易错19阅读理解主旨大意题（3大易错点+易错闯关练）（易错专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

易错19 阅读理解主旨大意题（3大易错点+易错闯关练） 目录 第一部分 易错点剖析............................................................................................................1 易错典题 避错攻略 举一反三 易错01：以偏概全................................................................................................................1 易错02：范围不当................................................................................................................5 易错03：主观臆断................................................................................................................11 第二部分 易错点闯关...........................................................................................................14 易错01：以偏概全 易错典题 【例】 （2025 年上海普陀区高三一模英语试卷阅读理解 A 篇） This is a story of a modern school—Summerhill. Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is no longer such; it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my wife and I began the school, we had one main philosophy: to make the school fit the child—instead of making the child fit the school... Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children freedom to be themselves. In order to do this, we had to abandon all disciplines, all directions, all suggestions, all moral training, and all religious instructions... Logically, Summerhill is a place in which people who have the inherent ability and wish to be scholars will be scholars; while those who are only fit to sweep the streets will sweep the streets. But we have not produced a street cleaner so far. Nor do I write this snobbishly, for I would rather see a school produce a happy street cleaner than an anxious scholar. What is the main idea of the passage? A．Summerhill School uses a unique educational approach centered on giving children freedom. B．Summerhill School believes every child has the potential to become a successful scholar. C．Summerhill School rejects strict discipline and focuses on a child-centered environment. D．Summerhill School challenges the traditional model by emphasizing children's independence. 答案：A 详解：文章核心围绕夏山学校展开，开篇就点明其办学核心理念是 “让学校适应孩子”，核心方式是给予孩子充分自由，后续内容均围绕这一教育理念展开，比如放弃纪律约束、允许孩子自主发展等。A 选项完整概括了学校以孩子自由为核心的独特教育模式，契合全文主旨。 【错因分析】（以偏概全选项为 B、C） 选项 B：文中仅提到 “有天赋且愿意成为学者的孩子会成为学者”，还提到 “宁愿培养快乐的清洁工也不愿培养焦虑的学者”，该选项只截取 “学者” 这一局部内容，完全忽略学校对不同特质孩子的包容理念，属于以偏概全。 选项 C：“拒绝严格纪律” 只是学校教育方式的一个细节，文章重点是通过多种方式赋予孩子自由以实现 “学校适配孩子”，该选项局限于单一细节，未涵盖 “自由” 这一核心，属于以偏概全。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 定位主旨句：重点阅读首尾段及段落首尾句，把握文章核心。 概括比对：选项若仅对应某段内容或个别例子，则可能片面。 警惕绝对细节：包含具体数字、事例的选项，常是干扰项。 【干货必记】 “以偏概全”选项的三大特征 细节当主旨 标志：选项内容原文中确实提到，但只是一个例子、一个数据或一个分论点。 口诀：只见树木，不见森林。 片面当全面 标志：选项只概括了文章某一段落或部分内容，无法覆盖全文（尤其是首尾段）。 口诀：以段代篇，范围缩水。 事实当观点 标志：选项陈述了一个文中提及的客观事实，但文章主旨是探讨该事实背后的原因、影响或意义。 口诀：就事论事，缺乏深度。 破题三看 一看首尾段：主旨句绝大多数出现在这里。 二看段落首句：快速串起文章脉络。 三看选项关键词：遇到包含具体细节、绝对化表述（如only, best, all） 或明显只对应某一段内容的选项，高度警惕！ 举一反三 1（2025 年上海宝山区高境一中高考英语倒计时模拟卷） One of the main points of traveling is to relax and take a break from your normal daily life. But the truth is, we’re not always free to do what we like when traveling to a foreign country... Ever since the end of World War Ⅱ, Germany has strict laws forbidding the Nazi salute... Here are some examples. Singapore You can get fined for a lot of things... Japan You’re not supposed to wear your shoes in someone’s house... France French people don’t like it when you talk about money... What is the main idea of the passage? A．Different countries have different laws to maintain social order. B．Travelers need to learn about foreign taboos before traveling abroad. C．Singapore has the strictest rules for tourists among all countries. D．Foreign countries have many unreasonable restrictions on tourists. 答案：B 详解：文章开篇以美国游客在德国因行纳粹礼被打为例，引出 “出国旅行需了解当地禁忌” 的核心观点，后续又列举新加坡、日本、法国的具体禁忌，都是为了支撑这一核心。B 选项契合全文主旨。 错因分析（以偏概全选项为 C） 选项 C 仅聚焦新加坡对游客的规定这一个局部细节，文章还介绍了德国、日本等多个国家的禁忌，并非只强调新加坡规则最严格，该选项以单一国家的情况替代全文核心，属于以偏概全。 2（2025 年上海金山区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解 C 篇） A coin toss is often thought of as a classic equivalent to randomness. People rely on it to make fair decisions in various situations, from choosing a team in a game to settling small disputes. However, recent studies have found that a coin toss is not as random as we think. Researchers conducted experiments by flipping coins under controlled conditions. They discovered that if the coin is flipped the same way each time, with the same force and angle, it will land on the same side more often than not. Moreover, factors like the weight distribution of the coin and air resistance can also affect the result. These findings have made people rethink the use of coin tosses in scenarios that require absolute fairness, such as some legal and competitive occasions. What is the main idea of the passage? A．Coin tosses are widely used in daily life decisions. B．Controlled experiments can help discover scientific truths. C．Coin tosses are not completely random and have subtle influencing factors. D．Weight distribution is the key factor affecting coin toss results. 答案：C 详解：文章先指出人们普遍认为抛硬币是随机的，接着通过实验推翻这一认知，说明抛硬币并非完全随机，并列举抛投方式、硬币重量分布等影响因素，核心是阐述硬币投掷的非随机性及影响因素。C 选项符合主旨。 错因分析（以偏概全选项为 D） 选项 D 仅提及 “重量分布” 这一个影响因素，而原文还提到抛投力度、角度、空气阻力等因素，该选项将单一细节当作全文核心，属于以偏概全。 3（2025 年上海闵行区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解 B 篇） Stand-up comedy originating in the United States has gained global appeal, including in China. The first Chinese stand-up comedy club was set up in Shenzhen in 2009, but the form was unknown to most Chinese audiences at that time. In recent years, it has grown rapidly in popularity. Comedians often talk about current social issues in short and direct ways, which fits the fast-paced lifestyle of modern people. Besides, the topics are closely related to young people, who are the key audience. Additionally, stand-up comedy is easy to start as it doesn't require special skills, making it widely appealing. A professor explained that its popularity also lies in its adaptation to modern online trends, as short comedy clips are widely spread on social media. What is the main idea of the passage? A．The first stand-up comedy club in China was founded in Shenzhen. B．Stand-up comedy has become popular in China due to multiple factors. C．Young people are the main audience of stand-up comedy in China. D．Short comedy clips are popular on Chinese social media platforms. 答案：B 详解：文章围绕脱口秀在中国的发展展开，核心是分析其走红的原因，包括内容贴近社会热点、契合年轻人需求、门槛低、适配网络传播趋势等。B 选项全面概括了这一核心。 错因分析（以偏概全选项为 A、C） 选项 A：仅对应文中 “第一家脱口秀俱乐部在深圳成立” 的局部细节，未涉及脱口秀走红的核心内容，属于以偏概全。 选项 C：“年轻人是核心观众” 只是脱口秀走红的原因之一，不能概括全文对多个走红因素的阐述，属于以偏概全。 易错02：范围不当 易错典题 【例】 （2025年上海徐汇区高三一模英语试卷阅读理解B篇）​ Urban community gardens have emerged as a vital part of sustainable city development in Shanghai over the past decade. These gardens, usually built on abandoned lots or rooftop spaces, are jointly managed by local residents, who take turns planting vegetables, fruits and flowers. ​ A 2024 survey by Shanghai University showed that 83% of participants reported improved neighborhood relationships after joining garden management—residents communicate more frequently while watering plants or harvesting crops. Additionally, the gardens reduce urban heat island effect by increasing green coverage; a single 100-square-meter rooftop garden can lower the surrounding temperature by 1.2℃ in summer. Moreover, the fresh produce from the gardens has reduced residents' reliance on purchased vegetables, cutting down on plastic packaging waste by an average of 3.2kg per household annually. ​ Local governments have supported the movement by providing free gardening tools and organizing training sessions for residents. Experts predict that the number of such gardens in Shanghai will double by 2027, further promoting ecological and social harmony in the city. ​ What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. Sustainable development strategies in modern cities ​ B. The development and benefits of urban community gardens in Shanghai ​ C. How to manage urban community gardens effectively ​ D. The impact of urban green spaces on neighborhood relationships ​ 答案：B​ 详解：​文章核心围绕“上海城市社区花园”展开：首段介绍其在上海的兴起背景（可持续城市发展的重要部分、选址及管理模式）；第二段通过调研数据阐述三大核心价值（改善邻里关系、缓解热岛效应、减少包装浪费）；第三段提及政府支持及未来发展预测。选项B精准涵盖“发展背景”“核心益处”两大核心维度，与全文主旨完全匹配。​ 【错因分析】 （范围不当选项为A、C、D）​ 选项A（范围过大）：“现代城市的可持续发展策略”涵盖面极广（如交通、能源、建筑等多领域），而文章仅聚焦“上海社区花园”这一具体可持续发展举措，未涉及其他策略，属于“以点代面”的范围过大。​ 选项C（范围过小）：“如何有效管理社区花园”仅可能对应原文中“居民轮流管理”“政府提供工具培训”等局部细节，文章核心是“发展现状+综合益处”，该选项未覆盖核心内容，属于范围过小。​ 选项D（范围过小）：“城市绿地对邻里关系的影响”仅为第二段提及的“三大益处之一”，忽略了生态效益（降温）、环保效益（减塑）及发展前景等关键内容，属于局部细节替代全文主旨。​ 避错攻略 【方法总结】 范围过大：选项内容超出文章论述，将主题过度拔高或泛化。 标志：出现文章未提及的更大范畴，如文章谈“某地保护措施”，选项升格为“全球策略”。 范围过小：即“以偏概全”，选项仅对应文章某个细节或段落，无法覆盖全文核心。 【干货必记】 1. 范围过大 特点：选项将文章主旨过度拔高、泛化或引申，内容超出原文论述范围，加入了文中未提及的、更宏大或更深远的含义。 识别标志： 出现 “全球意义”、“人类未来”、“历史规律”、“哲学启示” 等宏大词汇。 将具体事例概括为普遍真理。 将某个领域的应用扩展到所有领域。 示例： 文章讲：一种新型电池技术延长了手机续航。 干扰项：“新能源技术的未来发展方向”（巨帽：文章只讲电池，未涉及其它能源技术）。 2. 范围过小 特点：选项仅是文章中的一个细节、例子、分论点或某个段落的大意，无法覆盖全文核心。 识别标志： 包含具体数据、人名、地名等细节。 只对应文章中间某一段的内容。 描述了一个事实，但未触及文章探讨的深层原因或影响。 示例： 文章讲：运动对身心健康的多种益处。 干扰项：“跑步如何提升心肺功能”（迷你帽：跑步只是例子，心肺功能只是益处之一）。 破题三步走 圈定主题：快速浏览首尾段和段落首句，确定文章反复出现的核心话题词。 划定边界：问自己两个问题：“文章主要讨论了什么？”（确定核心）、“文章没有讨论什么？”（划定边界）。 选项比对：将选项与你的“边界”进行比对，果断排除那些“帽子”过大或过小的选项。 举一反三 1（2025年上海杨浦区复旦附中高三模拟卷阅读理解A篇）​ The Shanghai Museum has launched a series of "Digital Exhibition Hall" projects since 2023, aiming to make cultural relics more accessible to the public. Unlike traditional offline exhibitions, these digital platforms allow visitors to browse high-definition images of relics, zoom in on tiny details (such as carvings on bronze vessels) and even "restore" broken relics through 3D technology. ​ In 2024 alone, the digital hall received over 5 million online visits—three times the number of offline visitors to the museum that year. Many young people, who rarely visited offline museums before, have become regular online viewers. A high school student commented, "I can look at the jade artifacts from the Shang Dynasty at home, and the 3D restoration helps me understand how craftsmen made them." ​ The museum also cooperates with local schools to design digital learning courses, where students can complete interactive tasks like "identifying relic ages" and "designing cultural and creative products" based on digital relics. Curators stated that the digital project will continue to update, adding virtual reality (VR) experiences to let visitors "walk through" ancient palaces in the future. What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. Digital technology is transforming the global museum industry ​ B. Shanghai Museum's digital projects boost accessibility and engagement of cultural relics ​ C. Young people prefer digital museums to offline ones ​ D. How to design digital learning courses for cultural relics ​ 答案：B​ 详解：文章开篇点明上海博物馆“数字展厅”项目的核心目标（提升文物可及性）；第二段通过访问量数据、年轻人反馈体现项目成效（扩大受众、增强吸引力）；第三段介绍与学校合作的延伸功能（设计互动课程）及未来规划（VR体验）。选项B完整覆盖“项目核心目标+成效+延伸价值”，契合全文主旨。​ 错因分析（范围不当选项为A、C、D）​ 选项A（范围过大）：“数字技术改变全球博物馆行业”将范围从“上海博物馆的具体项目”扩大到“全球行业”，原文未涉及其他国家或地区的博物馆实践，属于范围过度延伸。​ 选项C（范围过小）：“年轻人偏好数字博物馆”仅为第二段的局部现象，文章还涵盖项目目标、合作课程、未来规划等核心内容，该选项以单一群体的偏好替代全文主旨。​ 选项D（范围过小）：“如何设计文物数字课程”仅对应第三段的合作项目细节，未涉及数字展厅的核心功能（高清浏览、3D修复）及整体成效，属于范围局限。​ 2（2025年上海闵行区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解C篇）​ Silk embroidery, a traditional craft of Shanghai's Songjiang District with a history of over 800 years, was once at risk of disappearing due to a lack of young inheritors. To revive this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), local artisans and educators have taken multiple measures since 2020. ​ First, they designed simplified embroidery kits for primary and middle school students, replacing complex traditional patterns with cartoon characters and local landmarks (such as the Oriental Pearl Tower). These kits have been introduced into 23 local schools as optional courses, attracting over 1,500 students to learn the craft. Second, artisans partnered with fashion brands to launch silk embroidery-themed clothing and accessories—these products were showcased at the 2024 Shanghai Fashion Week and sold out within three days. ​ Additionally, the Songjiang District Government set up an ICH innovation center, providing funding for young artisans to develop new designs. A 35-year-old inheritor said, "We combine traditional stitches with modern aesthetics, making silk embroidery popular among young consumers." Now, the number of young inheritors has increased from 12 in 2020 to 89 in 2025. What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. How to protect intangible cultural heritage worldwide ​ B. Shanghai's Songjiang District revives silk embroidery through diverse measures ​ C. The history and characteristics of Songjiang silk embroidery ​ D. Young artisans play a key role in inheriting traditional crafts ​ 答案：B​ 详解：文章核心围绕“松江丝绸刺绣的复兴”展开：首段提出“刺绣面临失传危机”的背景；第二段至第三段详细阐述三大复兴措施（校园推广简化套件、与时尚品牌合作、政府建立创新中心）及成效（年轻传承人数大幅增长）。选项B精准概括“核心对象（松江丝绸刺绣）+核心动作（复兴）+核心方式（多元措施）”，符合主旨。​ 错因分析（范围不当选项为A、C、D）​ 选项A（范围过大）：“如何保护全球非物质文化遗产”将范围从“松江丝绸刺绣这一具体非遗”扩大到“全球所有非遗”，原文未涉及其他国家或非遗项目的保护方法，属于范围过大。​ 选项C（范围过小）：“松江丝绸刺绣的历史与特点”仅在首段提及“800年历史”，全文核心是“复兴措施”而非“历史特点”，属于范围偏离核心。​ 选项D（范围过大）：“年轻人在传统工艺传承中的作用”将范围从“松江丝绸刺绣的年轻传承者”扩大到“所有传统工艺的年轻传承者”，且原文强调“多元措施”而非“年轻人单一作用”，属于范围延伸且核心偏离。​ 3（2025年上海浦东新区上海中学高三模拟卷阅读理解D篇）​ In recent years, shared reading spaces have become a new trend in Shanghai's residential areas. Different from public libraries, these spaces are small (usually 20-50 square meters), located in community centers or near residential buildings, and mainly provide books popular among residents (such as children's picture books, life skills books and local literature). ​ The operation mode of these spaces is flexible: most are managed by volunteer residents, who take charge of book sorting and borrowing registration. Some spaces also organize monthly activities like "parent-child reading sessions" and "local author lectures". A 2025 survey by the Shanghai Library Association showed that 76% of residents living near shared reading spaces visit at least once a month, and 62% said the spaces have increased their reading time by 30 minutes or more daily. ​ Local communities provide free rental of the spaces, and some enterprises donate books and reading chairs. The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Culture plans to build 500 more shared reading spaces by 2026, covering 90% of the city's residential communities. ​ What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. The development of public reading facilities in China ​ B. Shanghai's shared reading spaces: features, operations and development ​ C. How to organize volunteer activities in community reading spaces ​ D. Shared reading spaces are more popular than public libraries ​ 答案：B​ 详解：文章结构清晰：首段介绍上海社区共享阅读空间的“独特特点”（小型化、社区化、书籍针对性）；第二段阐述“运营模式”（志愿者管理、特色活动）及使用成效；第三段说明“支持保障”（社区免租、企业捐赠）及“发展规划”。选项B全面覆盖“特点、运营、发展”三大核心板块，与全文主旨一致。​ 错因分析（范围不当选项为A、C、D）​ 选项A（范围过大）：“中国公共阅读设施的发展”将范围从“上海社区共享阅读空间”扩大到“全国公共阅读设施”（如省级图书馆、其他城市设施等），原文未涉及国内其他地区，属于范围过度扩展。​ 选项C（范围过小）：“如何组织社区阅读空间的志愿活动”仅对应第二段“志愿者管理”这一局部细节，未涉及空间特点、发展规划等核心内容，属于范围局限。​ 选项D（范围偏离+过小）：原文仅对比共享空间与公共图书馆的“差异”（未提及“更受欢迎”），且该对比仅为引出共享空间特点的铺垫，并非全文核心，属于范围偏离且不符合原文信息。 易错03：主观臆断 易错典题 【例】 （2025 年上海闵行区高三一模英语阅读理解主旨题） 1：Pollution is also harmful, killing many birds and fish, and has even been found in our tap water. Mining for resources is damaging, especially in the Arctic. Climate change has led to less ice, which means we can look for more fossil fuels further north. More exploration means more pollution. 2：Gaining more insights into the sea will also help us manage its resources better. Logging new species will improve our understanding of life on the earth. It may enable us to discover new medicines... The related environmental risks should be balanced with economic needs. Which of the following is the main theme of the two texts? A. The serious pollution caused by sea exploration B. The great economic value brought by sea exploration C. Balance between the impact of sea exploration and its benefits D. Ways to reduce environmental risks of sea exploration 答案：C 详解：文本 1 聚焦海洋探索引发的污染、资源破坏等负面影响，强调保护海洋的重要性；文本 2 着重阐述海洋探索在助力资源管理、发现新物种和新药物等方面的价值，并提出需平衡环境风险与经济需求。两篇文本并非单一论述危害或益处，核心是围绕二者的平衡展开，故答案为 C。 【错因分析】 选 A 的考生仅抓住文本 1 的污染问题，忽略文本 2 对海洋探索益处的阐述，主观臆断文章核心是批判污染； 选 B 的考生与选 A 的考生逻辑类似，只关注文本 2 的经济价值，片面放大单一观点，未看到文章对利弊平衡的核心讨论； 选 D 的考生则受 “环保” 常识影响，主观认为这类主题必然要给出解决污染的方法，但原文仅提及需平衡风险与需求，并未提出具体减排措施，属于无依据的主观推导。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 选项检验：判断选项内容是否为原文直接论述，还是基于原文的“合理”延伸。 事实锚定：主旨必须得到文中多个部分（尤其是首尾段）事实的共同支撑，而非单一细节的推断。 目的判断：区分文章是在“客观陈述”事实，还是仅在“讨论”某一现象。避免为无结论的讨论强加定论。 【干货必记】 防主观臆断自查 典型陷阱：出现 should, must, will (必然)，或进行“好坏”、“对错”的强烈评判。 自查：这是作者的结论，还是我的期望或评价？原文无命令，选项不评判。 看选项是否“偷换主体”或“无中生有” 典型陷阱：将A研究的意义说成B领域的革命；将“一种方法”拔高为“唯一途径”。 自查：选项中的核心名词和动词，是否在原文中有明确对应？主体对象，一字不能差。 看选项是否“基于原文过度推演” 典型陷阱：文章说“A可能导致B”，选项说“A是造成B的根本原因”；文章在“讨论问题”，选项在“给出解决方案”。 自查：这是原文的直接结论，还是我根据结论进行的“下一步”推理？守住结论边界，不往前多走一步。 举一反三 1（2025 年上海宝山区高三二模英语阅读理解 C 篇主旨题） Poking holes in other people's arguments can be necessary, but you must acknowledge the possibility that your own beliefs are wrong. It’s possible to draw incorrect conclusions from correct facts due to logical fallacies. Also consider whether there could be another explanation for the facts besides the one you've been given. Salespeople may present facts selectively and hide unfavorable information, so it’s necessary to examine others’ motives and assumptions. What is the passage mainly about? A. How to win arguments with other people B. The importance of critical thinking with self-examination C. Why salespeople often mislead consumers D. How to avoid making mistakes in daily reasoning 答案：B 详解：文章先指出质疑他人观点有必要，但需承认自身信念可能存在错误；接着说明正确事实可能因逻辑谬论得出错误结论，还需考虑事实的其他解释，并用销售员选择性呈现事实的例子，强调要检验他人动机和自身假设。整体围绕批判性思维展开，且突出自我审视的重要性，故答案为 B。 错因提示：选 D 的考生易主观认为文章是讲避免日常推理错误，却忽略原文核心是批判性思维（含审视自身和他人），D 选项范围过窄；选 C 的考生则把文中的举例当作核心主题，属于抓细节弃主旨的主观臆断。 2（2025 年上海嘉定区高三二模英语阅读理解主旨题） The so-called "daizi culture" has been changing in recent years. Young people no longer pursue blind consumption of luxury brand daizi. Instead, they prefer minimalist and practical products. Many brands have adjusted their strategies, focusing on product quality and environmental protection rather than exaggerated packaging. Some communities also carry out activities to promote rational consumption, guiding residents to get rid of unnecessary material desires. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Young people are the main force of consumption upgrading B. Luxury brands are facing the crisis of declining sales C. The transformation of "daizi culture" towards rationality and practicality D. How communities guide residents to rational consumption 答案：C 详解：文章开篇点明 “搭子文化” 近年发生变化，随后具体说明年轻人从盲目追求奢侈品转向简约实用产品，品牌和社区也随之调整策略、开展相关活动，整体围绕 “搭子文化” 向理性化、实用化转型展开，故答案为 C。 错因提示：选 A 的考生主观认为消费相关主题必然围绕年轻人的核心作用，忽略文章重点是文化转型而非消费主力；选 D 的考生则将社区的举措当作核心，忽略这只是文化转型的配套现象，属于细节误判为主旨的主观臆断。 3（2025 年上海普陀区高三二模英语阅读理解主旨题） These years, Harbin has been making every effort to promote its ice and snow tourism. It has planned to develop a series of ice-and-snow products, including key routes and must-see places. The 2024 China Ice Snow Festival ran through the whole January. Visitors from home and abroad can enjoy gorgeous winter scenery and various activities, such as annual parties. For people in South China, the winter scenery is amazing, and foreigners can feel the unique passion of ice and snow in Northeast China. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To introduce Harbin's ice and snow tourism resources and charm B. To compare the winter scenery between North and South China C. To explain why the Ice Snow Festival is popular D. To attract foreigners to visit Northeast China 答案：A 详解：文章围绕哈尔滨冰雪旅游展开，介绍了当地打造的冰雪产品、冰雪节活动，以及对南方游客和外国游客而言的独特魅力，核心是全面展现哈尔滨冰雪旅游的资源与吸引力，故答案为 A。 错因提示：选 B 的考生仅因文中提到南方游客觉得雪景惊艳，就主观臆断文章有南北风光对比，而原文并无对比内容；选 D 的考生则主观放大 “吸引外国人” 这一细节，原文是同时面向国内外游客，属于片面解读后的主观臆断。 （一） I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala. My mother, sister and I were spending the summer with my father, an army officer, who was stationed there. There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books. I casually picked up Bond's Delhi Is Not Far on one such day and was immediately drawn into his gentle, unassuming, non-judgmental world. Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works. I think my affinity came from the fact that I identified on some level with him. Like me, he was shy and dreamy and enjoyed the company of the written word above that of people. A particularly painful theme that runs through Ruskin Bond's work is his relationship with his father. The two were extremely close, more so perhaps because they were each other's sole emotional support systems. Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son. Bond's father died suddenly of malaria at 46, when Bond was just 10—a cruel blow for the young boy. It's remarkable how Bond writes about his father's untimely death with a quiet dignity: It is deeply touching but never maudlin（凄凉的） Moved as I was by Bond's memories of his father, little did I know that I would soon be experiencing his pain first-hand. When I was 21, my father too suddenly passed away after a brief illness. Looking back at the time immediately after my father's passing, all I remember is a feeling of utter disbelief, of thinking. I sought refuge in my beloved books, and no other author gave me as much assistance and relief as did my beloved Ruskin Bond. 1．Why did the author go to the library? A．To read Bond's novel. B．To review his lessons. C．To broaden his horizons. D．To kill his time. 2．Which can best explain the underlined part in the third paragraph? A．Passion. B．Sympathy. C．Relief. D．Inspiration. 3．What does the author think of Bond's father? A．Determined. B．Considerate. C．Wealthy. D．Intelligent. 4．Which would be the best title for the text? A．My Father: an Army Officer B．Unforgettable Time after My Father's Death C．Ruskin Bond's Works: My Beloved Books D．My Experience in the Army Cantonment 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍作者喜欢阅读Ruskin Bond（拉斯金·邦德）作品的原因、和他相似的生活经历以及对作者的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books.”（对于一个年轻的少年来说，在军营里没有太多的事情可做，于是我大量的时间都花在了图书馆里，谦虚地说，这里有各种各样的书籍）可知，作者去图书馆是因为没事可做，去打发时间的。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据“Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works.”（从那天开始，我搜寻并且快速阅读了拉斯金·邦德的每一部作品）可知，划线的词指的是对读书的那种热爱和热情；A. Passion.热情，激情；B. Sympathy. 同情；C. Relief. 轻松，缓解；D. Inspiration. 灵感。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son.”（邦德的父母在他很小的时候就离婚了，所以只有他和父亲两人，他的父亲是一位很喜欢他的儿子的体贴绅士）可知，作者认为绑德的父亲很体贴。A. Determined.下定决心的；B. Considerate. 体贴的；C. Wealthy.富有的；D. Intelligent. 聪明的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。结合全文尤其是第一段“I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala.”（我第一次发现拉斯金·邦德的作品是住在Agartala时的一个炎热的下午。）可知，本文主要是围绕拉斯金·邦德的作品展开的，并讲述了喜欢阅读拉斯金·邦德的作品的原因以及对作者的影响。故选C。 （二） For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging (融合) into it. Speaking at the Fast Company European Innovation Festival, Professor Yuval Noah Harari, a historian at the Hebrew University claimed that it’s becoming more and more difficult to tell where humans end and machines begin. He said: “It’s increasingly hard to tell where I end and where the computer begins. In the future, it is likely that the smartphone will not be separated from you at all. It may be embedded in your body or brain, constantly scanning your biometric data and your emotions.” During his speech, Professor Harari highlighted how humans have affected our environment over time, and suggested that now may be the time to affect ourselves. He said: “Humanity has always remained constant. If we told our ancestors in the Stone Age about our lives today, they would think we are already Gods. But the truth is that even though we have developed more wonderful tools, we are the same animals. We have the same emotions, the same minds. The coming revolution will change that. It will change not just our tools, it will change the human being itself. ” If we do manage to merge with machines, Professor Harari suggests it could open the door to setting up civilizations beyond Earth. He added: “Life will be able to break out of planet Earth and no longer be confined to this flying rock.” While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine­ human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant. He said: “Over time I think we will probably see a closer merger of biological intelligence and digital intelligence.” 5．Why does the author mention smartphone in paragraph 1? A．To collect data for his speech. B．To have a good lead ­in of the topic. C．To say it is harmful to the environment. D．To catch up with the development of science. 6．What do we know about Professor Harari? A．His opinions gained much support. B．He is the first expert to put forward the idea. C．He thinks technology will change ourselves as well. D．His suggestion of us staying on planet Earth is considerate. 7．What’s probably Elon Musk’s attitude to Professor Harari’s speech? A．Neutral. B．Favourable. C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Humans are near to combining with machines B．Call on people to develop advanced machines C．A speech caused people’s concerns on machines D．Finding new ways to break away from apps is vital 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．B 8．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科技的发展给环境带来的影响。同时，给人类自身也带来了巨大的影响。一位历史学家在他的演讲中提到，随着科技的发展，人类越来越依赖智能机器，人类与机器融为一体的时代为时不远。 5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging into it.（对很多人来说，几个小时不使用智能手机就像过了一辈子。现在，一位专家声称，人类正变得如此依赖科技，以至于我们实际上正在融入科技。）”可推知，第一段用智能手机作为引子，来导入作者下面要陈述的话题。故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“It will change not just our tools, it will change the     human being itself.（它不仅会改变我们的工具，还会改变人类自身。）”可知，他认为技术也会改变我们自己。故选C。 7．推理判断题。 根据最后一段前两句“While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine­human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant.（虽然哈拉里教授的观点听起来有些牵强，但他并不是唯一一个对人-机世界有这种愿景的人。早在2017年，Elon Musk就曾宣称，人类应该与机器融合，否则就可能变得无关紧要。）”可知，Professor Harari 的观点并非 一家之言，早在2017年，Elon Musk 就发表过相同的观点。综上可推知，他对 Professor Harari的观点持支持的态度，故选B。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging into it.（现在，一位专家声称，人类正变得如此依赖科技，以至于我们实际上正在融入科技。）”可知，本文主要介绍了随着科技的发展，人类越来越依赖智能机器，人类与机器融为一体变为可能。故选A。 （三） Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our brains. Scientists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. The study found that this so happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly. They concluded that fairness is one of basic human needs. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave, and can be internal (内在的) or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. We don’t want to disappoint our family and friends, either. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict. External controls include rewards and punishments. Rewards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests. People need their communities to function smoothly. If there were no rules, most people would probably still behave positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 9．What does the underlined word ‘‘this’’ in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A program in human brains. B．A comfortable situation. C．The response with bad feelings. D．The requirement off fairness. 10．Why do communities have rules? A．To punish illegal activities. B．To prevent disagreement. C．To promote fairness. D．To meet various demands. 11．Which of the following is an example of internal control? A．Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful B．Park in the right place so as not to get a parking ticket. C．Pay the electricity bill on time in order not to get a late fee. D．Cooperate with your classmates to win a prize for your class. 12．What is the best title for this passage? A．Living by the rules B．Following rules with punishments C．Reaching a compromise D．Calling for fairness 【答案】9．C 10．C 11．A 12．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了在一个团体中设置规则的必要性以及如何让人们遵守规则，因为规则可以让团体正常运转，同时可以促成相对公平的环境，没有规则的社会不太可能存在。 9．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句的上一句“but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. 但是不公平会导致我们的大脑产生负面情绪。”及划线词所在句中的“being treated unfairly受到不公平的待遇”可知此处的this指不公平会导致我们大脑产生负面情绪。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, ……But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. 获得公平感意味着考虑不同的情况，……但当存在利益冲突时，很难达成妥协。这就是为什么团体有每个人都必须遵守的规则。”可知在团体中设置规则是为了避免利益冲突，达成妥协，从而促进相对的公平，故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong.自我控制来自内心，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。比如我们大多数人不偷东西，因为我们相信偷窃是不公平的，是错误的。”可知自我控制是由我们本身的价值观和认知来决定的，结合选项可知A选项Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful（诚实地考试，因为作弊是可耻的）所说的诚实考试是由我们正确的价值观所决定的，属于自我控制的范畴。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。文章主要围绕第一段的“why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? 为什么我们有规则，是什么让人们遵守这些规则？”的着两个问题来展开，主要讲了在一个团体中设置规则的必要性以及如何让人们遵守规则，再结合最后一段的点题句“This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 这就是没有规则的社会不太可能存在的原因。”可知A选项Living by the rules（依规而生）概括较为全面、准确。故选A。 （四） The moon may shine white above us most nights of the year, but how much do we know about Earth’s neighbor and what lies beneath its surface? Scientists are aiming to find out. On Jan 3, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 spacecraft landed on the far side of the moon – a first for humanity. It released a small probe (探测器), Yutu 2, or Jade Rabbit 2, which began to search beneath the moon’s surface using Lunar Penetrating Radar. These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported. In a study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers found that the lunar soil’s top layer on the far side of the moon was much thicker than expected – about 40 meters. Other scientists only expected about 6 millimeters of soil based on NASA observations during the Apollo moon landings, according to The New York Times. “It’s a fine, dusty, sandy environment,” said one of the authors of the study, Elena Pettinelli, a physics and mathematics professor at Rome Tre University, Rome. Yutu 2 is specifically exploring the Von Karman crater (大坑), a large hole that’s 180 kilometers wide and also the landing site of Chang’e 4. It’s part of an even larger, older crater spanning more than 1,770 kilometers. “The subsurface at the Chang’e 4 landing site is very complex,” said Li Chunlai, a research professor and deputy director-general of National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Observations suggest that the subsurface material is totally different than the previous landing site of Chang’e 3, she said. Radar waves revealed various layers beneath the moon’s surface: grainy (颗粒状的) material, boulders (岩石), and further layers of fine and coarse (粗糙的) particles. This information is helping scientists to gain new understanding of the moon’s history and formation, as well as volcanic activity and lunar impacts. Yutu 2 is the longest-working rover (巡视器) on the moon, but it won’t last forever. China plans to launch the Chang’e 5 probe later this year, Xinhua News Agency reported. The spacecraft is expected to bring pieces of the moon back to Earth for closer study. 13．What can we learn about the Chang’e 4 probe? A．It was the first to land on the moon’s near side. B．It explored areas as wide as 1,770 kilometers. C．It is three times as large as the Chang’e 3 lunar probe. D．Its signals could reach 40 meters beneath the moon’s surface. 14．What does the lunar soil’s top layer on the moon’s far side look like, according to the text? A．It looks like a large hole. B．It is about 6 millimeters thick. C．It goes farther down than expected. D．It is covered by boulders and fine and coarse particles. 15．What is the Chang’e 5 probe expected to do? A．Bring lunar samples back to the Earth B．Explore the Von Karman crater. C．Replace Yutu 2 to explore the moon. D．Identify the moon’s various layers. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．A history of Chinese lunar missions. B．A report on the Chang’e 4 probe’s findings. C．A comparison of the Chang’e 3 and 4 probes. D．How Yutu 2 explored beneath the moon’s surface. 【答案】13．D 14．C 15．C 16．B 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。2019年1月3日，中国“嫦娥四号”飞船登陆月球背面，这是人类首次登陆月球背面。它释放了一个名为“玉兔二号”的小型探测器，开始使用探月雷达在月球表面下搜索。文章主要是关于嫦娥四号探测器发现的报告，文章就月球上的环境进行了说明，还介绍了此次探测的一些发现。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported.可知据《中国日报》报道，这些无线电信号可以到达地下40米，是2013年发射的嫦娥三号月球探测器深度的三倍。由此可知，嫦娥四号探测器的信号可以到达月球表面下40米。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中In a study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers found that the lunar soil’s top layer on the far side of the moon was much thicker than expected – about 40 meters.可知在一项发表在《科学进展》杂志上的研究中，研究人员发现月球背面的表层土壤比预期的要厚大约40米。由此可知，月球远侧的表层土壤比预期的更深。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Yutu 2 is the longest-working rover on the moon, but it won’t last forever. China plans to launch the Chang’e 5 probe later this year, Xinhua News Agency reported.可知“玉兔二号”是月球上工作时间最长的月球车，但它不会永远使用下去。据新华社报道，中国计划在今年晚些时候发射嫦娥5号探测器。由此可推知，嫦娥5号探测器的任务是取代玉兔二号去探索月球。故选C。 16．主旨大意题。根据第二段On Jan 3, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 spacecraft landed on the far side of the moon – a first for humanity. It released a small probe, Yutu 2, or Jade Rabbit 2, which began to search beneath the moon’s surface using Lunar Penetrating Radar. These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported.可知2019年1月3日，中国“嫦娥四号”飞船登陆月球背面，这是人类首次登陆月球背面。它释放了一个名为“玉兔二号”的小型探测器，开始使用探月雷达在月球表面下搜索。据《中国日报》报道，这些无线电信号可以到达地下40米，是2013年发射的嫦娥三号月球探测器深度的三倍。结合文章主要是关于嫦娥四号探测器发现的报告，文章就月球上的环境进行了说明，还介绍了此次探测的一些发现。由此可知，这篇文章的主要内容是关于嫦娥四号探测器发现的报告。故选B。 （五） No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动词) , we are able to communicate variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform other word tricks to convey delicate differences in meaning. Besides，grammar is universal and plays a part in every language， no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has confused many linguists is: who created grammar? At first, this question would appear impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created，someone needs to be present at the time of a language’s creation, documenting its emergence. Some linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but to know the forming of complex languages, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible. Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time，slaves from different nations were forced to work together. Since they could not learn each other’s languages. they developed a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. Little grammar is found in them，and in many cases it is difficult or a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution (迂回曲折的说法) in order to make themselves understood. Interestingly，however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it. Slave children did not simply copy words from their elders, they adapted them to create a language. It included new word orders and grammatical markers. Complex grammar systems merging from pidgins are termed creoles, which are invented by children. Some linguists believe that many of the world’s most established languages were creoles at first. The -ed ending in English past tense may have evolved from “did”,”It ended”, which was first used by kids, may once have been “It end-did”. Therefore. it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains. which can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy. 17．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．Language learners know that grammar is of complexity. B．One cal do a lot with his good command of grammar. C．Grammar is both complex and universal in languages. D．Linguists face a question in creating confusing grammars 18．The underlined expression “from scratch” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________ A．from the very beginning B．in ancient cultures C．by copying something else D．by using written information 19．What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language? A．It contained a complex grammar system. B．It was first created by the slaves’ landowners. C．It was based on a lot of different languages. D．It was difficult to understand, even among slaves. 20．What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A．The English past tense system is inaccurate. B．English was probably once a kind of creole. C．Linguists have proven that English was created by children. D．Children use English past tenses differently from adults. 【答案】17．C 18．A 19．D 20．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章探究了语言中（包括英语在内），语法来源的可能性。 17．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex和 Besides，grammar is universal and plays a part in every language可知，在语言学习中，所有学生都知道语法很复杂，并且知道在每种语言中语法很普遍。故选C项。 18．词义猜测题。根据文章第2段中首先提到“要了解语法是如何产生的，就需要有人在一种语言诞生时在场，记录它的出现。”后又提到“一些语言学家能够将现代复杂的语言追溯到早期的语言”故根据上下文的逻辑可知，为了了解复杂语言的形成，研究者需要观察语言是如何从零开始的。故选A项。 19．推理判断题。根据第3段Little grammar is found in them，and in many cases it is difficult or a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom可知，因为pidgin language缺乏语法，所以很难理解其表达的含义。故选D项。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段可知：一些语言学家认为，世界上许多最古老的语言一开始都是克里奥耳语。在英语过去式中，-ed结尾可能是由“did”演变而来的。因此可以推出英语可能曾经是一种克里奥尔语。故选B。 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 易错19 阅读理解主旨大意题（3大易错点+易错闯关练） 目录 第一部分 易错点剖析............................................................................................................1 易错典题避错攻略 举一反三 易错01：以偏概全................................................................................................................1 易错02：范围不当................................................................................................................5 易错03：主观臆断................................................................................................................11 第二部分 易错点闯关...........................................................................................................14 易错01：以偏概全 易错典题 【例】 （2025 年上海普陀区高三一模英语试卷阅读理解 A 篇） This is a story of a modern school—Summerhill. Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is no longer such; it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my wife and I began the school, we had one main philosophy: to make the school fit the child—instead of making the child fit the school... Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children freedom to be themselves. In order to do this, we had to abandon all disciplines, all directions, all suggestions, all moral training, and all religious instructions... Logically, Summerhill is a place in which people who have the inherent ability and wish to be scholars will be scholars; while those who are only fit to sweep the streets will sweep the streets. But we have not produced a street cleaner so far. Nor do I write this snobbishly, for I would rather see a school produce a happy street cleaner than an anxious scholar. What is the main idea of the passage? A．Summerhill School uses a unique educational approach centered on giving children freedom. B．Summerhill School believes every child has the potential to become a successful scholar. C．Summerhill School rejects strict discipline and focuses on a child-centered environment. D．Summerhill School challenges the traditional model by emphasizing children's independence. 【错因分析】（以偏概全选项为 B、C） 选项 B：文中仅提到 “有天赋且愿意成为学者的孩子会成为学者”，还提到 “宁愿培养快乐的清洁工也不愿培养焦虑的学者”，该选项只截取 “学者” 这一局部内容，完全忽略学校对不同特质孩子的包容理念，属于以偏概全。 选项 C：“拒绝严格纪律” 只是学校教育方式的一个细节，文章重点是通过多种方式赋予孩子自由以实现 “学校适配孩子”，该选项局限于单一细节，未涵盖 “自由” 这一核心，属于以偏概全。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 定位主旨句：重点阅读首尾段及段落首尾句，把握文章核心。 概括比对：选项若仅对应某段内容或个别例子，则可能片面。 警惕绝对细节：包含具体数字、事例的选项，常是干扰项。 【干货必记】 “以偏概全”选项的三大特征 细节当主旨 标志：选项内容原文中确实提到，但只是一个例子、一个数据或一个分论点。 口诀：只见树木，不见森林。 片面当全面 标志：选项只概括了文章某一段落或部分内容，无法覆盖全文（尤其是首尾段）。 口诀：以段代篇，范围缩水。 事实当观点 标志：选项陈述了一个文中提及的客观事实，但文章主旨是探讨该事实背后的原因、影响或意义。 口诀：就事论事，缺乏深度。 破题三看 一看首尾段：主旨句绝大多数出现在这里。 二看段落首句：快速串起文章脉络。 三看选项关键词：遇到包含具体细节、绝对化表述（如only, best, all） 或明显只对应某一段内容的选项，高度警惕！ 举一反三 1（2025 年上海宝山区高境一中高考英语倒计时模拟卷） One of the main points of traveling is to relax and take a break from your normal daily life. But the truth is, we’re not always free to do what we like when traveling to a foreign country... Ever since the end of World War Ⅱ, Germany has strict laws forbidding the Nazi salute... Here are some examples. Singapore You can get fined for a lot of things... Japan You’re not supposed to wear your shoes in someone’s house... France French people don’t like it when you talk about money... What is the main idea of the passage? A．Different countries have different laws to maintain social order. B．Travelers need to learn about foreign taboos before traveling abroad. C．Singapore has the strictest rules for tourists among all countries. D．Foreign countries have many unreasonable restrictions on tourists. 2（2025 年上海金山区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解 C 篇） A coin toss is often thought of as a classic equivalent to randomness. People rely on it to make fair decisions in various situations, from choosing a team in a game to settling small disputes. However, recent studies have found that a coin toss is not as random as we think. Researchers conducted experiments by flipping coins under controlled conditions. They discovered that if the coin is flipped the same way each time, with the same force and angle, it will land on the same side more often than not. Moreover, factors like the weight distribution of the coin and air resistance can also affect the result. These findings have made people rethink the use of coin tosses in scenarios that require absolute fairness, such as some legal and competitive occasions. What is the main idea of the passage? A．Coin tosses are widely used in daily life decisions. B．Controlled experiments can help discover scientific truths. C．Coin tosses are not completely random and have subtle influencing factors. D．Weight distribution is the key factor affecting coin toss results. 3（2025 年上海闵行区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解 B 篇） Stand-up comedy originating in the United States has gained global appeal, including in China. The first Chinese stand-up comedy club was set up in Shenzhen in 2009, but the form was unknown to most Chinese audiences at that time. In recent years, it has grown rapidly in popularity. Comedians often talk about current social issues in short and direct ways, which fits the fast-paced lifestyle of modern people. Besides, the topics are closely related to young people, who are the key audience. Additionally, stand-up comedy is easy to start as it doesn't require special skills, making it widely appealing. A professor explained that its popularity also lies in its adaptation to modern online trends, as short comedy clips are widely spread on social media. What is the main idea of the passage? A．The first stand-up comedy club in China was founded in Shenzhen. B．Stand-up comedy has become popular in China due to multiple factors. C．Young people are the main audience of stand-up comedy in China. D．Short comedy clips are popular on Chinese social media platforms. 易错02：范围不当 易错典题 【例】 （2025年上海徐汇区高三一模英语试卷阅读理解B篇）​ Urban community gardens have emerged as a vital part of sustainable city development in Shanghai over the past decade. These gardens, usually built on abandoned lots or rooftop spaces, are jointly managed by local residents, who take turns planting vegetables, fruits and flowers. ​ A 2024 survey by Shanghai University showed that 83% of participants reported improved neighborhood relationships after joining garden management—residents communicate more frequently while watering plants or harvesting crops. Additionally, the gardens reduce urban heat island effect by increasing green coverage; a single 100-square-meter rooftop garden can lower the surrounding temperature by 1.2℃ in summer. Moreover, the fresh produce from the gardens has reduced residents' reliance on purchased vegetables, cutting down on plastic packaging waste by an average of 3.2kg per household annually. ​ Local governments have supported the movement by providing free gardening tools and organizing training sessions for residents. Experts predict that the number of such gardens in Shanghai will double by 2027, further promoting ecological and social harmony in the city. ​ What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. Sustainable development strategies in modern cities ​ B. The development and benefits of urban community gardens in Shanghai ​ C. How to manage urban community gardens effectively ​ D. The impact of urban green spaces on neighborhood relationships ​ 【错因分析】 （范围不当选项为A、C、D）​ 选项A（范围过大）：“现代城市的可持续发展策略”涵盖面极广（如交通、能源、建筑等多领域），而文章仅聚焦“上海社区花园”这一具体可持续发展举措，未涉及其他策略，属于“以点代面”的范围过大。​ 选项C（范围过小）：“如何有效管理社区花园”仅可能对应原文中“居民轮流管理”“政府提供工具培训”等局部细节，文章核心是“发展现状+综合益处”，该选项未覆盖核心内容，属于范围过小。​ 选项D（范围过小）：“城市绿地对邻里关系的影响”仅为第二段提及的“三大益处之一”，忽略了生态效益（降温）、环保效益（减塑）及发展前景等关键内容，属于局部细节替代全文主旨。​ 避错攻略 【方法总结】 范围过大：选项内容超出文章论述，将主题过度拔高或泛化。 标志：出现文章未提及的更大范畴，如文章谈“某地保护措施”，选项升格为“全球策略”。 范围过小：即“以偏概全”，选项仅对应文章某个细节或段落，无法覆盖全文核心。 【干货必记】 1. 范围过大 特点：选项将文章主旨过度拔高、泛化或引申，内容超出原文论述范围，加入了文中未提及的、更宏大或更深远的含义。 识别标志： 出现 “全球意义”、“人类未来”、“历史规律”、“哲学启示” 等宏大词汇。 将具体事例概括为普遍真理。 将某个领域的应用扩展到所有领域。 示例： 文章讲：一种新型电池技术延长了手机续航。 干扰项：“新能源技术的未来发展方向”（巨帽：文章只讲电池，未涉及其它能源技术）。 2. 范围过小 特点：选项仅是文章中的一个细节、例子、分论点或某个段落的大意，无法覆盖全文核心。 识别标志： 包含具体数据、人名、地名等细节。 只对应文章中间某一段的内容。 描述了一个事实，但未触及文章探讨的深层原因或影响。 示例： 文章讲：运动对身心健康的多种益处。 干扰项：“跑步如何提升心肺功能”（迷你帽：跑步只是例子，心肺功能只是益处之一）。 破题三步走 圈定主题：快速浏览首尾段和段落首句，确定文章反复出现的核心话题词。 划定边界：问自己两个问题：“文章主要讨论了什么？”（确定核心）、“文章没有讨论什么？”（划定边界）。 选项比对：将选项与你的“边界”进行比对，果断排除那些“帽子”过大或过小的选项。 举一反三 1（2025年上海杨浦区复旦附中高三模拟卷阅读理解A篇）​ The Shanghai Museum has launched a series of "Digital Exhibition Hall" projects since 2023, aiming to make cultural relics more accessible to the public. Unlike traditional offline exhibitions, these digital platforms allow visitors to browse high-definition images of relics, zoom in on tiny details (such as carvings on bronze vessels) and even "restore" broken relics through 3D technology. ​ In 2024 alone, the digital hall received over 5 million online visits—three times the number of offline visitors to the museum that year. Many young people, who rarely visited offline museums before, have become regular online viewers. A high school student commented, "I can look at the jade artifacts from the Shang Dynasty at home, and the 3D restoration helps me understand how craftsmen made them." ​ The museum also cooperates with local schools to design digital learning courses, where students can complete interactive tasks like "identifying relic ages" and "designing cultural and creative products" based on digital relics. Curators stated that the digital project will continue to update, adding virtual reality (VR) experiences to let visitors "walk through" ancient palaces in the future. What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. Digital technology is transforming the global museum industry ​ B. Shanghai Museum's digital projects boost accessibility and engagement of cultural relics ​ C. Young people prefer digital museums to offline ones ​ D. How to design digital learning courses for cultural relics ​ 2（2025年上海闵行区高三二模英语试卷阅读理解C篇）​ Silk embroidery, a traditional craft of Shanghai's Songjiang District with a history of over 800 years, was once at risk of disappearing due to a lack of young inheritors. To revive this intangible cultural heritage (ICH), local artisans and educators have taken multiple measures since 2020. ​ First, they designed simplified embroidery kits for primary and middle school students, replacing complex traditional patterns with cartoon characters and local landmarks (such as the Oriental Pearl Tower). These kits have been introduced into 23 local schools as optional courses, attracting over 1,500 students to learn the craft. Second, artisans partnered with fashion brands to launch silk embroidery-themed clothing and accessories—these products were showcased at the 2024 Shanghai Fashion Week and sold out within three days. ​ Additionally, the Songjiang District Government set up an ICH innovation center, providing funding for young artisans to develop new designs. A 35-year-old inheritor said, "We combine traditional stitches with modern aesthetics, making silk embroidery popular among young consumers." Now, the number of young inheritors has increased from 12 in 2020 to 89 in 2025. What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. How to protect intangible cultural heritage worldwide ​ B. Shanghai's Songjiang District revives silk embroidery through diverse measures ​ C. The history and characteristics of Songjiang silk embroidery ​ D. Young artisans play a key role in inheriting traditional crafts ​ 3（2025年上海浦东新区上海中学高三模拟卷阅读理解D篇）​ In recent years, shared reading spaces have become a new trend in Shanghai's residential areas. Different from public libraries, these spaces are small (usually 20-50 square meters), located in community centers or near residential buildings, and mainly provide books popular among residents (such as children's picture books, life skills books and local literature). ​ The operation mode of these spaces is flexible: most are managed by volunteer residents, who take charge of book sorting and borrowing registration. Some spaces also organize monthly activities like "parent-child reading sessions" and "local author lectures". A 2025 survey by the Shanghai Library Association showed that 76% of residents living near shared reading spaces visit at least once a month, and 62% said the spaces have increased their reading time by 30 minutes or more daily. ​ Local communities provide free rental of the spaces, and some enterprises donate books and reading chairs. The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Culture plans to build 500 more shared reading spaces by 2026, covering 90% of the city's residential communities. ​ What is the main idea of the passage? ​ A. The development of public reading facilities in China ​ B. Shanghai's shared reading spaces: features, operations and development ​ C. How to organize volunteer activities in community reading spaces ​ D. Shared reading spaces are more popular than public libraries ​ 易错03：主观臆断 易错典题 【例】 （2025 年上海闵行区高三一模英语阅读理解主旨题） 1：Pollution is also harmful, killing many birds and fish, and has even been found in our tap water. Mining for resources is damaging, especially in the Arctic. Climate change has led to less ice, which means we can look for more fossil fuels further north. More exploration means more pollution. 2：Gaining more insights into the sea will also help us manage its resources better. Logging new species will improve our understanding of life on the earth. It may enable us to discover new medicines... The related environmental risks should be balanced with economic needs. Which of the following is the main theme of the two texts? A. The serious pollution caused by sea exploration B. The great economic value brought by sea exploration C. Balance between the impact of sea exploration and its benefits D. Ways to reduce environmental risks of sea exploration 【错因分析】 选 A 的考生仅抓住文本 1 的污染问题，忽略文本 2 对海洋探索益处的阐述，主观臆断文章核心是批判污染； 选 B 的考生与选 A 的考生逻辑类似，只关注文本 2 的经济价值，片面放大单一观点，未看到文章对利弊平衡的核心讨论； 选 D 的考生则受 “环保” 常识影响，主观认为这类主题必然要给出解决污染的方法，但原文仅提及需平衡风险与需求，并未提出具体减排措施，属于无依据的主观推导。 避错攻略 【方法总结】 选项检验：判断选项内容是否为原文直接论述，还是基于原文的“合理”延伸。 事实锚定：主旨必须得到文中多个部分（尤其是首尾段）事实的共同支撑，而非单一细节的推断。 目的判断：区分文章是在“客观陈述”事实，还是仅在“讨论”某一现象。避免为无结论的讨论强加定论。 【干货必记】 防主观臆断自查 典型陷阱：出现 should, must, will (必然)，或进行“好坏”、“对错”的强烈评判。 自查：这是作者的结论，还是我的期望或评价？原文无命令，选项不评判。 看选项是否“偷换主体”或“无中生有” 典型陷阱：将A研究的意义说成B领域的革命；将“一种方法”拔高为“唯一途径”。 自查：选项中的核心名词和动词，是否在原文中有明确对应？主体对象，一字不能差。 看选项是否“基于原文过度推演” 典型陷阱：文章说“A可能导致B”，选项说“A是造成B的根本原因”；文章在“讨论问题”，选项在“给出解决方案”。 自查：这是原文的直接结论，还是我根据结论进行的“下一步”推理？守住结论边界，不往前多走一步。 举一反三 1（2025 年上海宝山区高三二模英语阅读理解 C 篇主旨题） Poking holes in other people's arguments can be necessary, but you must acknowledge the possibility that your own beliefs are wrong. It’s possible to draw incorrect conclusions from correct facts due to logical fallacies. Also consider whether there could be another explanation for the facts besides the one you've been given. Salespeople may present facts selectively and hide unfavorable information, so it’s necessary to examine others’ motives and assumptions. What is the passage mainly about? A. How to win arguments with other people B. The importance of critical thinking with self-examination C. Why salespeople often mislead consumers D. How to avoid making mistakes in daily reasoning 2（2025 年上海嘉定区高三二模英语阅读理解主旨题） The so-called "daizi culture" has been changing in recent years. Young people no longer pursue blind consumption of luxury brand daizi. Instead, they prefer minimalist and practical products. Many brands have adjusted their strategies, focusing on product quality and environmental protection rather than exaggerated packaging. Some communities also carry out activities to promote rational consumption, guiding residents to get rid of unnecessary material desires. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Young people are the main force of consumption upgrading B. Luxury brands are facing the crisis of declining sales C. The transformation of "daizi culture" towards rationality and practicality D. How communities guide residents to rational consumption 3（2025 年上海普陀区高三二模英语阅读理解主旨题） These years, Harbin has been making every effort to promote its ice and snow tourism. It has planned to develop a series of ice-and-snow products, including key routes and must-see places. The 2024 China Ice Snow Festival ran through the whole January. Visitors from home and abroad can enjoy gorgeous winter scenery and various activities, such as annual parties. For people in South China, the winter scenery is amazing, and foreigners can feel the unique passion of ice and snow in Northeast China. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To introduce Harbin's ice and snow tourism resources and charm B. To compare the winter scenery between North and South China C. To explain why the Ice Snow Festival is popular D. To attract foreigners to visit Northeast China （一） I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala. My mother, sister and I were spending the summer with my father, an army officer, who was stationed there. There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books. I casually picked up Bond's Delhi Is Not Far on one such day and was immediately drawn into his gentle, unassuming, non-judgmental world. Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works. I think my affinity came from the fact that I identified on some level with him. Like me, he was shy and dreamy and enjoyed the company of the written word above that of people. A particularly painful theme that runs through Ruskin Bond's work is his relationship with his father. The two were extremely close, more so perhaps because they were each other's sole emotional support systems. Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son. Bond's father died suddenly of malaria at 46, when Bond was just 10—a cruel blow for the young boy. It's remarkable how Bond writes about his father's untimely death with a quiet dignity: It is deeply touching but never maudlin（凄凉的） Moved as I was by Bond's memories of his father, little did I know that I would soon be experiencing his pain first-hand. When I was 21, my father too suddenly passed away after a brief illness. Looking back at the time immediately after my father's passing, all I remember is a feeling of utter disbelief, of thinking. I sought refuge in my beloved books, and no other author gave me as much assistance and relief as did my beloved Ruskin Bond. 1．Why did the author go to the library? A．To read Bond's novel. B．To review his lessons. C．To broaden his horizons. D．To kill his time. 2．Which can best explain the underlined part in the third paragraph? A．Passion. B．Sympathy. C．Relief. D．Inspiration. 3．What does the author think of Bond's father? A．Determined. B．Considerate. C．Wealthy. D．Intelligent. 4．Which would be the best title for the text? A．My Father: an Army Officer B．Unforgettable Time after My Father's Death C．Ruskin Bond's Works: My Beloved Books D．My Experience in the Army Cantonment （二） For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging (融合) into it. Speaking at the Fast Company European Innovation Festival, Professor Yuval Noah Harari, a historian at the Hebrew University claimed that it’s becoming more and more difficult to tell where humans end and machines begin. He said: “It’s increasingly hard to tell where I end and where the computer begins. In the future, it is likely that the smartphone will not be separated from you at all. It may be embedded in your body or brain, constantly scanning your biometric data and your emotions.” During his speech, Professor Harari highlighted how humans have affected our environment over time, and suggested that now may be the time to affect ourselves. He said: “Humanity has always remained constant. If we told our ancestors in the Stone Age about our lives today, they would think we are already Gods. But the truth is that even though we have developed more wonderful tools, we are the same animals. We have the same emotions, the same minds. The coming revolution will change that. It will change not just our tools, it will change the human being itself. ” If we do manage to merge with machines, Professor Harari suggests it could open the door to setting up civilizations beyond Earth. He added: “Life will be able to break out of planet Earth and no longer be confined to this flying rock.” While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine­ human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant. He said: “Over time I think we will probably see a closer merger of biological intelligence and digital intelligence.” 5．Why does the author mention smartphone in paragraph 1? A．To collect data for his speech. B．To have a good lead ­in of the topic. C．To say it is harmful to the environment. D．To catch up with the development of science. 6．What do we know about Professor Harari? A．His opinions gained much support. B．He is the first expert to put forward the idea. C．He thinks technology will change ourselves as well. D．His suggestion of us staying on planet Earth is considerate. 7．What’s probably Elon Musk’s attitude to Professor Harari’s speech? A．Neutral. B．Favourable. C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Humans are near to combining with machines B．Call on people to develop advanced machines C．A speech caused people’s concerns on machines D．Finding new ways to break away from apps is vital （三） Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our brains. Scientists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. The study found that this so happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly. They concluded that fairness is one of basic human needs. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave, and can be internal (内在的) or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. We don’t want to disappoint our family and friends, either. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict. External controls include rewards and punishments. Rewards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests. People need their communities to function smoothly. If there were no rules, most people would probably still behave positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 9．What does the underlined word ‘‘this’’ in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A program in human brains. B．A comfortable situation. C．The response with bad feelings. D．The requirement off fairness. 10．Why do communities have rules? A．To punish illegal activities. B．To prevent disagreement. C．To promote fairness. D．To meet various demands. 11．Which of the following is an example of internal control? A．Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful B．Park in the right place so as not to get a parking ticket. C．Pay the electricity bill on time in order not to get a late fee. D．Cooperate with your classmates to win a prize for your class. 12．What is the best title for this passage? A．Living by the rules B．Following rules with punishments C．Reaching a compromise D．Calling for fairness （四） The moon may shine white above us most nights of the year, but how much do we know about Earth’s neighbor and what lies beneath its surface? Scientists are aiming to find out. On Jan 3, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 spacecraft landed on the far side of the moon – a first for humanity. It released a small probe (探测器), Yutu 2, or Jade Rabbit 2, which began to search beneath the moon’s surface using Lunar Penetrating Radar. These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported. In a study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers found that the lunar soil’s top layer on the far side of the moon was much thicker than expected – about 40 meters. Other scientists only expected about 6 millimeters of soil based on NASA observations during the Apollo moon landings, according to The New York Times. “It’s a fine, dusty, sandy environment,” said one of the authors of the study, Elena Pettinelli, a physics and mathematics professor at Rome Tre University, Rome. Yutu 2 is specifically exploring the Von Karman crater (大坑), a large hole that’s 180 kilometers wide and also the landing site of Chang’e 4. It’s part of an even larger, older crater spanning more than 1,770 kilometers. “The subsurface at the Chang’e 4 landing site is very complex,” said Li Chunlai, a research professor and deputy director-general of National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Observations suggest that the subsurface material is totally different than the previous landing site of Chang’e 3, she said. Radar waves revealed various layers beneath the moon’s surface: grainy (颗粒状的) material, boulders (岩石), and further layers of fine and coarse (粗糙的) particles. This information is helping scientists to gain new understanding of the moon’s history and formation, as well as volcanic activity and lunar impacts. Yutu 2 is the longest-working rover (巡视器) on the moon, but it won’t last forever. China plans to launch the Chang’e 5 probe later this year, Xinhua News Agency reported. The spacecraft is expected to bring pieces of the moon back to Earth for closer study. 13．What can we learn about the Chang’e 4 probe? A．It was the first to land on the moon’s near side. B．It explored areas as wide as 1,770 kilometers. C．It is three times as large as the Chang’e 3 lunar probe. D．Its signals could reach 40 meters beneath the moon’s surface. 14．What does the lunar soil’s top layer on the moon’s far side look like, according to the text? A．It looks like a large hole. B．It is about 6 millimeters thick. C．It goes farther down than expected. D．It is covered by boulders and fine and coarse particles. 15．What is the Chang’e 5 probe expected to do? A．Bring lunar samples back to the Earth B．Explore the Von Karman crater. C．Replace Yutu 2 to explore the moon. D．Identify the moon’s various layers. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．A history of Chinese lunar missions. B．A report on the Chang’e 4 probe’s findings. C．A comparison of the Chang’e 3 and 4 probes. D．How Yutu 2 explored beneath the moon’s surface. （五） No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动词) , we are able to communicate variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform other word tricks to convey delicate differences in meaning. Besides，grammar is universal and plays a part in every language， no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has confused many linguists is: who created grammar? At first, this question would appear impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created，someone needs to be present at the time of a language’s creation, documenting its emergence. Some linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but to know the forming of complex languages, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible. Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time，slaves from different nations were forced to work together. Since they could not learn each other’s languages. they developed a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. Little grammar is found in them，and in many cases it is difficult or a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution (迂回曲折的说法) in order to make themselves understood. Interestingly，however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it. Slave children did not simply copy words from their elders, they adapted them to create a language. It included new word orders and grammatical markers. Complex grammar systems merging from pidgins are termed creoles, which are invented by children. Some linguists believe that many of the world’s most established languages were creoles at first. The -ed ending in English past tense may have evolved from “did”,”It ended”, which was first used by kids, may once have been “It end-did”. Therefore. it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains. which can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy. 17．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．Language learners know that grammar is of complexity. B．One cal do a lot with his good command of grammar. C．Grammar is both complex and universal in languages. D．Linguists face a question in creating confusing grammars 18．The underlined expression “from scratch” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________ A．from the very beginning B．in ancient cultures C．by copying something else D．by using written information 19．What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language? A．It contained a complex grammar system. B．It was first created by the slaves’ landowners. C．It was based on a lot of different languages. D．It was difficult to understand, even among slaves. 20．What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A．The English past tense system is inaccurate. B．English was probably once a kind of creole. C．Linguists have proven that English was created by children. D．Children use English past tenses differently from adults. 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $