2026年中考英语语法-句子成分知识及例子讲解课件

句子成分 句子成分 定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。 主要成分:主语和谓语 次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 I met my best friend John in the street last week. 主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 状语 (一)主语 subject 主语:句子说明的人或事物 Apples are my favorite. 名词 She wants some juice. 代词 Three plus three is six. 数词 To see is to believe. 不定式 Shopping is my favorite. 动名词 The disabled usually lead a hard life. 名词化的形容词 What he said is true. 从句 (二)谓语 Predicate 谓语:说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语:凡是由一个动词构成的,不管是什么时态、语态、语气,都是简单谓语。 People’s living standards are going up steadily. 复合谓语:由两部分构成,主要有以下两类: 带不定时的复合谓语: We have to do something for them. 带表语的复合谓语: For many years he still remained single. (三)宾语 object She bought a dress. 名词 She didn’t say anything. 代词 How many apples do you want?——I want two. 数词 We should help the old. 名词化的形容词 They asked to help me. 不定式 I enjoy working with you. 动名词 I can’t remember what you said. 从句 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语。 直接宾语(the Direct Object)指物或事。 间接宾语(the Indirect Object)指人或动物。 He gave me two apples. 间接宾语 直接宾语 (四)表语 在系动词后面的部分就是表语 The dress is beautiful. They seem to know the truth. I’m not quite myself today. That still remains a secret. I don’t feel at ease. 系动词 状态系动词:be 持续系动词:keep, remain, stay 表象系动词:seem, appear 感官系动词:feel, smell, sound, taste 变化系动词:become, grow, turn, fall, go, run 终止系动词:prove, turn out (五)定语 定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 She is a beautiful girl. 形容词 This is my father. 代词 There are 37 students in our class. 数词 They are to send a government delegation to China. 名词 What’s your government’s policy towards these countries? 名词所有格 There is s sleeping baby in bed. 现在分词 His spoken English is fluent. 过去分词 定语后置 如果定语是由一个单词表示时,通常前置; 如果由一个词组或一个句子表示时,通常后置。 The girl in red is my girlfriend. We have a lot of work to do. The girl standing over there is my girlfriend. Do you like the book borrowed from the library? Do you know the man who just spoke just now? (六)状语 状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 Theoretically, you are right, but things may not work like that in fact. 副词 She did this out of kindness. 介词短语 I’m glad to see you here. 不定式(短语) Compared with many women, she was indeed very fortunate. 分词(短语) They all rushed over, eager to help. 形容词 When I was ill, she nursed me day and night. 词组 We did it because we had to. 从句 (六)宾语补足语 有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有: make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He can make himself understood. She asked me to give her a hand. 感觉:feel 听:listen to, hear 让:make let, have 看:look at, see, watch, notice, observe 动词/动词词组+sb. + to do advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, forbid, invite, like, want, love, order, persuade, require, teacher, remind, tell, 区分 He expected to see us. He came to see us. My job is teaching English. I am teaching English. He teaches us Chinese. We makes him president. He bought me a book. The food taste delicious. He taste the delicious food. 宾语 状语 S+V+P S+V+O S+V+IO+DO S+V+O+C S+V+IO+DO S+V+P S+V+O (七)独立成分 Independent Element 当一个词、短语或从句用在句子里,而与句子的其他成分没有语法上的关系时,它就被称为独立成分。 1. 惊叹语 Interjections Oh, you did it! Hm, that’s delicious. Why—you can count upon me to help you. 2. 呼语 Direct Address Hurry up, my dear! John, what’s the matter? 3. 插入语 Parenthesis He may not come, I am afraid. This, I think, is the only way out of this problem. 不定式 To be honest, I don’t quite agree with you. 现在分词(短语) Roughly speaking, these countries are the most advanced in the area. 介词短语 This, in my opinion, is the most beautiful one. 形容词 Sure enough, the salesman came again the next day. 副词 Honestly, I don’t need it. 从句 What’s more, 40 percent of the families would get an income of over 1000 yuan. 句子的种类 简单句 Simple Sentence 并列句 Compound Sentence 复合句 Complex Sentence 简单句 1. 只包含一个主谓结构 Mary opened the door. 2. 两个主语和一个谓语 John and Mary are best friends 3. 一个主语和两个谓语 He opened the door and came into the house. 简单句的五种基本类型 My head aches. 主语+谓语 S+V The dress is beautiful. 主语+系动词+表语 S+V+P She loves apples. 主语+谓语+宾语 S+V+O He showed me a pencil-box 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 S+V+IO+DO They won‘t let me go. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 S+V+O+C 并列句 compound sentence 把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来,则称为一个并列句。 I turned on the TV. I watched it. I turned on the TV and I watched it. I bought a dress for my sister. She didn’t like it. I bought a dress for my sister, but she didn’t like it. 常用并列连词 平行并列连词: 转折并列连词: 因果并列连词: 选择并列连词: and, both…and…, not only…but also…, neither…nor… but, however, while, yet for, so or, either…or… 复合句 主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用,不能单独存在。 从句的类型 I can‘t believe that he made such a mistake. 宾语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 同位语从句 The news that he told me just now is true. 定语从句 He was watching TV when his father came in. 状语从句 There is nothing we can do now. 定语从句 It is possible that I may not be able to come. 主语从句 The order soon came that all civilians should evacuate the village. 同位语从句 The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 表语从句 That he had finished the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 主语从句 What had happened proves that our policy is right. 主语从句、表语从句 We were very happy in those days when we studied in school. 定语从句 Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately. 定语从句 I will stand where I can see the stars clearly. 状语从句 句子分析 1. The two children had never been in London before, and were astonished at the crowds everywhere. 2. By far the largest of the Latin American countries, Brazil occupies half of the continent of South Africa, stretching from the Guiana Highlands in the north to the plains of your Uruguay and Paraguay in the south. 句子分析 1. The two children had never been in London before, and were astonished at the crowds everywhere. 两个孩子从未来过伦敦,看到到处都是人群,感到很惊讶。 a. This is a simple sentence. b. The subject is “The two children.” c. It has two predicates. The first is “had never been in London.” The second one is “were astonished.” d. “before” and “at the crowds everywhere” are adverbials. 2. By far the largest of the Latin American countries, Brazil occupies half of the continent of South Africa, stretching from the Guiana Highlands in the north to the plains of your Uruguay and Paraguay in the south. 巴西是拉丁美洲最大的国家,它北到圭亚那高原,南到乌拉圭和巴拉圭的平原,几乎占了南美洲的一半。 This is a simple sentence. The subject is “Brazil”, “By far the largest of the Latin American countries” is in apposition to the subject. The predicate is “occupies”; “half of the continent of South Africa” is its object. The participial phrase “stretching….” is an adverbial modifying the predicate. 3. They had a full exchange of views on a series of major questions and reached complete agreement on measures to be taken to safeguard peace. 4. It has been a privilege for us to have traveled so much in your country. 3. They had a full exchange of views on a series of major questions and reached complete agreement on measures to be taken to safeguard peace. This is a simple sentence. They subject is “They”. The predicates are “had” and “reached”. “a full exchange of views” is the object of “had” and “complete agreement”, the object of “reached”. “on a series of major questions” and “measures to be taken to safeguard peace” are both adverbials, modifying “had” and “reached” respectively. (Within the second wordgroup: “to be taken ” is an attribute, modifying the word “measures” and “to safeguard peace”, an adverbial modifying “to be taken”.) 4. It has been a privilege for us to have traveled so much in your country. This is a simple sentence. “It” is the grammatical subject, standing for the real subject “for us to have traveled so much in your country”. The predicate is “has been a privilege”. 5. To make the matter worse, there is a strong wind. 6. She met a bad storm about 500 miles from the United States coast and for two days she used no sails. 7. Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 5. To make the matter worse, there is a strong wind. This is a simple sentence in inverted order. The subject is “a strong wind”. The predicate is “there is ”. “To make the matter worse” is an independent element. 6. She met a bad storm about 500 miles from the United States coast and for two days she used no sails. This is a compound sentence, containing two clauses joined together by the conjunction “and”. In the first clause: The subject is “she”; The predicate is “met”; “a bad storm” is its object. “about 500 miles from the United States coast” is an adverbial, modifying the predicate. c. In the second clause: The subject is “she”; The predicate is “used”; “no sails” is its object. “for two days” is an adverbial, modifying the predicate. 7. Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. This is a compound sentence, containing two clauses joined together by the conjunction “whereas”. In the first clause: The subject is “Modesty”; The predicate is “helps”; “one to go forward” is its (complex) object. c. In the second clause: The subject is “conceit”; The predicate is “makes”; “one lag behind” is its (complex) object. 8. These dishlike antennae could be aimed to receive signals from any of the dozens of communications satellites now in orbit, giving every home access to any TV program broadcast anywhere in the world, and a newly developed glass filament called optical fiber has the most promise for the future of television. 9. The most distant groups of galaxies so far observed lie billions of light-years from our Milky Way, and there are galaxies so far from us that it is almost impossible for us to imagine the vastness of the distance. 10. That a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was first discovered by Pasteur who pointed out that this might be put to therapeutic use. 9. The most distant groups of galaxies so far observed lie billions of light-years from our Milky Way, and there are galaxies so far from us that it is almost impossible for us to imagine the vastness of the distance. This is a compound (complex) sentence, containing two coordinate clauses joined together by the conjunction “and”. In the first clause: The subject is “The most distant groups of galaxies ”; “so far observed” is an attribute modifying the subject. The predicate is “lie. “billions of light-years from our Milky Way” is an adverbial, modifying the predicate. 9. The most distant groups of galaxies so far observed lie billions of light-years from our Milky Way, and there are galaxies so far from us that it is almost impossible for us to imagine the vastness of the distance. b. In the second clause: The subject is “galaxies”, with “so far from us ” as an attribute modifying it. The predicate is “there are”. “that” introduces an adverbial clause of result. c. In the adverbial clause: “It” is the formal subject standing for the real subject “for us to imagine the vastness of the distance” The predicate is “is almost impossible”. 10. That a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was first discovered by Pasteur who pointed out that this might be put to therapeutic use. This is a complex sentence. The subject is the whole clause “That a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species”. The predicate is “was discovered”. “first” and “by Pasteur” are adverbials, modifying the predicate. The clause introduced by “who”, is a non-restrictive attributive clause, modifying “Pasteur”. 11. Ill and suffering as she was after the inhuman tortures, she yet remained so cheerful and confident, eager to devote the little strength left to her to helping the other comrades. 12. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made. 13. Rising majestically through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, inside which stands a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life. 11. Ill and suffering as she was after the inhuman tortures, she yet remained so cheerful and confident, eager to devote the little strength left to her to helping the other comrades. This is a complex sentence. The subject is “she”. The predicate is “remained so cheerful and confident”. “eager to … comrades” is an adverbial. Within the phrase, “left to her” is an attribute, modifying “strength” and “to helping” is an adverbial. 12. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made. This is a complex sentence. The subject is “The present question”. The predicate is “is” plus the predicative clause. Within the predicative clause: The subject is “many people ”. The predicate is “consider”. “impossible what is really possible if effort is made” is a complex object. “if effort is made” is an adverbial, modifying “is really possible.” 13. Rising majestically through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, inside which stands a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life. This is a complex sentence. The subject is “the Tower of the Sun”. The predicate is “is rising”; “majestically through the roof” is an adverbial, modifying the predicate. “inside which…” is an attributive clause; within the clause: The subject is “a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life”. The predicate is “stands”. “inside which” is an adverbial, modifying the predicate. $