易理解和使用的。中国学生较难掌握的恐怕是“零冠词+可数而有复形的单形集体名词”结构，如 family 一词。你可能会说，它不是一个像类名词一样可数的具体名词吗？怎么可以用零冠词呢？是的，它常用作可数的具体名词，故常可与定冠词、不定冠词、物主代词等连用，如： (5)John is the youngest in our family. (6)The Jones family have gone on vacation to Spain. (7)They have a very big family — five sons and three daughters. 但这只是单形集体名词 family 的一种用法，是一种较普通的用法。但 family 还有另一种用法，即其与零冠词连用的用法。这种用法似乎比较少见，但却是事实，故应引起中国学生的格外注意。现举几例如下： (8)I didn't know you had family. （family 在此意谓“亲人”） (9)On the wall is another couplet reading, “Family of 100 years values charities; pleasure of first grade is reading.” (10)a man of family （指出身名门之人） 像 family 这样既可用定冠词和不定冠词，也可用零冠词的单形集体名词还有一些，现再举几例如下： (11)In these novels society figures largely as a jungle. (12)If the lady marries the gamekeeper, it is not class-spite, but in spite of class. (13)I figure we can make do with three in crew. (14)Sorry, fellows, office wants Sid and me back right away. (15)This appeal to old acquaintance must have been extremely distasteful to the Chief Inspector. (16)Youth sometimes lack prudence. (17)It is a proper office of public authority to guard against accidents. 下面一例中的单形集体名词 group 的用法则有点特殊： (18)The movement's secretary, Michael Terry, said it was Britain's largest anti-apartheid rally since group was formed 25 years ago. 这里的 group 亦可代之以 the group， 所以有的语法家管这种现象唤作“临界情况” (borderline case)。这种临界情况似乎更常见于单形类名词，如： (19)Beg your pardon. I am a man of few words and a bad hand at explanation — but lady here is extremely curious that there should be no row. 这种单形类名词往往用以引导一个句子，所以要大写，如： (20)—Where did you get all this information? —A well-informed source. Fellow who gave me this gun. Revson. 应该指出，上面所说的这一类单形集体名词，并非都可以与零冠词连用，比如单形集体名词 audience 在当代英语中就似乎很少用零冠词。又，像 police, people 等集体名词当然也常可用零冠词，但我们认为它们并非单形集体名词，而是无单形的复形集体名词（也有人将它们唤作群体名词）。 现在让我们再谈“零冠词+单形物质名词”结构。学过一点语法的人，看到这种结构，可能马上会觉得它是显而易见的，如 water, milk, honey, wine, tea 等单形物质名词当然常用零冠词，这有什么可讨论的呢？是的，如果单形物质名词都是这样，问题就简单了。上面所举的一些单形物质名词常常只用其单形，不用其复形，同时又往往不可数，所以常可用零冠词。但有一些单形物质名词并不是这样。它们不但常用其单形，也常用其复形，同时它们也常常是可数，如 cake, seed, brick, cloud, rope, stone 等。 对这些单形物质名词，我们中国学生往往只会用定冠词、不定冠词以及物主代词等表其单念，如a cake, the cake, my cake, 实例如： (21)She said she would bake a cake for my birthday. (22)She cut the cake and gave me a piece. (23)That's my cake you're eating! 而不会将这些单形物质名词与零冠词连用，表其零念，如： (24)Are you fond of cake ? (25)We always have cake for tea on Sundays. (26)I enjoyed sitting down with friends over coffee and cake when the day's work was over. 现将其他类似的单形物质名词与零冠词连用的情况举例如下： (27)The hall is paved with brick. (28)There is more cloud today than yesterday. (29)He bound it with rope. (30)All brick is artificial; only stone is natural. (31)All these trees were grown from seed. (32)From the money bag the old man poured a small heap of coin. (33)They started to wear western dress. (34)The eggs were packed in straw. 注意 forest 与 jungle 亦可与零冠词连用，表零念，如： (35)About 26,000 square miles of the country are under forest. (36)Soon high jungle closed in. dessert 虽可数，表单念，但亦可用零冠词表零念，如： (37)For dessert there was ice cream. 表示声音的名词亦应是物质名词。如 sound, voice, noise 等皆可用零冠词，例： (38)Sound travels better in water than in air. (39)With commanding voice he said:“Hands off! No, I must go, not you! You have a wife and children. I have no one!” (40)I don't like noise. 表灯光火焰的单形物质名词 light, flame 等也是一样，如： (41)The house blazed with light. (42)The aircraft disappeared in a ball of brilliant yellow flame. 最后，让我们谈一下“零冠词+单形抽象名词”结构。和单形物质名词一样，有许多单形抽象名词都可以与零冠词连用，如 honesty, happiness, beauty, music, luck, commerce, transportation 等。但这些单形抽象名词一般都不可数，没有复形，所以它们用零冠词是容易理解因而也是容易掌握的。但有不少单形抽象名词并不是这样，它们是可数的，都有复形，如：act, day, feeling, fact, habit, thought, song 等。我国学生对这一类单形抽象名词与定冠词或不定冠词连用的情况比较熟悉，试以 song 为例： (43)Please sing us a song. (44)I like the song very much. 但对下列一些句中的“零冠词+song”结构恐怕就感到有点陌生了： (45)Our group had all burst into song. (46)The bird is in full song. 让我们将其他类似的单形抽象名词与零冠词连用的情况再举一些例子如下： (47)It was day now outside. (48)That reads like fiction, but is indeed fact. (49)I met her by accident. (50)She was already years older in thought and act. (51)Feeling, blessedly, had at least momentarily fled. (52)—Why do you still collect stamps? —I don't know. I suppose it's habit. (53)We turn to Germany for method, go to France for culture. (54)They were studying the development of language in children. (55)Use your head and avoid trouble. (56)The car's in poor condition. (57)Look here, George, I'm acting on principle. (58)His father was a count. He was next in line. (59)Nothing should be left to chance. (60)The principle is not open to question. (61)These ranches are answer enough. 4 对“零冠词+单形名词”结构的几点补充 我们就“零冠词+单形名词”结构只作了一般的介绍，还有两三个个别问题需要加以说明如下： 1. 有人认为，不可数名词如有限制性定语，就不可用零冠词。这种看法显然不够全面，是将问题简单化了。事实上，“零冠词+带限制性定语的不可数名词”结构并不罕见。但在举例说明之前，需要澄清一下限制性定语与非限制性定语的区别。 限制性定语与非限制性定语相对。前者对其所修饰的名词来说是必不可少的，否则会影响到全句的意思。如 classical music 中的 classical 就是一限制性定语，因为它是必不可少的，去掉就会影响其所在句子的含义。有人认为 classical 不是限制性定语，而是非限制性定语，这是一种误解。非限制性定语与限制性定语相反，它只是对其所修饰的名词的一种纯属附加的不是必不可少的说明，如 dead wall 和 mortal man 中的dead 与 mortal （请注意这两个修饰语皆不重读）。用作非限制性定语的从句的非限制性尤为明显，这里就恕不举例了。 现在我们就“零冠词+带定语的不可数单形名词”结构举例如下： 先看“零冠词+其定语为单词的不可数单形名词”结构的例证： (1)Through the midday hours he sat with glazed face, the bottle handy, listening to the telescreen. (2)Ahead was unbroken desert from the sea to the foothills of the distant, rugged purple mountains. (3)He saw the lift waiting with open door. (4)Lukitch poured out another glass and stood with bottle tipped. （定语后置） (5)The skull of Peking man was discovered more than 70 years ago in Zhoukoudian. (6)He was eating boiled tongue. (7)Cast iron contains more carbon than malleable iron. (8)He wears long hair. (9)There is soft brown sugar on the table. (10)With commanding voice he said:“Hands off!” (11)British policy was admirably expounded by the Prime Minister. (12)At no time have we thought of suspending rescue activity. (13)The gentleman-farmer was dressed in cheerful style. (14)It bulged to bursting point. 再看“零冠词+其定语为短语的不可数单形名词”结构的例证： (15)Of total timber consumed by furniture-making, only 35 per cent is supplied by the State. （定语为一分词短语） (16)He described cooperation and coordiation between the two countries as sincere and practical. （定语为 between 引导的介词短语） (17)One of the four freedoms spoken of by President Roosevelt was freedom from fear. （定语为 from 引导的介词短语） (18)Agreement on reduction of missiles between the superpowers is impossible, as it has been for so many years. （定语为 on 引导的介词短语） (19)Power to the embassy has been cut and the security forces were playing searchlights across the building at night.（ 定语为 to 引导的介词短语） (20)Compliance with the laws is expected of all citizens. （定语为 with 引导的介词短语） 有人说名词之后如有 of 短语所修饰，其前则必须用定冠词，不可用零冠词。这是一种绝对化的说法。在英语里，“名词+of 短语”结构之前确实常常用定冠词而不用零冠词，但其前用零冠词的情况也并不罕见。由于这个问题对中国学生来说比较重要，所以我们愿多举一些例子加以说明。当然我们在此仍只限于“零冠词+其定语为of 短语的不可数单形名词”结构。 (21)Please reply by return of post. （return of post 是一成语） (22)Everyone behaved with complete presence of mind. （presence of mind 是一成语） (23)Mr. Sparkler, in absence of mind, had smelt so hard at a sprig in his hand as to be on the verge of the offence in question. （absence of mind 是一成语） (24)The policeman was accused of dereliction of duty. （dereliction of duty 是一成语） (25)Pride of place is likely to go to local hero Sergel Bubka, who will be trying to improve his world pole vault record yet again. （pride of place 是一成语） (26)The value of romantic literature... does not depend on beauty of words or beauty of fact. (27)We have an accurate estimate of cost of our living. (28)At dusk of the same day, the father found the tomb had been opened and the corpse was missing. (29)Focus of the issue currently is on Monterey Park, a city of 50,000 that is 40 per cent Asian, 37 per cent Hispanic, 22 per cent white and one per cent black, near Los Angeles. (30)He was advocating freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of thought. (31)At moments it seemed to him that he would reel from very joy of the certain fulfillment of a great desire, that was all but immediately within his control. (32)To promote standard Yi language and enrich life of the ethnic group of Yi nationality living in Liangshan Ranges of Sichuan Province, a local film company experiments with dubbing films in the local dialect. (33)We live within reach of the shops. （within reach of 是一成语） (34)The principal cause which makes life unsatisfactory is want of mental cultivation. 在当今英语里，其定语为 of 短语的不可数单形名词如表动作的话，其前用零冠词的情况就更多了，这大概是由于强调动作从而降低 of 短语的重要性的原故。且看： (35)Construction of a modern theatre began this spring in western suburbs. (36)We know collapse of the lung does occur not only postoperatively but in other conditions as well. (37)It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Appolo missions. (38)Omission of “the” in this case is not obligatory. (39)The ceremony was announced by loud beating of the gong. (40)Clearance of this cheque could take a week. (41)Conversion of your heating system from coal to gas will be costly. (42)The two countries are fighting for control of the straits. (43)Waste of food is wicked while people are hungry. (44)Negotiation of the wet road was not easy. (45)Mr. Merdle, loss of appetite is a serious thing with you, and you must have it seen to. (46)There remains in speech, and even more in writing, wide scope for free use of the articles, so long as one does not break the conventions. (47)China will begin its payment on the loan half a year after completion of the projects. (48)Supply of stored cabbages is a matter of major importance in all northern cities in winter and spring, the usual slack season for vegetable growing. (49)Rain yesterday forced abandonment of all play on the second day of the Australian Open Tennis Championships. (50)The Irish Government opposes payment of ransoms, believing that this will lead to further kidnappings. (51)Careless treatment of the hooves of a wild donkey resulted in it bleeding to death. (52)Inquiry of the operator will get you the right telephone number. (53)The advantage which these rural enterprises enjoy is that they can shift easily to production of goods in short supply on the market. 由于动名词强调动作，因而它也常用于“零冠词+动名词+of短语”结构，如： (54)Closing of his safe was a duty which he had never relegated to a subordinate. (55)Opening of the tomb began on April 28 in Fengxiang County, 140 kilometres west of the Shaanxi provincial capital of Xi'an. (56)Rationing of more than 70 products has been dropped. (57)“Tingling of the ears is a sign that a person is being talked about,” said the old woman. “零冠词+其定语为从句的不可数单形名词”结构也屡见不鲜，如： (58)Milk from which the cream has been taken is called skim milk. (59)Water that is impure often causes serious illness. (60)Poetry that relates to the beings of another world ought to be at once mysterious and picturesque. (61)In dry areas, people plant crops on land that is poor and arid. 2. 关于“零冠词+表地点的单形类名词”可以转化为“零冠词+不可数的单形抽象名词”，常举含有 home, school, college, hospital, stage, port, court 和 jail等例证。实际上，还有不少其他“零冠词+表地点的单形类名词”结构也可以转化为“零冠词+不可数的单形抽象名词”结构，如下面各例中所划出的名词： (62)What time did you go to bed last night? (63)They go to church every Sunday. (64)Mother has gone to market. (65)Let's go back to camp. (66)She never dared to go into restaurants too far off campus with him. (67)As a boy his great ambition was to go to sea. (68)I'm going to town. （具有目的性） (69)Our party has not been in office for years. (70)The old salesman advised me to come back to shop the next day. (71)Braving the extremely cold water, they jumped into the sea and brought the unconscious woman to shore. (72)The criminal was sent to prison for 20 years. (73)We're going to be married in temple. (74)He rowed steadily up river for purposes of his own. (75)From the veranda he looked down valley, but there was as yet no light near the camp of Devitt's men. (76)Varieties according to region have a well-established label both in popular and technical use: dialects. (77)The spaceship is in orbit round the moon. (78)A young Polish hijacker exploded a hand grenade at Warsaw Airport when the authorities ignored a 10-minute-ultimatum to provide him with an aircraft to leave country, airport sources said. (79)The yellow and purple pansies that bordered lush green lawn seemed to lift their faces in welcome. 3. 最后再补充一点，即关于有的语法家所谓的“普遍化（universalization)”问题。什么是“普遍化”呢？简单地说，就是特指的“the 或物主代词+某些名词（包括单复形）”结构变为泛指的“零冠词+某些名词（包括单复形）”结构。但这种泛指的范围是有限的，即所谓“有限泛指（restricted genericness）”。 由于本文只谈单形名词，所以我们在这里只讨论单形名词的“有限泛指”。让我们先举一例如下： (80)Work was over for the day. 这里的单形名词 work 即是由特指的“the work”结构变来的“零冠词+work”结构。 这种结构在当代英语中十分普通。但在100多年前，人们还多用 the work, 所以我们当今所用的有限泛指的“零冠词+某些名词”结构是一种比较近的现象。为什么会产生这种现象呢？主要原因有二：一是人们为了简洁方便，零冠词大有愈来愈被人广泛运用的趋势，尤其是报章杂志更是经常使用零冠词；二是由于客观上的需要，零冠词表一定程度的泛指，使人有一种熟稔之感，常表多次性或经常性等。现再举一些例证如下： 1.相当于“the+单形名词” (81)Wine is ridiculously cheap here. (82)Rumour has it that Jean's getting married again. (83)According to report he's not coming back. (84)According to tradition, the castle is haunted. (85)Legend relates that the first Christian church here was founded by no less a person than St. Joseph of Arimathe. (86)History repeats itself. (87)Whatever its consequences, time would close over them. (88)There may be room for the humorous aspects by and by, but they are inopportune while revolution is in mid-career. （此句在谈论文学） (89)Unemployment still remains higher among women and juveniles than it was in 1934. (90)Employment improved during the month. (91)At the corner of Russel Square, traffic was not dense. (92)In both August and September rainfall was still below the normal. 这种普遍化的单形名词亦可带有定语，如： (93)Public interest in it has rather increased than diminished. (94)General opinion was against him. （带定语的 opinion 常用零冠词，再如： public opinion, world opinion, British opinion, foreign opinion, informed opinion, civilized opinion, accepted opinion, judicial opinion 等） (95)Tension in the United States over the incident... is subsiding. 2.相当于“物主代词+单形名词”，多用作主语，如： (96)Christian would not say another word. Disillusion was complete. （相当于 his disillusion） (97)His inclination had compromised his dignity when reason slept. （相当于 his reason） (98)It was as if virtue had gone out of him. （相当于 his virtue） (99)She must be prepared for a harder task than that of rushing away while resolution was fresh. （相当于 her resolution） (100)Then thought returned upon the rotten unfairness of it all. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+ thought） (101)Where an evening paper is concerned, publication must of course be always local.（相当于 its publication） (102)Even before the polling day they worked hand in hand with the municipal police, but now co-operation is complete. （相当于 their co-operation） (103)Presently speech flowed more freely. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+speech） (104)Conversation was desultory and matter of fact to the point of suspiciousness, until di Ponari emerged again with a girl at his side. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+conversation） (105)On this particular Tuesday, exasperation was intensified. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+exasperation） (106)Now her thought went back to the evening Anne had arrived at Green Gables, and memory recalled a vivid picture of the odd, frightened child in her preposterous yellowish-brown winter dress, the heart-break looking out of her tearful eyes. （相当于 her memory） 有时亦可用作宾语，如： (107)He left work at 5:30 p.m. （相当于 his work） (108)The business reorganization has increased output without enlarging the market. （相当于 their output） (109)Sir Samuel Hoare is not likely to submit, as Sir John Simon did, to divide responsibility with his colleague. （相当于 his responsibility） 亦可用作介词的宾语（大都已成为固定词组），如： (110)I had known both him and Jane since childhood. （相当于 my childhood） (111)Children could be trained from infancy to work their own fire brigades. （相当于 their infancy） (112)They die in youth. （相当于 their youth） (113)He holds his office for life. （相当于 his whole life） (114)He began to drink quite early in life. （相当于 his life） (115)A few years ago a well-known publicist made a brief appearance after death to a friend. （相当于 his death） (116)“Where is the university?” the foreign visitor to Oxford will ask on arrival. （相当于 his 或 her arrival） (117)These things, she hoped, would come after marriage. （相当于 her marriage） (118)A book is still a new book six months after publication. （相当于 its publication） 这种普遍化的单形名词亦可常有定语，如： (119)Conversation during the drive to the hotel never soared above a certain level. （物主代词由上下文定） (120)Interest in the air race to Australia has rather tailed off this week. （物主代词由上下文定，也可能相当于 public interest） (121)Then came contact with Scott, who was looking for ballads, of which Hogg had a store from his mother, Margaret Laidlaw. Acquaintance with Scott brought a more practical literary aspect. （相当于 his acquaintance） 但请注意，这样的单形名词可能有歧义。它既可用作普遍化的名词，亦可用作非普遍化的名词，如： (122)They were to receive the blessings of civilization. 如作普通化的名词理解， civilization 相当于 our civilization; 如作非普通化的名词理解，the blessings of civilization 则意味着 the blessing incident to the state of being civilized. 最后，必须指出，普遍化的名词有时其前固然亦可加上定冠词或物主代词而意义不变，但大都似乎都已成为习惯说法，不可再加上定冠词或物主代词了。 5 试谈“零冠词 + 单形专有名词”结构（一） 我们常说专有名词大都不用冠词（专指定冠词与不定冠词而言），也就是说，专有名词一般都用零冠词。但这是为什么呢？我们知道，定冠词与不定冠词都是限定词，对名词有限定或修饰的作用。而专有名词是独一无二的，或如一些语法家所说，其本身概念已是很明确了的，故而不需要任何词予以限定或修饰。也有的语法家说，专有名词只是一个毫无内容的但为人们所熟悉的（为人们所最熟悉的人或物常用零冠词，如 man, home 等）空名，所以应用零冠词。 在谈到专有名词之前应用什么冠词时，一般语法书都比较着重“the + 专有名词”结构，如说江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、某些国名，以及含有普通名词的机关团体、朝代、建筑物、报章杂志等名称之前须用定冠词。而谈到“零冠词 + 单形专有名词”结构时，则只列举几个人名、地名、称呼语等。实际上这种结构的内涵是很丰富的，我们愿意在这里较为详细地论述一下。 首先让我们看一看“零冠词 + 表人的单形专有名词”结构。一般语法书谈到这种结构时，只列举几个人名，如 John, Mary, Smith, Shakespeare 等。其实，表人的专有名词并不只限于人的姓名；表一个民族的个别成员的专有名词，如 Chinese, German, Frenchman 等，也应属于这一类。那么，这些表一民族个别成员的专有名词可不可以用零冠词呢？答案是肯定的，且看下面两个实例： (1)I'm Chinese and she's American. （这里用零冠词的 Chinese 与 American 乃指国籍，如说 a Chinese 或 an American 则指民族血统而言） (2)The man was playing Injun with them, and they did not like it. （Injun 是美国口语，即Indian， 可参较 She played Ophelia.；但如用表人的单形类名词，则须用定冠词 the，如：You have played the fool.） 带称号的人名也常用零冠词。最常见的是“零冠词+称号+人名”结构（人名为教名者皆予以指出，否则皆一般为姓氏），如： (3)King George （须用教名） (4)Queen Victoria （须用教名） (5)Prince Edward （须用教名） (6)Pope Clement （须用教名） (7)Sir John （须用教名，但亦可说 Sir John Falstaff） 但下面例证中的人名皆用姓氏： (8)Earl Humphrey (9)Viscount Castlereagh (10)Baron Fisher (11)Lord Palmerston (12)Cardinal Manning (13)Bishop Blougram (14)Dean Inge (15)President Lincoln (16)Chancellor Adenauer (17)General Grant (18)Colonel Rogers (19)Major Dobbin (20)Captain Walker (21)Lieutenant Pearson 注意讲到外国的称号时，其前则一般皆用定冠词 the，如： (22)the Czar Nicholas （须用教名） (23)the Kaiser Wilhelm （须用教名） (24)the Archduke Ferdinand （须用教名） 称号 Emperor 之前亦常用定冠词，如： (25)the Emperor Napoleon （或用小写的 emperor，人名用教名） 但在当代英语中，emperor 之前亦可用零冠词，如： (26)Xidi Village began to thrive during the reign of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. 以上所谈到的称号皆表官职或神职。在英语中表平民的称号之前多用定冠词，如： (27)the poet Virgil (28)the engineer Hudson (29)the tailor Symons 然而表平民的称号之前用零冠词的情况也不少，如： (30)Doctor Smith (31)Professor Johnson (32)Mr Batten (33)Mrs Todd (34)Miss Sullivan (35)Ms Jackson （常用在书面语中） 表亲属的称号有的亦用零冠词，如： (36)Grandpa （或 Grandma）Jankins (37)Uncle Sam （须用教名） (38)Aunt Sally （须用教名） (39)Brother Tom （须用教名，但现已多不用这种称号） (40)Sister Carrie （须用教名，但现已多不用这种称号） 但请注意下面的称号并不表亲属： (41)Father Drew 德鲁神父 (42)Mother Reilly 赖莉大妈 (43)Brother Michael 迈克尔修士（须用教名） (44)Sister Catherine 凯瑟琳修女（须用教名） 在当代英语中，尤其在报刊上，几乎任何表人际关系或职业的称号皆可用零冠词，如： (45)Farmer George (46)Nurse Cavell （亦可说 Sister Cavell） (47)Banker Gaudin 报刊中的称号常小写，如： (48)high jumper Zhu Jianhua (49)gymnast Li Ning (50)spiker Lang Ping (51)teacher Li (52)baker Smith (53)worker Craven (54)daughter Zizi (55)orphan Chen Yiqun (56)wife Karen 称号之前还可有修饰语，如： (57)18-year-old fellow countryman Shane Barr (58)slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King 有的读者可能提出这样的问题：上述“零冠词+称号+人名”结构也可以变作“定冠词+称号+人名”结构，如既可说 Banker Gaudin，也可说 the banker Gaudin，那么二者有何不同呢？对于这个问题，我们愿引述一下一位语法权威的看法。他说称号之前如不用冠词，人名就变成了首要成分 （primary member)。“零冠词+称号+人名”结构是一较为紧密的结构，称号往往不重读，而需要重读的是人名。称号已经与人名结合在一起，几乎变成人名的一部分了。他还说这里之所以可用零冠词是由于受了人名的影响力的原故。Banker Gaudin （也可以用小写 banker，其区别仅仅在于大写比小写较为正式）即可如此解释。那么如何解释 the banker Gaudin （一般皆用小写 banker）呢？根据上面的解释，我们即可认识到这是一种较为松散的结构，重点在称号上，应重读，以区别于从事其他职业的姓 Gaudin 的人。 上面所讲的全都是关于“零冠词+称号+人名”结构的情况。换句话说，上述情况全都是称号在前，人名在后。那么有没有一种人名在前称号在后亦即“人名+零冠词+称号”结构呢？答案也是肯定的，如古旧的例证： (59)Piers Plowman (60)Susan Chambermaid （Susan 是教名） 这种结构现在仍偶尔用之，如： (61)Mickey Mouse （Mickey 是教名） (62)Donald Duck （Donald 是教名） 有些外国称号倒常置于人名之后，如： (63)Kubla Khan (64)Jones Sahib 饶有趣味的是《西游记》中“猴王”亦用此结构译为： (65)Monkey King 这种“人名+零冠词+称号”结构中的称号之后还可有一 of 短语，如： (66)Mary Queen of Scots （Mary 是教名） (67)Edward Prince of Wales （Edward 是教名） 请注意人名之后的称号一般要重读，因为这种后置的称号很像是人的姓氏。另外，和“零冠词+称号+人名”结构一样，“人名+零冠词+称号”结构也是一种很紧密的结构，称号与人名也已几乎结合为一体，只是称号需要重读而已。与之相比较，“人名+定冠词+称号”结构，如 Green the philosopher，就比较松散了，“定冠词+称号”则起一种区别性的作用，这可从下面一句中看得很清楚： (68)I mean Green the philosopher, not the historian. 应该指出，上述两种结构有时可以并存，如既可说： (69)John Baptist 亦可说： (70)John the Baptist 但现在后者更为常见。 6 试谈“零冠词 + 单形专有名词”结构 （二） 在《试谈“零冠词+单形专有名词”结构 （一）》中已经讨论过“零冠词+表一个民族的个别成员的专有名词”结构与“零冠词+带称号的专有名词”结构。 在这里我们愿意谈一谈“零冠词+表称呼语 (address)的专有名词”结构。最为普通的表称呼语的专有名词自然是姓名了。在熟人之间可直呼教名，如： (1)John, you are wanted on the phone. (2)Come into the garden, Maud. (3)Jack, pay attention. (4)You are a strange man, Arther. (5)Come, Ruth, give me your hand. (6)These, Sarah, are very good. 以前直呼姓氏的情况也不罕见，且从一著名英国小说《法国中尉的女人》 （The French Lieutenant's Woman ）摘录一二例如下： (7)Grogan, would you have had me live a lifetime of pretense? (8)I am a doctor, Smithson. 但现今这样直呼姓氏的情况已不多，只在表军队、学校、监狱等时尚可听到。下面一例中的 Smith 就是一囚犯的姓： (9)Smith !...Hands out of pockets in the cells! 有一些表示家人的名词也应属于专有名词一类，所以这种名词之前亦须用零冠词，现举几例如下： (10)Dad, Mom has such a load. （亦可说 Daddy） (11)I just don't know how to do it, mom. （或 Mommy, 皆是美国用语，英国用语为 mum 或 mummy） (12)Thank you, Uncle. (13)Take me swimming, Auntie. （或称呼 Aunt; auntie 亦可拼作 aunty） 除上述表家人的称呼语外，还有 mother, mum, grandfather （或 grandpa），grandmother （或 grandma, granny）等。 nurse 等亦可看作家人，用零冠词，如： (14)Where's Nurse ? 一些表示尊称的名词，如 sir, madam, mister, miss, missus 等，亦须用零冠词，因为它们也应被看作是专有名词，实例如： (15)Anything else, sir ? (16)Did you order a taxi, madam ?（请注意 madam 在美国英语中常被缩略为 ma'am） (17)The doctor's coming, miss. (18)Whoever pulled that trigger, missus, it was God's hand aimed the gun. 有些表职位的名词也可被当作尊称使用，如： (19)I'm feeling much better, Doctor. (20)— Carry on, Sergeant. — Yes, Colonel. (21)That's all I know, Inspector. 此外还有 professor, general 等，神职有 father （神父），sister （修女），bishop, vicar 等。表职业的用零冠词的称呼语就更多了。这种称呼语并不是尊称，只可在有关的场合中使用,如： (22)Waiter, do you serve crabs? (23)Nurse, I want you. （nurse 在此意指“护士”） (24)Guard ! （意指“警卫员”） (25)Baker ! (26)Operator, could you put through a call to New York, please? 常用作称呼语的表职业的名词还有 driver, cabbie, barmaid （英国用语），bartender （美国用语），attendent, conductor, officer 等。 将普通名词用作称呼语，亦可看作专有名词，须用零冠词，如： (27)Come here, boy ! (28)Hasen took a long gulp of his drink and sighed contentedly. “Man, I needed this,” he said. (29)Hi, twin. (30)Here's looking at you, baby. （baby 在此为美俚，意指女人） 此外还有许多，如 brother, sister, girl, lady, mate （英国用语），buddy （美国用语）， guy, son 等。注意这些称呼语都是非正式用语，不可用于正式场合，也不可用于不太熟悉的人。 也应注意有不少用作称呼语的普通名词具有褒义，如 dear, darling, dearest, love, honey （主要用于美国）,friend, sweetheart 等，实例： (31)We mustn't be late, dear, must we? (32)Don't be silly, darling. (33)Thanks a lot, love. (34)Gee, honey, that's a swell dress you've got on! 非指人的普通名词用作称呼语时，亦须用零冠词，如： (35)Hello, Exchange ? (36)Taxi ! (37)Hoy-a-hoy! Gate ! “零冠词+称呼语”结构还可有修饰语，如： (38)What would you like, Shirley dear ? (39)Young man, give me a hand. 最后，请注意： 1. 在美国， miss, ma'am, mister 和 sir 较为普通，而在英国，则用得不那么广泛。 2. teacher 作为称呼语是中国用法，在英美等国是不用的。 3. 在信件中常用“Dear+姓名”结构（如 Dear Jane），但在非正式信件（如便条）中可省去 dear。 4. 对陌生人一般不用称呼语，要交谈时可以用 Excuse me.，美国人也用 I beg your pardon.。说 Hey 则是很不礼貌的。 5. 对 King 的称呼须用 Your Majesty，对具有 duke 等爵位的人须用 Your Grace 或 Sir。对有爵位的贵妇应用 your ladyship。 6. 称呼语还常用作 you 的同位语，如： (40)You fool ! （亦可说 Fool you!） (41)You pig ! (42)You idiot ; do you know what peril you stand in? (43)You, Robert, will have to work harder. 7. 称呼语的位置可在句首、句中或句末。位于句首者如上述例 （1）、（3）等，位于句中者如上述例 （5）、（6）等，位于句末者如上述例 （2）、（4）等。 8. 表家人的称呼语可以变为第三人称，如： (44)Father says we mustn't. (45)Give it to Mother. (46)Please tell cook to make some coffee for me. 9. 感叹语中的呼唤语也常用零冠词，如： (47)Boy ! what a game! (48)Fool ! Coward! (49)Annoying man ! He was arrogant enough already. 10. 下面一句中其后没有逗号的 Mary 不是称呼语，而是祈使句的主语： (50)Mary come here. （正如 You come here.中的 you 不是称呼语而是祈使句主语一样） 11. 下面一句中的 God 也不是称呼语，注意句中的动词 bless 是虚拟式： (51)God bless you. （= May God bless you.） 12. 关于称呼语的大小写的问题，一般皆可以从上述例句中得到答案。但请注意有不少称呼语既可大写，亦可小写，如表家人的 father, mother, uncle 等。表职位的称呼语亦如此。但表职业的 waiter, driver, operator 等则应小写。 13. 顺便提一下，表集体的单形或复形称呼语亦须用零冠词，如： (52)Platoon, attention! (53)Workers of all countries, unite! 7 “零冠词+名词”与“物主代词+名词”的区别 有人问： Ms.Wang was helping us with mathematics...中的mathematics之前为什么不加our? 此处加不加物主代词our都是正确英语，正如我们常可说： (1)Have you had breakfast ? 也可说： (2)Have you had your breakfast ? 一般说来，二者的区别在于：“零冠词+名词”强调其一般性或典型性，“物主代词+名词”则强调个别性或特殊性。再如： (3)show disappointment. show one's disappointment (4)prepare lessons prepare one's lessons (5)ask permission ask one's permission (6)I like everything in place. I like everything in its place. 但请注意，这只是一般而论，绝不可以绝对化，如lose consciousness已成固定说法，就不可说lose one's consciousness；反之亦然，如lose one's key, 就不可以说lose key。 8 为什么表方向的名词在此用零冠词？ 有人问： 有这样一道题： (1)The street is about twenty kilometers_____. A.from north to south B.from the north to the south C.from the east to west D.from the west to east 所给答案为A，为什么不是B? 表方向时: north, south, east, west一般不用定冠词the，再如： (2)Which way is south ? (3)Set the compass to north and then work out the direction we have to walk. (4)East or west, home is best. 表方向的词如是副词，自然也用零冠词，如： (5)The ship is sailing west. (6)The window faces south. 表方向的名词如特指地域，其前则应用定冠词the,如： (7)The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (8)It is cold in the north. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $