Unit 3 Back to the Past Grammar and usage Integrated skills 导学案-2024-2025学年高中英语译林版（2020）选择性必修第三册

该高中英语导学案聚焦选择性必修三U3-2的词汇与表语从句语法，梳理15个重点词汇的词形、搭配及语境用法，通过词汇基础铺垫衔接名词性从句旧知，逐步过渡到表语从句的定义、连接词分类及虚拟与陈述语气辨析，构建递进式学习支架。 特色在于词汇与语法深度融合，词汇部分配语境例句和近义词对比，语法环节设“温馨提示”与时态对比解析，助力学生构建语言知识网络提升语言能力。练习分层设计，从随堂基础练习到精题精练再到能力拓展（七选五、写作等），培养分析解决问题的思维品质，促进综合语言运用的学习能力发展。

年 级：高二 科 目：英语 内 容：选择性必修三 U3-2 Grammar and usage - Integrated skills 【同步知识梳理】 1.literary adj. 文学的，文艺的；有才情的，文雅的 literature n. 文学 literal adj. 字面上的，原义的 literary works文学作品 She has a literary style of writing. 近义词：artistic, cultured, refined 2.extensively adv. 广泛地，大量地 extend vt 扩展，扩大；延期，延长；伸展，舒展（手臂或腿）；给予，提供 =offer/give extension n. 扩大 延伸 增加部分 extensive adj. 广阔的 广大的 广泛的 extensiveness n. extensively study/read/travel The company has extensively researched the market before launching the new product. 近义词：widely, largely, broadly 3.facilitate v. 促进，帮助，使容易 facility n. 设备 facilitate learning/growth/collaboration The new technology will facilitate communication between people from different countries. 近义词：assist, aid, promote 4.sort out 整理,把···安排好 sort out the pills sort vt. 分类 sort ... into... sort of 有几分，近似，有那么点··· 5.available adj. 可用的，可获得的，有空的 availability n. available resources/options/time The tickets are available for purchase at the box office. 近义词：accessible, obtainable, free 6.prison n. 监狱，监禁 prisoner n. put sb in / send sb to / throw sb into prison escape from prison go to / get out of prison break out of prison prison sentence He was sentenced to five years in prison for robbery. 近义词：jail, correctional facility, lockup 7.minister n. / v. 部长，牧师，主持（宗教仪式） the Prime Minister the Minister of Foreign Affairs The finance minister announced new tax policies. (noun) The priest will minister to the congregation. (verb) 8.exceptional adj. 异常的，特别的，卓越的 (反）unexceptional exceptionally adv. exception n. 例外 exceptional talent exceptional circumstances exceptional performance without exception 无一例外 He has an exceptional memory. 近义词：extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable 9.phrase n. / v. 短语，措辞，表达方式 catchphrase idiomatic phrase turn of phrase She used a common phrase to describe the situation. 近义词：expression, wording, diction 10.format n. / v. 格式，样式，版式 file format data format audio format The book is available in different formats. 近义词：style, layout, design 11.shelf n. 架子，搁板，书架 shelf life 保存期；货架期 bookshelf floating shelf display shelf She put the book back on the shelf. 近义词：shelf, rack, stand 12.adopt v. 采用，收养，接受 adopted adj. 收养的，领养的；移居的 adoption n. 采用，收养 adoptor n. adoptive adj. 收养的，有收养关系的 adoptive parents adoptable adj. 可收养的；可采用的 adopt a child adopt a policy adopt a lifestyle They decided to adopt a new approach to the problem. 近义词：embrace, take on, accept 13.comparison n. 比较，对比，比喻 compare v. comparative adj. make a comparison between A and B in / by comparison (with) There is no comparison between the two products. 近义词：contrast, analogy, metaphor 14.pack v. 塞进，挤进；装，收拾；打包，包装 n. 包，包裹，小盒，小包 pack the bag pack the gifts a pack of··· 15.contrary adj. 相反的，对立的；截然不同的，完全相反的 n. (常与the连用）相反；反面；对立面 contrarily adv. contrary to 与···相反 contrary opinions/views on the contrary 正相反；恰恰相反 He thought his marketing plan was perfect, but on the contrary, it was not and it failed. to the contrary 相反的；相反地 Unless I hear anything to the contrary, I shall assume the meeting will be held on time. 【同步语法梳理】 主语从句 一、定义 在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 二、连接词的用法 连接词：that/whether/as if/as though/because 连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what 连接副词：when/where/why/how 1. 连接词 当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，用连接词引导。 (1)that引导的表语从句 that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 The fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water. 事实是，超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖着。 The drawback of the popularity of cars is that it brings about so much air pollution. 汽车流行的缺点是它造成了太多的空气污染。 (2)whether引导的表语从句 whether引导表语从句意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导表语从句。 The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. 问题是我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。 What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生真正怀疑的是我母亲的重病是否能很快康复。 (3)as if/though引导的表语从句 as if/though引导表语从句意为“好像”，引导表语从句时要注意时态。 如果句中的情况与事实不相符，从句多用虚拟语气。 如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时； 如果从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词要用“had＋过去分词”； 如果从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，用would/could＋动词原形。 Li Lei is now in a new jacket.He looks as if he were an American boy.(与现在事实相反) 李雷现在穿着一件新夹克。他看起来像个美国男孩。 The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.(与过去事实相反) 那个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮。就好像她去过月球很多次。 He looks very sad as if he would depart for another world. (与将来事实相反) 他看起来很伤心，好像要到另一个世界去了。 但是，如果as if/though引导的表语从句所述与事实相符，那么从句用陈述语气。 The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it is going to rain. 乌云密布。看来要下雨了。 2. 连接代词 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。 What worries us most is who let out the secret. 最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。 The problem is whose work is the best among the mechanics. 问题是在这些技工中间谁的工作最好。 I read about it in some book or another，but what I don’t know is which (book) it is. 我在某本书或另一本书上看到过这件事，但我不知道是哪一本了。 温馨提示： what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么，什么样子，或所……的人或事”。 The question is what caused the accident. 问题是是什么造成了这次事故。 To my surprise，the church is no longer what it used to be. 令我惊讶的是，这座教堂已经不是以前的样子了。 Patience is a good virtue and that’s what it takes to do anything well. 耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。 A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not what ships are built for. 船停放在海港里是安全的，但这并非造船的目的。 3. 连接副词 连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。 Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That’s where I was born.” 奶奶指着医院说：“那是我出生的地方。” With the number of cars increasing rapidly in cities，a major problem is where the cars can be parked. 随着城市中汽车数量的快速增长，一个主要问题是汽车可以停在哪里。 What puzzles Lily’s friends is why she always has so many crazy ideas. 使莉莉的朋友们困惑的是她为什么总有那么多疯狂的想法。 温馨提示： 1.That’s why...那就是为什么……why 从句表示结果 2.That’s because...那是因为……because 从句表示原因 3.The reason why...is /was that...……的原因是……表语从句常用that引导，而不用because English has many borrowed words；that’s why it is rather confusing to learners. 英语有很多外来词；那就是为什么它会让学习者感到非常困惑。 —I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply. —Oh，that was probably because I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital. ——我今天上午10点左右给你办公室打电话，但是没有人接。 ——噢，那可能是因为我去探望一位住院的朋友了。 The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill. 汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。 三、表语从句中应注意的问题 1．当句子的主语是：advice，demand，desire，idea，instruction，order，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should do，should可省掉。 My advice is that you (should) go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。 The students’ request is that the school library (should) provide more books on popular science. 学生们的请求是学校的图书馆应该提供更多关于大众科学的书。 2．表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 What I want to know is which road we should take.(　√　) What I want to know is which road should we take.(　×　) 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。 随堂语法练习 Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空 1. The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal. 2. Don’t be sad. The most important thing is we must learn from our mistakes and move on. 3. It is estimated that 12.79 million new urban jobs have been created this year，which almost doubles it was last year. 4. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella；that was I got wet through. 5. What your father wants to know is you are getting on with your studies. 6. The question is we will have our sports meeting next week. 7. The reason why he failed was he was too careless. 8. The question is will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. 9. I know that you are now having trouble communicating with others，and you may feel lonely. That’s you are new here and people don’t know about you. 10. Here you are. This is you were asking for. Ⅱ.单句写作 1. 找个合适的机会和你的同班同学交流，那是因为它是消除你们之间误会的一个好办法。 . 2. 我精通英语口语，那就是我能够与游客顺利交流的原因。 . 3. 重要的是广泛的阅读可以开阔我们的视野，丰富我们的生活。 . 4. 这个太极拳俱乐部是我们可以享受运动和了解中国文化的地方。 . 5. 问题是你是否能腾出时间考虑这个建议。 . 【精题精练精讲】 一、单句语法填空 1.They thought that was contrary 　　　　　　the spirit of science.  2.Students in the experimental class start early learning the 　　　　　　 (literature) classics of China and Western countries.  3.Americans have indeed innovated 　　　　　　(extensive) with English, as with other things.  4.　　　　　　(adoption) a positive attitude, and ask for what you want from life.  5.Out of the corner rushed a cat, 　　　　　　 frightened the old man back a few steps.  6.Therapy dogs are often able to teach children and 　　　　　　(facility) their growth in surprising ways.  7.At the age of five, he showed 　　　　　　(exception) talent as a musician.  8.They sorted 　　　　　　data and made them into cards.  9.　　　　　　(get) involved in a new and emerging business can be risky and also be profitable.  10.The amount of carbon dioxide released by human activities is small in 　　　　　　(compare).  二、用适当的连接词填空 1.He stayed up late last night; that is 　　　　　　he is so sleepy.  2.The brothers’ doubt is 　　　　　　Mr Li can stay out of jail.  3.This is 　　　　　　his room looked like yesterday morning.  4.Another benefit of exercise is 　　　　　　it will improve your body’s immune system, making you better prepared to fight off infection.  5.That’s 　　　　　　we differ from each other.  6.I was late for the appointment. That’s 　　　　　I met an old friend on the way.  7.The best moment for the football star was 　　　　　　he scored the winning goal.  8.The key to becoming happy is 　　　　　　you treat your life and work.  9.What the doctor really doubts is 　　　　　　my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.  10.I got six books from the library. The question is 　　　　　　one I should read first!  三、短语填空 open up, in mind, sort out, in use, in the form of, rather than, break out, contrary to 1.　　　　　　　　　 what we had expected, the noodles and rice they served on the plane were quite delicious.  2.I 　　　　　　　　　my mail, and then settled down to some serious work.  3.Water,without which we cannot live, exists 　　　　　　　　　　　　liquid, gas or solid.  4.Since the pandemic of COVID-19　　　　　　　　　, the Chinese government has taken a series of effective measures to stop the virus from spreading.  5.I added healthy foods to my meals　　　　　　　　　 cut out the foods I enjoyed.  6.Actually, we do have a position 　　　　　　　　　.Why don’t you fill out our application?  7.At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is 　　　　　 .  8.It is only when you can break free from the past that a whole new world can 　　　　　　　　　to you.  【能力拓展训练】 一、七选五 Emotions are part of human nature. They give us information about what we’re experiencing and help us know how to react. 1 . Young children react to their emotions with facial expressions or with actions like laughing or crying. They feel and show emotions, but they don’t yet have the ability to name the emotions or say why they feel that way. 2 Instead of just reacting like little kids do, we can identify what we feel and put it into words. With time and practice, we get better at knowing what we are feeling and why. This skill is called emotional awareness. Emotional awareness helps us know what we need and want (or don’t want). 3 That’s because being aware of our emotions can help us talk about feelings more clearly, avoid or resolve conflicts better, and move past difficult feelings more easily. Some people are naturally more in touch with their emotions than others. The good news is that everyone can be more aware of their emotions. 4 Emotional awareness is the first step toward developing emotional intelligence, a skill that can help people succeed in life. All emotions tell us something about ourselves and our situation. 5 We might judge ourselves by feeling a certain way, like if we feel jealous, for example. But instead of thinking we shouldn’t feel that way, it’s better to notice how we actually feel. A. It helps us build better relationships. B. It just takes practice, but it’s worth the effort. C. We sense our emotions from the time we’re babies. D. Learning how to express emotions is very important. E. But sometimes we find it hard to accept what we feel. F. Most of us feel many different emotions throughout the day. G. As we grow up, we become more skilled in understanding emotions. 二、完形填空 Every year I’d read over 2,000 college applications from students all over the world. It is quite 1 to choose whom to admit. 2 , in the chaos of SAT scores and recommendations, one 3 is always irresistible in a candidate: kindness. The most surprising 4 of kindness I’ve ever 5 came from a student who had excellent scores and a supportive recommendation from his college counselor (顾问). Even with these qualifications, he might not have 6 . But one letter of recommendation caught my eye. It was from a school security guard. Letters of recommendation are 7 written by people like former presidents, celebrities, and Olympic athletes. The security guard wrote that he supported this student’s admission because of his 8 . This young man was the only person in the school who knew the names of every member of the guard staff. He turned off lights in empty rooms, consistently 9 the hallway monitor each morning and tidied up the classroom after his peers left school 10 nobody was watching. This student, the security guard wrote, had a(n) 11 respect for every person at the school, regardless of position, popularity or power. It gave us a 12 onto a student’s life in the moments when nothing “counted”. That student was admitted by unanimous (一致的) vote of the admissions committee. Next year there might be a flood of security guard recommendations 13 this essay. But if it means students will start paying as much 14 to the people who clean their classrooms as they do to their principals and teachers, I’m happy to help start that 15 . 1. A. decent 2. A. However 3. A. ability 4. A. signal 5. A. come out 6. A. stood up 7. A. typically 8. A. wisdom 9. A. bothered 10. A. as if 11. A. demanding 12. A. passion 13. A. due to 14. A. money 15. A. policy B. difficult B. Otherwise B. quality B. image B. pick up B. stood out B. brilliantly B. bravery B. answered B. now that B. amusing B. trouble B. in need of B. notice B. trend C. delicate C. Besides C. limitation C. appearance C. come across C. given up C. vividly C. encouragement C. visited C. even if C. refreshing C. method C. except for C. attention C. arrangement D. desperate D. Therefore D. assumption D. indication D. bring up D. given out D. constantly D. consideration D. thanked D. in order that D. puzzling D. window D. along with D. curiosity D. career 三、语法填空 Zu Chongzhi was a famous mathematician and scientist in ancient China. He lived in Southern and Northern Dynasties. When he was young, he had a broad range of interests, such as ____1____ (nature) science and philosophy. And he was interested in mathematics, astronomy and machinery. The achievement Zu Chongzhi made in the calculation (计算) of the value of pi has been ___2____ (international) acknowledged. Liu Hui, a mathematic in Three Kingdoms period, proposed a way ____3____ (work) out the value of pi-cyclotomic method (割圆术). Based on ____4____ earlier research, Zu Chongzhi concluded that the value of pi falls among 3.1415926 to 3.1415927 after more than 1,000 times of calculation. He also put forward the viewpoint ___5____ the approximate value of pi was 55/113, which was called “Milü”. It ____6____ (boost) the calculation of pi to a new phase. The value of pi Zu Chongzhi calculated is more than 1,000 years ahead of the western mathematics. Thus the value of pi is also called “Zulü” ____7____ memory of him. Besides the achievement in mathematics, he wrote the book Zhui Shu ___8____ gathered his accomplishment in mathematics and ____9____ (take) as a teaching material during Tang Dynasty. Besides the achievements in mathematics, he also made a great ____10____ (contribute) to the astronomy and machinery. 【课后巩固训练】 一、阅读理解 A Travelling by rail holds a romantic and old-fashioned appeal that can’t be matched by flying or driving. 1. The Rocky Mountaineer Where: Canada, from Vancouver to Banff, Jasper and Calgary. When: In June, which is springtime in the Rockies, complete with blooming flowers and abundant wildlife. Duration: Between two and eight days, travelling only in daylight, staying in deluxe hotels. Highlights: Incredible luxury at every stage of the trip, traditional native storytelling, wine classes. 2. The Chepe Where: Mexico. It begins its journey in the mountains of Chihuahua and finishes on the Sinaloa coast. When: In the rainy season, from June to October. Duration: 14 hours. Highlights: The train winds its way down through 656 km of the breathtaking Copper Canyon which is deeper than the Grand Canyon, over 37 precarious-looking bridges and through 86 tunnels. Natives sell crafts and local foods along the route. 3. The Ghan Where: Australia, from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs. When: Going during the wet season (December, January) will allow you to see more wildlife. Duration: 52 hours. Highlights: Going through Australia’s Red Centre with cobalt-blue skies, red earth. 4. The Royal Scotsman Where: Travels around the Scottish Highlands. When: Warmer weather in June makes it the perfect time to watch ospreys flying over mirror-like lakes, or go in October for autumn colors. Duration: Trips can be as short as two days or as long as seven. Highlights: Indulgent cuisine, fine wines and carriages that look like rooms at Balmoral Castle. 1．What can you do while traveling on the Chepe? A．You can taste local foods. B．You can make crafts with natives. C．You can admire the Grand Canyon. D．You can listen to traditional native stories. 2．Which train is bound for Darwin? A．The Rocky Mountaineer. B．The Chepe. C．The Ghan. D．The Royal Scotsman. 3．When is the perfect time to enjoy the fall scenery in the Scottish Highlands? A．In June. B．In July. C．In October. D．In December. B About 400 pounds of food is wasted per day from 5 pm to 8 pm in Douglass Dining Hall. “We scrape (刮掉) the food from the conveyor belt into the buckets by hand. Working for Dining Team Green, I don’t expect to basically become a garbage girl,” Roll said. “We do the work because we care much about it. We all have a responsibility to take care of the environment.” To have more approachable composting (把……制成堆肥) machines on campus, Roll now has a new sustainable project investing in Lomi, an automated compost machine. “I learned about Lomi through an ad,” Roll said. “Funny enough, I just saw it and thought it perfect. It really interested me how the mechanism worked. ” Lomi is a new technology that can break down food waste into natural compost. According to Roll, it breaks down waste in the way: grinding (碾碎) the food into plant fertilizer. Unlike most composting machines, Lomi can compost animal products, such as small bones. Another huge benefit is that it doesn’t have smell and can convert waste to compost in a shorter time. Roll plans on using the compost in the Gilbert community garden so that Dining Team Green can give back to the community. “It’s very exciting to see our food waste that would otherwise have gone in the trash and pollute the environment go to our community,” she said. Roll is excited to introduce a new form of composting to the residents. She hopes that this machine will inspire other composting machines in all residential buildings. “I want Lomi not only to be a way to reduce food waste on the floor, but an educational tool to make people compost in a real way and not just talk about it in a theoretical sense,” Roll said. 4．Which of the following can best describe Lomi? A．Elegant. B．Widespread. C．Low-powered. D．Environmentally friendly. 5．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The reasons for designing Lomi. B．The impact of wasting food. C．The solution to food waste. D．The advantages of Lomi. 6．What may be Roll’s expectation? A．More people will get involved in composting initiatives. B．Dining Team Green will become an educational tool. C．More developed composting machines will be invented. D．Dining Team Green will build community gardens. 7．What can we know about Roll? A．She lives in the Gilbert community. B．She is a member of Dining Team Green. C．She knows a lot about residential buildings. D．She plans to design more composting machines. C “I’ll be there in a few minutes. I’m playing a game with a friend, a guy named Scuzzball,” my 15-year-old son shouted from his room. “Oh, what is Scuzzball’s real name?” I asked. “I have no idea.” He said. “Where is he from?” I continued. He responded, “I think somewhere in Canada. Oh, wait, it doesn’t even matter because Scuzzball just left the game and he has been replaced with a robot.” “Your friend is replaced by artificial intelligence?” “It doesn’t matter, Dad. It happens all the time! The game continues.” My son doesn’t mind playing with a person or a robot, which is typical of gamers these days. I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children. Aristotle, a great thinker and educator, has pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also easily abandoned because such bonds are fragile. Deep friendship, by contrast, is when you care for your friend for his sake, not for any benefit you can get. This is selfless friendship. You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of time and effort. You must make sacrifices for each other. Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing for”. Perhaps the most defining feature of deep friendship is “doing for”, as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I’m sick. Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices. But it is unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of friendship. When I asked my students whether they had people in their lives who would bring them soup when they were sick, they laughed at my Stone Age question and said they’d just order soup online themselves. Digital life fills and absorbs waking life time so that people do not join in example case of friendship, like sports, collective arts, free range childhoods, etc. In this way, digital life produces false friendships. 8．How does the author lead in the topic of the text? A．By quoting famous mottoes. B．By introducing an online game. C．By showing robots’ irreplaceable role. D．By presenting a parent-child conversation. 9．What does the author mainly explain in Paragraph 3? A．Impact of selfish friendship. B．The meaning of deep friendship. C．Selfless sacrifices in friendship. D．The formation of shallow friendship. 10．What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A．Ordering food online for friends is an example of “being with”. B．The students thought highly of the teacher’s question. C．Virtual friends won’t make real sacrifices. D．Robots will have our back in trouble. 11．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Benefits of Digital Life B．Digitalized Friendship C．Face-to-face Communication D．The Sacrifices of Online Friends D Take a look at that tree in the local park. What might it be feeling? Could it be thinking? Experiments are exploring the idea of plant cognition (认知), even going so far as to suggest they possess some form of consciousness. As wild as it sounds, it isn’t a new idea. The field of “plant neurobiology (神经生物学)” began in 2006, aimed at understanding how plants process information from their environment. It is now clear that plants are capable of complex communication and can sense their surroundings, which were originally dismissed. But advocates of plant consciousness take things further and draw parallels between the electrical signaling that can be found from root to stem and that present in the nervous system of animals. They claim to show that plants are capable of intentionally choosing to perform certain behaviors, of learning and perhaps even having personalities. If plants are experiencing a conscious inner world, they argue, it becomes vital that we find ways to test and understand it. Extending the concept of cognition to plants would mean a significant shift in our view of the uniqueness of humanity, not to mention how we treat our botanical friends, so the bar of acceptance is high. Researchers rising to the challenge are hoping to explore plants with tools usually reserved for the human brain. The research can appear persuasive, but it is in its early stage and suffers from repeated failure. Critics say the field is a high guess and that the behaviour can be explained through inborn response. Whether we decide that plants have cognition may come down to our ability to describe consciousness itself-something we are far from doing. But rather than dismiss the idea, we should welcome the chance to think up new ways to test our understanding of consciousness. It might just improve our grasp of the human mind. At the very least, our trees and plants should benefit from the extra attention-consciously or not. 12．What do supporters of plant consciousness believe? A．Plants can only perform native reaction. B．Plants can perceive their surroundings and adapt to them. C．Plants possess the same level of consciousness as humans. D．Plants can communicate complicatedly and choose actions deliberately. 13．What is the main challenge in accepting the idea of plant consciousness? A．The need to develop tools to test plant cognition. B．The dramatic change in our view of humanity. C．The lack of evidence in the field of plant neurobiology. D．The inability to describe consciousness itself. 14．What is the current state of research in the field of plant cognition? A．The field is highly based on guesses and has no evidence. B．Researchers are using tools reserved for the human brain to study plant behaviors. C．There is not enough evidence to support the idea of plant consciousness. D．Plants have been proven to possess a form of consciousness. 15．What is the potential benefit of studying plant consciousness? A．Enhancing our understanding of the human brain. B．Developing new ways to test plant behaviors. C．Promoting our relationship with plants. D．Proving the existence of plant cognition. 2、 写作 第一节 应用文写作 为了让学生近距离接近大自然，上周六你们班组织了一次春游踏青活动，请你写一篇文章报道此次活动，内容包括： 1. 具体的活动安排； 2. 活动的意义； 3. 你的感受。 注意： 1. 词数100字左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 A Spring Outing ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节 读后续写 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 The boys and girls picked up the bus to Fort Lauderdale. Vingo was on board from the beginning. As the bus passed through Jersey, they began to notice that Vingo never moved. He sat in front of the young people, frozen into silence. Somewhere outside of Washington, the bus pulled into a Howard Johnson’s, and everybody got off except Vingo. He sat rooted in his seat, and the young people began to wonder about him, trying to imagine his life. When they went back to the bus, the girl sat beside him and introduced herself. “Want some wine?” she said. He smiled and took the bottle. He thanked her and retreated again into silence. After a while, she went back to the others, as Vingo nodded into sleep. In the morning they awoke outside another Howard Johnson’s, and this time Vingo went in. The girl insisted that he join them. When they went back on the bus, the girl sat with Vingo again, after a while, slowly and painfully and with great hesitation, he began to tell his story. He had been in jail in New York for the last four years, and now he was going home. “When I was in jail I wrote to my wife,” he said. “I told her, I understand if you can’t stay married to me, get a new guy and forget about me. And she didn’t write to me. Not for three and a half years.” “And you’re going home now, not knowing?” “Yeah,” he said shyly. “Last week, I wrote to her. I told her that if she had a new guy, I under-stood. But if she didn’t, if she would take me back she should let me know. We used to live in Brunswick, with a great big oak tree. I told her if she would take me back, she should put a yellow handkerchief on the tree, and I would get off and come home. If she didn’t want me, forget it, no handkerchief, and I’d keep going on.” “Wow,” the girl said. “Wow.” She told the others, and soon all of them were in it, caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150左右； 2．请按如下格式作答。 Now they were twenty miles from Brunswick. ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then suddenly all of the young people were up out of their seats. ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 年 级：高二 科 目：英语 内 容：选择性必修三 U3-2 Grammar and usage - Integrated skills 【同步知识梳理】 1.literary adj. 文学的，文艺的；有才情的，文雅的 literature n. 文学 literal adj. 字面上的，原义的 literary works文学作品 She has a literary style of writing. 近义词：artistic, cultured, refined 2.extensively adv. 广泛地，大量地 extend vt 扩展，扩大；延期，延长；伸展，舒展（手臂或腿）；给予，提供 =offer/give extension n. 扩大 延伸 增加部分 extensive adj. 广阔的 广大的 广泛的 extensiveness n. extensively study/read/travel The company has extensively researched the market before launching the new product. 近义词：widely, largely, broadly 3.facilitate v. 促进，帮助，使容易 facility n. 设备 facilitate learning/growth/collaboration The new technology will facilitate communication between people from different countries. 近义词：assist, aid, promote 4.sort out 整理,把···安排好 sort out the pills sort vt. 分类 sort ... into... sort of 有几分，近似，有那么点··· 5.available adj. 可用的，可获得的，有空的 availability n. available resources/options/time The tickets are available for purchase at the box office. 近义词：accessible, obtainable, free 6.prison n. 监狱，监禁 prisoner n. put sb in / send sb to / throw sb into prison escape from prison go to / get out of prison break out of prison prison sentence He was sentenced to five years in prison for robbery. 近义词：jail, correctional facility, lockup 7.minister n. / v. 部长，牧师，主持（宗教仪式） the Prime Minister the Minister of Foreign Affairs The finance minister announced new tax policies. (noun) The priest will minister to the congregation. (verb) 8.exceptional adj. 异常的，特别的，卓越的 (反）unexceptional exceptionally adv. exception n. 例外 exceptional talent exceptional circumstances exceptional performance without exception 无一例外 He has an exceptional memory. 近义词：extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable 9.phrase n. / v. 短语，措辞，表达方式 catchphrase idiomatic phrase turn of phrase She used a common phrase to describe the situation. 近义词：expression, wording, diction 10.format n. / v. 格式，样式，版式 file format data format audio format The book is available in different formats. 近义词：style, layout, design 11.shelf n. 架子，搁板，书架 shelf life 保存期；货架期 bookshelf floating shelf display shelf She put the book back on the shelf. 近义词：shelf, rack, stand 12.adopt v. 采用，收养，接受 adopted adj. 收养的，领养的；移居的 adoption n. 采用，收养 adoptor n. adoptive adj. 收养的，有收养关系的 adoptive parents adoptable adj. 可收养的；可采用的 adopt a child adopt a policy adopt a lifestyle They decided to adopt a new approach to the problem. 近义词：embrace, take on, accept 13.comparison n. 比较，对比，比喻 compare v. comparative adj. make a comparison between A and B in / by comparison (with) There is no comparison between the two products. 近义词：contrast, analogy, metaphor 14.pack v. 塞进，挤进；装，收拾；打包，包装 n. 包，包裹，小盒，小包 pack the bag pack the gifts a pack of··· 15.contrary adj. 相反的，对立的；截然不同的，完全相反的 n. (常与the连用）相反；反面；对立面 contrarily adv. contrary to 与···相反 contrary opinions/views on the contrary 正相反；恰恰相反 He thought his marketing plan was perfect, but on the contrary, it was not and it failed. to the contrary 相反的；相反地 Unless I hear anything to the contrary, I shall assume the meeting will be held on time. 【同步语法梳理】 主语从句 一、定义 在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 二、连接词的用法 连接词：that/whether/as if/as though/because 连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what 连接副词：when/where/why/how 1. 连接词 当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，用连接词引导。 (1)that引导的表语从句 that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 The fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water. 事实是，超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖着。 The drawback of the popularity of cars is that it brings about so much air pollution. 汽车流行的缺点是它造成了太多的空气污染。 (2)whether引导的表语从句 whether引导表语从句意为“是否”，但不充当句子成分；if不可引导表语从句。 The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. 问题是我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。 What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生真正怀疑的是我母亲的重病是否能很快康复。 (3)as if/though引导的表语从句 as if/though引导表语从句意为“好像”，引导表语从句时要注意时态。 如果句中的情况与事实不相符，从句多用虚拟语气。 如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时； 如果从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词要用“had＋过去分词”； 如果从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，用would/could＋动词原形。 Li Lei is now in a new jacket.He looks as if he were an American boy.(与现在事实相反) 李雷现在穿着一件新夹克。他看起来像个美国男孩。 The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.(与过去事实相反) 那个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮。就好像她去过月球很多次。 He looks very sad as if he would depart for another world. (与将来事实相反) 他看起来很伤心，好像要到另一个世界去了。 但是，如果as if/though引导的表语从句所述与事实相符，那么从句用陈述语气。 The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it is going to rain. 乌云密布。看来要下雨了。 2. 连接代词 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。 What worries us most is who let out the secret. 最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。 The problem is whose work is the best among the mechanics. 问题是在这些技工中间谁的工作最好。 I read about it in some book or another，but what I don’t know is which (book) it is. 我在某本书或另一本书上看到过这件事，但我不知道是哪一本了。 温馨提示： what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么，什么样子，或所……的人或事”。 The question is what caused the accident. 问题是是什么造成了这次事故。 To my surprise，the church is no longer what it used to be. 令我惊讶的是，这座教堂已经不是以前的样子了。 Patience is a good virtue and that’s what it takes to do anything well. 耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。 A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not what ships are built for. 船停放在海港里是安全的，但这并非造船的目的。 3. 连接副词 连接副词when，where，why，how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。 Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That’s where I was born.” 奶奶指着医院说：“那是我出生的地方。” With the number of cars increasing rapidly in cities，a major problem is where the cars can be parked. 随着城市中汽车数量的快速增长，一个主要问题是汽车可以停在哪里。 What puzzles Lily’s friends is why she always has so many crazy ideas. 使莉莉的朋友们困惑的是她为什么总有那么多疯狂的想法。 温馨提示： 1.That’s why...那就是为什么……why 从句表示结果 2.That’s because...那是因为……because 从句表示原因 3.The reason why...is /was that...……的原因是……表语从句常用that引导，而不用because English has many borrowed words；that’s why it is rather confusing to learners. 英语有很多外来词；那就是为什么它会让学习者感到非常困惑。 —I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply. —Oh，that was probably because I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital. ——我今天上午10点左右给你办公室打电话，但是没有人接。 ——噢，那可能是因为我去探望一位住院的朋友了。 The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill. 汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。 三、表语从句中应注意的问题 1．当句子的主语是：advice，demand，desire，idea，instruction，order，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should do，should可省掉。 My advice is that you (should) go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。 The students’ request is that the school library (should) provide more books on popular science. 学生们的请求是学校的图书馆应该提供更多关于大众科学的书。 2．表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 What I want to know is which road we should take.(　√　) What I want to know is which road should we take.(　×　) 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。 随堂语法练习 Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空 1. The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal. 2. Don’t be sad. The most important thing is we must learn from our mistakes and move on. 3. It is estimated that 12.79 million new urban jobs have been created this year，which almost doubles it was last year. 4. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella；that was I got wet through. 5. What your father wants to know is you are getting on with your studies. 6. The question is we will have our sports meeting next week. 7. The reason why he failed was he was too careless. 8. The question is will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. 9. I know that you are now having trouble communicating with others，and you may feel lonely. That’s you are new here and people don’t know about you. 10. Here you are. This is you were asking for. 【答案】1.when 2.that 3.what 4.why 5.how 6.where/whether7.that 8.who 9.because 10.what Ⅱ.单句写作 1. 找个合适的机会和你的同班同学交流，那是因为它是消除你们之间误会的一个好办法。 . 2. 我精通英语口语，那就是我能够与游客顺利交流的原因。 . 3. 重要的是广泛的阅读可以开阔我们的视野，丰富我们的生活。 . 4. 这个太极拳俱乐部是我们可以享受运动和了解中国文化的地方。 . 5. 问题是你是否能腾出时间考虑这个建议。 . 【答案】1.Finding a proper chance to communicate with your classmates；that’s because it is a great way to clear up the misunderstanding between you and your classmates.2.I have a good command of spoken English and that’s why I can communicate with visitors smoothly3.What’s important is that a wide range of reading can broaden our horizons and enrich our life4.The Tai Chi Club is where we can enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture5.The question is whether you can spare time to consider the suggestion. 【精题精练精讲】 一、单句语法填空 1.They thought that was contrary 　　　　　　the spirit of science.  2.Students in the experimental class start early learning the 　　　　　　 (literature) classics of China and Western countries.  3.Americans have indeed innovated 　　　　　　(extensive) with English, as with other things.  4.　　　　　　(adoption) a positive attitude, and ask for what you want from life.  5.Out of the corner rushed a cat, 　　　　　　 frightened the old man back a few steps.  6.Therapy dogs are often able to teach children and 　　　　　　(facility) their growth in surprising ways.  7.At the age of five, he showed 　　　　　　(exception) talent as a musician.  8.They sorted 　　　　　　data and made them into cards.  9.　　　　　　(get) involved in a new and emerging business can be risky and also be profitable.  10.The amount of carbon dioxide released by human activities is small in 　　　　　　(compare).  二、用适当的连接词填空 1.He stayed up late last night; that is 　　　　　　he is so sleepy.  2.The brothers’ doubt is 　　　　　　Mr Li can stay out of jail.  3.This is 　　　　　　his room looked like yesterday morning.  4.Another benefit of exercise is 　　　　　　it will improve your body’s immune system, making you better prepared to fight off infection.  5.That’s 　　　　　　we differ from each other.  6.I was late for the appointment. That’s 　　　　　I met an old friend on the way.  7.The best moment for the football star was 　　　　　　he scored the winning goal.  8.The key to becoming happy is 　　　　　　you treat your life and work.  9.What the doctor really doubts is 　　　　　　my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.  10.I got six books from the library. The question is 　　　　　　one I should read first!  三、短语填空 open up, in mind, sort out, in use, in the form of, rather than, break out, contrary to 1.　　　　　　　　　 what we had expected, the noodles and rice they served on the plane were quite delicious.  2.I 　　　　　　　　　my mail, and then settled down to some serious work.  3.Water,without which we cannot live, exists 　　　　　　　　　　　　liquid, gas or solid.  4.Since the pandemic of COVID-19　　　　　　　　　, the Chinese government has taken a series of effective measures to stop the virus from spreading.  5.I added healthy foods to my meals　　　　　　　　　 cut out the foods I enjoyed.  6.Actually, we do have a position 　　　　　　　　　.Why don’t you fill out our application?  7.At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is 　　　　　 .  8.It is only when you can break free from the past that a whole new world can 　　　　　　　　　to you.  答案：一、1.to　2.literary　3.extensively　4.Adopt　5.which　6.facilitate　7.exceptional　8.out　9.Getting　10.comparison 二、1.why　2.whether　3.what　4.that　5.where　6.because 7.when　8.how　9.whether　10.which 三、1.Contrary to　2.sorted out　3.in the form of　4.broke out　5.rather than　6.in mind　7.in use　8.open up 【能力拓展训练】 一、七选五 Emotions are part of human nature. They give us information about what we’re experiencing and help us know how to react. 1 . Young children react to their emotions with facial expressions or with actions like laughing or crying. They feel and show emotions, but they don’t yet have the ability to name the emotions or say why they feel that way. 2 Instead of just reacting like little kids do, we can identify what we feel and put it into words. With time and practice, we get better at knowing what we are feeling and why. This skill is called emotional awareness. Emotional awareness helps us know what we need and want (or don’t want). 3 That’s because being aware of our emotions can help us talk about feelings more clearly, avoid or resolve conflicts better, and move past difficult feelings more easily. Some people are naturally more in touch with their emotions than others. The good news is that everyone can be more aware of their emotions. 4 Emotional awareness is the first step toward developing emotional intelligence, a skill that can help people succeed in life. All emotions tell us something about ourselves and our situation. 5 We might judge ourselves by feeling a certain way, like if we feel jealous, for example. But instead of thinking we shouldn’t feel that way, it’s better to notice how we actually feel. A. It helps us build better relationships. B. It just takes practice, but it’s worth the effort. C. We sense our emotions from the time we’re babies. D. Learning how to express emotions is very important. E. But sometimes we find it hard to accept what we feel. F. Most of us feel many different emotions throughout the day. G. As we grow up, we become more skilled in understanding emotions. 二、完形填空 Every year I’d read over 2,000 college applications from students all over the world. It is quite 1 to choose whom to admit. 2 , in the chaos of SAT scores and recommendations, one 3 is always irresistible in a candidate: kindness. The most surprising 4 of kindness I’ve ever 5 came from a student who had excellent scores and a supportive recommendation from his college counselor (顾问). Even with these qualifications, he might not have 6 . But one letter of recommendation caught my eye. It was from a school security guard. Letters of recommendation are 7 written by people like former presidents, celebrities, and Olympic athletes. The security guard wrote that he supported this student’s admission because of his 8 . This young man was the only person in the school who knew the names of every member of the guard staff. He turned off lights in empty rooms, consistently 9 the hallway monitor each morning and tidied up the classroom after his peers left school 10 nobody was watching. This student, the security guard wrote, had a(n) 11 respect for every person at the school, regardless of position, popularity or power. It gave us a 12 onto a student’s life in the moments when nothing “counted”. That student was admitted by unanimous (一致的) vote of the admissions committee. Next year there might be a flood of security guard recommendations 13 this essay. But if it means students will start paying as much 14 to the people who clean their classrooms as they do to their principals and teachers, I’m happy to help start that 15 . 1. A. decent 2. A. However 3. A. ability 4. A. signal 5. A. come out 6. A. stood up 7. A. typically 8. A. wisdom 9. A. bothered 10. A. as if 11. A. demanding 12. A. passion 13. A. due to 14. A. money 15. A. policy B. difficult B. Otherwise B. quality B. image B. pick up B. stood out B. brilliantly B. bravery B. answered B. now that B. amusing B. trouble B. in need of B. notice B. trend C. delicate C. Besides C. limitation C. appearance C. come across C. given up C. vividly C. encouragement C. visited C. even if C. refreshing C. method C. except for C. attention C. arrangement D. desperate D. Therefore D. assumption D. indication D. bring up D. given out D. constantly D. consideration D. thanked D. in order that D. puzzling D. window D. along with D. curiosity D. career 三、语法填空 Zu Chongzhi was a famous mathematician and scientist in ancient China. He lived in Southern and Northern Dynasties. When he was young, he had a broad range of interests, such as ____1____ (nature) science and philosophy. And he was interested in mathematics, astronomy and machinery. The achievement Zu Chongzhi made in the calculation (计算) of the value of pi has been ___2____ (international) acknowledged. Liu Hui, a mathematic in Three Kingdoms period, proposed a way ____3____ (work) out the value of pi-cyclotomic method (割圆术). Based on ____4____ earlier research, Zu Chongzhi concluded that the value of pi falls among 3.1415926 to 3.1415927 after more than 1,000 times of calculation. He also put forward the viewpoint ___5____ the approximate value of pi was 55/113, which was called “Milü”. It ____6____ (boost) the calculation of pi to a new phase. The value of pi Zu Chongzhi calculated is more than 1,000 years ahead of the western mathematics. Thus the value of pi is also called “Zulü” ____7____ memory of him. Besides the achievement in mathematics, he wrote the book Zhui Shu ___8____ gathered his accomplishment in mathematics and ____9____ (take) as a teaching material during Tang Dynasty. Besides the achievements in mathematics, he also made a great ____10____ (contribute) to the astronomy and machinery. 答案：七选五： 1-5CGABE 完形填空：1-5 BABDC 6-10 BADDC 11-15 CDACB 短文填空：1. natural    2. internationally    3. to work     4. the    5. that   6. boosted     7. in    8. which/that     9. was taken    10 contribution 【课后巩固训练】 一、阅读理解 A Travelling by rail holds a romantic and old-fashioned appeal that can’t be matched by flying or driving. 1. The Rocky Mountaineer Where: Canada, from Vancouver to Banff, Jasper and Calgary. When: In June, which is springtime in the Rockies, complete with blooming flowers and abundant wildlife. Duration: Between two and eight days, travelling only in daylight, staying in deluxe hotels. Highlights: Incredible luxury at every stage of the trip, traditional native storytelling, wine classes. 2. The Chepe Where: Mexico. It begins its journey in the mountains of Chihuahua and finishes on the Sinaloa coast. When: In the rainy season, from June to October. Duration: 14 hours. Highlights: The train winds its way down through 656 km of the breathtaking Copper Canyon which is deeper than the Grand Canyon, over 37 precarious-looking bridges and through 86 tunnels. Natives sell crafts and local foods along the route. 3. The Ghan Where: Australia, from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs. When: Going during the wet season (December, January) will allow you to see more wildlife. Duration: 52 hours. Highlights: Going through Australia’s Red Centre with cobalt-blue skies, red earth. 4. The Royal Scotsman Where: Travels around the Scottish Highlands. When: Warmer weather in June makes it the perfect time to watch ospreys flying over mirror-like lakes, or go in October for autumn colors. Duration: Trips can be as short as two days or as long as seven. Highlights: Indulgent cuisine, fine wines and carriages that look like rooms at Balmoral Castle. 1．What can you do while traveling on the Chepe? A．You can taste local foods. B．You can make crafts with natives. C．You can admire the Grand Canyon. D．You can listen to traditional native stories. 2．Which train is bound for Darwin? A．The Rocky Mountaineer. B．The Chepe. C．The Ghan. D．The Royal Scotsman. 3．When is the perfect time to enjoy the fall scenery in the Scottish Highlands? A．In June. B．In July. C．In October. D．In December. B About 400 pounds of food is wasted per day from 5 pm to 8 pm in Douglass Dining Hall. “We scrape (刮掉) the food from the conveyor belt into the buckets by hand. Working for Dining Team Green, I don’t expect to basically become a garbage girl,” Roll said. “We do the work because we care much about it. We all have a responsibility to take care of the environment.” To have more approachable composting (把……制成堆肥) machines on campus, Roll now has a new sustainable project investing in Lomi, an automated compost machine. “I learned about Lomi through an ad,” Roll said. “Funny enough, I just saw it and thought it perfect. It really interested me how the mechanism worked. ” Lomi is a new technology that can break down food waste into natural compost. According to Roll, it breaks down waste in the way: grinding (碾碎) the food into plant fertilizer. Unlike most composting machines, Lomi can compost animal products, such as small bones. Another huge benefit is that it doesn’t have smell and can convert waste to compost in a shorter time. Roll plans on using the compost in the Gilbert community garden so that Dining Team Green can give back to the community. “It’s very exciting to see our food waste that would otherwise have gone in the trash and pollute the environment go to our community,” she said. Roll is excited to introduce a new form of composting to the residents. She hopes that this machine will inspire other composting machines in all residential buildings. “I want Lomi not only to be a way to reduce food waste on the floor, but an educational tool to make people compost in a real way and not just talk about it in a theoretical sense,” Roll said. 4．Which of the following can best describe Lomi? A．Elegant. B．Widespread. C．Low-powered. D．Environmentally friendly. 5．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The reasons for designing Lomi. B．The impact of wasting food. C．The solution to food waste. D．The advantages of Lomi. 6．What may be Roll’s expectation? A．More people will get involved in composting initiatives. B．Dining Team Green will become an educational tool. C．More developed composting machines will be invented. D．Dining Team Green will build community gardens. 7．What can we know about Roll? A．She lives in the Gilbert community. B．She is a member of Dining Team Green. C．She knows a lot about residential buildings. D．She plans to design more composting machines. C “I’ll be there in a few minutes. I’m playing a game with a friend, a guy named Scuzzball,” my 15-year-old son shouted from his room. “Oh, what is Scuzzball’s real name?” I asked. “I have no idea.” He said. “Where is he from?” I continued. He responded, “I think somewhere in Canada. Oh, wait, it doesn’t even matter because Scuzzball just left the game and he has been replaced with a robot.” “Your friend is replaced by artificial intelligence?” “It doesn’t matter, Dad. It happens all the time! The game continues.” My son doesn’t mind playing with a person or a robot, which is typical of gamers these days. I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children. Aristotle, a great thinker and educator, has pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also easily abandoned because such bonds are fragile. Deep friendship, by contrast, is when you care for your friend for his sake, not for any benefit you can get. This is selfless friendship. You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of time and effort. You must make sacrifices for each other. Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing for”. Perhaps the most defining feature of deep friendship is “doing for”, as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I’m sick. Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices. But it is unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of friendship. When I asked my students whether they had people in their lives who would bring them soup when they were sick, they laughed at my Stone Age question and said they’d just order soup online themselves. Digital life fills and absorbs waking life time so that people do not join in example case of friendship, like sports, collective arts, free range childhoods, etc. In this way, digital life produces false friendships. 8．How does the author lead in the topic of the text? A．By quoting famous mottoes. B．By introducing an online game. C．By showing robots’ irreplaceable role. D．By presenting a parent-child conversation. 9．What does the author mainly explain in Paragraph 3? A．Impact of selfish friendship. B．The meaning of deep friendship. C．Selfless sacrifices in friendship. D．The formation of shallow friendship. 10．What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A．Ordering food online for friends is an example of “being with”. B．The students thought highly of the teacher’s question. C．Virtual friends won’t make real sacrifices. D．Robots will have our back in trouble. 11．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Benefits of Digital Life B．Digitalized Friendship C．Face-to-face Communication D．The Sacrifices of Online Friends D Take a look at that tree in the local park. What might it be feeling? Could it be thinking? Experiments are exploring the idea of plant cognition (认知), even going so far as to suggest they possess some form of consciousness. As wild as it sounds, it isn’t a new idea. The field of “plant neurobiology (神经生物学)” began in 2006, aimed at understanding how plants process information from their environment. It is now clear that plants are capable of complex communication and can sense their surroundings, which were originally dismissed. But advocates of plant consciousness take things further and draw parallels between the electrical signaling that can be found from root to stem and that present in the nervous system of animals. They claim to show that plants are capable of intentionally choosing to perform certain behaviors, of learning and perhaps even having personalities. If plants are experiencing a conscious inner world, they argue, it becomes vital that we find ways to test and understand it. Extending the concept of cognition to plants would mean a significant shift in our view of the uniqueness of humanity, not to mention how we treat our botanical friends, so the bar of acceptance is high. Researchers rising to the challenge are hoping to explore plants with tools usually reserved for the human brain. The research can appear persuasive, but it is in its early stage and suffers from repeated failure. Critics say the field is a high guess and that the behaviour can be explained through inborn response. Whether we decide that plants have cognition may come down to our ability to describe consciousness itself-something we are far from doing. But rather than dismiss the idea, we should welcome the chance to think up new ways to test our understanding of consciousness. It might just improve our grasp of the human mind. At the very least, our trees and plants should benefit from the extra attention-consciously or not. 12．What do supporters of plant consciousness believe? A．Plants can only perform native reaction. B．Plants can perceive their surroundings and adapt to them. C．Plants possess the same level of consciousness as humans. D．Plants can communicate complicatedly and choose actions deliberately. 13．What is the main challenge in accepting the idea of plant consciousness? A．The need to develop tools to test plant cognition. B．The dramatic change in our view of humanity. C．The lack of evidence in the field of plant neurobiology. D．The inability to describe consciousness itself. 14．What is the current state of research in the field of plant cognition? A．The field is highly based on guesses and has no evidence. B．Researchers are using tools reserved for the human brain to study plant behaviors. C．There is not enough evidence to support the idea of plant consciousness. D．Plants have been proven to possess a form of consciousness. 15．What is the potential benefit of studying plant consciousness? A．Enhancing our understanding of the human brain. B．Developing new ways to test plant behaviors. C．Promoting our relationship with plants. D．Proving the existence of plant cognition. 答案：1-3 ACC 4-7 DDAB 8-11 DBCB 12-15 DDCA 2、 写作 第一节 应用文写作 为了让学生近距离接近大自然，上周六你们班组织了一次春游踏青活动，请你写一篇文章报道此次活动，内容包括： 1. 具体的活动安排； 2. 活动的意义； 3. 你的感受。 注意： 1. 词数100字左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 A Spring Outing ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 A Spring Outing Spring is a good time for outing. Aiming to understand each other better and build up our bodies, our class had a spring outing last Saturday. As scheduled, we gathered together at 8: 30 am at the gate of our school. We went to our destination by bus, laughing and singing all the way. Much to our delight, the trip involved mountain climbing as well as a picnic. Hardly had we reached the top of the mountain when we enjoyed an awesome view of the whole city. Exhausted as we were on the way back to school, we all regarded this outing as an unforgettable experience, for it not only made us get close to nature with fresh air and fantastic scenery, but also enhance the friendship between us students and promote our mutual cooperation. 第二节 读后续写 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 The boys and girls picked up the bus to Fort Lauderdale. Vingo was on board from the beginning. As the bus passed through Jersey, they began to notice that Vingo never moved. He sat in front of the young people, frozen into silence. Somewhere outside of Washington, the bus pulled into a Howard Johnson’s, and everybody got off except Vingo. He sat rooted in his seat, and the young people began to wonder about him, trying to imagine his life. When they went back to the bus, the girl sat beside him and introduced herself. “Want some wine?” she said. He smiled and took the bottle. He thanked her and retreated again into silence. After a while, she went back to the others, as Vingo nodded into sleep. In the morning they awoke outside another Howard Johnson’s, and this time Vingo went in. The girl insisted that he join them. When they went back on the bus, the girl sat with Vingo again, after a while, slowly and painfully and with great hesitation, he began to tell his story. He had been in jail in New York for the last four years, and now he was going home. “When I was in jail I wrote to my wife,” he said. “I told her, I understand if you can’t stay married to me, get a new guy and forget about me. And she didn’t write to me. Not for three and a half years.” “And you’re going home now, not knowing?” “Yeah,” he said shyly. “Last week, I wrote to her. I told her that if she had a new guy, I under-stood. But if she didn’t, if she would take me back she should let me know. We used to live in Brunswick, with a great big oak tree. I told her if she would take me back, she should put a yellow handkerchief on the tree, and I would get off and come home. If she didn’t want me, forget it, no handkerchief, and I’d keep going on.” “Wow,” the girl said. “Wow.” She told the others, and soon all of them were in it, caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150左右； 2．请按如下格式作答。 Now they were twenty miles from Brunswick. ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then suddenly all of the young people were up out of their seats. ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 Now they were twenty miles from Brunswick. And the young people took over window seats on the right side, waiting for the approach of the great oak tree. Vingo stopped looking, tightening his face into the ex-con’s mask, as if fortifying himself against still another disappointment. Then it was ten miles, and then five. The bus acquired a dark hushed mood, full of silence, of absence, of lost years, of the woman’s plain face, of the sudden letter on the breakfast table, of the wonder of children, of the iron bars of solitude. Then suddenly all of the young people were up out of their seats. They were screaming and shouting and crying, doing small dances, shaking clenched fists in triumph and exaltation. All except Vingo. Vingo sat there stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs twenty of them, thirty of them, maybe hundreds, a tree that stood like a banner of welcome blowing and billowing in the wind, turned into a gorgeous yellow blur by the passing bus. As the young people shouted, the old con slowly rose from his seat, holding himself tightly, and made his way to the front of the bus to go home. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $