专题09 巧用被动语态(讲义) - 高中英语写作从零开始

专题09 巧用被动语态 写作指导 识 核心概念：什么是被动语态？ 被动语态强调动作的承受者，而非动作的执行者。 · 主动语态：The cat (主语/动作执行者) chased (谓语) the mouse (宾语/动作承受者). · 被动语态：The mouse (主语/动作承受者) was chased (谓语) (by the cat) (动作执行者). 核心公式：主语 + be + 过去分词 (+ by + 动作执行者) 这里的 be 动词会根据句子的时态、主语的人称和数量发生变化。过去分词 是动词的第三种形式（规则动词加-ed，不规则动词需单独记忆，如 see-saw-seen）。 不同时态下的被动语态结构（以动词do为例）： 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are + done English is spoken all over the world. (英语在世界各地被使用。) 一般过去时 did was/were + done This house was built in 1990. (这栋房子建于1990年。) 一般将来时 will do will be + done The problem will be solved soon. (这个问题很快会被解决。) 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being + done A new bridge is being built now. (一座新桥正在被修建。) 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being + done When I arrived, the room was being cleaned. (我到的时候，房间正在被打扫。) 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been + done The task has been finished. (任务已经被完成了。) 情态动词 can/must/may do can/must/may be + done The work must be done carefully. (这项工作必须被认真完成。) 1. 强调动作的承受者 当动作的承受者比执行者更重要、更值得关注时，使用被动语态。 · 例如：The First Modern Olympics were held in Athens in 1896.（第一届现代奥运会于1896年在雅典举行。） · 我们关心的是“奥运会”这个事件本身，而不是谁组织了它（动作执行者）。 2. 不知道或无需指明动作的执行者 当我们不知道、不想说或认为没必要说出动作是谁做的时候。 · 例如：My wallet was stolen on the bus yesterday.（我的钱包昨天在公交车上被偷了。） · 我不知道是谁偷的。 · 例如：The rules of the school must be obeyed.（学校的规章制度必须被遵守。） · 执行者是“所有学生”，无需指明。 3. 用于客观、正式的文体（如科技论文、新闻报道、说明文） 这类文体注重客观事实本身，而非个人的主观行为。被动语态可以弱化个人色彩，增强客观性。 · 主动（较主观）：We conducted the experiment in three stages.（我们分三个阶段进行了实验。） · 被动（更客观）：The experiment was conducted in three stages.（实验被分为三个阶段进行。） · 新闻报道：It is reported that five people were killed in the accident.（据报道，事故中有五人丧生。） 4. 为了使句子衔接更流畅、上下文更连贯 通过使用被动语态，我们可以让句子的主语与上一句的关键信息保持一致，使行文更连贯。 不连贯：He gave a wonderful speech. Everyone applauded him.（他发表了精彩的演讲。大家都为他鼓掌。） 更连贯：He gave a wonderful speech and **was applauded** by everyone.（他发表了精彩的演讲，并受到了大家的热烈鼓掌。） 后半句用被动，主语“He”与前半句保持一致，句子衔接更自然。 专项练习 练 一、单句语法填空30题 1. English ______ (speak) by people all over the world. 2. The letter ______ (send) yesterday, so it should arrive tomorrow. 3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city now. 4. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting next Monday. 5. By the end of last year, three bridges ______ (complete) in this area. 6. The windows ______ (not clean) yet. Please ask someone to do it. 7. Many trees ______ (plant) on the hills every spring. 8. The meeting ______ (hold) when we arrived at the office. 9. This book ______ (write) by a famous author in the 1990s. 10. Your homework ______ (must finish) before you go out to play. 11. The lost child ______ (find) by a kind-hearted man an hour ago. 12. Mobile phones ______ (use) more and more widely in daily life. 13. The project ______ (will finish) in two months if everything goes well. 14. When I got to the station, the tickets ______ (already sell) out. 15. The classroom ______ (clean) by the students every afternoon. 16. That famous film ______ (show) on TV again next weekend. 17. The old building ______ (pull) down because it was not safe. 18. Now more attention ______ (pay) to the environment protection. 19. The sports meeting ______ (may put) off if it rains tomorrow. 20. All the preparations for the party ______ (have make) by 6 o’clock yesterday evening. 21. The baby ______ (take) care of by her grandmother while her parents are at work. 22. A lot of research ______ (do) on this subject in the past few years. 23. The question ______ (not answer) yet. Let’s discuss it together. 24. The novel ______ (translate) into several languages since it was published. 25. The machines ______ (check) carefully before they leave the factory. 26. An interesting talk ______ (give) by a professor in our school tomorrow. 27. When we visited the museum, some ancient coins ______ (exhibit) there. 28. The rules of the game ______ (explain) to us clearly before we started playing. 29. This kind of computer ______ (produce) in China for many years. 30. The injured dog ______ (take) to the animal hospital by a stranger just now. 二、长句翻译20题 1. 这些信件每天都会由秘书分类整理。 2. 这个实验室是在2020年建成并投入使用的。 3. 现在越来越多的青少年受到网络信息的影响。 4. 到明年年底，这条新公路将已修建完成。 5. 据说这部电影改编自一个真实的故事。 6. 所有的申请材料必须在本周五之前提交。 7. 当我们到达时，会议已经被推迟了。 8. 这种新型能源汽车正在全国各地推广。 9. 这个古老的村庄受到了政府的重点保护。 10. 学生们的作业将由老师仔细批改。 11. 在过去的十年里，这个城市的面貌发生了巨大的变化。 12. 这本书被翻译成了20多种语言，在全球畅销。 13. 孩子们应该被教会如何保护自己免受危险。 14. 这个问题已经被专家们研究了很长时间。 15. 明天的讲座将由一位来自北京大学的教授主持。 16. 这些珍贵的文物在博物馆里已经保存了数百年。 17. 由于天气恶劣，航班被迫取消了。 18. 我们学校的图书馆每年都会添置大量新书。 19. 这个项目的成功离不开所有参与者的努力。 20. 一些传统技艺正在被年轻一代传承和发展。 答案： 一、单句语法填空30题 1. is spoken（一般现在时被动，主语为单数，表客观事实） 2. was sent（一般过去时被动，yesterday为时间标志） 3. is being built（现在进行时被动，now为时间标志，表正在进行） 4. will be discussed（一般将来时被动，next Monday为时间标志） 5. had been completed（过去完成时被动，by the end of last year为时间标志，表过去的过去） 6. haven’t been cleaned（现在完成时被动，yet为时间标志，表动作未完成） 7. are planted（一般现在时被动，every spring为时间标志，表经常性动作） 8. was being held（过去进行时被动，when引导的时间状语从句，表主句动作正在进行） 9. was written（一般过去时被动，in the 1990s为时间标志） 10. must be finished（情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+be+过去分词） 11. was found（一般过去时被动，an hour ago为时间标志） 12. are used（一般现在时被动，主语为复数，表客观情况） 13. will be finished（一般将来时被动，in two months为时间标志） 14. had already been sold（过去完成时被动，when引导的时间状语从句，表主句动作先于从句发生） 15. is cleaned（一般现在时被动，every afternoon为时间标志） 16. will be shown（一般将来时被动，next weekend为时间标志） 17. was pulled（一般过去时被动，because从句为过去时，主从句时态一致） 18. is paid（一般现在时被动，now为时间标志，表当前状态） 19. may be put（情态动词的被动结构：may+be+过去分词） 20. had been made（过去完成时被动，by 6 o’clock yesterday evening为时间标志） 21. is taken（一般现在时被动，while从句为现在时，表经常性情况） 22. has been done（现在完成时被动，in the past few years为时间标志） 23. hasn’t been answered（现在完成时被动，yet为时间标志） 24. has been translated（现在完成时被动，since引导的时间状语从句，主句用完成时） 25. are checked（一般现在时被动，表生产流程中的常规操作） 26. will be given（一般将来时被动，tomorrow为时间标志） 27. were being exhibited（过去进行时被动，when引导的时间状语从句，表当时正在发生） 28. had been explained（过去完成时被动，before引导的时间状语从句，表主句动作先于从句发生） 29. has been produced（现在完成时被动，for many years为时间标志） 30. was taken（一般过去时被动，just now为时间标志） 二、长句翻译20题答案 1. These letters are sorted out by the secretary every day.（一般现在时被动，表经常性动作） 2. This laboratory was built and put into use in 2020.（一般过去时被动，表过去发生的动作） 3. Now more and more teenagers are influenced by online information.（一般现在时被动，表当前状态） 4. By the end of next year, this new highway will have been completed.（将来完成时被动，表未来某时前完成的动作） 5. It is said that this film is adapted from a true story.（固定句型It is said that...，从句用一般现在时被动） 6. All application materials must be submitted before this Friday.（情态动词的被动，表要求） 7. When we arrived, the meeting had already been put off.（过去完成时被动，表先于到达发生的动作） 8. This kind of new energy vehicle is being promoted all over the country.（现在进行时被动，表正在进行的动作） 9. This ancient village is under key protection by the government.（be under + 名词，表被动状态，替代被动语态） 10. The students’ homework will be carefully corrected by the teachers.（一般将来时被动，表未来的动作） 11. Great changes have taken place in this city in the past ten years.（不及物动词短语无被动，用主动表被动含义） 12. This book has been translated into more than 20 languages and sold well around the world.（现在完成时被动，表动作持续影响） 13. Children should be taught how to protect themselves from danger.（情态动词的被动，表建议） 14. This problem has been studied by experts for a long time.（现在完成时被动，表动作持续时间） 15. Tomorrow’s lecture will be hosted by a professor from Peking University.（一般将来时被动，表未来的动作） 16. These precious cultural relics have been preserved in the museum for hundreds of years.（现在完成时被动，表动作持续状态） 17. Due to bad weather, the flight was forced to be cancelled.（一般过去时被动，表过去发生的被动动作） 18. A large number of new books are added to our school library every year.（一般现在时被动，表经常性动作） 19. The success of this project cannot be separated from the efforts of all participants.（情态动词的被动，表客观事实） 20. Some traditional crafts are being inherited and developed by the younger generation.（现在进行时被动，表正在进行的动作） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09 巧用被动语态 写作指导 识 核心概念：什么是被动语态？ 被动语态强调动作的承受者，而非动作的执行者。 · 主动语态：The cat (主语/动作执行者) chased (谓语) the mouse (宾语/动作承受者). · 被动语态：The mouse (主语/动作承受者) was chased (谓语) (by the cat) (动作执行者). 核心公式：主语 + be + 过去分词 (+ by + 动作执行者) 这里的 be 动词会根据句子的时态、主语的人称和数量发生变化。过去分词 是动词的第三种形式（规则动词加-ed，不规则动词需单独记忆，如 see-saw-seen）。 不同时态下的被动语态结构（以动词do为例）： 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are + done English is spoken all over the world. (英语在世界各地被使用。) 一般过去时 did was/were + done This house was built in 1990. (这栋房子建于1990年。) 一般将来时 will do will be + done The problem will be solved soon. (这个问题很快会被解决。) 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being + done A new bridge is being built now. (一座新桥正在被修建。) 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being + done When I arrived, the room was being cleaned. (我到的时候，房间正在被打扫。) 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been + done The task has been finished. (任务已经被完成了。) 情态动词 can/must/may do can/must/may be + done The work must be done carefully. (这项工作必须被认真完成。) 1. 强调动作的承受者 当动作的承受者比执行者更重要、更值得关注时，使用被动语态。 · 例如：The First Modern Olympics were held in Athens in 1896.（第一届现代奥运会于1896年在雅典举行。） · 我们关心的是“奥运会”这个事件本身，而不是谁组织了它（动作执行者）。 2. 不知道或无需指明动作的执行者 当我们不知道、不想说或认为没必要说出动作是谁做的时候。 · 例如：My wallet was stolen on the bus yesterday.（我的钱包昨天在公交车上被偷了。） · 我不知道是谁偷的。 · 例如：The rules of the school must be obeyed.（学校的规章制度必须被遵守。） · 执行者是“所有学生”，无需指明。 3. 用于客观、正式的文体（如科技论文、新闻报道、说明文） 这类文体注重客观事实本身，而非个人的主观行为。被动语态可以弱化个人色彩，增强客观性。 · 主动（较主观）：We conducted the experiment in three stages.（我们分三个阶段进行了实验。） · 被动（更客观）：The experiment was conducted in three stages.（实验被分为三个阶段进行。） · 新闻报道：It is reported that five people were killed in the accident.（据报道，事故中有五人丧生。） 4. 为了使句子衔接更流畅、上下文更连贯 通过使用被动语态，我们可以让句子的主语与上一句的关键信息保持一致，使行文更连贯。 不连贯：He gave a wonderful speech. Everyone applauded him.（他发表了精彩的演讲。大家都为他鼓掌。） 更连贯：He gave a wonderful speech and **was applauded** by everyone.（他发表了精彩的演讲，并受到了大家的热烈鼓掌。） 后半句用被动，主语“He”与前半句保持一致，句子衔接更自然。 专项练习 练 一、单句语法填空30题 1. English ______ (speak) by people all over the world. 2. The letter ______ (send) yesterday, so it should arrive tomorrow. 3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city now. 4. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting next Monday. 5. By the end of last year, three bridges ______ (complete) in this area. 6. The windows ______ (not clean) yet. Please ask someone to do it. 7. Many trees ______ (plant) on the hills every spring. 8. The meeting ______ (hold) when we arrived at the office. 9. This book ______ (write) by a famous author in the 1990s. 10. Your homework ______ (must finish) before you go out to play. 11. The lost child ______ (find) by a kind-hearted man an hour ago. 12. Mobile phones ______ (use) more and more widely in daily life. 13. The project ______ (will finish) in two months if everything goes well. 14. When I got to the station, the tickets ______ (already sell) out. 15. The classroom ______ (clean) by the students every afternoon. 16. That famous film ______ (show) on TV again next weekend. 17. The old building ______ (pull) down because it was not safe. 18. Now more attention ______ (pay) to the environment protection. 19. The sports meeting ______ (may put) off if it rains tomorrow. 20. All the preparations for the party ______ (have make) by 6 o’clock yesterday evening. 21. The baby ______ (take) care of by her grandmother while her parents are at work. 22. A lot of research ______ (do) on this subject in the past few years. 23. The question ______ (not answer) yet. Let’s discuss it together. 24. The novel ______ (translate) into several languages since it was published. 25. The machines ______ (check) carefully before they leave the factory. 26. An interesting talk ______ (give) by a professor in our school tomorrow. 27. When we visited the museum, some ancient coins ______ (exhibit) there. 28. The rules of the game ______ (explain) to us clearly before we started playing. 29. This kind of computer ______ (produce) in China for many years. 30. The injured dog ______ (take) to the animal hospital by a stranger just now. 二、长句翻译20题 1. 这些信件每天都会由秘书分类整理。 2. 这个实验室是在2020年建成并投入使用的。 3. 现在越来越多的青少年受到网络信息的影响。 4. 到明年年底，这条新公路将已修建完成。 5. 据说这部电影改编自一个真实的故事。 6. 所有的申请材料必须在本周五之前提交。 7. 当我们到达时，会议已经被推迟了。 8. 这种新型能源汽车正在全国各地推广。 9. 这个古老的村庄受到了政府的重点保护。 10. 学生们的作业将由老师仔细批改。 11. 在过去的十年里，这个城市的面貌发生了巨大的变化。 12. 这本书被翻译成了20多种语言，在全球畅销。 13. 孩子们应该被教会如何保护自己免受危险。 14. 这个问题已经被专家们研究了很长时间。 15. 明天的讲座将由一位来自北京大学的教授主持。 16. 这些珍贵的文物在博物馆里已经保存了数百年。 17. 由于天气恶劣，航班被迫取消了。 18. 我们学校的图书馆每年都会添置大量新书。 19. 这个项目的成功离不开所有参与者的努力。 20. 一些传统技艺正在被年轻一代传承和发展。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $