内容正文:
高中英语核心语法点汇编 part 2 常见易错名词释疑
16 谈谈brain 和 brains
有不少英语课本、词典和语法书概略地将单形名词 brain 解作 “脑(子)”,而将复形名词brains 解作“智力”。但对于已有一定英语水平的人来说,上述解释就远远不够了,或者说,就过于简单化了。
先说单形名词 brain。 它有可数与不可数之分。作为可数名词,它意谓一种动物的器官,可译为“脑”或“脑子”,如:
(1)An average child of four years old has a brain twice as large as that of an adult gorilla.
一个4岁的普通孩子的脑子要比成年的大猩猩大一倍。
作为不可数名词,它则表示一种物质,可译为“脑质”或“脑(子)”,如:
(2)Brain is heavier than water.
脑重于水。
值得着重指出的是,单形名词 brain 亦可用以指“智力”,常可译作“头脑”等,如:
(3)He has a good brain .
他头脑灵敏。(brain 在此相当于mind, 可数)
(4)She has fascination, resource, brain .
她有魅力、智谋、头脑。(不可数,用于庄重文体)
关于单形名词的含义一般如上述。现在让我们再看复形名词 brains。brains 亦有可数与不可数之分。如属可数,则可与上述例 (1)和例 (3)中的brain 相对应,如:
(5)As the result of the careful weighing of more than 900 human brains , Professor Wagner states that one-half weighed between 1,200 and 1,400 grams.
华格纳教授仔细称过 900多个人脑的重量之后,他说有一半的重量在1,200克与1,400克之间。 (指动物的器官)
(6)Two brains are better than one.
人多智广。 (指人的智力)
下面一句中的brains (指人)当然亦属可数:
(7)He's one of the best brains in the country.
他是国内最有才智的人之一。
brains 作为不可数名词,其含义一般有二。一是意指 “智力”, 也就是一般词典里所给予brains 的意义。一般说来,作“智力”解时,复形名词 brains 要比单形名词 brain 普通而且生动,如:
(8)He has no brains .
他没有脑子。 (亦可用brain)
(9)Use your brains .
用用你的脑子吧。 (亦可用brain)
(10)She hasn't much brains .
她没有多少头脑。(亦可用brain)
(11)He wants brains .
他缺乏智力。
(12)You have got more brains in your little finger than any baronet's wife in the county.
就连你小指的智慧也高于郡中任何一位准男爵夫人。
brains 作“智囊”解时亦不可数,如:
(13)He is the brains of the firm.
他是公司的智囊。
复形名词 brains除指“智力”外,还可指食物,不可数,如:
(14)calf's brains 牛脑
sheep's brains 羊脑
由于brain 的单、复形在意义上有交叉现象,所以有一些成语用 brain 或brains 均可,如:
(15)rack one's brain(s) 绞尽脑汁
cudgel one's brain(s) 绞尽脑汁
puzzle one's brain(s) 令人迷惑
但下列成语中的brain 或brains 则固定不变:
(16)dash (knock, blow)out a person's brains 击碎人的脑袋
have something on the brain 狂想某事
turn one's brain 冲昏头脑
在复合名词中,多用单形brain,如:
(17)brain child (某人的)构想或创造
brain drain 人才外流
brain storm 心血来潮
但“智囊团”的英语在美国为 brain trust, 在英国则多用brains trust。
17 cattle和sheep, deer等不是同一类名词
有人问: 有的书上说,单复数同形的名词cattle,sheep, deer等用作主语时,其谓语动词的单复数应按句意而定。可是也有人讲这些名词后皆跟复数动词。请问cattle, sheep等可后跟单数动词吗?
上述几个名词并不属于同一类。sheep, deer等确是单复同形名词。其后跟单数或复数动词应由句意决定,如:
(1)A sheep is an animal.
(2)Sheep are animals.
但cattle是无单数形式的集体名词,与people(人,人们), police属于同一类。这一类名词只有复形,皆表复数概念,故须用复数动词,如:
(3)Cattle were sold for nothing.
这种名词还有一个特点,即其前可用数词作为修饰语,如80 cattle (=80 head of cattle)。再如:
(4)People often say such things.
(5)Three people were present.
(6)The police are on his track.
(7)Several hundred police are on duty.
18 a cold与colds的区别
有人问: a cold与colds有何区别?
have (take, get, catch)a cold指一次性的感冒,如:
(1)I have a cold . 我患了感冒。
复形colds则用于经常或有时感冒,如:
(2)Do you have colds ?
复形colds也可用于多人一次性感冒,如:
(3)Many pupils are absent with colds .
19 covering 与 cover 的区别
有读者问道:下面一句中的 covering 可否用 cover 来代替?
(1)Soon he has a thick covering of fat and fur.
名词化的动名词 covering 的意义有时与名词 cover 相似,但用法不尽相同。 covering 在此有“覆盖着的一层”的含义,可数,常用于“a+形容词+covering+of ”结构中,再如:
(2)a thick covering of dirt
(3)a light covering of snow
(4)a thin covering of ice
cover 则一般不用于这种结构。
20 为什么不说 cow's hide?
有人问为什么可以说 cow's milk 而不可说cow's hide?
是的,我们不可以说 cow's hide,而须说cowhide。 同样,我们说lamb's wool, 但须说sheepskin。这是因为 cow's milk 中的cow 与lamb's wool 中的lamb 都是活着的动物,而 cowhide 与sheepskin 中的cow 和sheep 都是已被屠宰了的动物。换言之,在英语里,如动物尚在生存,即尚有生命,与其身体部分组合成复合名词时,其后一般应加所有格符号's,再如 a bird's eye view, bird's nest, from the horse's mouth, cat's paw 等。如动物已不存在,即已无生命,与其身体部分构成复合名词时,其后一般不加所有格符号,再如horseflesh, horsehair, ox-tail soup。
但也有例外。前者如horseback, 后者如dogear。
21 如何分析这里的a crack?
有人问: 有这样一个句子:
(1)The window was open only a crack.
如何分析这里的a crack?
a crack是一名词短语,在此用作状语,修饰表语open,再如:
(2)Open the door a crack .
(3)She opened the door just a crack to listen to the conversation.
(4)When she opened her bedroom window a crack she could hear the angry sea below, crashing against the rocks.
22 这里应选days
有人问到这样一道选择题:
(1)It was very difficult to build such a great wall in the old _____.
A. year B. time C. days D. day
答案是A,但我觉得应选C,对吗?
你是对的。in the old days是一现成说法,“昔日,旧时”,再如:
(2)He told us about his hard life in the old days.
in the old year的意思是“刚过去的一年或即将过去的这一年”,与句意不合,故不可选。
23 这里为什么用复形degrees?
有这样一句话:
Water freezes at 0 degrees.
这里为什么不用单形degree?
这里可以用复形degrees, 也可以用单形degree, 正如我们表“零时”时既可用zero hours亦可用zero hour一样。
24 这里不可用复形difficulties吗?
有一读者问到这样一个句子:
(1)He had no difficulties in translating this article.
有人说这是一个错句,应改为:
(2)He had no difficulty in translating this article.
但我认为句(1)也不错,不知你以为如何?
have (no)difficulty in doing something (有时in可省去)是一常用说法,其中的difficulty是一不可数名词。句(1)也不错,其中的difficulties是一复形可数名词,意指这样或那样的困难,再如:
(3)In the mirror he could see a blue Merc having difficulties in keeping up, unable to overtake.
25 English, Englishman, American
有人问: 有这样一种说法,English作“英国人”讲时,单、复数同形;American单、复数同形。而我们的老师却说English作名词时是不可数名词,American的单、复数不同。谁是谁非,请给我一个满意的答复。
English作“英国人”或“英国民族”解时是一无单数的集体名词,其前须冠以the。表示个别的可数的“英国人”须用Englishman(单形)和Englishmen。American作“美国人”解时是一可数的有复形Americans的专有名词。表“(统指)美国人”须用the Americans。
与the English相仿的还有the French, the Dutch等;与Englishman和Englishmen相仿的还有Frenchman和Frenchmen, Dutchman和Dutchmen等。
与the Americans相仿的还有the Australians, the Italians等;与American和Americans相仿的还有Australian和Australians, Italian和Italians等。
26 如何解释that first evenings?
有人问: 有这样一句话:
(1)I didn't pretend I loved you that first evenings.
为何用that而不用those?
说话人将这里的first evenings看作了不可分割的一整段时间,故而用that,再如:
(2)I haven't done anything that two weeks.(that two weeks被当作一整段时间)
(3)When will you repay that twenty dollars?(that twenty dollars被看作一整笔款)
27 为什么不说 a five-years-old boy?
有人问: 为什么只可以说 a five-year-old boy 而不可以说 a five-years-old boy?
这的确是一个有趣的问题。我们知道,在复合名词中,第一个名词一般多用词根形式,亦即单数形式,即使具有复数概念,亦是如此,如:
(1)a book-shelf
(2)a tooth-brush
(3)an apple-tree
(4)a cigar-box
如果第一个名词之前有一数词,二者构成后一个名词的定语,第一个名词一般仍多用单数形式,如:
(5)a five-pound note
(6)a five-year plan
(7)a three-act play
(8)a three-volume novel
(9)a two-horse carriage
(10)an eight-hour day
(11)a five-foot rope
但定语结构如果是“数词+名词+形容词”,情况就复杂一些了。就多数而言,定语中的名词应用复数形式,如:
(12)a four-months-old child
(13)his seven-years-dead friend
(14)a four-months-long winter
(15)a three-thousands-feet-high building
但定语中的名词如是year, 同时形容词又是old,在现代英语里则多用单形year, 如你所举的a five-year-old boy。 这是什么缘故呢? 有一位语法家说这可能由于古时year 一词的单、复形相同所致。除“数词+year+old”外,“数词+mile+long”结构中亦常用单形mile, 如:
(16)the two-mile-long lines
28 为什么不说 a four-houred trip?
有一读者问:为什么可以说 a four-legged table 而不可以说a four-houred trip呢?
-ed 在此是名词的一种后缀,常表示“具有” 。 a four-legged table 即a table having or with four legs。 同样,a talented musician = a musician having talent; a nine-headed bird = a bird having nine heads; a many-sided figure = a figure with many sides。 但-ed 有时也具有别的含义,如honeyed = sweet like honey; wooded = covered with growing trees; stockinged = in stockings; dogged = obstinate, tenacious; a four-wheeled carriage = a carriage on four wheels。
a four-hour trip 的four-hour 含义则与上述的-ed 不同。此处 four-hour = four-hours', 是用作定语的一种名词生格(genitive)。 国内一般语法书不介绍生格,只介绍所有格(possessive), 其实所有格不过是生格中的一种,表示“所有”。除去所有生格(possessive genitive)外,还有起源生格、主语生格、宾语生格、物质与构成生格、描绘性生格(其中又分为特征生格与计量生格)、同位生格、部分生格等。 a four-hours' trip 中的four-hours 乃是一种计量生格 (genitive of measure)。 再如: a five-minutes' talk, a three-hours' delay。 在当代英语里,我们往往不用上述说法中的定语部分的词尾s', 而简单地只说 a four-hour trip, a five-minute talk, a three-hour delay。 在其他方面的计量中,也是一样,如: a two-mile walk, a five-pound chicken, a five-litre can, a ten-foot pole等。
在这种“数词+计量名词(通格、单形)+名词”结构的影响下,前面所说的那种“数词+
名词-ed+名词”结构也往往将名词后缀-ed 脱落掉,使其具有了与前者相同的形式,如:a one-horse chaise, a four-post bed, a four-leaf clover。 我们常遇到的与barefooted 同义的barefoot, 亦属于这一类。
29 a friend of Mary's mother与a friend of Mary's mother's含义不同
有人问到这样一道题:
(1)Miss Smith is a friend of _____.
A. Mary's mother's
B. Mary's mother
C. mother's of Mary
D. Mary mother's
当然选A,但B对不对呢? 我曾在Pickwick Papers (by Dickens)中见到过:
(2)I believe you are a particular friend of Pickwick, the defendant, are you not?
请释疑。
上述句(1)可选A,亦可选B,但二者的含义不同。a friend of Mary's mother's表部分概念,意指“Mary的母亲的朋友当中的一个”;a friend of Mary's mother表二者的友好关系,意指“和Mary的母亲很友好”。上述句(2)中的a particular friend of Pickwick也表一种友谊关系,其意为“和Pickwick有一种特殊的友好关系”。
总之,上述“a+名词+of+名词属格”(这里的“of+名词属格”即所谓的“双重属格”)强调部分概念;“a+名词+of+名词通格”结构强调两个名词之间的某种关系,具体是什么关系,则由第一个名词的性质而定。试比较:
(3)a student of Lu Xun's (鲁迅的学生之一)
(4)a student of Lu Xun (一位研究鲁迅作品的人,二者是动宾关系)
(5)a picture of Li's (李所有的照片之一)
(6)a picture of Li (李的一张肖像,二者是同位关系)
此外,在运用上述两种结构时还应注意以下几点:
1. 介词of后的名词所有格多代表有生命之物。
2. 介词of后的名词所有格常特指某一个人,很少泛指人们。
3. 介词of后的名词所有格不用表复数概念的复形名词和表集体概念的单形名词。
4. 介词of后可用mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs等名词性物主代词,但不可用its。
5. 介词of之后不可用me, him, us, them, you, her等人称代词宾格,例如只可说a friend of mine, 不可说a friend of me。
30 为何选用a hole three feet deep?
有一读者问到这样一道选择题:
To plant the tree, we must dig _____.
A. a three feet deep hole
B. a hole three feet deep
C. three-foot-deep a hole
D. a three-feet deep hole
答案是B,为什么?
three feet deep须置于a hole之后。如置于hole之前,则须用连字符,如a three-foot-deep hole(多用foot,但也有人用feet)。A和D未用连字符或未全用连字符,故不妥;C中的a的位置不对,应移至整个名词短语之首。
31 home与homes
有人问到课文中有一句是这样的:
(1)Such would be our home.
为什么不用复数homes?
这里的our home乃指“我们每一个人的家”,再如:
(2)Every day more than 4 hours are wasted on commuting between our home and factory. (between our home and factory意为“在我们每一个人的家与工厂之间”)
(3)Write out the plural form of the following nouns. (the plural form指下面每一个名词的复数形式)
一般不可说our homes或the plural forms of the following nouns, 因为前者会意味着“我们每一个人有一个以上的家”,后者会意味着“下面的每一个名词有一种以上的复数形式”。
32 knowledge常应看作不可数名词
有人问到这样一句话:
(1)She has a good knowledge of English and not much knowledge of English history.
从这句话看来,knowledge既可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词,对否?
从上述句(1)只能看出knowledge是一不可数名词,而这也是knowledge的一般用法。请注意:前面冠以a的名词不一定都是可数名词,虽然仍具有单数概念(如“一种”、“一阵”等)。例如下面句中的物质名词和抽象名词皆不可数:
(2)He was in a sweat .
(3)It may be used as a food for sick people.
(4)China extends a welcome to visitors from every land.
(5)Now I need a rest .
像上述句(1)中a good knowledge这样的“a+修饰语+物质名词或抽象名词”结构更是屡见不鲜。实例再如:
(6)A heavy dew fell.
(7)Hang the picture in a good light .
(8)He has a keen intelligence .
修饰语亦可后置;如:
(9)A contagion of fear seems to be spreading all through the city. (修饰语为of fear)
(10)Helen's is an admiration that I value greatly. (修饰语为that从句)
名词knowledge偶尔也有复数形式,但这是一种特殊情况,不足为训。
33 这里用language或languages皆可
有人问到我曾见到这样一句话:
(1)English is more widely used than any other languages.
这里用了复数名词languages,为何不用单数language?
这里用单、复形皆可。any other language意指其他任何一种语言,any other languages=every other language (其他每一种语言)。再如:
(2)Have you any other book(s)on this subject?
下面的说法都是正确的:
(3)She is cleverer than any other girl in her class.
(4)She is cleverer than any other girls in her class.
(5)She is cleverer than any of the others in her class.
34 谈谈law 和laws
抽象名词 law, 从其词义来讲,有“法律、法规、法学、法律业、法治、法院、诉讼、警察、法律、规则”等。在这篇短文中,我们只谈其与“法”有关的含义。
从语法来讲,law 有单形与复形之分,也有可数与不可数之分;其前可用零冠词、定冠词或不定冠词。
让我们先谈单形名词 law。它有可数与不可数之分。单形不可数名词law 的用法主要有下列三种:
1.“零冠词+law”, 其含义有很多,例如:
(1)The rule of law is a lesson learnt from centuries of human experience.
法治是许多世纪的人类实践的教训。(law 在此是法律的名称)
(2)He reads law .
他学法律。(law 在此意谓法律专业,reads law 的目的是毕业后任律师)
(3)The police maintain law and order.
警察维护法律与秩序。(law and order 的含义相当于“治安”)
(4)I guess law pays better.
我看做律师的收入要多些。(law 在此指法律业)
(5)He determined to go to law about it.
他决定为此提出诉讼。(go to law 是一固定词组,law 在此指法院)
2. “零冠词+修饰语+law”, 表某一范围或某一方面的法律总称,如:
(6)English law is different from French law .
英国法律不同于法国法律。
(7)This is a wanton trample on the norms of international law .
这是对国际法准则的肆意践踏。
其他还有state law (国法)、civil law (民法)、criminal law (刑法)、common law (习惯法)、martial law (戒严法)等。
3.“the +law”, 表某一国或某一时期的法律总体,如:
(8)All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law .
中华人民共和国的全体公民在法律面前都是平等的。(the law 在此指我国法律总体)
(9)I learnt some useful facts about the church and the law in the eleventh century.
我获得了一些有关11世纪教会和法律的有用资料。 (the law 在此指某一时期的法律总体)
the law 还可指法学和法律业,如:
(10)He was designed to the study of the law .
他被期望学习法律。(the law 在此指法律专业)
(11)Now popular careers include the law , accounting, medicine and engineering.
现在受欢迎的职业有法律、会计、医药和工程。(the law 在此指法律业)
在非正式的口语中,the law 还可指警察 (一个或一个以上),如:
(12)The law came just in time to catch the armed robber.
警察及时赶来抓获了那个武装强盗。
单形可数名词law 常指具体的一项法律,如:
(13)The Bill has become a law .
这项议案已变为一项法律。(与不定冠词连用)
(14)This can be largely blamed on the lack of a bankruptcy law .
这主要归咎于没有一项破产法。(前有a和修饰语)
(15)My reading of the law is that we needn't pay.
我对这项法律的理解是我们不必付款。(与定冠词the连用)
(16)When a vendor tries to dodge taxes, the tax law should be invoked against him.
当有商贩试图逃税时,就应援引征税法惩罚他。(前有the 和修饰语)
现在再谈复形名词 laws。它也有可数不可数之别。复形名词 laws 指具体的一项项法律,故多属可数,如:
(17)Since then, the country has promulgated over 80 laws concerning such cooperation.
从那时起,国家已颁布了80多项有关这种合作的法规。 (与数词连用)
(18)The newspaper urges that laws be drafted to end the malpractices.
这家报纸敦促拟订法律以消灭这些不法行为。 (与零冠词连用,laws 在此有“一些”的含义)
(19)Traders involved in this scheme will be punished in accordance with the laws .
从事这种贩卖活动者将依法加以惩处。 (与定冠词连用,the laws 指有关的某些法规)
(20)He called on foreign investors to use the Chinese laws to combat the red tape and inefficiency.
他吁请外国投资者运用中国法律打击文牍主义与办事效率低的现象。(前有the和修饰语)
复形名词 laws, 从句法来看,亦有不可数的情况,如:
(21)Those who seriously violate discipline and laws in abuse of power must be severely punished.
在滥用职权方面严重违反纪律与法律者必须予以严惩。 (laws 在此泛指法律)
(22)Game laws protect wild life.
狩猎法是保护野生动物的。 (laws 前有修饰语)
最后让我们比较一下下列各组说法的含义:
(23)marriage law (a)
the marriage law (b)
二者皆可译作“婚姻法”,但(a)中的law 是一总称,不可数,无与其他法律对比之意;(b)
中的law 指具体的一种法律,可数,有与其他法律相对比之意。
(24)a general knowledge of law (a)
a general knowledge of the law (b)
二者皆可译作“法律常识”,但 (a)中的law 范围很广,泛指一切法律,是法律的总称。(b)中的the law 则仅指一国或某一历史时期的法律,是一国或一时期法律的总称。注意这里的law 与the law 皆不可数。
(25)study the law (a)
study law (b)
这里的the law 与law 皆指法学或法律专业,但(a)多用于英国,(b)多用于美国。
再看看下面一句中的law 与the law 有何不同:
(26)The letter of law should harmonize with the law .
这句话中的law与 the law 皆可译为“法律”,全句的意思是:法律的文字应符合法律的精神。但law 和 the law 的含义并不相同。 law 的含义很清楚,它显然是法律的总称。the law 则有歧义: 它可能指一特定的一项法律;也可能指一国或一时期的法律总体;而更可能指的是一特定范畴,即法律范畴,以区别于其他非法律范畴。
35 meannesses是笔误吗?
有人问: 我发现不用复数形式的抽象名词有时竟用了复数形式,如下面句中的meannesses:
(1)He was guilty of vanity of several meannesses.
请问这是否作者的笔误?
句中的several meannesses 是正确的地道的英语,并非笔误。诚然,meanness 一词一般是没有或不用复形的。但这是相对而言。从理论上讲,任何名词都是有其复数形式的。实际上,也有不少一般不用复形的名词在一种特殊的情况下用了复形,上述例 (1)中的meannesses 只是其中一例而已。再如:
(2)We must determine the relative value of knowledges .
(3)All early capitalisms suppressed trade unions.
(4)They kept intelligences with one another.
(5)Two people's happinesses were in his hands.
(6)Now there are thousands of young people who have good educations or are self-educated.
(7)The Ministry of Communications' moves to curb the growing number of accidents came at a time when members of the Congress criticized the bureaucracies of the Forestry Ministry.
上述六例中的knowledges, capitalisms, intelligences, happinesses, educations, bureaucracies 皆属一般无复形名词的复数形式,但在这里却易令人接受。但仍有不少人反对这样打破常规的用法。有一位英国语法学家说过(大意):knowledge 的复数形式最好留给说英语的本族人使用。不消说,其他像 knowledge 这样的名词的复数形式,我们作为外国人也都应避免使用。
36 medicine不可用作可数名词吗?
有人问到一道填空题:
(1)She has taken a lot of different _____, but she feels even worse.
答案为medicines。请问为何用复数形式?medicine难道是可数名词吗?
物质名词medicine(药)可用作不可数名词,如:
(2)The cough will pass away without medicine .
(3)Take two spoonfuls of cough medicine at bed time.
但也可用作可数名词,表示种类,上述句(1)即是一例,再如:
(4)One of my medicines tastes of strawberries.
(5)She has a cupboard full of different medicines .
像medicines这样表种类的复形物质名词,还有wines, liquids, teas, wheats等。顺便提一下,形容词different之后常接可数复形名词,这也算是上述句(1)应用medicines的理由之一。
37 关于mistake和noise的可数性
有人问: mistake和noise到底是可数名词还是不可数名词?
mistake和noise都是抽象名词。抽象名词多不可数,如honesty, admiration, music, carefulness。但mistake和noise却有所不同。mistake常用作可数名词,例如:
(1)Sorry, I made a mistake .
(2)We all make mistakes sometimes.
(3)There are many spelling mistakes in your composition.
然而,它有时却不可数,如:
(4)I took your coat by mistake .(by mistake是固定词组)
(5)Nor are the most conscientious compilations of Natural History...free from the same heinousness of mistake .(摘自美国名著Moby Dick)
noise常被用作不可数名词,如:
(6)Try not to make so much noise .
(7)I hate noise .
但也常被用作可数名词,如:
(8)Dolphins produce a great variety of noises .
38 这里可用months与feet吗?
有读者问:《英语沙龙》一期中举例有a two-months-old baby和a three-hundred-feet-high building,皆用复形months与feet,不知何故?
这种结构中的度量名词一般皆应用单形。但也有例外,如a four-months-long winter, 再如a three-feet-long stick。美国口语似乎也用a two-months-old baby。
39 为何不用单形名词movement?
有人问到一道填空题:
(1)He's very old, and his_________are getting slower and slower.
答案为movements,请问为何不用movement?
抽象名词movement(动作)有可数不可数之分。用作不可数名词,如:
(2)He stood there without movement .
(3)For a long time after the accident, he had no movement in his legs.
用作可数名词,如:
(4)His movements are easy and dignified.
(5)When people shiver, their uncontrolled muscular movements produce heat and so keep them warm.
由于上述句子所表的是身体的具体动作,所以应用可数的复形名词movements。
40 a good news不是标准英语
有人问到这样一道选择题:
(1)Have you heard _____?
A. a good news
B. an good news
C. good a news
D. good an news
答案为A,这是正确英语吗?
根据我们所拥有的资料,多数学者认为a good news是错误的,只有一位说它是不标准的。我们建议说:
(2)Have you heard any good news?
41 play one's part是一习语
有人问到这样一句话:
(1)In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—some states are going to consider making a law to deal with euthanasia.
have all played their part在此何义? 为何用单数名词part而不用复数名词parts?
play one's part, do one's part, act one's part皆意为“起其作用”或“尽其本职”。have all played their part在此可看作相当于“都产生了影响”。这里用part而不用parts乃是由于play one's part是一习语,part已抽象化,意为“作用”,故不可改动。这种情况并不罕见,再如:
(2)They can't put their finger on what's wrong. (put one's finger on something是一成语,故their finger不改为their fingers)
(3)They know when to speak and when to hold their tongue. (hold one's tongue是一成语,故their tongue不可改为their tongues)
然而,也不可一概而论,如:
(4)They have turned their backs on us. (这里则用复数名词backs)
42 people的含义是什么?
有人问到这样一句话:
(1)The Chinese people are a hardworking people.
请问前后两个people的确切含义是什么? 是否一定不能把are改成is?
英语里people一词的含义较多,大致有以下几种:
意指persons(一个以上的人),如:
(2)There are many people in the room.
意指persons in general(人们),如:
(3)People will talk.
意指all the ordinary members of a state (人民),如:
(4)Serve the people . (常与the连用)
意指nation(民族),race(人种),tribe(部落)等,如:
(5)the peoples of the world
意指those persons who live in a particular place or have a particular nationality (一地之居民或具有同一国籍之人民),如:
(6)the people of London; the British people
此外,people还可意指家人、教徒等,就恕不举例了。
有许多词典认为句(1)中的people意指nation(民族),有的词典还明确地将the Chinese people译为“中华民族”。但我们觉得: 句(1)中的people与意指nation的people有所不同,前者只有复形,不可数,后者则具有单形people和复形peoples,可数;有一本英国出版的词典所给予的释义those persons who have a particular nationality (具有同一国籍的人民)才是句(1)中people的确切含义。
那么,The Chinese people之后的are是否可改成is呢? 答案是否定的,因为上面已提到,这里的people是一个只有复数形式的集体名词。
你或许对句(1)中第二个people之前有不定冠词a和形容词hardworking也有疑问吧? 要知道“表一类或一种的不定冠词a+形容词”后接一不可数名词的情况是很普通的,如:
(7)The book should appeal to a large public . (a large后接一不可数集体名词)
(8)He slept a long sleep . (a long后接一不可数抽象名词)
(9)A light snow was falling. (a light后接一不可数物质名词)
43 如何解释pieties?
有人问到这样一句话:
(1)I am sick of your melancholy histories, your sentimental pieties, your goddamned unchanging faces.
据我所知piety是一不可数名词,但此处却用作可数名词,如何解释呢?
piety作“虔诚”解的确是不可数名词,所以不少词典将它标作“[U]”。但piety有时亦可意指“虔诚的行为”,这时即可用其复形pieties,而这也正是上述句(1)中pieties的含义。再如:
(2)the small pieties with which they larded their discourse
44 scores of 与 score 有什么不同?
有一读者问:短语 scores of与单词 score 有什么区别?
单形集体名词兼数词 score 只用于较为古旧的文体,在当代英语中已不多见,它和 dozen 很相似,很可能也本纯属名词,后接 of, 后来在很多情况下省去了of,才变作数词。现先将 score 作为名词的用法举例如下:
(1)There were a score of people there.
(2)two (three, four, etc.)score of eggs
score 用作数词的情况较多,如:
(3)There are three score men.
(4)I am a man of three score years.
(5)According to the Bible, we can expect to live three score years and ten.
(6)My servant has seen them together a score times.
(7)A score or more were present at the party.
注意数词 score 之后亦可接 of, 如:
(8)a score of times
(9)two score of them (意谓“他们之中的20人”。这种表“部分”的of之后只可接 these, those, them, us 等代词)
现在让我们再看看 scores。它是单形集体名词 score 的复数形式,不可用作数词,故亦不可与数词连用。它常与 of 构成习语 scores of (意谓“好几十”或“许多”),在英语里较为常见,如:
(10)There were scores of people there, maybe eighty or more.
(11)I have been there scores of times.
(12)She received scores of letters about her radio programme.
但有时 scores 可以独立使用,其后的 of 短语可以省去,如:
(13)Scores died in that epidemic. (scores 在此=scores of people)
最后请注意下面几组中(a)与 (b)的区别:
(14)a score times (a)
a score of times (b)
(a)与 (b)同义,但 (b)较为普通。
(15)two (three, four, etc.)score eggs (a)
two (three, four, etc.)score of eggs (b)
(a)与 (b)同义,但(a)远较(b)普通, 有人说(b)有古义。
(16)a score of people (a)
a score of these people (b)
二者意义不同。(a)的意思是“20人”,(b)的意思则是“这些人中的20人”。
45 复数形式skies应如何用?
有读者来信问到sky的复数形式skies的用法。还问到关于名词复数的用法应查什么参考书 ?
可能有不少读者都有这样的问题。让我们先谈第二个问题,然后再讨论第一个问题,好不好?
关于英语名词复数的用法问题,确实比较复杂。一般语法书只谈名词形式的变化(由单数变复数),对于名词复数形式的用法,或则一字不提,或则寥寥数语。比较全面而系统的阐述,尤其是针对中国学生需要的讲解与分析 ,我们愿冒昧地推荐担编《英语复形名词用法词典》(外研社出版)。
具体到sky一词,我们首先应搞清楚它的本义。根据一般词典的释义,它一是指the upper air,一是指the space surrounding the earth。前者表物质,后者表空间。但在英语里, 表物质的名词也好,表空间的名词也好,它们大都可有复数形式,以表示其部分化、具体化或个别化: 如表物质的复数形式有waters, sands, winds, rains等,表空间的复数形式有spaces, areas, expanses, surfaces等。这些复数形式有的可数,如areas; 有的则不可数,如waters。sky也是一样,它也有复数形式skies,和waters一样,也不可数。
sky如何具体化为skies的,我们知道得不多。究其源,盖与cloud有关。不论如何,在当代英语中,二者在本义上,以及在用法上,区别都不甚大。根据我们的观察,复数形式skies 似乎多用在下面一些场合之中:
1. 复数形式skies多用在富有诗意富有情感的文体中,如:
(1)The skies were tinged with pink.
(2)The west wind came up again. All nature seemed in a rage. The skies were cloudless.
(3)He raised a mortal to the skies , she drew an angel down.
2. 复数形式skies常用来表示天气如何,如:
(4)On the area weather map, most stations in southern Michigan are reporting sunny skies .
(5)The papers forecast clear skies tomorrow.
3. 复数形式skies也常用来表一个国家的领空或上空,如:
(6)They wanted to buy our ports and skies and pay with billions of the American people's money for civil war.
(7)A downed pilot, if he were unharmed, could soon take another plane into the skies .
4. 以上例句中的skies一般皆可与单数形式sky交换使用,但在某些习语中则必须用复数形式,如:
(8)Indeed he was lauded by many persons to the skies .
最后,请注意除上面所举的例(4)、(5)、(6)外,其余各例中的skies皆须与定冠词the连用。
46 speed是一可数名词
有人问到这样一道改错题:
(1)You read different things with different speed.
有人说different speed不可数,故而不错,对吗?
不对。speed在此是一可数名词,故而上述句(1)应改作:
(2)You read different things with different speeds.
复数形式speeds并不罕见,再如:
(3)My bicycle has ten speeds .
(4)This car is capable of reaching speeds of over 110 kilometres per hour.
47 . staff可与数词连用
有人问: 下面词句中的staff与数字连用的用法现已通行否?
(1)“We guarantee a successful application,”boasts one of the staff of the company.
(2)The three young staff of the office busily go about making a living.
(3)consulting one of the staff about his chances
上述词句中集体名词staff与数词连用的用法已不罕见,并已收入词典中(尤其是英国英语词典)。除上述例证外,再如:
(4)She's in charge of about 20 staff .
(5)The salon covers more than 80 square kilometres and employs seven staff .
(6)There were then about 12,000 students and 2,600 faculty and staff .
类似staff以及faculty这种用法的还有crew, personnel, equipment等集体名词,实例如:
(7)four crew 4个机组人员
(8)3,000 military personnel
(9)one of 12 equipment imported from the United States
(10)800 cattle
(11)a staff of six clergy 共有6个牧师的班子
(12)two or three police
48 用stone抑或stone's?
有人问到这样一道选择题:
The beach is a_________throw.
A. stone B. stone's
答案是B,为何不用A?
a stone's throw是一成语,不可改动,其义为“一石之遥”,所以应用属格stone's,表示度量,另如a day's absence。 stone亦可后接名词,如stone wall, 但它在此意谓“石头造的”。
49 如何解释a stores?
有人问到这样一个句子:
They went down the big stairs walking a little a part, like strangers in a stores.
如何解释“a+复数名词stores”呢?
这里的stores意指“百货商店”,系英国用法,相当于美国的department store。这个词为复形,实际上既可表复念,亦可表单念。英语像这样可具有单念的复形名词还有a scissors, a shambles, a sweepstakes, a works等。
50 谈谈study和studies
在这篇短文中,我们只谈名词 study。 作为名词study 有很多意义。除“学习、研究”外,它还意谓“书房”、“试画”、“练习曲”、“意图”、“努力”、“沉思”以及“有关演员背台词的能力”等。我们在此只拟围绕 study 的本义“学习、研究”比较其单数与复数形式。
让我们先看看单形 study 的一般用法。它通常具有如下几种不同的意义:
1. 意谓“学习”或“学业”,不可数,如:
(1)He is fond of study .
他爱学习。
(2)Some parents care only about their children's progress in study .
有些父母只关心孩子学业上的长进。
(3)She said she will go abroad to further her college study .
她说她将出国继续念大学。
2. 意谓“研究”,不可数,如:
(4)He is an expert on Shakespeare study .
他是一位研究莎士比亚的专家。
(5)Scott and Coleridge loved both German and Italian study .
司各特与柯尔律治都喜爱研究德语和意大利语。 (这里如用复形 studies, 则意谓“德国与意大利问题研究”)
3. 意谓“学习与研究”, 不可数,如:
(6)Fellowship means an endowment for support of a graduate student doing advanced study in some field.
研究生奖学金是一项为资助研究生进行深造而捐赠的基金。(study 在此不但具有“研究”的意义,也具有“学习”的意义)
4. 意谓“值得研究的对象”,常与不定冠词连用,如:
(7)His face is quite a study .
他的面孔真有意思。
现在再让我们看看复形 studies 的用法。它通常具有下列一些不同的意义:
1. 意谓“学习”或“学业”,不可数,如:
(8)He applied himself to his studies .
他努力学习。
(9)Students are overloaded with studies , and their eyesight suffers.
学生学习负担过重,有损视力。
(10)His studies broadened his horizon.
他的(这些)学业使他开阔了眼界。 (studies 可以指对一些学科的学习)
(11)He pursued his studies .
他进行学习。(pursue one's studies 意谓“求学”,studies 在此指各种学习活动)
(12)In March 1945 when Wang was 19,he shifted his studies to Hiroshima Normal University to flee the American bombings of Tokyo.
1945年3月,王19岁时,他转学到广岛师范大学,以躲避美国对东京的轰炸。(shifted his studies 意谓“转学”,studies 亦指具体的学习实践而言)
(13)Studies at seven.
晚7时自习。 (这是学校作息时间表上的一句话。 studies 亦指学习活动)
2. 意谓“(对各种问题的)研究”,不可数,如:
(14)His contributions to our geological studies have been really very great.
他对地质学研究的贡献确实很大。
(15)“You wrote a wonderful exam,” Professor Fairbank said.“Have you considered Chinese studies as a career? You ought to begin studying Chinese.”
“你考得非常之好,”费正清教授说道。“你考虑过毕生研究中国问题没有? 你应该开始学习中文。”
(16)Defence studies is not a discipline renowned for semantic exactitude.
国防研究不是一门以语义精确著称的学科。 (studies 在此指对各个方面的研究,但并无复念,故后接单形动词is)
3. 意谓“研究结果”,可数,如:
(17)Some studies indicate that only children generally do better in school than those with siblings.
有些研究表明独生子女的学习成绩一般要优于有兄弟姐妹的儿童。
(18)Many studies by doctors show that anions cannot pass through the skin but large amounts are taken in when a person breathes.
医生们所进行的许多研究都说明阴离子不能通过皮肤,但人可以通过呼吸吸入大量的阴离子。
4. 意谓“学科”或“课目”,可数,如:
(19)A course may mean a complete body of studies in a college or university.
学程可意谓学院或大学的整个一系列课程。
(20)My studies for the first year were English history, English literature, German, Latin, arithmetic and Latin composition.
我在一年级的课程有英国史、英国文学、德语、拉丁文、算术和拉丁文作文。
综上可以看出,单形study 的本义是一抽象概念,是一种不可分割的整体活动——学习。复形studies 的本义则表种种具体的学习实践或活动。根据这一基本区别,亦可看出下面句子中study 单、复形之不同,虽然句中用单、复形皆可:
(21)You don't have to go abroad for advanced study/studies .
你没有必要出国深造。
51 名词support在此有被动意义
有人问到这样一句话:
(1)This is an activity worthy of support.
support为什么不改用被动语态being supported?
英语里有许多动作名词(action nouns)不仅有主动意义,而且有被动意义。上述句(1)中的support即是其中之一。它可意为supporting,如:
(2)This was one of the letters of support she'd received when she was hurt in the accident.
亦可意为being supported,如上述句(1)。再试比较:
(3)We had a long discussion about the question.
(discussion=讨论)
(4)The question is still under discussion.
(discussion=被讨论)
(5)Allied commanders and their staffs worked out detailed plans for the Japanese invasion.
(the Japanese invasion=日本的被攻入)
(6)The Japanese had rounded up high-school boys to fight our invasion. (our invasion=我们的攻入)
有些表状态的动词亦有主动、被动之分,试比较:
(7)Her love for him never wavered. (在此love=爱)
(8)Children need love and understanding.(在此love=被爱)
52 think, thinking, thought 的区别
有人问到这样一道用括号内的单词填空的题:
(1)I have no_________of doing that at all. You'd better do some hard_________before you decide things. (think)
请问如何填空,并请解释 think, thinking, thought 这三个名词的区别。
第一空格应填 thought, 第二空格应填 thinking。粗略地说,thinking 比较强调“思想”的动态,thought 比较强调“思想”的静态。更重要的是要注意它们各自的习惯用法。比如上述句中的 have no thought of doing something 就是 thought 的一种习惯用法,而 do some thinking, 正如 do some washing 一样,是某些动名词常用的一种结构。关于 thought 与 thinking 的其他不同用法与含义则可查阅好的英语词典或英汉词典,这里就不细说了。至于名词 think 则多用在口语中,意谓一次性的“思想”动作,只有单数形式,如:
(2)I'll have a think about it.
53 谈谈thought和thoughts
抽象名词thought 的本义是思想或思维,但在实际用法中则可有许多其他的含义,如思考、思索、考虑、关心、构想、想法、意图、意见、希望、期望等。它有单、复数形式,并各有可数与不可数之分。
可数的单形thought 常表具体的想法、念头、看法、意见等,如:
(1)I've just had a thought .
我恰有一个想法。 (与不定冠词a连用)
(2)I have only one thought .
我只有一个想法。(与数词 one 连用)
(3)The thought flashed through her mind that Michael had brought her down for his parents to inspect her.
一个念头从她脑海闪过:迈克尔将她带来是要让他的父母相她。(与定冠词the连用)
(4)Do you understand my thought ?
你了解我的想法吗? (与物主代词my连用)
(5)His one thought is how to get away.
他的唯一念头是如何脱身。(与物主代词加one连用)
不可数的单形thought 常表整体的不可分割的思想和思维,如:
(6)Thought belongs only to thinking and rational beings.
思想只属于能思维的有理性的人类。(与零冠词连用)
(7)Half of the volume is devoted to a history of war and military thought in China over the centuries.
此卷有一半篇幅是论述中国许多世纪以来的作战史和军事思想的。(与零冠词连用,但前有形容词military, thought 在此有“系统的思想”的含义,再如:English thought,modern thought)
(8)The thought may be another's; the imagination is one's own.
思想可以是他人的;想象则是自己的。(与定冠词连用,以与the imagination 相对比)
(9)I have given it much thought .
我对它考虑很多。(与much 连用)
(10)Well, that takes some thought .
噢,这事颇费思考。
可数的复形 thoughts 的意义与可数的单形thought 相同,如:
(11)He has many thoughts on the matter.
他对此事有很多想法。 (与many 连用)
(12)I have few thoughts that are new and worthy to express on the subject.
在这个课题上,我没有多少新的值得发表的见解。 (与few 连用)
(13)The thoughts are wayward and hard to control.
这些思想变幻无常、难以控制。(与定冠词the 连用)
(14)With these thoughts he went home.
他带着这些念头回到了家。 (与these 连用)
(15)Now lay aside all those thoughts and look to the future.
好了,不要转那些念头了,向前看吧。(与those 连用)
不可数的复形thoughts 似乎是不可思议的。既是复形,怎会是不可数的呢? 但实际上,不可数的复形thoughts 不但存在,而且屡见不鲜。这是因为英语里的复形名词并不都是一一可数,这种情况尤以抽象名词为多。thoughts 即是其中之一(其他与身心有关的还有 feelings, cares, fears, worries, sensibilities, distresses, passions, attentions, consciences 等)。那么为什么又用其复形呢? 其原因在于它虽不可数,但却有复念。复念的涵义是“多”,可表“多个”,“多种”,“多量”等概念。其中之“多种”与“多量”即为不可数。而不可数的thoughts 的复念就是指种种思维活动和思维结果,而且往往比较具体生动,如:
(16)Thoughts turned toward home.
思绪转向了家园。(与零冠词连用)
(17)He has beautiful thoughts .
他有美好的思想。(与零冠词加形容词连用,再如 autumn thoughts , random thoughts , noble thoughts 等)
(18)The thoughts of today are greatly changed from those of yesterday.
今日的思潮与昨日大不相同。(与定冠词the 连用)
不可数的thoughts 与名词或代词所有格连用的情况似乎更为常见,如:
(19)I cannot concentrate my thoughts .
我的思想不能集中。(与my连用)
(20)A penny for your thoughts !
你在呆想什么呀! (这是一种固定说法,与your 连用)
(21)He's not in love. Nothing is farther from his thoughts .
他没有爱上什么人。他压根儿就没有这种想法。(与his连用)
(22)Ed Lowe's thoughts probed his memory for the face.
埃德·洛在心中力图回忆那张面孔。
最后,试比较下列各组中的单形thought与复形 thoughts:
(23)on second thought (a)
on second thoughts (b)
(24)English thought (a)
the thoughts of the British people (b)
(25)to put one's thought into words (a)
to put one's thoughts into words (b)
(26)He is deep in thought . (a)
He is sunk in thoughts . (b)
(27)He had thought of resigning.(a)
He had thoughts of resigning.(b)
(23)的(a)与(b)同义,但(a)多用于美国,如仔细区分,(a)强调“一次再思”,(b)则意味着“反复再思”。 (24)的(a)指“英国民族的整体的共同的思想”,(b)则指“英国人的各种思想”。(25)中的(a)意指“说出一个人的一种想法”,(b)则指“说出一个人的种种想法”。 (26)中的(a)意谓“他在沉思”, thought 意指“思考”;(b)则意谓“他陷入沉思”,其意是“他被种种思想所包围而不能摆脱”。(27)的(a)与(b)皆意谓“他想辞职”,但(a)“只是一次”,(b)则意味着“屡次地想”。
54 这里为何用单形名词ticket?
有人问到这样一句话:
(1)Nobody thought they would have to pay for their own ticket.
这里的ticket为什么用单形而不用复形?
有些指人的复合代词,如everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one等,常常代之以人称代词they(them)和物主代词their,而不用he (him)和his。因此这个句子实际上等同于:
(2)Nobody thought he would have to pay for his own ticket.
55 为什么用复形名词women?
有人问为什么要用复形名词women?如有这样一句话:
Women astronauts have travelled in space ships already.
但我们却须说 boy students。
由一个以上的词构成的名词叫做复合名词。复合名词变为复数形式时,一般皆是将其一个组成部分变为复形即可。但第一组成部分为 man或woman 的复合名词则属例外。它变为复形时,须将两个组成部分皆变成复形,句中的women astronauts 即是一例,再如 men(或women)doctors, men(或women)writers, men(或women)singers 等等。
那么,这种复合名词变成复数形式时为什么将其第一组成部分也变为复形呢? 这是因为复形men 和women 不以-s结尾因而不会被误会为's的缘故。而其他结构相同的复合名词则不然。且以问中所举的boy students 而论。如将其第一组成部分也变为复形,整个名词即变为boys students。 这样,在口语中,boys 就有被误为 boy's 的危险。现在再回头看 women astronauts 或 men doctors 等,它们就显然没有被误会为's 的危险,不是吗?
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