专题06 阅读理解（议论文）（期末真题汇编，云南专用）高二英语上学期

专题06 议论文 阅读理解D篇 以下汇编的阅读理D篇议论文，按三大主题分类排列： 主题01 人与社会 —— 科技创新、企业发展、跨文化沟通、社会趋势 1.女性对AI接受度的性别差异与社会因素 难度：0.85 2.AI对学生写作与思维能力的挑战与应对 难度：0.85 3.AI的风险与应对策略 难度：0.65 4.科技对人类互动方式的双重影响 难度：0.65 5.Sidewalk Labs智能城市项目Quayside的规划与争议 难度：0.65 6.手势在沟通与思维中的重要性 难度：0.4 7.救援情景中受害者责任对救援者义务的影响 难度：0.4 8.应用科学的重要性及其在现代社会中的角色 难度：0.4 主题02 人与自我 —— 个人成长、心理健康、教育、幸福 1.校外实地考察对学生发展的积极影响 难度：0.65 2.孤独对身心健康的危害与应对 难度：0.65 3.学习外语对认知能力的提升作用 难度：0.65 4.购物选择与个人幸福感的关系 难度：0.65 主题03 人与自然 —— 环境、动物、生态 1.人类与野生动物冲突的影响及解决途径 难度：0.65 主题01 人与社会 —— 科技创新、企业发展、跨文化沟通、社会趋势 1．(24-25高二上·云南昭通昭通第一中学教研联盟·期末)Increasing your productivity is how ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) tool from OpenAI, attracts its users. However, despite hopes that the technology will improve efficiency at work, not everyone is on board. According to a report by the World Economic Forum published in April, 59 percent of men aged 18 to 65 around the world use generative AI at least once a week, compared to 51 percent of women. The gender gap is even wider among younger people: 71 percent of men aged 18 to 24 use generative AI weekly, compared with 59 percent of women. Why are women less open to AI than men? According to AI expert Jodie Cook, this gap reflects the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). “STEM fields have traditionally been led by males. The current pattern in the use of AI tools appears to mirror this difference.” Cook told the BBC． Outside this larger social context, certain patterns in female thinking might also play a role. In a survey of 486 students, divided by academic performance, researchers found that high-performing female students were more likely to use ChatGPT only when it had been allowed by their professor. “It’s the ‘good girl’ thing. It’s this idea that I have to go through this pain, I have to do it on my own, and I shouldn’t cheat or take shortcuts,” Siri Isaksson, a researcher of the study, explained to The Economist. Women’s reluctance may also come from fears about how others view their abilities. British psychologist Lee Chambers suggests that the fear of being seen as less capable could add to this way of thinking. “There could be this feeling that if people know that you, as a woman, use AI, it’s suggesting that you might not be as qualified as you are,” he explained. For some experts, women’s reluctance to use AI is troubling, as it could lead to technology being designed more for men by the time AI becomes a fully accepted part of society. Others, however, are less alarmed. Danielle Li, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out that AI may right now act more as a “digital toy”, and high-achieving women may simply be better at avoiding distraction. 2．Why does the author list these numbers in Paragraph 2? A．To show women are less open to AI. B．To explain women are naturally interested in technology. C．To prove different learning methods between men and women. D．To introduce men are more creative with the aid of AI tools. 3．What’s the attitude of high-performing female students toward ChatGPT? A．They distrust it greatly. B．They consider it a waste of time. C．They prefer using it with permission. D．They believe it may develop laziness. 4．What’s reason for women reluctant to use AI, according to Lee Chambers? A．They find AI annoying. B．They lack confidence in their tech skills. C．They fear being seen as overly ambitious. D．They worry about being regarded less capable. 5．What’s the attitude of the author towards women’s reluctance to use AI? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned. 2．(24-25高二上·云南玉溪·期末)All experienced scholars know that writing, as historian Lynn Hunt has argued is “not the printed form of thoughts already consciously present in the writer’s mind.” Rather, writing is a process closely tied to thinking. Writing is hard work. It is sometimes frightening. With the temptation (诱惑) of AI, many — possibly most — of my students were no longer inclined to face this challenge. My graduate students, many of whom were computer scientists, understood the mechanisms of generative AI better than I did. They knew that models are trained on existing data and therefore cannot produce novel research. However, that knowledge did not stop them from relying heavily on generative AI. Many of my students are non-native speakers of English and their writing frequently contained grammatical errors. Generative AI is effective at correcting grammar. However, technology often changes vocabulary. My students lacked the skills to identify and correct subtle shifts in meaning. At the start of every semester, I had students write in class. With that baseline sample as a point of comparison, it was a piece of cake to distinguish between their writing and text generated by Chat GPT. AI-assisted writing is easy to identify but hard to prove. As a result, I found myself spending more time giving feedback to AI than to my students. The best educators will adapt to Al. In some ways, the changes will be positive. Teachers will find ways to encourage students to think critically and learn that writing is a way of generating ideas, revealing contradictions, and clarifying methodologies (方法论). But students must learn to sit with the temporary discovery discomfort with faith in their own cognitive abilities as they write and revise their way into clarity. I hope my students would be willing to enter those uncomfortable spaces or remain there long enough to discover the significant advantages of writing. 2．Why did the author cite Lynn Hunt’s words? A．To introduce the concept of generative AI writing. B．To show historians have different views on writing. C．To stress the idea that writing and thinking are closely related. D．To emphasize the fact that thoughts are presented in printed forms. 3．Why did many of the author’s students depend on generative AI deeply? A．They were computer experts. B．They had no extra time to write. C．They wanted to find novel research. D．They considered writing to be tough work. 4．What problem did the author encounter when correcting students’ writing? A．It was odd to prove students used AI to write. B．It was hard to distinguish generated-AI writing. C．It was difficult for students to accept the author’s feedback. D．It was easy to discover but hard to prove students used AI to write. 5．What does the author expect her students to do about writing? A．To use more generative AI. B．To spot the vital strength of writing. C．To focus on grammar with the help of AI. D．To avoid the uncomfortable process of writing. 3．(24-25高二上·云南曲靖会泽县致远中学·期末)AI is a machine’s ability to perform the cognitive functions which we usually associate with human minds, such as reasoning, learning, interacting with an environment,problem-solving, and even exercising creativity. You’ve probably interacted with AI even if you didn’t realize it — voice assistants like Siri, as well as pop-up customer service chat bots, are founded on AI technology. By using artificial intelligence, companies have the potential to make business more efficient and profitable. But ultimately, the value of artificial intelligence isn’t in the systems themselves but in how companies use those systems to assist humans-and their ability to explain what those systems do-in a way that builds and earns trust. Since they are so new, we have yet to see the long-term effect of AI models. This means there are some risks involved in using them-some known and some unknown. The outputs AI models produce may often sound extremely convincing. This is by design. But sometimes the information they generate is just wrong. Worse, sometimes it’s biased, because it’s built on the gender, racial, and various other limitations of the Internet and society more generally. And it can even be operated to enable immoral or criminal activity. These risks can be reduced, however, in a few ways. For one, it’s crucial to carefully select the initial data used to train these models to avoid including incorrect content. Next, rather than operating an existing generative-AI model, organizations could consider using smaller, specialized models. Organizations with more resources could also customize a general model based on their own data to fit their needs and minimize shortcoming. Organizations should also keep a human in the process-make sure a real human checks the output before it is published or used, and avoid using AI models for critical decisions, such as those involving significant resources or human welfare. 2．What can we learn about AI from the first two paragraphs? A．We have been using it unconsciously. B．It acts the same way as human minds. C．We haven’t recognized the value of it. D．It has been widely used by companies. 3．What can be a disadvantage of AI models? A．They produce limited outputs. B．They generate unreliable information. C．They mislead users by design. D．They ignore criminal activities on purpose. 4．Who are mostly responsible for reducing the risks of using AI? A．Data collectors. B．AI designers. C．Personal users. D．Operating organizations. 5．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To analyze the history and the prospect of AL B．To guide companies to improve efficiency with AL C．To introduce AI and ways to overcome its limitations. D．To tell customers how to select and operate AI models. 4．(23-24高二上·云南昭通第一中学教研联盟·期末)Technology is more than an abstract concept associated with advanced tools and systems. It also shapes the way people behave, grow and develop, both within their own lives and in their relationships with others. While technology has developed over thousands of years, the last century has seen an explosion in technology that has influenced fundamental changes in how humans see the world and interact with others. Specifically, the Internet and mobile devices have completely changed the way people interact with each other. There has been a debate going on whether technology is benefiting human communication or ruining it. Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills. In business, office employees and managers use technology to send emails to one another, which is considered a communication skill. On social media, just share a few of your images and people start communicating on and about your images according to their viewpoint. With the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to work on the projects, the students use their phones to reach their teachers and classmates. However, technology is sometimes considered to disconnect people from others around them. With cell phones, most people think that it’s easier and more convenient to text instead of meeting in person. Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate from Huntington University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% people respond to messages immediately yet only 2.83% people don’t check their phones in the morning. In his research he found that “almost 60 percent of people felt disconnected from others around when they were on their phones”. 2．Human interaction has been basically influenced by ______. A．people’s relationships B．social systems C．mobile devices D．communication skills 3．How is the idea of paragraph 2 supported? A．By analyzing data. B．By providing cases. C．By defining a concept. D．By making comparisons. 4．What does Lucas’s research find? A．Phones disconnect us when we are together. B．Phones are becoming more and more popular. C．People communicate less because of physical distance. D．Phones are helping people build newer communication skills. 5．What is the author’s attitude to technology? A．Positive. B．Skeptical. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 5．(24-25高二上·云南文山第一中学·期末)The future of the city is here. Sidewalk Labs, a company owned by Alphabet, won a competition to design a neighborhood by Lake Ontario. The competition was held as a way to improve the buildings, public spaces, and transportation. In total, the planning phase should last one year. The city of Toronto has promised $ 1.25 billion for roads, sidewalks, electricity, water, and so on. Sidewalk Labs has already put $ 50 million into the project. Doctoroff says he is not worried about money — profit can be made from the technology and development. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also says the project will bring well-paying jobs. The neighborhood has already been given the name “Quayside”. It will include various  scientific technologies connected with environmental improvement such as heated sidewalk, bike paths to melt snow, self-driving buses, shared-ride taxi robots and narrower streets with fewer cars and more room for public spaces like parks. There will also be energy systems, changeable traffic lights, and continuous improvement through collecting and analyzing data from sensors (传感器) for monitoring traffic flow, noise levels, air quality, energy usage, travel patterns, and waste output. As for construction, the buildings will be made of plastic instead of wood or steel, to make them more affordable and easier to change. Underground passages will be used for trash collection, package delivery, and maintenance (维护). There are, of course, many concerns about the project. One concern is that making an expensive, hi-tech neighborhood won’t help with a housing crisis in Toronto. It is important for Quayside to be accessible to the elderly, the disabled, and people of diverse races and income levels. Another concern is about data collection and residents’ privacy. In response, Doctoroff says the data collection will only be used to improve the quality of life in Quayside, privacy to be built into every aspect of the neighborhood. New and unique, the futuristic neighborhood will no doubt have many issues. In spite of these, it will be interesting to see its evolution. 2．What does Paragraph 2 talk about? A．The faith in building Quayside. B．The concerns of building Quayside. C．The difficulty in building Quayside. D．The expense of building Quayside. 3．What’s the feature of the technologies in Quayside? A．Old-fashioned. B．Environmentally-friendly. C．Energy-consuming. D．Cost-effective. 4．Why does the author mention all the concerns? A．To question the possibility of the project. B．To try to find a solution to the problems. C．To show people’s disapproval of the project. D．To make people aware of the potential shortcomings. 5．What is the author’s attitude to Quayside? A．Skeptical. B．Neutral. C．Positive. D．Unfavorable. 6．(24-25高二上·云南·期末)“Tie an Italian’s hands behind his back,” runs an old joke, “and he’ll be speechless.” This rests on a national stereotype: Italians are talkative and emotional, and all that arm-waggling supposedly goes to prove it. Susan Meadow of the University of Chicago has a rather different view. Emotions come out in lots of ways: facial expressions, posture, tone of voice and so on. But people are doing something different when they use gestures with speech, which she sums up in the title of her new book, “Thinking with Your Hands”. It is a masterly tour through a lifetime’s research. Virtually everyone gestures, not just Italians. Experimental subjects, told after a research session that they were being watched for gestures, apologize for not having made any — but were doing so the entire time. People born blind gesture when they speak, including to each other. A woman born without arms but with “phantom limb syndrome (幻肢综合征)” describes how she uses her phantom arms when she talks — but not when she walks. All this suggests that cognition (认知) is, to some extent, “embodied”; thinking is not all done in your head. In fact, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information. Subjects watch a film in which a cat runs but are told to lie and say it jumped. They do so in words — while their hands make a running motion. People who say they believe in sexual equality but gesture with their hands lower when talking about women are not indicating women’s height; they can be shown to have biases (偏见) of which they may be unaware. In “The Crown”, a historical drama series, Lady Diana is warned that her hands may betray her real emotions, which could be dangerous; they are tied together so she can learn to speak without gesticulating. No one who reads Susan’s book could ever again think that gesturing shows only a lack of control. It is about thinking and communication, and is a complex aid to both. 2．Why does the author mention the old joke in Paragraph 1? A．To present an argument. B．To describe a scene. C．To lead in the topic. D．To clarify a doubt. 3．Which statement will Susan Meadow probably agree with? A．The disabled seldom use gestures. B．Gestures literally embody cognition. C．Thinking only occurs in the brain. D．Gestures are improper in communication. 4．What does the author try to prove in the last two paragraphs? A．Gestures may express what the speaker really thinks. B．People are unaware of the meanings of their gestures. C．Gesturing during speech shows only a lack of control. D．Speakers can lie more easily with the help of gestures. 5．Which of the following is the best summary of the text? A．Speech is a direct channel of information. B．Gestures make a vital form of communication. C．Italian’s body language represents a national stereotype. D．“Thinking with Your Hands” is a lifetime’s research for Susan Meadow. 7．(24-25高二上·云南云南师范大学附属中学·期末)In our daily lives, we may encounter situations where someone needs immediate assistance. However, what happens when the victim is responsible for getting into the dangerous situation? Does this change the duty of the rescuer? The duty of rescue can be broadly divided into two categories: natural and artificial. A natural duty arises when a rescuer encounters a victim by chance and has the ability to provide assistance without significant cost to themselves. On the other hand, an artificial duty is created by agreement among participants, such as in a mutual aid framework or an insurance policy that covers the costs of a professional rescue service. When considering the duty of rescue, it is crucial to acknowledge the responsibility of the victim. If the victim is responsible for getting into difficulties, this. may affect the rescuer’s obligations in several ways. Firstly, it may reduce the cost that the rescuer is obliged to bear. Secondly, the victim’s responsibility may reduce the force of the duty of rescue. In other words, the rescuer may have stronger reasons to prioritize other duties over the duty of rescue, especially when facing limited resources or choices between different victims. However, it is important to note that the duty of rescue should never be completely negated (忽视). Even in cases of carelessness or wrongdoing, the rescuer’s primary aim should be to protect the victim’s life and bodily integrity. In practical terms, acknowledging the victim’s responsibility can just help balance the expected costs of the rescue between the victim and the rescuers more fairly. For example, in the case of a lost hiker who knowingly exposed themselves to risk, volunteers may choose to delay the rescue until morning or charge the victim for the costs involved. Moreover, recognizing the victim’s responsibility can encourage personal accountability and prevent future risks. By making individuals aware of the potential consequences of their actions, we can encourage responsible behavior and reduce the need for rescue in the long run. 2．Which of the following situations may create an artificial duty of rescue? A．A passerby sees a car accident and decides to help. B．A firefighter responds to a call for assistance in a burning building. C．A friend offers to help another friend move to a new house. D．A volunteer in a mutual aid agreement assists other members. 3．What is the primary aim of the rescuer when facing a victim? A．To prioritize other duties over the duty of rescue. B．To charge the victim for the costs of the rescue. C．To protect the victim’s safety and health. D．To acknowledge the victim’s responsibility. 4．What is illustrated by the example of the lost hiker? A．The importance of personal accountability. B．The need for professional rescue services. C．The costs of rescue operations. D．The difficulty of balancing duties in emergencies. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The artificial and natural duties of rescuers. B．The rescuer’s duty-and the victim’s responsibility. C．The effects of technology on rescue operations. D．Ways to reduce the need for rescue services. 8．(24-25高二上·高二英语期末模拟卷)In 1932, Nature published an article entitled Relations between Pure and Applied Science, which argued strongly for the application of scientific ideas to get the recognition it deserved. As time goes by, the statement still rings true; the importance of applied science should not be ignored. In medicine, the term “bench to bedside” is often used. It describes how fundamental discoveries in biology become the techniques and medicines that save or improve lives. Similarly, for the development of new improved materials and energy systems, we need applied science to develop our initial discoveries into usable technologies. It is this application of insight into a system that brings discoveries out of the laboratory and into the everyday world. The line between the pure and the applied science is not a hard border, but a bridge linking the two. Today’s world faces problems with complex causes. From the continuing impact of SARS-CoV-2 to the crisis of climate change and the work necessary to achieve the Sustainable(可持续的) Development Goals, science and technology will play an important role in addressing the problems we collectively face. If the world is to build a sustainable and equitable future, with rising standards of living for all, advances in our scientific understanding need to go from the bench to not just the bedside but into every aspect of life. To provide a home for these studies, we recognize that manuscripts presenting applications should be assessed on different criteria(标准) from manuscripts reporting a novel discovery. It is important to sometimes put aside the requirement for novel insight and rather consider potential uses and current challenges facing effective application. When reaching a decision on the suitability of such manuscripts for publication, we will use as guidance parameters(参数) of an application, as well as an assessment of how market ready a technology or application is. 2．Why does the author mention the article published in Nature? A．To promote a magazine. B．To offer an example. C．To introduce a topic. D．To attract more readers. 3．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The importance of applied science. B．The research into “bench to bedside”. C．The similarities between pure and applied science. D．The contrast between medicine and applied science. 4．What does the underlined word “addressing” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Handling. B．Accepting. C．Writing. D．Exposing. 5．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A news report. B．A research paper. C．A guidebook. D．A biology textbook. 主题02 人与自我 —— 个人成长、心理健康、教育、幸福 1．(24-25高二上·云南曲靖会泽县致远中学·期末)School field trips have been part of the educational experience for children for decades. While many school administrators believe there’s value in out-of-classroom experiences, quantifying (量化) the impact of field trips has been difficult. Now thanks to new research from Brigham Young University and Johns Hopkins University, the value of field trips is finally being measured. The study arranged fourth and fifth grade students from fifteen elementary schools in Atlanta, Georgia to participate in three field trips during a school year. The field trips included trips to an art museum,a live theater performance and a concert. Students who attended three different field trips scored higher in end-of-grade exams, were absent less often and had fewer behavioral in-fractions (违规). These benefits were strongest when students entered middle school. “We realized students who participated in these field trips were doing better in class,” said Heidi Holmes Erickson, lead author of the study. “One potential reason for this is that field trips expand students’ world concept and expose them to new ideas. Meanwhile, thanks to field trips, students find school more exciting and want to try harder in class.” Moreover, students who participated in multiple field trips were 12% more likely to express a desire to learn arts in the future and nearly 14% more likely to agree with the statement, “I believe people can have different opinions about the same thing.” Researchers say this is more evidence that field trips are beneficial to individual character development as well. Erickson says she’s hopeful that this study will be a resource for policymakers and school principals who’re interested in improving children’s growth during the children’s school experience. “And this research should be a caution to administrators who’re considering cancelling out-of-class opportunities,” she added. 2．What is the purpose of the research? A．To encourage students to go outdoors. B．To look into different out-of-classroom activities. C．To correct previous misunderstandings. D．To provide evidence for the value of field trips. 3．What is the benefit of participating in field trips? A．Academic improvements. B．An optimistic attitude. C．Better personal relationships. D．Progress in physical health. 4．Which statement might the author agree with? A．The effect of out-of-class experiences is slight. B．Field trips are necessary for teenager’s development. C．Administrators have paid enough attention to field trips. D．Students’ safety matters more than the benefits of field trips. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．Why carrying out field trips is difficult. B．Students’ growth depends on field trips. C．Why field trips are important to children. D．Field trips are drawing schools’ attention. 2．(23-24高二上·云南昆明禄劝县·期末)Do you feel lonely? The World Health Organization (WHO) recently addressed loneliness as a pressing health threat. It called for countries and organizations to make social connections a priority. Loneliness is a state of mind marked by feelings of isolation (孤独) despite wanting social connections. So, people who are lonely usually experience the emotional pain of not being connected with others. Solitude (独处), on the other hand, is voluntary. People who enjoy spending time by themselves continue to maintain positive social relationships that they can return to when they want connection. Social isolation impacts the health and well-being of all age groups across the world. According to the WHO, one in four old people experience social isolation. Among adolescents, between 5 and 15 percent experience loneliness, but the numbers are likely to be underestimations, said the organization. In terms of teenagers, social disconnection can lead to poorer education outcomes since young people who have experienced loneliness in high school are more likely to drop out of university. Lack of social connection carries a risk of early death equivalent to other better-known risk factors such as smoking, obesity and air pollution, or potentially even greater. Loneliness has a far-reaching impact comparable to smoking up to 15cigarettes a day, according to a 2017 study. Previous studies have shown that loneliness has been linked to anxiety and depression and can increase the risk of heart disease by 30 percent. A 2015 study looked at the immune systems of its participants who were identified as lonely. It showed that they tend to have more inflammation (炎症) and less immunity, which can be a result of feeling stressed due to loneliness. To tackle this crisis, the WHO launched the Commission on Social Connection, which held its first leadership meeting from Dec. 6 to 8 to outline solutions to build social connections at scale. 2．What can we learn about people experiencing loneliness from the text? A．They prefer solitude over social interaction. B．They feel lacking in social connection. C．They feel other people isolate them on purpose. D．They struggle to maintain social relationships. 3．How does loneliness affect people of different ages, according to the WHO? A．It is harder for older people to get rid of it. B．Teenagers are usually not influenced by it. C．People can suffer from it regardless of their age. D．Adults experience it primarily due to workplace stress. 4．How does the author explain the impact of loneliness on health? A．By citing previous studies. B．By asking the readers some questions. C．By quoting lonely people. D．By comparing it with other diseases. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing this article? A．To raise awareness about loneliness. B．To give advice on how to prevent social isolation. C．To stress the need for mental health evaluations. D．To warn people of diseases related to loneliness. 3．(23-24高二上·云南昭通一中教研联盟·期末)strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language? According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter density (灰质密度). This is the area of the brain which processes (加工) information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles. The study also found the younger people learn a second language, the greater the effect is. A team led by Dr. Andrea Mechelli, from University College London (UCL), took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners. Scans showed that grey matter density in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference was. “Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists. It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn. Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible.” he said. “You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas.” The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learnt English as a second language between the ages of two and thirty-four. Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,” explained the scientists. 2．Why does the writer mention “exercise” in the second paragraph? A．To make people believe language learning is helpful for their health. B．To suggest language learning is also a kind of physical labor. C．To prove that one needs more resources when he/she is learning a language. D．To tell us that learning a language can train your brain effectively. 3．What can we know from the scientific findings? A．The ability of learning a second language is changing all the time. B．The earlier you start to learn a second language, the higher the grey matter density is. C．The experience of learning a second language has a bad effect on the brain. D．There is no difference between a later second language learner and one without a second language. 4．What is mainly talked about in this passage? A．Studying a foreign language can improve man’s ability to think. B．Language learning is closely connected with maths study. C．Man has a great ability of learning a second language. D．The study done by the researchers from UCL failed finally. 5．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A physics text book. B．A course plan. C．A science magazine. D．A travel brochure. 4．(23-24高二上·云南师范大学附属中学·期末)Tom went shopping because his wife was ill. Selecting the fruits went fine, but when he got to the bread section, he had trouble, because there were over 60 varieties to choose from. After 10 minutes, he picked one that seemed like the perfect choice. However, he had to repeat the process for the rest of the shopping list. After he finished shopping, he was tired and upset. Why did Tom have this kind of experience? According to behavioral economics research, the more choices we have, the less happy we feel. The cause of our unhappiness has its root in one typical judgment error we make — our natural reactions prefer avoiding losses to making gains. Due to this, when we have many options, we feel anxious about making the wrong choice and losing the best one. Studying on factors that make a shopping trip an unhappy experience helps us improve our buying decisions. When choosing what to buy, the first technique involves satisficing (满意) instead of maximizing. Maximizing behavior refers to finding the perfect option when shopping. Maximizers compare all options to ensure they get the best deal. They have high expectations, and they hope the product will meet their expectations. It’s the opposite for satisficers. They set certain minimal criteria (最低标准) that need to be met, then search for the first available product that meets the criteria. They look for products that are “good enough” instead of “perfect”. When they focus on “good enough”, their brain automatically highlights the positives, and lowers the expectations. Research shows that maximizing behavior results in less happiness and more regret than satisficing. To be happier, satisfice and limit your choices. Make a short list that compares a reasonable number of options and doesn’t include every product available. After all, there’s no such thing as the perfect deal. 2．Why did Tom have trouble selecting bread? A．Because he had never gone shopping before. B．Because he had the flu and a bad headache. C．Because there were too many kinds of bread to choose from. D．Because he forgot what kinds of bread his wife likes best. 3．What’s the judgment error that causes our unhappiness according to the writer? A．Our careless attitudes to making options. B．The way that we make options. C．Our experience of making wrong options. D．Our natural reactions prefer avoiding losses to making gains. 4．What products do satisficers look for? A．The random ones that they see in the shop. B．The best ones after they make many comparisons. C．The perfect ones that meet the maximum criteria they set. D．The first available ones that meet the minimal criteria they set. 5．How to be happier according to the passage? A．Compare a great number of options. B．Set certain higher criteria that need to be met. C．Avoid pursuing perfection when making options. D．Set maximum criteria and compare as much as possible. 主题03 人与自然 —— 环境、动物、生态 1．(24-25高二上·云南玉溪·期末)As human populations and demand for space continue to grow, people and wildlife are increasingly interacting and competing for resources, which can lead to increased human-wildlife conflict. Along with other threats, human-wildlife conflict has driven the decline of once-abundant species and is pushing others to the edge of extinction. But the human-wildlife conflict issue has far-reaching impacts beyond the wildlife and communities immediately affected by it. Wildlife and the communities that live near it are most directly impacted by human-wildlife conflict. While human-wildlife conflict can result in the decline and potential extinction of species, communities can experience financial losses and threats to health and safety, livelihoods, food security, and property. Human-wildlife conflict is, therefore, as much a development and humanitarian (人道主义的) issue as it is a conservation concern, affecting the income of farmers and herders — particularly those with incomes below the poverty line. In addition to direct losses to communities, human-wildlife conflict indirectly impacts people all over the world through the pressure it places on the global supply chain and production of agricultural goods, leading to food insecurity and decreased productivity among producers. The current strategies and solutions don’t match the scale of the problem and management measures are often carried out in a piecemeal manner, primarily with just a conservation focus. There is also a lack of coordinated and adequate support from the many other sectors and organizations that are impacted despite the issue being so global in nature. Human-wildlife conflict will always exist as our world becomes increasingly crowded; however, effective, well-planned management integrated approaches can reduce and minimize conflict in the long term. Such human-wildlife conflict management strategies can create opportunities and benefits not only for biodiversity and impacted communities, but for society, sustainable development, production, and the global economy at large. It is vital to reduce human-wildlife conflict, and we must reassess the relationship between people and wildlife to improve our coexistence in the future. 2．What is the main cause of the increase in human-wildlife conflict? A．The uneven distribution of costs. B．The decline of once-abundant species. C．The lack of sustainable development activities. D．The growth of human populations and demand for space. 3．What is the indirect impact of human-wildlife conflict on communities? A．Financial losses. B．Threats to health and safety. C．Decreased productivity and food insecurity. D．The increased income of farmers and herders. 4．What can we say about the present solutions to human-wildlife conflict? A．They have great effects. B．They need to be improved. C．They matched the problem. D．They are carried out rapidly. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The existing problems between humans and nature. B．The economic benefits of human-wildlife coexistence. C．The impacts of human-wildlife conflict and ways to handle. D．The current strategies for dealing with human-wildlife conflict. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 议论文 阅读理解D篇 以下汇编的阅读理D篇议论文，按三大主题分类排列： 主题01 人与社会 —— 科技创新、企业发展、跨文化沟通、社会趋势 1.女性对AI接受度的性别差异与社会因素 难度：0.85 2.AI对学生写作与思维能力的挑战与应对 难度：0.85 3.AI的风险与应对策略 难度：0.65 4.科技对人类互动方式的双重影响 难度：0.65 5.Sidewalk Labs智能城市项目Quayside的规划与争议 难度：0.65 6.手势在沟通与思维中的重要性 难度：0.4 7.救援情景中受害者责任对救援者义务的影响 难度：0.4 8.应用科学的重要性及其在现代社会中的角色 难度：0.4 主题02 人与自我 —— 个人成长、心理健康、教育、幸福 1.校外实地考察对学生发展的积极影响 难度：0.65 2.孤独对身心健康的危害与应对 难度：0.65 3.学习外语对认知能力的提升作用 难度：0.65 4.购物选择与个人幸福感的关系 难度：0.65 主题03 人与自然 —— 环境、动物、生态 1.人类与野生动物冲突的影响及解决途径 难度：0.65 主题01 人与社会 —— 科技创新、企业发展、跨文化沟通、社会趋势 1．(24-25高二上·云南昭通昭通第一中学教研联盟·期末)Increasing your productivity is how ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) tool from OpenAI, attracts its users. However, despite hopes that the technology will improve efficiency at work, not everyone is on board. According to a report by the World Economic Forum published in April, 59 percent of men aged 18 to 65 around the world use generative AI at least once a week, compared to 51 percent of women. The gender gap is even wider among younger people: 71 percent of men aged 18 to 24 use generative AI weekly, compared with 59 percent of women. Why are women less open to AI than men? According to AI expert Jodie Cook, this gap reflects the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). “STEM fields have traditionally been led by males. The current pattern in the use of AI tools appears to mirror this difference.” Cook told the BBC． Outside this larger social context, certain patterns in female thinking might also play a role. In a survey of 486 students, divided by academic performance, researchers found that high-performing female students were more likely to use ChatGPT only when it had been allowed by their professor. “It’s the ‘good girl’ thing. It’s this idea that I have to go through this pain, I have to do it on my own, and I shouldn’t cheat or take shortcuts,” Siri Isaksson, a researcher of the study, explained to The Economist. Women’s reluctance may also come from fears about how others view their abilities. British psychologist Lee Chambers suggests that the fear of being seen as less capable could add to this way of thinking. “There could be this feeling that if people know that you, as a woman, use AI, it’s suggesting that you might not be as qualified as you are,” he explained. For some experts, women’s reluctance to use AI is troubling, as it could lead to technology being designed more for men by the time AI becomes a fully accepted part of society. Others, however, are less alarmed. Danielle Li, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out that AI may right now act more as a “digital toy”, and high-achieving women may simply be better at avoiding distraction. 2．Why does the author list these numbers in Paragraph 2? A．To show women are less open to AI. B．To explain women are naturally interested in technology. C．To prove different learning methods between men and women. D．To introduce men are more creative with the aid of AI tools. 3．What’s the attitude of high-performing female students toward ChatGPT? A．They distrust it greatly. B．They consider it a waste of time. C．They prefer using it with permission. D．They believe it may develop laziness. 4．What’s reason for women reluctant to use AI, according to Lee Chambers? A．They find AI annoying. B．They lack confidence in their tech skills. C．They fear being seen as overly ambitious. D．They worry about being regarded less capable. 5．What’s the attitude of the author towards women’s reluctance to use AI? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【难度】0.85 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要说明并分析女性为什么在AI工具上没有男性那么频繁和大胆。 1．推理判断题。由文章第二段中的“According to a report by the World Economic Forum published in April, 59 percent of men aged 18 to 65 around the world use generative AI at least once a week, compared to 51 percent of women. The gender gap is even wider among younger people:71 percent of men aged 18 to 24 use generative AI weekly, compared with 59 percent of women. (根据世界经济论坛4月发布的一份报告，在全球18岁至65岁的人群中，59%的男性每周至少使用一次生成式人工智能，而女性的这一比例为51%。在年轻人中，性别差异更为明显：18岁至24岁的男性中，71%的人每周使用生成式人工智能，而女性的这一比例为59%。)”可知，作者列出这些数字是为了显示女性对人工智能的接受程度较低。故选A。 2．细节理解题。由文章第四段中的“In a survey of 486 students, divided by academic performance, researchers found that high-performing female students were more likely to use ChatGPT only when it had been allowed by their professor. (在一项对486名按学业成绩分组的学生进行的调查中，研究人员发现，成绩优异的女学生更倾向于只有在教授允许的情况下才使用ChatGPT。)”可知，成绩优异的女学生更倾向于在得到教授允许的情况下使用ChatGPT。故选C。 3．细节理解题。由文章第五段中的“British psychologist Lee Chambers suggests that the fear of being seen as less capable could add to this way of thinking. “There could be this feeling that if people know that you, as a woman, use AI, it’s suggesting that you might not be as qualified as you are,” he explained. (英国心理学家Lee Chambers认为，担心被视为能力不足可能会加剧这种思维方式。“可能存在这样一种感觉，即如果人们知道作为女性的你使用了人工智能，就意味着你可能没有你所表现出来的那么有能力。”他解释道。)”可知，根据Lee Chambers的说法，女性不愿意使用人工智能的原因是她们担心被别人认为能力不足。故选D。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由第一段“Increasing your productivity is how ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) tool from OpenAI, attracts its users. However, despite hopes that the technology will improve efficiency at work, not everyone is on board. (提升工作效率是OpenAI研发的人工智能工具ChatGPT吸引用户的原因。然而，尽管人们期望这项技术能提高工作效率，但并非所有人都接受它。)”和最后一段“For some experts, women’s reluctance to use AI is troubling, as it could lead to technology being designed more for men by the time AI becomes a fully accepted part of society. Others, however, are less alarmed. Danielle Li, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out that AI may right now act more as a “digital toy”, and high-achieving women may simply be better at avoiding distraction. (对一些专家来说，女性不愿使用人工智能令人担忧，因为这可能导致在人工智能完全被社会接受之时，相关技术更多地是为男性设计的。然而，也有一些专家并不那么担心。麻省理工学院教授Danielle Li指出，目前人工智能可能更像是一个 “数字玩具”，而成绩优异的女性可能只是更善于避免分心。)”可知，作者客观地陈述了女性对使用人工智能的抵触情绪及其可能的原因，并没有表达出明显的支持、怀疑或担忧的态度，因此作者的态度是客观的。故选B。 2．(24-25高二上·云南玉溪·期末)All experienced scholars know that writing, as historian Lynn Hunt has argued is “not the printed form of thoughts already consciously present in the writer’s mind.” Rather, writing is a process closely tied to thinking. Writing is hard work. It is sometimes frightening. With the temptation (诱惑) of AI, many — possibly most — of my students were no longer inclined to face this challenge. My graduate students, many of whom were computer scientists, understood the mechanisms of generative AI better than I did. They knew that models are trained on existing data and therefore cannot produce novel research. However, that knowledge did not stop them from relying heavily on generative AI. Many of my students are non-native speakers of English and their writing frequently contained grammatical errors. Generative AI is effective at correcting grammar. However, technology often changes vocabulary. My students lacked the skills to identify and correct subtle shifts in meaning. At the start of every semester, I had students write in class. With that baseline sample as a point of comparison, it was a piece of cake to distinguish between their writing and text generated by Chat GPT. AI-assisted writing is easy to identify but hard to prove. As a result, I found myself spending more time giving feedback to AI than to my students. The best educators will adapt to Al. In some ways, the changes will be positive. Teachers will find ways to encourage students to think critically and learn that writing is a way of generating ideas, revealing contradictions, and clarifying methodologies (方法论). But students must learn to sit with the temporary discovery discomfort with faith in their own cognitive abilities as they write and revise their way into clarity. I hope my students would be willing to enter those uncomfortable spaces or remain there long enough to discover the significant advantages of writing. 2．Why did the author cite Lynn Hunt’s words? A．To introduce the concept of generative AI writing. B．To show historians have different views on writing. C．To stress the idea that writing and thinking are closely related. D．To emphasize the fact that thoughts are presented in printed forms. 3．Why did many of the author’s students depend on generative AI deeply? A．They were computer experts. B．They had no extra time to write. C．They wanted to find novel research. D．They considered writing to be tough work. 4．What problem did the author encounter when correcting students’ writing? A．It was odd to prove students used AI to write. B．It was hard to distinguish generated-AI writing. C．It was difficult for students to accept the author’s feedback. D．It was easy to discover but hard to prove students used AI to write. 5．What does the author expect her students to do about writing? A．To use more generative AI. B．To spot the vital strength of writing. C．To focus on grammar with the help of AI. D．To avoid the uncomfortable process of writing. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【难度】0.85 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论证了写作与思考的关系，以及AI对学生写作的影响。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段“All experienced scholars know that writing, as historian Lynn Hunt has argued is “not the printed form of thoughts already consciously present in the writer’s mind.” Rather, writing is a process closely tied to thinking. (所有经验丰富的学者都知道，正如历史学家Lynn Hunt所言，写作“并非作者头脑中已自觉形成的思想的印刷形式”。相反，写作是一个与思维紧密相连的过程。)”可知，作者引用Lynn Hunt的话是为了强调写作和思考是紧密相关的。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Writing is hard work. It is sometimes frightening. With the temptation (诱惑) of AI, many — possibly most — of my students were no longer inclined to face this challenge. (写作是一项艰苦的工作。它有时会让人感到害怕。在人工智能的诱惑下，我的许多学生——可能大多数——都不再愿意面对这一挑战。)”可知，作者的学生认为写作是艰苦的工作，因此他们深度依赖生成式AI。故选D。 3．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“AI-assisted writing is easy to identify but hard to prove. As a result, I found myself spending more time giving feedback to AI than to my students. (辅助人工智能的写作很容易识别，但很难证明。因此，我发现自己花更多时间在对人工智能的反馈上，而不是对我的学生。)”可知，作者在纠正学生写作时遇到的问题是，虽然很容易识别出AI辅助写作，但很难证明学生使用了AI进行写作。故选D。 4．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“I hope my students would be willing to enter those uncomfortable spaces or remain there long enough to discover the significant advantages of writing. (我希望我的学生能够愿意进入这些不舒适的空间，或者在那里待足够长的时间，以发现写作的巨大优势。)”可知，作者希望她的学生能够发现并重视写作的重要优势。故选B。 3．(24-25高二上·云南曲靖会泽县致远中学·期末)AI is a machine’s ability to perform the cognitive functions which we usually associate with human minds, such as reasoning, learning, interacting with an environment,problem-solving, and even exercising creativity. You’ve probably interacted with AI even if you didn’t realize it — voice assistants like Siri, as well as pop-up customer service chat bots, are founded on AI technology. By using artificial intelligence, companies have the potential to make business more efficient and profitable. But ultimately, the value of artificial intelligence isn’t in the systems themselves but in how companies use those systems to assist humans-and their ability to explain what those systems do-in a way that builds and earns trust. Since they are so new, we have yet to see the long-term effect of AI models. This means there are some risks involved in using them-some known and some unknown. The outputs AI models produce may often sound extremely convincing. This is by design. But sometimes the information they generate is just wrong. Worse, sometimes it’s biased, because it’s built on the gender, racial, and various other limitations of the Internet and society more generally. And it can even be operated to enable immoral or criminal activity. These risks can be reduced, however, in a few ways. For one, it’s crucial to carefully select the initial data used to train these models to avoid including incorrect content. Next, rather than operating an existing generative-AI model, organizations could consider using smaller, specialized models. Organizations with more resources could also customize a general model based on their own data to fit their needs and minimize shortcoming. Organizations should also keep a human in the process-make sure a real human checks the output before it is published or used, and avoid using AI models for critical decisions, such as those involving significant resources or human welfare. 2．What can we learn about AI from the first two paragraphs? A．We have been using it unconsciously. B．It acts the same way as human minds. C．We haven’t recognized the value of it. D．It has been widely used by companies. 3．What can be a disadvantage of AI models? A．They produce limited outputs. B．They generate unreliable information. C．They mislead users by design. D．They ignore criminal activities on purpose. 4．Who are mostly responsible for reducing the risks of using AI? A．Data collectors. B．AI designers. C．Personal users. D．Operating organizations. 5．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To analyze the history and the prospect of AL B．To guide companies to improve efficiency with AL C．To introduce AI and ways to overcome its limitations. D．To tell customers how to select and operate AI models. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论证了通过精心选择训练数据、使用专门的小模型或定制通用模型，并在过程中保持人工审核，可以减少AI带来的风险。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“You’ve probably interacted with AI even if you didn’t realize it — voice assistants like Siri, as well as pop-up customer service chat bots, are founded on AI technology.(即使你没有意识到，你可能已经与人工智能进行了互动——像Siri这样的语音助手，以及弹出式客服聊天机器人，都是基于人工智能技术建立的)”可知，我们可能在不知不觉中已经在使用AI了。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The outputs AI models produce may often sound extremely convincing. This is by design. But sometimes the information they generate is just wrong. Worse, sometimes it’s biased, because it’s built on the gender, racial, and various other limitations of the Internet and society more generally. And it can even be operated to enable immoral or criminal activity.(但有时它们产生的信息是错误的。更糟糕的是，有时它是有偏见的，因为它是建立在性别、种族和其他各种限制的互联网和社会更普遍。它甚至可以被用来进行不道德或犯罪活动)”可知，AI模型有时会生成不可靠的信息。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Organizations with more resources could also customize a general model based on their own data to fit their needs and minimize shortcoming. Organizations should also keep a human in the process-make sure a real human checks the output before it is published or used, and avoid using AI models for critical decisions, such as those involving significant resources or human welfare.(拥有更多资源的组织也可以根据他们自己的数据定制通用模型，以满足他们的需求并最小化缺点。组织还应该在流程中保留一个人——确保一个真正的人在发布或使用输出之前检查输出，并避免在关键决策中使用人工智能模型，例如那些涉及重要资源或人类福利的决策)”可知，运营机构主要负责降低使用人工智能的风险。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“AI is a machine’s ability to perform the cognitive functions which we usually associate with human minds, such as reasoning, learning, interacting with an environment, problem-solving, and even exercising creativity.(人工智能是一种机器执行认知功能的能力，我们通常将这些功能与人类的思维联系在一起，比如推理、学习、与环境互动、解决问题，甚至锻炼创造力)”以及最后一段“These risks can be reduced, however, in a few ways.(然而，这些风险可以通过几种方式降低)”可知，文章首先论证了AI的定义和现状，然后指出了使用AI的风险，最后提出了减少风险的方法。由此推知，作者的目的是论证AI以及克服其局限性的方法。故选C。 4．(23-24高二上·云南昭通第一中学教研联盟·期末)Technology is more than an abstract concept associated with advanced tools and systems. It also shapes the way people behave, grow and develop, both within their own lives and in their relationships with others. While technology has developed over thousands of years, the last century has seen an explosion in technology that has influenced fundamental changes in how humans see the world and interact with others. Specifically, the Internet and mobile devices have completely changed the way people interact with each other. There has been a debate going on whether technology is benefiting human communication or ruining it. Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills. In business, office employees and managers use technology to send emails to one another, which is considered a communication skill. On social media, just share a few of your images and people start communicating on and about your images according to their viewpoint. With the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to work on the projects, the students use their phones to reach their teachers and classmates. However, technology is sometimes considered to disconnect people from others around them. With cell phones, most people think that it’s easier and more convenient to text instead of meeting in person. Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate from Huntington University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% people respond to messages immediately yet only 2.83% people don’t check their phones in the morning. In his research he found that “almost 60 percent of people felt disconnected from others around when they were on their phones”. 2．Human interaction has been basically influenced by ______. A．people’s relationships B．social systems C．mobile devices D．communication skills 3．How is the idea of paragraph 2 supported? A．By analyzing data. B．By providing cases. C．By defining a concept. D．By making comparisons. 4．What does Lucas’s research find? A．Phones disconnect us when we are together. B．Phones are becoming more and more popular. C．People communicate less because of physical distance. D．Phones are helping people build newer communication skills. 5．What is the author’s attitude to technology? A．Positive. B．Skeptical. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了人类的互动基本上受到移动设备的影响，文章指出科技帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧，但同时科技也妨碍了人们的互动。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While technology has developed over thousands of years, the last century has seen an explosion in technology that has influenced fundamental changes in how humans see the world and interact with others. Specifically, the Internet and mobile devices have completely changed the way people interact with each other.(虽然技术已经发展了数千年，但上个世纪见证了技术的爆炸式发展，影响了人类看待世界和与他人互动方式的根本变化。具体来说，互联网和移动设备已经彻底改变了人们相互交流的方式)”可知，人类的互动基本上受到移动设备的影响。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills. In business, office employees and managers use technology to send emails to one another, which is considered a communication skill. On social media, just share a few of your images and people start communicating on and about your images according to their viewpoint. With the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to work on the projects, the students use their phones to reach their teachers and classmates.(毫无疑问，科技正在帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧。在商业中，办公室员工和经理使用技术向彼此发送电子邮件，这被认为是一种沟通技巧。在社交媒体上，只要分享一些你的照片，人们就会开始根据他们的观点来交流你的照片。随着新冠肺炎疫情的爆发，为了完成项目，学生们用手机联系老师和同学)”可推知，第二段通过提供案例来支持观点。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate from Huntington University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% people respond to messages immediately yet only 2.83% people don’t check their phones in the morning. In his research he found that “almost 60 percent of people felt disconnected from others around when they were on their phones”.(亨廷顿大学的本科生Lucas Lengacher在他的文章中称，至少有42.91%的人会立即回复信息，但只有2.83%的人不会在早上查看手机。在他的研究中，他发现“近60%的人在玩手机时感觉与周围的人脱节”)”可知，卢卡斯的研究发现当我们在一起的时候，电话切断了我们的联系。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills.(毫无疑问，科技正在帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧)”以及第三段“However, technology is sometimes considered to disconnect people from others around them.(然而，科技有时被认为使人们与周围的人脱节)”可推知，作者说明了科技的好处和缺点，即作者对科技的态度是客观的。故选C。 5．(24-25高二上·云南文山第一中学·期末)The future of the city is here. Sidewalk Labs, a company owned by Alphabet, won a competition to design a neighborhood by Lake Ontario. The competition was held as a way to improve the buildings, public spaces, and transportation. In total, the planning phase should last one year. The city of Toronto has promised $ 1.25 billion for roads, sidewalks, electricity, water, and so on. Sidewalk Labs has already put $ 50 million into the project. Doctoroff says he is not worried about money — profit can be made from the technology and development. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also says the project will bring well-paying jobs. The neighborhood has already been given the name “Quayside”. It will include various  scientific technologies connected with environmental improvement such as heated sidewalk, bike paths to melt snow, self-driving buses, shared-ride taxi robots and narrower streets with fewer cars and more room for public spaces like parks. There will also be energy systems, changeable traffic lights, and continuous improvement through collecting and analyzing data from sensors (传感器) for monitoring traffic flow, noise levels, air quality, energy usage, travel patterns, and waste output. As for construction, the buildings will be made of plastic instead of wood or steel, to make them more affordable and easier to change. Underground passages will be used for trash collection, package delivery, and maintenance (维护). There are, of course, many concerns about the project. One concern is that making an expensive, hi-tech neighborhood won’t help with a housing crisis in Toronto. It is important for Quayside to be accessible to the elderly, the disabled, and people of diverse races and income levels. Another concern is about data collection and residents’ privacy. In response, Doctoroff says the data collection will only be used to improve the quality of life in Quayside, privacy to be built into every aspect of the neighborhood. New and unique, the futuristic neighborhood will no doubt have many issues. In spite of these, it will be interesting to see its evolution. 2．What does Paragraph 2 talk about? A．The faith in building Quayside. B．The concerns of building Quayside. C．The difficulty in building Quayside. D．The expense of building Quayside. 3．What’s the feature of the technologies in Quayside? A．Old-fashioned. B．Environmentally-friendly. C．Energy-consuming. D．Cost-effective. 4．Why does the author mention all the concerns? A．To question the possibility of the project. B．To try to find a solution to the problems. C．To show people’s disapproval of the project. D．To make people aware of the potential shortcomings. 5．What is the author’s attitude to Quayside? A．Skeptical. B．Neutral. C．Positive. D．Unfavorable. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论证Sidewalk Labs将在加拿大安大略湖旁建设一个叫作 Quayside的地区。Quayside将包含高科技和环保设计，从而改善该区域的住房，公共区域和交通情况。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The city of Toronto has promised $ 1.25 billion for roads, sidewalks, electricity, water, and so on. Sidewalk Labs has already put $ 50 million into the project. Doctoroff says he is not worried about money — profit can be made from the technology and development. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also says the project will bring well-paying jobs.(多伦多市承诺为道路、人行道、电力、水等项目投入12.5亿美元。Sidewalk Labs已经为该项目投入了5000万美元。多克托罗夫说，他不担心钱——利润可以从技术和开发中获得。加拿大总理特鲁多也表示，该项目将带来高薪工作。)”可知，本段主要讲建造Quayside的信念。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“It will include various  scientific technologies connected with environmental improvement such as heated sidewalk, bike paths to melt snow, self-driving buses, shared-ride taxi robots and narrower streets with fewer cars and more room for public spaces like parks. There will also be energy systems, changeable traffic lights, and continuous improvement through collecting and analyzing data from sensors (传感器) for monitoring traffic flow, noise levels, air quality, energy usage, travel patterns, and waste output. (它将包括各种与环境改善有关的科学技术，如加热人行道、用于融雪的自行车道、自动驾驶公交车、共享出租车机器人，以及车辆减少、用于公园等公共空间的更窄街道。能源系统、多变的交通信号灯，以及通过收集和分析传感器数据来监测交通流量、噪音水平、空气质量、能源使用、出行模式和废物输出的持续改进。)”可知，Quayside的技术特点是环保。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“One concern is that making an expensive, hi-tech neighborhood won’t help with a housing crisis in Toronto. (一个令人担忧的问题是，建造一个昂贵的高科技社区无助于解决多伦多的住房危机。)”和第六段“Another concern is about data collection and residents’ privacy.(另一个问题是数据收集和居民隐私。)”可推断，作者提到所有这些问题是让人们意识到潜在的缺点。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“It is important for Quayside to be accessible to the elderly, the disabled, and people of diverse races and income levels. (对于老年人、残疾人、不同种族和收入水平的人来说，Quayside是很重要的。)”和最后一段“New and unique, the futuristic neighborhood will no doubt have many issues. In spite of these, it will be interesting to see its evolution. (新而独特的未来社区无疑会有很多问题。尽管如此，观察它的演变还是很有趣的。)”可推断，作者对Quayside的态度是积极的。故选C。 6．(24-25高二上·云南·期末)“Tie an Italian’s hands behind his back,” runs an old joke, “and he’ll be speechless.” This rests on a national stereotype: Italians are talkative and emotional, and all that arm-waggling supposedly goes to prove it. Susan Meadow of the University of Chicago has a rather different view. Emotions come out in lots of ways: facial expressions, posture, tone of voice and so on. But people are doing something different when they use gestures with speech, which she sums up in the title of her new book, “Thinking with Your Hands”. It is a masterly tour through a lifetime’s research. Virtually everyone gestures, not just Italians. Experimental subjects, told after a research session that they were being watched for gestures, apologize for not having made any — but were doing so the entire time. People born blind gesture when they speak, including to each other. A woman born without arms but with “phantom limb syndrome (幻肢综合征)” describes how she uses her phantom arms when she talks — but not when she walks. All this suggests that cognition (认知) is, to some extent, “embodied”; thinking is not all done in your head. In fact, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information. Subjects watch a film in which a cat runs but are told to lie and say it jumped. They do so in words — while their hands make a running motion. People who say they believe in sexual equality but gesture with their hands lower when talking about women are not indicating women’s height; they can be shown to have biases (偏见) of which they may be unaware. In “The Crown”, a historical drama series, Lady Diana is warned that her hands may betray her real emotions, which could be dangerous; they are tied together so she can learn to speak without gesticulating. No one who reads Susan’s book could ever again think that gesturing shows only a lack of control. It is about thinking and communication, and is a complex aid to both. 2．Why does the author mention the old joke in Paragraph 1? A．To present an argument. B．To describe a scene. C．To lead in the topic. D．To clarify a doubt. 3．Which statement will Susan Meadow probably agree with? A．The disabled seldom use gestures. B．Gestures literally embody cognition. C．Thinking only occurs in the brain. D．Gestures are improper in communication. 4．What does the author try to prove in the last two paragraphs? A．Gestures may express what the speaker really thinks. B．People are unaware of the meanings of their gestures. C．Gesturing during speech shows only a lack of control. D．Speakers can lie more easily with the help of gestures. 5．Which of the following is the best summary of the text? A．Speech is a direct channel of information. B．Gestures make a vital form of communication. C．Italian’s body language represents a national stereotype. D．“Thinking with Your Hands” is a lifetime’s research for Susan Meadow. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【难度】0.4 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论证了手势在交流和思考中的重要性，打破了只有意大利人才手势丰富的刻板印象，并通过实验和研究证明了手势是信息的第二渠道，能够真实反映人们的认知和想法。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“‘Tie an Italian’s hands behind his back,’ runs an old joke, ‘and he’ll be speechless.’ This rests on a national stereotype: Italians are talkative and emotional, and all that arm-waggling supposedly goes to prove it.(“把意大利人的手绑在背后，”一个老笑话说道，“他就会说不出话来。”这是基于一种国家刻板印象：意大利人健谈且情绪化，所有那些挥舞手臂的动作据说都证明了这一点)”可知，作者在第一段提到这个老笑话是为了引出关于意大利人手势丰富、健谈且情绪化的刻板印象，进而引出下文对于手势在交流和思考中作用的探讨。因此，作者提到这个老笑话是为了引入话题。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Susan Meadow of the University of Chicago has a rather different view. Emotions come out in lots of ways: facial expressions, posture, tone of voice and so on. But people are doing something different when they use gestures with speech, which she sums up in the title of her new book, “Thinking with Your Hands”.(芝加哥大学的Susan Meadow有不同的看法，情绪以多种方式表现出来：面部表情、姿势、语调等等。但当人们用手势配合言语时，他们就在做不同的事情了。她在她的新书《用手思考》的标题中总结了这一点)”和第三段中“All this suggests that cognition (认知) is, to some extent, ‘embodied’; thinking is not all done in your head.(所有这些都表明，认知在某种程度上是‘具身的’；思考并不完全是在你的头脑中进行的)”可知，Susan Meadow认为人们在使用手势与语言时实际上在做一些不同的事情，并强调手势是思考和交流的一部分，思考并不完全是在头脑中进行，人们用手势配合言语时是在“用手思考”，因此，她可能会同意“手势实际上体现了认知”这一说法。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“In fact, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information.(事实上，伴随言语的手势是信息的第二渠道)”和“People who say they believe in sexual equality but gesture with their hands lower when talking about women are not indicating women’s height; they can be shown to have biases (偏见) of which they may be unaware.(那些说他们相信性别平等但在谈论女性时手势较低的人，其实并不是在指示女性的身高；这表明他们可能有自己未曾意识到的偏见)”；最后一段中“In ‘The Crown’, a historical drama series, Lady Diana is warned that her hands may betray her real emotions, which could be dangerous; they are tied together so she can learn to speak without gesticulating.(在历史剧《王冠》中，戴安娜王妃被警告说，她的手可能会泄露她的真实情感，这可能是危险的；它们被绑在一起，这样她就可以学习不用手势说话了)”可知，作者通过举例说明了手势能够真实反映人们的想法和偏见，即使人们口头上说的和内心想的不一致。因此，作者在最后两段试图证明手势可能表达出说话者真正的想法。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，尤其结合第四段中“In fact, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information.(事实上，伴随言语的手势是信息的第二渠道)”和最后一段中“No one who reads Susan’s book could ever again think that gesturing shows only a lack of control. It is about thinking and communication, and is a complex aid to both.(读过苏珊这本书的人再也不会认为手势只是缺乏控制的表现。它是关于思考和交流的，是对两者的复杂辅助)”可知，文章主要论证了手势在交流和思考中的重要性，打破了关于手势的刻板印象，并通过实验和研究证明了手势是信息的第二渠道，能够真实反映人们的认知和想法。因此，“手势是交流的一种重要形式”是文章内容的最佳概括。故选B项。 7．(24-25高二上·云南云南师范大学附属中学·期末)In our daily lives, we may encounter situations where someone needs immediate assistance. However, what happens when the victim is responsible for getting into the dangerous situation? Does this change the duty of the rescuer? The duty of rescue can be broadly divided into two categories: natural and artificial. A natural duty arises when a rescuer encounters a victim by chance and has the ability to provide assistance without significant cost to themselves. On the other hand, an artificial duty is created by agreement among participants, such as in a mutual aid framework or an insurance policy that covers the costs of a professional rescue service. When considering the duty of rescue, it is crucial to acknowledge the responsibility of the victim. If the victim is responsible for getting into difficulties, this. may affect the rescuer’s obligations in several ways. Firstly, it may reduce the cost that the rescuer is obliged to bear. Secondly, the victim’s responsibility may reduce the force of the duty of rescue. In other words, the rescuer may have stronger reasons to prioritize other duties over the duty of rescue, especially when facing limited resources or choices between different victims. However, it is important to note that the duty of rescue should never be completely negated (忽视). Even in cases of carelessness or wrongdoing, the rescuer’s primary aim should be to protect the victim’s life and bodily integrity. In practical terms, acknowledging the victim’s responsibility can just help balance the expected costs of the rescue between the victim and the rescuers more fairly. For example, in the case of a lost hiker who knowingly exposed themselves to risk, volunteers may choose to delay the rescue until morning or charge the victim for the costs involved. Moreover, recognizing the victim’s responsibility can encourage personal accountability and prevent future risks. By making individuals aware of the potential consequences of their actions, we can encourage responsible behavior and reduce the need for rescue in the long run. 2．Which of the following situations may create an artificial duty of rescue? A．A passerby sees a car accident and decides to help. B．A firefighter responds to a call for assistance in a burning building. C．A friend offers to help another friend move to a new house. D．A volunteer in a mutual aid agreement assists other members. 3．What is the primary aim of the rescuer when facing a victim? A．To prioritize other duties over the duty of rescue. B．To charge the victim for the costs of the rescue. C．To protect the victim’s safety and health. D．To acknowledge the victim’s responsibility. 4．What is illustrated by the example of the lost hiker? A．The importance of personal accountability. B．The need for professional rescue services. C．The costs of rescue operations. D．The difficulty of balancing duties in emergencies. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The artificial and natural duties of rescuers. B．The rescuer’s duty-and the victim’s responsibility. C．The effects of technology on rescue operations. D．Ways to reduce the need for rescue services. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【难度】0.4 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论证的是在救援情景中，受害者责任对救援者义务的影响，以及如何平衡救援成本与个人责任，促进社会合理救助。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“On the other hand, an artificial duty is created by agreement among participants, such as in a mutual aid framework or an insurance policy that covers the costs of a professional rescue service.(另一方面，人为责任是由参与者之间的协议产生的，例如在互助框架或涵盖专业救援服务费用的保险政策中)”以及结合选项可知，D选项A volunteer in a mutual aid agreement assists other members.(在互助协议中的志愿者协助其他成员)，符合人为责任产生的条件，是由互助协议产生的救援责任。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Even in cases of carelessness or wrongdoing, the rescuer’s primary aim should be to protect the victim’s life and bodily integrity.(即使在受害者粗心或有不当行为的情况下，救援者的首要目标也应该是保护受害者的生命和身体完整。)”以及结合选项可知，C选项To protect the victim’s safety and health.(保护受害者的安全和健康)与原文表述一致。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“For example, in the case of a lost hiker who knowingly exposed themselves to risk, volunteers may choose to delay the rescue until morning or charge the victim for the costs involved.(例如，对于一个明知自己置身于危险之中的迷路徒步旅行者，志愿者可能会选择将救援推迟到早上，或者向受害者收取相关费用。)”以及第五段第一句“Moreover, recognizing the victim’s responsibility can encourage personal accountability and prevent future risks.(此外，认识到受害者的责任可以鼓励个人承担责任并预防未来的风险。)”可知，通过迷路徒步旅行者的例子，说明由于其自身明知有风险还置身其中，救援者会采取不同的救援方式，这体现了对受害者责任的考量，进而强调了个人承担责任的重要性。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇提出当受害者对陷入危险情况负有责任时，救援者的责任是否改变的问题，接着阐述了救援者的责任分为自然和人为两类，以及受害者的责任对救援者义务的影响，最后强调救援者责任不应被完全忽视，且承认受害者责任的意义。所以B选项The rescuer’s duty-and the victim’s responsibility.(救援者的责任与受害者的责任)全面概括了文章主旨。故选B项。 8．(24-25高二上·高二英语期末模拟卷)In 1932, Nature published an article entitled Relations between Pure and Applied Science, which argued strongly for the application of scientific ideas to get the recognition it deserved. As time goes by, the statement still rings true; the importance of applied science should not be ignored. In medicine, the term “bench to bedside” is often used. It describes how fundamental discoveries in biology become the techniques and medicines that save or improve lives. Similarly, for the development of new improved materials and energy systems, we need applied science to develop our initial discoveries into usable technologies. It is this application of insight into a system that brings discoveries out of the laboratory and into the everyday world. The line between the pure and the applied science is not a hard border, but a bridge linking the two. Today’s world faces problems with complex causes. From the continuing impact of SARS-CoV-2 to the crisis of climate change and the work necessary to achieve the Sustainable(可持续的) Development Goals, science and technology will play an important role in addressing the problems we collectively face. If the world is to build a sustainable and equitable future, with rising standards of living for all, advances in our scientific understanding need to go from the bench to not just the bedside but into every aspect of life. To provide a home for these studies, we recognize that manuscripts presenting applications should be assessed on different criteria(标准) from manuscripts reporting a novel discovery. It is important to sometimes put aside the requirement for novel insight and rather consider potential uses and current challenges facing effective application. When reaching a decision on the suitability of such manuscripts for publication, we will use as guidance parameters(参数) of an application, as well as an assessment of how market ready a technology or application is. 2．Why does the author mention the article published in Nature? A．To promote a magazine. B．To offer an example. C．To introduce a topic. D．To attract more readers. 3．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The importance of applied science. B．The research into “bench to bedside”. C．The similarities between pure and applied science. D．The contrast between medicine and applied science. 4．What does the underlined word “addressing” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Handling. B．Accepting. C．Writing. D．Exposing. 5．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A news report. B．A research paper. C．A guidebook. D．A biology textbook. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【难度】0.4 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论证了应用科学的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In 1932, Nature published an article entitled Relations between Pure and Applied Science, which argued strongly for the application of scientific ideas to get the recognition it deserved. As time goes by, the statement still rings true; the importance of applied science should not be ignored.(1932年，《自然》杂志发表了一篇题为《纯粹科学与应用科学之间的关系》的文章，强烈主张应用科学思想以获得应有的认可。随着时间的推移，这句话听起来仍然正确；应用科学的重要性不容忽视。)”可知，作者提到《自然》杂志一篇文章中的观点——应用科学思想以获得应有的认可，并强调了应用科学的重要性，结合下文可知，文章围绕该话题展开论述。由此可推测出，作者提到这篇文章是为了引出接下来的话题。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In medicine, the term “bench to bedside” is often used. It describes how fundamental discoveries in biology become the techniques and medicines that save or improve lives. Similarly, for the development of new improved materials and energy systems, we need applied science to develop our initial discoveries into usable technologies. It is this application of insight into a system that brings discoveries out of the laboratory and into the everyday world. The line between the pure and the applied science is not a hard border, but a bridge linking the two.(在医学中，经常使用“从长凳到床边”的术语。它描述了生物学的基本发现如何成为拯救或改善生命的技术和药物。同样，为了开发新的改进材料和能源系统，我们需要应用科学将我们的初步发现发展成可用的技术。正是这种对系统洞察的应用，将发现从实验室带到了日常世界。纯粹科学和应用科学之间的界限不是硬边界，而是连接两者的桥梁。)”可知，第二段论证了应用科学在医学以及开发新材料和能源系统方面的作用，主要强调了应用科学的重要性。故选A。 3．词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“science and technology will play an important role in”和画线词后的“the problems we collectively face”可推知，科学技术在解决我们面对的问题方面起着重要作用，address意为“解决，处理”，与handle意思一致。故选A。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“As time goes by, the statement still rings true; the importance of applied science should not be ignored.(随着时间的推移，这句话听起来仍然正确；应用科学的重要性不容忽视。)”和最后一段中的“To provide a home for these studies, we recognize that manuscripts presenting applications should be assessed on different criteria(标准) from manuscripts reporting a novel discovery. It is important to sometimes put aside the requirement for novel insight and rather consider potential uses and current challenges facing effective application.(为了为这些研究提供一个家，我们认识到，提交应用的手稿应该根据与报告新发现的手稿不同的标准进行评估。有时，重要的是要抛开对新颖见解的要求，而是考虑有效应用所面临的潜在用途和当前挑战。)”可知，本文主要论证了应用科学的重要性，并结合医学、科学技术等方面的例子进行具体说明，还在最后提出了评估的方法和考虑因素，文章用词专业严谨，由此可推出，本文最有可能出自一篇研究论文。故选B。 主题02 人与自我 —— 个人成长、心理健康、教育、幸福 1．(24-25高二上·云南曲靖会泽县致远中学·期末)School field trips have been part of the educational experience for children for decades. While many school administrators believe there’s value in out-of-classroom experiences, quantifying (量化) the impact of field trips has been difficult. Now thanks to new research from Brigham Young University and Johns Hopkins University, the value of field trips is finally being measured. The study arranged fourth and fifth grade students from fifteen elementary schools in Atlanta, Georgia to participate in three field trips during a school year. The field trips included trips to an art museum,a live theater performance and a concert. Students who attended three different field trips scored higher in end-of-grade exams, were absent less often and had fewer behavioral in-fractions (违规). These benefits were strongest when students entered middle school. “We realized students who participated in these field trips were doing better in class,” said Heidi Holmes Erickson, lead author of the study. “One potential reason for this is that field trips expand students’ world concept and expose them to new ideas. Meanwhile, thanks to field trips, students find school more exciting and want to try harder in class.” Moreover, students who participated in multiple field trips were 12% more likely to express a desire to learn arts in the future and nearly 14% more likely to agree with the statement, “I believe people can have different opinions about the same thing.” Researchers say this is more evidence that field trips are beneficial to individual character development as well. Erickson says she’s hopeful that this study will be a resource for policymakers and school principals who’re interested in improving children’s growth during the children’s school experience. “And this research should be a caution to administrators who’re considering cancelling out-of-class opportunities,” she added. 2．What is the purpose of the research? A．To encourage students to go outdoors. B．To look into different out-of-classroom activities. C．To correct previous misunderstandings. D．To provide evidence for the value of field trips. 3．What is the benefit of participating in field trips? A．Academic improvements. B．An optimistic attitude. C．Better personal relationships. D．Progress in physical health. 4．Which statement might the author agree with? A．The effect of out-of-class experiences is slight. B．Field trips are necessary for teenager’s development. C．Administrators have paid enough attention to field trips. D．Students’ safety matters more than the benefits of field trips. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．Why carrying out field trips is difficult. B．Students’ growth depends on field trips. C．Why field trips are important to children. D．Field trips are drawing schools’ attention. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论证了一项关于校外实地考察对学生影响的研究，研究表明实地考察对学生的学习、出勤率、行为以及个人性格发展都有积极影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“While many school administrators believe there’s value in out-of-classroom experiences, quantifying the impact of field trips has been difficult. Now thanks to new research from Brigham Young University and Johns Hopkins University, the value of field trips is finally being measured.(虽然许多学校管理者认为课外体验有价值，但量化实地考察的影响一直很困难。现在，多亏了杨百翰大学和约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的新研究，实地考察的价值终于得到了衡量)”可推知，这项研究的目的是为实地考察的价值提供证据。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Students who attended three different field trips scored higher in end-of-grade exams, were absent less often and had fewer behavioral infractions.(参加了三次不同实地考察的学生在期末考试中得分更高，缺勤次数更少，行为违规也更少)”可知，参加实地考察的好处之一是学业进步。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Erickson says she’s hopeful that this study will be a resource for policymakers and school  principals who’re interested in improving children’s growth during the  children’s school experience. “And this research should be a caution to  administrators who’re considering cancelling out-of-class  opportunities,” she added.(埃里克森表示，她希望这项研究能成为政策制定者和对改善儿童在校期间成长感兴趣的校长的资源。“这项研究也应该给那些正在考虑取消课外机会的管理者敲响警钟，”她补充说)”可推知，作者可能同意实地考察对青少年的发展是必要的这一陈述。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要论证了一项关于校外实地考察对学生影响的研究，研究表明实地考察对学生的学习、出勤率、行为以及个人性格发展都有积极影响，即为什么实地考察对孩子很重要。故选C。 2．(23-24高二上·云南昆明禄劝县·期末)Do you feel lonely? The World Health Organization (WHO) recently addressed loneliness as a pressing health threat. It called for countries and organizations to make social connections a priority. Loneliness is a state of mind marked by feelings of isolation (孤独) despite wanting social connections. So, people who are lonely usually experience the emotional pain of not being connected with others. Solitude (独处), on the other hand, is voluntary. People who enjoy spending time by themselves continue to maintain positive social relationships that they can return to when they want connection. Social isolation impacts the health and well-being of all age groups across the world. According to the WHO, one in four old people experience social isolation. Among adolescents, between 5 and 15 percent experience loneliness, but the numbers are likely to be underestimations, said the organization. In terms of teenagers, social disconnection can lead to poorer education outcomes since young people who have experienced loneliness in high school are more likely to drop out of university. Lack of social connection carries a risk of early death equivalent to other better-known risk factors such as smoking, obesity and air pollution, or potentially even greater. Loneliness has a far-reaching impact comparable to smoking up to 15cigarettes a day, according to a 2017 study. Previous studies have shown that loneliness has been linked to anxiety and depression and can increase the risk of heart disease by 30 percent. A 2015 study looked at the immune systems of its participants who were identified as lonely. It showed that they tend to have more inflammation (炎症) and less immunity, which can be a result of feeling stressed due to loneliness. To tackle this crisis, the WHO launched the Commission on Social Connection, which held its first leadership meeting from Dec. 6 to 8 to outline solutions to build social connections at scale. 2．What can we learn about people experiencing loneliness from the text? A．They prefer solitude over social interaction. B．They feel lacking in social connection. C．They feel other people isolate them on purpose. D．They struggle to maintain social relationships. 3．How does loneliness affect people of different ages, according to the WHO? A．It is harder for older people to get rid of it. B．Teenagers are usually not influenced by it. C．People can suffer from it regardless of their age. D．Adults experience it primarily due to workplace stress. 4．How does the author explain the impact of loneliness on health? A．By citing previous studies. B．By asking the readers some questions. C．By quoting lonely people. D．By comparing it with other diseases. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing this article? A．To raise awareness about loneliness. B．To give advice on how to prevent social isolation. C．To stress the need for mental health evaluations. D．To warn people of diseases related to loneliness. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论证了孤独的定义、在全球和各年龄段人口中的流行以及孤独对人身体健康的危害。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Loneliness is a state of mind marked by feelings of isolation (孤独) despite wanting social connections. (孤独是一种心理状态，尽管想要社会联系，但却感到孤立。)”可知，感到孤独的人往往渴望社交但却因为缺乏社交关系面感到孤独和痛苦。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Social isolation impacts the health and well-being of all age groups across the world. (社会孤立影响着世界各地所有年龄组的健康和福祉。)”可知， 各个年龄段的人都会受到孤独的影响。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Loneliness has a far-reaching impact comparable to smoking up to 15cigarettes a day, according to a 2017 study. (根据2017年的一项研究，孤独的影响与每天吸烟多达15支香烟相当。)”和第六段“Previous studies have shown that loneliness has been linked to anxiety and depression and can increase the risk of heart disease by 30 percent. A 2015 study looked at the immune systems of its participants who were identified as lonely. (此前的研究表明，孤独与焦虑和抑郁有关，并可能使患心脏病的风险增加30%。2015年的一项研究调查了被认为孤独的参与者的免疫系统。)”可推断， 作者通过举证过往的科学研究来解释的孤独对身体健康的危害。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据全文可知，文章主要论证了孤独的定义、在全球和各年龄段人口中的流行以及孤独对人身体健康的危害，可推知作者写作本文的目的是为了提高人们对孤独的认识和关注。故选A。 3．(23-24高二上·云南昭通一中教研联盟·期末)strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language? According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter density (灰质密度). This is the area of the brain which processes (加工) information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles. The study also found the younger people learn a second language, the greater the effect is. A team led by Dr. Andrea Mechelli, from University College London (UCL), took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners. Scans showed that grey matter density in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference was. “Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists. It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn. Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible.” he said. “You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas.” The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learnt English as a second language between the ages of two and thirty-four. Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,” explained the scientists. 2．Why does the writer mention “exercise” in the second paragraph? A．To make people believe language learning is helpful for their health. B．To suggest language learning is also a kind of physical labor. C．To prove that one needs more resources when he/she is learning a language. D．To tell us that learning a language can train your brain effectively. 3．What can we know from the scientific findings? A．The ability of learning a second language is changing all the time. B．The earlier you start to learn a second language, the higher the grey matter density is. C．The experience of learning a second language has a bad effect on the brain. D．There is no difference between a later second language learner and one without a second language. 4．What is mainly talked about in this passage? A．Studying a foreign language can improve man’s ability to think. B．Language learning is closely connected with maths study. C．Man has a great ability of learning a second language. D．The study done by the researchers from UCL failed finally. 5．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A physics text book. B．A course plan. C．A science magazine. D．A travel brochure. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要谈论了学习外语可以提高人的思维能力。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter density (灰质密度). This is the area of the brain which processes (加工) information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles.(根据英国一所大学的一项新研究，学习第二语言可以提高你的脑力。研究人员发现，学习其他语言会改变灰质密度。这是大脑中处理信息的区域。这与锻炼肌肉的方式类似)”可推知，作者在第二段提到“锻炼”，告诉我们学习一门语言可以有效地训练你的大脑。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter density (灰质密度).(根据英国一所大学的一项新研究，学习第二语言可以提高你的脑力。研究人员发现，学习其他语言会改变灰质密度)”和“The study also found the younger people learn a second language, the greater the effect is.(研究还发现，学习第二语言的年龄越小，效果越好)”以及文章第四段“Scans showed that grey matter density in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language.(扫描显示，双语者大脑中的灰质密度比不懂第二语言的人要大)”可推知，你越早开始学习第二语言，灰质密度就越高。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?(难道你没有注意到自从你开始学习一门语言后，你变得更聪明了吗？)”和第二段“According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power.(根据英国一所大学的一项新研究，学习第二语言可以提高你的脑力)”可知，文章主要谈论了学习外语可以提高人的思维能力。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?(难道你没有注意到自从你开始学习一门语言后，你变得更聪明了吗？)”和第二段“According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power.(根据英国一所大学的一项新研究，学习第二语言可以提高你的脑力)”可知，文章主要谈论了学习外语可以提高人的思维能力。由此推知，文章有可能出自一本科学杂志。故选C。 4．(23-24高二上·云南师范大学附属中学·期末)Tom went shopping because his wife was ill. Selecting the fruits went fine, but when he got to the bread section, he had trouble, because there were over 60 varieties to choose from. After 10 minutes, he picked one that seemed like the perfect choice. However, he had to repeat the process for the rest of the shopping list. After he finished shopping, he was tired and upset. Why did Tom have this kind of experience? According to behavioral economics research, the more choices we have, the less happy we feel. The cause of our unhappiness has its root in one typical judgment error we make — our natural reactions prefer avoiding losses to making gains. Due to this, when we have many options, we feel anxious about making the wrong choice and losing the best one. Studying on factors that make a shopping trip an unhappy experience helps us improve our buying decisions. When choosing what to buy, the first technique involves satisficing (满意) instead of maximizing. Maximizing behavior refers to finding the perfect option when shopping. Maximizers compare all options to ensure they get the best deal. They have high expectations, and they hope the product will meet their expectations. It’s the opposite for satisficers. They set certain minimal criteria (最低标准) that need to be met, then search for the first available product that meets the criteria. They look for products that are “good enough” instead of “perfect”. When they focus on “good enough”, their brain automatically highlights the positives, and lowers the expectations. Research shows that maximizing behavior results in less happiness and more regret than satisficing. To be happier, satisfice and limit your choices. Make a short list that compares a reasonable number of options and doesn’t include every product available. After all, there’s no such thing as the perfect deal. 2．Why did Tom have trouble selecting bread? A．Because he had never gone shopping before. B．Because he had the flu and a bad headache. C．Because there were too many kinds of bread to choose from. D．Because he forgot what kinds of bread his wife likes best. 3．What’s the judgment error that causes our unhappiness according to the writer? A．Our careless attitudes to making options. B．The way that we make options. C．Our experience of making wrong options. D．Our natural reactions prefer avoiding losses to making gains. 4．What products do satisficers look for? A．The random ones that they see in the shop. B．The best ones after they make many comparisons. C．The perfect ones that meet the maximum criteria they set. D．The first available ones that meet the minimal criteria they set. 5．How to be happier according to the passage? A．Compare a great number of options. B．Set certain higher criteria that need to be met. C．Avoid pursuing perfection when making options. D．Set maximum criteria and compare as much as possible. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇议论文，文章由Tom代替妻子购物的故事引入话题，论证了购物体验和购物选择的关系。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Selecting the fruits went fine, but when he got to the bread section, he had trouble, because there were over 60 varieties to choose from. (挑选水果很顺利，但当他走到面包区时，他遇到了麻烦，因为有60多种可供选择。)”可知，Tom选择面包时遇到了麻烦是因为有60多种面包可供选择，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The cause of our unhappiness has its root in one typical judgment error we make — our natural reactions prefer avoiding losses to making gains. (我们不快乐的根源在于我们犯的一个典型的判断错误——我们的自然反应是避免损失而不是获利。)”可知， 作者所谓的判断错误指的是我们的自然反应是避免损失而不是获利，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“It’s the opposite for satisficers. They set certain minimal criteria (最低标准) that need to be met, then search for the first available product that meets the criteria. They look for products that are ‘good enough’ instead of ‘perfect’. (满足者的情况正好相反。他们设置需要满足的某些最低标准，然后搜索满足标准的第一个可用产品。他们寻找‘足够好’而不是‘完美’的产品。)”可知，满足者会设置需要满足的最低标准，然后寻找满足标志的第一个可用产品，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“To be happier, satisfice and limit your choices. Make a short list that compares a reasonable number of options and doesn’t include every product available. After all, there’s no such thing as the perfect deal. (为了更快乐，满足并限制你的选择。做一个简短的清单，比较合理数量的选择，而不是包括所有可用的产品。毕竟，没有所谓的完美交易。)”可知，为了变得更快乐，要满足于自己的选择，比较合理数量的选择，不追求完美，由此可知在做选择时避免追求完美才会更快乐，故选C。 主题03 人与自然 —— 环境、动物、生态 1．(24-25高二上·云南玉溪·期末)As human populations and demand for space continue to grow, people and wildlife are increasingly interacting and competing for resources, which can lead to increased human-wildlife conflict. Along with other threats, human-wildlife conflict has driven the decline of once-abundant species and is pushing others to the edge of extinction. But the human-wildlife conflict issue has far-reaching impacts beyond the wildlife and communities immediately affected by it. Wildlife and the communities that live near it are most directly impacted by human-wildlife conflict. While human-wildlife conflict can result in the decline and potential extinction of species, communities can experience financial losses and threats to health and safety, livelihoods, food security, and property. Human-wildlife conflict is, therefore, as much a development and humanitarian (人道主义的) issue as it is a conservation concern, affecting the income of farmers and herders — particularly those with incomes below the poverty line. In addition to direct losses to communities, human-wildlife conflict indirectly impacts people all over the world through the pressure it places on the global supply chain and production of agricultural goods, leading to food insecurity and decreased productivity among producers. The current strategies and solutions don’t match the scale of the problem and management measures are often carried out in a piecemeal manner, primarily with just a conservation focus. There is also a lack of coordinated and adequate support from the many other sectors and organizations that are impacted despite the issue being so global in nature. Human-wildlife conflict will always exist as our world becomes increasingly crowded; however, effective, well-planned management integrated approaches can reduce and minimize conflict in the long term. Such human-wildlife conflict management strategies can create opportunities and benefits not only for biodiversity and impacted communities, but for society, sustainable development, production, and the global economy at large. It is vital to reduce human-wildlife conflict, and we must reassess the relationship between people and wildlife to improve our coexistence in the future. 2．What is the main cause of the increase in human-wildlife conflict? A．The uneven distribution of costs. B．The decline of once-abundant species. C．The lack of sustainable development activities. D．The growth of human populations and demand for space. 3．What is the indirect impact of human-wildlife conflict on communities? A．Financial losses. B．Threats to health and safety. C．Decreased productivity and food insecurity. D．The increased income of farmers and herders. 4．What can we say about the present solutions to human-wildlife conflict? A．They have great effects. B．They need to be improved. C．They matched the problem. D．They are carried out rapidly. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The existing problems between humans and nature. B．The economic benefits of human-wildlife coexistence. C．The impacts of human-wildlife conflict and ways to handle. D．The current strategies for dealing with human-wildlife conflict. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论证了人类与野生动物之间冲突的原因、影响以及目前解决冲突的方法中存在的一些问题，号召减少人类和野生生物的冲突，与自然和谐共生。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“As human populations and demand for space continue to grow, people and wildlife are increasingly interacting and competing for resources, which can lead to increased human-wildlife conflict.(随着人类人口和对空间的需求持续增长，人类和野生动物之间的互动和资源竞争越来越多，这可能导致人类与野生动物之间的冲突加剧。)”可知，人类与野生动物冲突加剧的主要原因是人类数量和空间需求的增长。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“In addition to direct losses to communities, human-wildlife conflict indirectly impacts people all over the world through the pressure it places on the global supply chain and production of agricultural goods, leading to food insecurity and decreased productivity among producers.(除了对社区造成的直接损失外，人类与野生动物冲突还通过给全球供应链和农产品生产带来压力，间接影响全世界的人们，导致粮食不安全和生产者生产力下降。)”可知，人类与野生动物冲突对社区的间接影响是生产力下降和粮食不安全。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段“The current strategies and solutions don’t match the scale of the problem and management measures are often carried out in a piecemeal manner, primarily with just a conservation focus.(目前的策略和解决方案与问题的规模不匹配，管理措施往往以零碎的方式进行，主要只是以保护为重点。)”可推知，对于目前人类与野生动物冲突的解决方案我们可以说它们还需要改进，因为这些解决方案只是以保护为重点、与问题的规模不匹配，而且管理措施进行的方式往往是零碎的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段论证人类与野生动物之间的冲突及其原因，第二段论证人类与野生动物冲突对野生动物和附近社区的直接影响，第三段论证人类与野生动物冲突是一个发展问题和人道主义问题，第四段论证人类与野生动物冲突对全球供应链和农产品生产的间接影响，第五段论证目前解决人类与野生动物冲突的方案存在不足，第六段论证需要有效、计划周密的综合管理方法来减少和最小化人类与野生动物冲突，最后一段论证减少人类与野生动物冲突的重要性以及需要重新评估人类与野生动物的关系，由此可知，这篇文章主要讲了人类与野生动物冲突的影响及应对方法，C选项“The impacts of human-wildlife conflict and ways to handle.(人类与野生动物冲突的影响及处理方法。)”能够概括文章主旨。故选C。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $