专题03 阅读理解（ 说明文）（期末真题汇编，广东专用）高三英语上学期

专题03 阅读理解（ 说明文） 主题01 人与自我——做人与做事 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东汕头·期末) When you’re bored, do you start scanning through short videos? That might not ease your boredom. According to a recent study, switching between videos or fast-forwarding through them can bore you even more. Boredom is an uncomfortable emotion which can develop when a situation lacks newness or meaning. But it serves a purpose. Boredom signals that there is something more pleasurable to do. This can motivate people to explore their environment and stop investing time in an activity that has little to offer. Katy Y. Y. Tam, from the University of Toronto Scarborough in Canada, is a scientist and psychologist. In 2021, Tam developed a theory called the “Boredom Feedback Model”, stating that boredom happens when your attention shifts from one thing to another. This type of boredom can happen when people start watching one online video, then, fast-forward or skip to the next one. Tam ran experiments with more than 1,200 people, and showed that people switched to new videos when they were bored. These people believed switching videos would make them less bored. But the result was just the opposite. In one experiment, people watched a single video for 10 minutes. Next, scientists asked them to watch seven shorter videos, with the ability to skip to the next. On average, people skipped eight times. When skipping around, people reported feeling more bored, less satisfied, and less engaged than when they fully watched a single video. Growing evidence shows that boredom is on the rise. Bored people often turn to their phones, but report being more bored. Psychology professor Michael Inzlicht, who worked on the study with Tam, said he had been fascinated by rising boredom in recent years. He thought it could be due to a lack of concentration. “When you’re absorbed, you don’t feel bored. When your attention is spread, you’re almost by definition not satisfied,” Inzlicht said. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Signals of boredom. B．A positive aspect of boredom. C．The purpose of the experiments. D．Motivations of the experiments. 2．According to the “Boredom Feedback Model”, what causes boredom? A．Mind-engaging tasks. B．Changing focus constantly. C．Watching online videos. D．Time-consuming activities. 3．What would people generally expect when skipping videos? A．Boredom would be killed. B．Self-satisfaction would be achieved. C．Attention would be enhanced. D．More information would be obtained. 4．According to Michael Inzlicht, which of the following behavior would help avoid boredom? A．Limiting the time of screen use. B．Aimlessly adopting different activities. C．Engaging in attention-demanding tasks. D．Frequently shifting learning subjects in a short time. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了无聊是一种不舒服的情绪，当一个情况缺乏新奇时，就会产生无聊，但它也有积极的一面。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Boredom signals that there is something more pleasurable to do. This can motivate people to explore their environment and stop investing time in an activity that has little to offer. (无聊意味着有更令人愉快的事情要做。这可以激励人们去探索周围的环境，而不再把时间花在没有什么价值的活动上。)”可知，第二段的主要内容是关于无聊的积极方面。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In 2021, Tam developed a theory called the “Boredom Feedback Model”, stating that boredom happens when your attention shifts from one thing to another. (2021年，Tam提出了一个名为“无聊反馈模型”的理论，指出当你的注意力从一件事转移到另一件事时，无聊就会发生。)”可知，根据“无聊反馈模型”，是不断改变焦点导致了无聊。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Tam ran experiments with more than 1,200 people, and showed that people switched to new videos when they were bored. These people believed switching videos would make them less bored. But the result was just the opposite. (Tam对1200多人进行了实验，结果表明，当人们感到无聊时，他们会切换到新的视频。这些人认为切换视频会让他们不那么无聊。但结果却恰恰相反。)”可知，跳过视频时，人们通常会期待无聊会被消灭。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“When you’re absorbed, you don’t feel bored. When your attention is spread, you’re almost by definition not satisfied (当你全神贯注时，你不会感到无聊。当你的注意力分散时，你几乎是不满意的)”可知，根据Michael Inzlicht的说法，参与需要注意力的任务的行为有助于避免无聊。故选C项。 Passage 2 (24-25高三上·广东深圳罗湖区·期末) After meeting someone for the first time, do you see yourself as a humorous person who heats up the atmosphere? Or do you imagine all the ways you may have bored others? If you identify with the former description, you are in the minority. Many studies show the average people take a rather low opinion of their conversational abilities and the social impressions they leave when dealing with complicated interpersonal relationship. But on the contrary, chances are that we are often much more amiable than we think. The mismatch between our thought of our social performance, and others’ opinions of us, is known as the “liking gap”. It may restrict our ability to form healthy relationships in our personal lives, and also get in the way of beneficial teamwork. Studies conducted by Erica Boothby and Gus Cooney psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania, show that the liking gap may simply arise from too much self reflection. “Too much self reflection causes terrible social experiences. We are so busy worrying about the impression we’ve given and analyzing every tiny thing that we might have said wrong, for example, a slip in tongue - that we don’t notice someone’s encouraging smile or the warmth in their eyes,” says Cooney. “When you’re very young, you might just assume that if someone’s nice to me, then they actually feel that way about me,” says Boothby. But as we get older, however, we start to realize that people may cover up their annoyance or boredom. “There’s more uncertainty in relating someone’s actions to how they actually feel about you.” As a result, as adults, we second-guess others’ reactions. A little self-awareness can, of course, be healthy. “It could make sense for me to call out some of my mistakes, so that I could correct them next time,” says Cooney. But many of us are far too pessimistic. And these judgement prevent us from connecting with people who may really appreciate us. So next time, don’t beat yourself up. Just walk up and have a lighthearted talk. 1．What does the underlined word “amiable” in paragraph I probably mean? A．Brilliant. B．Loose-tongued. C．Tight-lipped. D．Likeable 2．According to Cooney, what might too much self-reflection cause? A．A terrible impression. B．A defensive interaction. C．Unnecessary self-criticism. D．Unrealistic self-expectations. 3．What makes adults second-guess others’ reactions, according to paragraph 3? A．The fear of being misunderstood. B．The awareness of social complexity. C．The mismatch between promises and actions. D．The differences between cultural backgrounds. 4．Which statement will the author probably agree with? A．Go easy on people around you. B．Avoid unpleasant comments on others. C．Stop underestimating your social skills. D．Engage thoughtfully and respond appropriately 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于人们往往对自己的社交表现评价过低，认为自己给他人留下的印象不如自己想象的那么好的“喜欢差距”现象，以及这种差距的原因和对策。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“If you identify with the former description, you are in the minority. Many studies show the average people take a rather low opinion of their conversational abilities and the social impressions they leave when dealing with complicated interpersonal relationship. But on the contrary, chances are that we are often much more amiable than we think. (如果你认同前面的描述，那你属于少数。许多研究表明，普通人对自己在处理复杂人际关系时的交谈能力和留下的社会印象评价相当低。但相反，我们往往比自己想象的要amiable得多。)”以及第二段中“The mismatch between our thought of our social performance, and others’ opinions of us, is known as the “liking gap”. (我们对自己社交表现的想法与他人对我们的看法之间的不匹配被称为“喜欢差距”。)”可知，画线词上文“But on the contrary”意为“但相反”，意味着实际情况与人们的自我评价相反。“chances are that we are often much more amiable than we think”这句话处于转折语境中，结合前文提到的关于社交印象相关内容，可推测“amiable”意为“和蔼可亲的、讨人喜欢的”。A. Brilliant才华横溢的；B. Loose-tongued口无遮拦的；C. Tight-lipped沉默寡言的；D. Likeable讨人喜欢的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中““Too much self reflection causes terrible social experiences We are so busy worrying about the impression we’ve given and analyzing every tiny thing that we might have said wrong, for example, a slip in tongue - that we don’t notice someone’s encouraging smile or the warmth in their eyes,” says Cooney. (库尼说：“过度的自我反思会造成糟糕的社交体验。我们一直在担心自己给别人的印象，分析自己可能说错了的每一件小事，比如口误，以至于我们没有注意到别人鼓励的微笑或眼中的温暖”。)”可知，库尼认为过多的自我反思会造成糟糕的社交体验，忙于担心自己留给别人的印象和分析自己可能犯的小错误，而没有注意到别人的鼓励。由此可知，他认为过多的自我反思会造成不必要的自责。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But as we get older, however, we start to realize that people may cover up their annoyance or boredom. “There’s more uncertainty in relating someone’s actions to how they actually feel about you.” As a result, as adults, we second-guess others’ reactions. (但随着年龄的增长，我们开始意识到，人们可能会掩饰自己的烦恼或无聊。“把某人的行为与他们对你的真实感受联系起来存在更多的不确定性。” 因此，作为成年人，我们会怀疑别人的反应。)”可知，意识到社交的复杂性会使成年人怀疑别人的反应。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The mismatch between our thought of our social performance, and others’ opinions of us, is known as the “liking gap”. It may restrict our ability to form healthy relationships in our personal lives, and also get in the way of beneficial teamwork. (我们对自己社交表现的想法与他人对我们的看法之间的不匹配被称为“喜欢差距”。它可能会限制我们在个人生活中建立健康关系的能力，也会阻碍有益的团队合作。)”以及最后一段“So next time, don’t beat yourself up. Just walk up and have a lighthearted talk. (所以下次，不要自责。走上前去，轻松地交谈。)”结合文章主要介绍了关于人们往往对自己的社交表现评价过低，认为自己给他人留下的印象不如自己想象的那么好，以及这种差距的原因和对策，可推知，作者可能会同意“别再低估你的社交能力。”这一观点。故选C。 主题02 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 (23-24高三上·广东华南师范大学附属中学、实验中学、广雅中学、深圳高级中学四校·期末) Ryan is a good kid. He gets great grades, he plays lacrosse (长曲棍球), and he is well-liked. So Jennifer and her husband didn’t see any reason why their sixth-grade son couldn’t have an Instagram account, until Ryan posted a photo of himself holding an empty beer bottle that his father had just finished. “My husband saw the photo pop up on Ryan’s account and went up the stairs in seconds, demanding that he should take it down,” Jennifer says. “I don’t think my son realized how bad his picture looked. He was trying to be funny, but he’s in sixth grade! Even if he was simply posing, that picture was inappropriate.” With the popularity of photo-sharing site Instagram, it’s easy for parents to have a false sense of security. Unlike Facebook or Twitter, Instagram is only for posting pictures and with the 13+ age requirement and privacy feature, so it seems like an almost harmless site for children. How much trouble could they stir up? But that’s not the fact. Shockingly, some kids are paying for attention on social media. When Paula Pryor found a mysterious $700 charge on her credit card, the last thing she suspected it to be was payment to a company that helped acquire “likes” on Instagram pictures. “My son Hayden thought it was only ten dollars, but it was ten dollars per ‘like’,” says Pryor. Often, it’s not your own teen that’s cause for concern — it’s someone else’s kid. Megan Koster couldn’t figure out why her daughter Delaney suddenly became so anxious about whether her panty line could be seen through her jeans. Finally, Delaney said that she was worried someone would take a photo and post it on Instagram. “I don’t think I would have survived middle school if sites like this had existed back then,” Koster says. 1．What made Jennifer think her son Ryan could have an Instagram account? A．He gained popularity in school. B．He was skilled at using Instagram. C．He showed interest in taking photos. D．He was old enough and behaved well. 2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Instagram accounts. B．Social media. C．Pictures. D．Children. 3．Why did Pryor’s son pay the company $700? A．To obtain the picture he liked. B．To pay attention to social media. C．To get his photos noticed and liked. D．To pay the charge on his credit card. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Teen’s problems with Instagram. B．Inappropriate pictures from children. C．The influence of the Internet on young users. D．Concerns for the Internet security for children. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了青少年使用Instagram所带来的一些问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Ryan is a good kid. He gets great grades, he plays lacrosse (长曲棍球), and he is well-liked. So Jennifer and her husband didn’t see any reason why their sixth-grade son couldn’t have an Instagram account, until Ryan posted a photo of himself holding an empty beer bottle that his father had just finished.(赖安是个好孩子。他成绩很好，他打长曲棍球，他很受欢迎。所以詹妮弗和她的丈夫不明白为什么他们六年级的儿子不能有一个Instagram账户，直到瑞恩发了一张他拿着一个空啤酒瓶的照片，他的父亲刚刚喝完)”可知，Ryan年龄够大并且表现得很好让Jennifer认为她的儿子Ryan可以有一个Instagram账号。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Unlike Facebook or Twitter, Instagram is only for posting pictures and with the 13+age requirement and privacy feature, so it seems like an almost harmless site for children.”可知，与Facebook或Twitter不同，Instagram仅用于发布照片，并且有13岁以上的年龄要求和隐私功能，因此对儿童来说，它似乎是一个几乎无害的网站。由此可知，“他们能挑起多少麻烦？”中的they指的是“孩子们”。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“When Paula Pryor found a mysterious $700 charge on her credit card, the last thing she suspected it to be was payment to a company that helped acquire “likes” on Instagram pictures.(当宝拉·普赖尔在自己的信用卡上发现一笔700美元的神秘费用时，她万万没想到这是支付给一家帮助获得Instagram照片“赞”的公司的款项)”可知，普赖尔的儿子付给公司700美元是为了让他的照片受到关注和喜欢。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“With the popularity of photo-sharing site Instagram, it’s easy for parents to have a false sense of security. Unlike Facebook or Twitter, Instagram is only for posting pictures and with the 13+age requirement and privacy feature, so it seems like an almost harmless site for children. How much trouble could they stir up? But that’s not the fact.(随着照片分享网站Instagram的普及，家长们很容易产生一种虚假的安全感。与Facebook或Twitter不同，Instagram仅用于发布照片，并且有13岁以上的年龄要求和隐私功能，因此对儿童来说，它似乎是一个几乎无害的网站。他们能挑起多少麻烦？但事实并非如此)”可知，文章主要说明了青少年使用Instagram所带来的一些问题。故选A。 Passage 2 (23-24高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Each year, more than 27 million U.S. and Canadian kids get to school by bus. Most of those buses run on diesel (柴油) fuel, which give out pollution that riders can take in. Pollution levels can be several times higher inside a diesel school bus than outside it. Why? Pollution can leak in from the floor or blow in through windows. A U.S. government program started in 2012 offered schools’ money spent on cleaner school buses but not all schools could get it. Five years later, emissions from buses in the winning districts fell. And a year after getting new buses, student attendance had improved in those districts. For an average district of 10, 000 students, about six more students attended ‘school each day’ in the winning districts, compared to the losing districts. Winning schools with higher rates of bus-riding kids had an average of 14 more students in class each day. And winning districts that replaced the oldest school buses? They had an average of 45 more students in school each day. Those numbers may sound small, but they add up. And school attendance matters for student achievement. Almost 3 million U. S. kids ride school buses more than 20 years old. If U. S. school districts had replaced all of those older buses, there would have been 1. 3 million fewer student absences each year. There might be other reasons for better attendance. For example, maybe kids preferred new buses. However, the most-likely reason for fewer student absences was better health. A study done on adults showed that a brief exposure to diesel emissions reduced “network connectivity” in the brain. In other studies, such network-connectivity changes have been linked to worsened memory and mental tasks. A Washington State program upgraded pollution controls in old diesel buses. Afterward, fewer kids were hospitalized in those districts than in schools without bus upgrades. Almost all U. S. school districts can apply for the program. But schools in low-income areas, in tribal areas and, in rural areas will get priority. Kids in these areas tend to face the most health risks from older buses. 1．What can we infer about diesel school buses from the first paragraph? A．They have a short service life. B．They operate cost-effectively. C．They accommodate few passengers. D．They do much harm to school children. 2．Why is the increase in school attendance small but important? A．It is a long accumulation. B．It is a winning condition. C．It is a measuring standard. D．It is a student achievement. 3．How does the bus replacement bring better student attendance? A．By reducing the network connectivity. B．By bettering the health state of students. C．By improving student satisfaction with schools. D．By meeting students’ demand for school bus drivers. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The “network connectivity” in the brain. B．The great work on cleaner school buses. C．A U. S. government program for education. D．Better attendance due to new school buses. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国校巴更新计划如何减少柴油污染，提高学生出勤率和健康水平。老旧巴士被指出对学生健康不利，新巴士实施后出勤有所改善。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“U. S. and Canadian kids get to school by bus. Most of those buses run on diesel (柴油) fuel, which give out pollution that riders can take in. Pollution levels can be several times higher inside a diesel school bus than outside it. Why? Pollution can leak in from the floor or blow in through windows.”（美国和加拿大的孩子坐公共汽车上学。这些公共汽车大多使用柴油燃料，而柴油所产生的污染会让乘客吸入。柴油校车内的污染水平可能比外面高几倍。为什么？污染可以从（校车）地板漏进来，或者从窗户吹进来。）可知，从第一段我们可以推断出柴油校车对学生有很大的危害。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Those numbers may sound small, but they add up. And school attendance matters for student achievement. Almost 3 million U. S. kids ride school buses more than 20 years old. If U. S. school districts had replaced all of those older buses, there would have been 1. 3 million fewer student absences each year.”（这些数字听起来可能很小，但积少成多。出勤率对学生的成绩很重要。近300万美国儿童乘坐的校车年龄超过20岁。如果美国的学区更换了所有的旧巴士，那么就只有1辆了。每年减少300万学生缺勤。）可知，学校出勤率的增加很小却很重要是因为这是一个积累的过程。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“There might be other reasons for better attendance. For example, maybe kids preferred new buses. However, the most-likely reason for fewer student absences was better health.”（提高出勤率可能还有其他原因。例如，也许孩子们更喜欢新公交车。然而，学生缺勤减少最有可能的原因是健康状况好转。）可知，公交车更换通过改善学生的健康状况来提高学生出勤率。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。全文主要谈论的是更换新校巴带来的更好的学生出勤率。文中详细说明了美国某些学区采取行动换新巴士后，学生的出勤情况如何改善，以及这一改变如何积极影响到学生的健康和学习成绩。尽管文中也提到了美国政府的项目和对大脑网络连接性的研究，但这些都是为了支持主题。因此D选项“Better attendance due to new school buses”（由于有了新的校车，出勤率提高了。）正确地反映了文本的主旨。故选D项。 主题03 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) What’s the cure for a broken heart? What about for sadness, anxiety or loneliness? For those visiting the Poetry Pharmacy (药店) — customers or patients, depending on how you see them — these are the questions on their minds. This bookshop on Oxford Street offers special medicine to those sorts of emotional wounds. Calm, comfort, inspiration: whatever you’ re searching for, there’s a book of poetry to help you find it. From philosophical poems to romantic ones, poetry has long had the power to speak to the deepest parts of our soul. When other literary forms fail, it’s often poetry that has the answer, says Poetry Pharmacy founder Deb Alma. “At weddings and funerals (葬礼), it’s a poem that’s read,” she points out. “It’s the art that people in states of intense emotion turn to.” With its expansive library of brightly coloured books, the pharmacy is every poetry fan’s dream. Alma knows that poetry alone won’t cure anyone of life’s greatest pain. Instead, this store serves as a representation of the idea that words cure all. The centrepiece is a rich red-brown cupboard containing small glass bottles labeled with various emotions: “love”, “boost” and “pride”. Some are more playful. There are pills for “hesitation” and “existential anxiety”, while a glass bottle at op reads: “Calm: Keep out of reach of children.” It’s artistically pleasing jokes like these that have made this store a huge hit on social media. In the two months since its opening, the place has been consistently lively, with customers dropping in to buy gifts, sitting with a coffee from the pharmacy to read and reflect, and many documenting the experience for social media. When asked why so many young people are interested in poetry again, Alma said, “In the absence of faith, we are all searching for meaning, for a deeper bond with each other.” The Poetry Pharmacy offers that. People sit down for a coffee and end up reading the poems attached to the tables, covering the walls, aloud. For those lacking closeness in their lives, the poems, like the pharmacy, provide “even in a small way, a little community”. 1．What do we know about customers entering the Poetry Pharmacy? A．They suffer from emotional pain. B．They are fond of reading books. C．They are good at creating poems. D．They search for clinical treatment. 2．Why does Deb Alma mention weddings and funerals in paragraph 2? A．To argue the importance of art. B．To stress the significance of poetry. C．To illustrate the necessity of literature. D．To promote the reputation of the shop. 3．What makes Poetry Pharmacy popular on social media? A．Well-arranged cupboards. B．Carefully-selected books. C．A balance between life and leisure. D．A combination of wisdom and humor. 4．What does Alma think of young people’s enthusiasm in poetry? A．It causes their lack of spiritual faith. B．It shows their urge to follow the crowd. C．It builds meaningful connections among them. D．It reflects their taste of literary appreciation. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了“诗歌药店”这一特色书店，探讨了诗歌在治愈人心、提供情感慰藉方面的作用。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“What’s the cure for a broken heart? What about for sadness, anxiety or loneliness? For those visiting the Poetry Pharmacy (药店) — customers or patients, depending on how you see them — these are the questions on their minds.(治疗心碎的方法是什么？那悲伤、焦虑或孤独呢？对于那些造访“诗歌药店”的人来说——你可以把他们当作顾客，也可以当作病人，这取决于你的看法——这些问题一直萦绕在他们的心头)”可知，进入诗歌药店的顾客都遭受情感上的痛苦。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“From philosophical poems to romantic ones, poetry has long had the power to speak to the deepest parts of our soul. When other literary forms fail, it’s often poetry that has the answer, says Poetry Pharmacy founder Deb Alma. “At weddings and funerals (葬礼), it’s a poem that’s read,” she points out. “It’s the art that people in states of intense emotion turn to.”(从哲理性的诗歌到浪漫的诗歌，诗歌长久以来一直有着触动我们灵魂深处的力量。诗歌药店的创始人黛布·阿尔玛说，当其他文学形式失效时，往往是诗歌给出了答案。“在婚礼和葬礼上，人们会朗诵诗歌，”她指出，“在情感强烈的时候，人们会转向这种艺术形式。”)”可知，在本段提到婚礼和葬礼是为了强调诗歌的重要性，在重要的场合都可以使用。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It’s artistically pleasing jokes like these that have made this store a huge hit on social media.(正是像这些艺术上令人愉悦的笑话使得这家商店在社交媒体上大受欢迎)”可知，智慧与幽默的结合让诗歌药房在社交媒体上如此受欢迎。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“When asked why so many young people are interested in poetry again, Alma said, “In the absence of faith, we are all searching for meaning, for a deeper bond with each other.” The Poetry Pharmacy offers that. People sit down for a coffee and end up reading the poems attached to the tables, covering the walls, aloud. For those lacking closeness in their lives, the poems, like the pharmacy, provide “even in a small way, a little community”.(当被问及为什么这么多年轻人再次对诗歌产生兴趣时，Alma说：“在缺乏信仰的情况下，我们都在寻找意义，寻找彼此之间更深的联系。”“诗歌药店”就提供了这样的机会。人们坐下来喝杯咖啡，最后大声朗读贴在桌子上、挂在墙上的诗歌。对于那些生活中缺乏亲密感的人来说，这些诗歌就像药店一样，提供了“哪怕只是一点点的社群感”)”可知，Alma认为诗歌在年轻人之间激发了情感上的联系和共鸣。故选C项。 Passage 2 (23-24高三上·广东梅州·期末) When Belquer first joined a team to make a better live music experience for deaf and hard-of-hearing people, he was struck by how they had developed workarounds to enjoy concerts. “What they were doing at the time was holding balloons to feel the vibrations (震动) through their fingers,” Belquer said. He thought the team could make something to help hard-of- hearing people enjoy live music even more with the technology now available. Belquer, who is also a musician and theater artist, is now the “Chief Vibrational Officer” of Music: Not Impossible, which uses new technology to address social issues like poverty and disability access. His team started by tying vibrating different cell phone motors to bodies, but that didn’t quite work. The vibrations were all the same. Eventually, they worked with engineers to develop a light haptic (触觉的) suit with a total of 24 vibrating plates. There are 20 of them tied to a vest that fits tightly around the body like a hiking backpack, plus one that ties to each wrist and ankle. When you wear the suit, it’s surprising how it feels. The vibrations are mixed by a haptic DJ who controls the location, frequency and intensity of feeling across the suits, just as a music DJ mixes sounds in an artful way. “What we’re doing is selecting and mixing what we want and send it to different parts of the body,” said the DJ. The haptic suits were just one component of the event. There were American Sign Language interpreters; the music was captioned on a screen on the stage. The suits are the star attraction. Lily Lipman, who has auditory processing disorder, lit up when asked about her experience. “It’s cool, because I’m never quite sure if I’m hearing what other people are hearing, so it’s amazing to get the music in my body.” 1．What surprised Belquer about people with hearing problems? A．The way they enjoyed music. B．The attitude they held to life. C．The love they had for balloons. D．The frequency they vibrated fingers. 2．Why did the team’s initial attempt fail? A．The motors were the same. B．The vibrations lacked variety. C．The motors hardly worked. D．The vibrations were irregular. 3．What did the DJ do? A．He interpreted the sign language. B．He captioned the music on stage. C．He selected suits for the attendees. D．He helped people feel the music. 4．What does Lily Lipman think of the suit? A．Comforting. B．Challenging. C．Satisfying. D．Encouraging. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【难度】1.65 【来源】2024届广东省梅州市高三上学期期末调研英语试题 【知识点】音乐与舞蹈、发明与创造 、说明文 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了音乐家兼戏剧艺术家Belquer和其团队利用现有技术制作一个套装来帮助听力障碍人士更好地享受现场音乐。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When Belquer first joined a team to make a better live music experience for deaf and hard- of-hearing people, he was struck by how they had developed workarounds to enjoy concerts.(当Belquer第一次加入一个为聋哑人和听力障碍人士提供更好的现场音乐体验的团队时，他对他们如何想出享受音乐会的变通方法感到震惊。)”可知，Belquer对听障人士想出的享受音乐的方法而震惊，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“His team started by tying vibrating different cell phone motors to bodies, but that didn’t quite work. The vibrations were all the same. (他的团队首先将不同的手机振动电机绑在身体上，但这并不太奏效。振动都是一样的。)”可知，他的团队最初的尝试失败了，这是因为震动都是一样的，即缺乏多样性，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The vibrations are mixed by a haptic DJ who controls the location, frequency and intensity of feeling across the suits, just as a music DJ mixes sounds in an artful way. “What we’re doing is selecting and mixing what we want and send it to different parts of the body,” said the DJ.(振动由触觉DJ混合，他控制着套装中感觉的位置、频率和强度，就像音乐DJ以巧妙的方式混合声音一样。“我们正在做的就是选择并混合我们想要的东西，并将其发送到身体的不同部位，”DJ 说)”可知，DJ选择并混合想要的东西，并将其发送到身体的不同部位，以此来帮助人们感受音乐。由此可推知，DJ帮助人们感受音乐，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Lily Lipman所说的话“It’s cool, because I’m never quite sure if I’m hearing what other people are hearing, so it’s amazing to get the music in my body.(这很酷，因为我永远不确定我是否听到了其他人听到的声音，所以让音乐进入我的身体真是太棒了。)”可推知，Lily Lipman对这个套装是满意的，故选C。 Passage 3 (23-24高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) After the death of her nature-loving mother, Margaret Renkl tenderly placed in an antique jar the “soft white hair” left behind in her mother’s hairbrush. Years passed. When it no longer carried the scent (气味) she treasured, Renkl laid the hair across a tree branch in her yard. This act was meant as a direct invitation to the birds in her yard, and it was accepted: A bird used the hair for the nest it was building. Renkl devotes only a half-page to this story, but it conveys the beautiful interaction of human and other animal lives at the heart of The Comfort of Crows. Starting in winter and continuing through the seasonal round, Renkl brings alive in 52 chapters her love for the animals and plants in her half-acre (半英亩) yard in Tennessee and in nearby parks. Equally moving, she admits her desperation at the human-caused crisis the natural world faces, and her determination not to back off. Her determination is more than lip service. She cures a neighborhood fox against a skin disease, with the help of a trap, a bit of bacon, and advice from an animal doctor; ensures that leaves from the trees in her yard are not gathered so that insects overwinter and hungry birds can dine there; fills a garden with milkweed in support of monarch butterflies. With these steps, Renkl refuses to give up in the face of human-caused global warming that is changing our environment and harming other species. In these days of climate crisis, the phenomenon of ecological anxiety is real. In order to seize opportunities to help, many of us do require fuel to restore our spirits. Find that fuel in Renkl’s chapters of The Comfort of Crows. The animals and plants so cherished by Renkl need us now more than ever. 1．What is the central theme of Renkl’s The Comfort of Crows? A．Personal preference towards country life. B．Fond memories of close family members. C．Profound disappointment at climate crisis. D．Amazing interactions between man and nature. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Renkl’s efforts in protecting animals. B．Renkl’s service in the neighborhood. C．Renkl’s attempts to treat an injured fox. D．Renkl’s determination to preserve the yard. 3．What is Renkl’s attitude towards global warming? A．Indifferent yet realistic. B．Concerned yet active. C．Pessimistic yet tolerant. D．Regretful yet hopeful. 4．What is the purpose of this text? A．To introduce the beauty of rural life. B．To present the daily routine of Renkl. C．To recommend an inspirational book. D．To provide advice on nature protection. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Margaret Renkl写的《乌鸦的安慰》一书，传达了人类和其他动物生活的美好互动。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Renkl devotes only a half-page to this story, but it conveys the beautiful interaction of human and other animal lives at the heart of The Comfort of Crows.(Renkl只用了半页纸来讲述这个故事，但它传达了人类和其他动物生活的美好互动，这是《乌鸦的安慰》的核心)”可知，Renkl的the Comfort of Crows的中心主题是人与自然的惊人互动。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Her determination is more than lip service. She cures a neighborhood fox against a skin disease, with the help of a trap, a bit of bacon, and advice from an animal doctor; ensures that leaves from the trees in her yard are not gathered so that insects overwinter and hungry birds can dine there; fills a garden with milkweed in support of monarch butterflies.(她的决心不只是说说而已。她用一个陷阱、一点熏肉和一位动物医生的建议，治好了邻居家一只狐狸的皮肤病；确保她院子里的树叶不会被收集起来，这样越冬的昆虫和饥饿的鸟儿就可以在那里吃饭了;在花园里种满马利筋，以支持帝王蝶)”可知，第三段的主要内容是Renkl在保护动物方面的努力。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With these steps, Renkl refuses to give up in the face of human-caused global warming that is changing our environment and harming other species. In these days of climate crisis, the phenomenon of ecological anxiety is real. In order to seize opportunities to help, many of us do require fuel to restore our spirits. Find that fuel in Renkl’s chapters of The Comfort of Crows. The animals and plants so cherished by Renkl need us now more than ever.(面对人类造成的全球变暖正在改变我们的环境并伤害其他物种，Renkl拒绝放弃这些步骤。在气候危机的今天，生态焦虑的现象是真实的。为了抓住机会提供帮助，我们中的许多人确实需要动力来恢复我们的精神。在Renkl的《乌鸦的安慰》章节中找到动力。Renkl珍惜的动物和植物现在比以往任何时候都更需要我们)”可推知，Renkl对全球变暖的态度是担忧的，但是Renkl也指出应该找到动力来保护动植物，体现了积极的一面。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Renkl devotes only a half-page to this story, but it conveys the beautiful interaction of human and other animal lives at the heart of The Comfort of Crows.(Renkl只用了半页纸来讲述这个故事，但它传达了人类和其他动物生活的美好互动，这是《乌鸦的安慰》的核心)”结合文章主要介绍了Margaret Renkl写的《乌鸦的安慰》一书，传达了人类和其他动物生活的美好互动。可推知，这篇文章的目的是推荐一本励志书。故选C。 Passage 4 (23-24高三上·广东潮州·期末) Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play arc already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual (感知的) systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being exposed to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. The authors recommended using such “doses (剂量) of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools. Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, playing with mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, which allows the child to gradually understand his or her body signals. Such activities away from the house or classroom may also help children to find ways to cope with emotions that may be hard to explore in other environments. So-called “sand tray therapy” which involves using sand and clay to express one’s thoughts and feelings, is an accepted form of counselling for children who are struggling to verbalize their emotional state. When it comes to the child’s physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise. A child may find it easier to build up strength and endurance in a large open space resulting in a reduced risk of overweight, according to one study led by Elizabeth Gershoff, professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, US. The latest findings, however, suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments — and the secret may be alive in the mud itself. 1．What’s the function of the first paragraph? A．To present the evolution of our brains. B．To display the natural landscapes. C．To introduce the perceptual systems. D．To reveal the well-established benefits. 2．How does the study show that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation? A．By comparing the restorative effects of walking in different settings. B．By recommending applying some “doses of nature” to children. C．By allowing children to gradually understand their bodies’ signals. D．By helping children to find ways to cope with the environment. 3．Whom is “sand tray therapy” most beneficial to? A．Jack, a boy who can’t concentrate in the class . B．Mary, a girl who needs to go on a dict. C．Lily, a girl who is lack of endurance. D．Tom, a boy who lives in his own world. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Playing in the mud is the best outdoor exercise. B．Playing outdoors brings many unexpected benefits. C．Playing outdoors can cure children with ADHD． D．Playing in the mud reduces the risk of overweight. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是户外玩耍对孩子心理恢复的好处。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play arc already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual (感知的) systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces.(户外运动的许多心理益处已经确立。我们的大脑是在自然环境中进化而来的，我们的感知系统特别适合野外的环境)”可推知，第一段主要为了揭示户外运动公认的好处。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Supporting this theory, one study found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being exposed to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds.(为了支持这一理论，一项研究发现，患有注意力缺陷多动障碍的儿童，在公园散步20分钟后要比在一个保持良好的城市地区的街道上散步能够更好地集中注意力。暴露在草地和树木中似乎对他们的思想有益)”可推知，作者通过比较不同环境下的行走，来表明自然景色能够提供完美的刺激，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“So-called “sand tray therapy” which involves using sand and clay to express one’s thoughts and feelings, is an accepted form of counselling for children who are struggling to verbalize their emotional state.(所谓的“沙盘疗法”是指用沙子和粘土来表达自己的想法和感受，这是一种为难以用语言表达自己情绪状态的儿童提供咨询的公认形式)”可推知，“沙盘疗法”对D选项“一个生活在自己世界里的男孩汤姆”最有益。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The latest findings, however, suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments — and the secret may be alive in the mud itself.(然而，最新的研究结果表明，在自然环境中玩耍可能还有许多其他好处，而秘密可能就在泥里)”可推知，在户外玩耍带来许多意想不到的好处。故选B。 主题04 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Frightening as monsters are, they have always fascinated us. From strange combinations of animals to magical beings, creatures have emerged from our imaginations throughout history. Today, they still frequent our cinema screens. Considering how scared we can be of monsters, it seems paradoxical that we keep making them. In fact, there is science behind our love of monsters. Monsters are imaginary creatures that come from our long history of living alongside predators (捕食者). Snakes, for example, were among our ancestors’ first deadly threats, causing them to evolve snake-responsive neurons (神经元) in their brains. This adaptation allowed them to detect snakes with just a quick look. This hardware produced the snake-like monsters, including dragons, that appear in almost all cultures. That is why we get a thrill seeing snake monsters on the screen. Similarly, our ancestors’ minds were shaped by the need to detect bears, lions and other larger predators in tough environments. We evolved to spot predators in the dark between tree trunks or in shadowy corners. With their long teeth and giant claws, these animals have seized our imaginations, appearing in cave paintings over thousands of years. There are psychological benefits to being frightened by monsters. Scary stories with terrifying creatures activate the amygdala, the brain’s fear center, kicking off the fight-or-flight response and releasing adrenaline (肾上腺素). With the story ending in safety, adrenaline levels drop, bringing chemicals that fuel the feeling of relaxation. Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance. As a result, some people with anxiety enjoy watching horror films before bed. The monsters we create today for films and books reflect our deepest fears — whether it’s Godzilla threatening civilisation, or aliens growing within us. Monster media allows us to externalise anxieties into supernatural beings. By understanding our monsters and why we make them, we can learn a great deal about what is going on under the surface of our minds. 1．What does the underlined word “paradoxical” mean in paragraph 1? A．Reasonable. B．Predictable. C．Contradictory. D．Problematic. 2．What is the purpose of paragraphs 2 and 3? A．To honour the wisdom of our ancestors. B．To demonstrate the origin of monsters. C．To compare different deadly creatures. D．To introduce common animals in artworks. 3．How does watching horror films benefit people with anxiety? A．It reduces the brain’s sensitivity to fear. B．It helps people forget anxious experiences. C．It teaches safety lessons in extreme danger. D．It stimulates the body’s relaxation system. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards our love of monsters? A．Favourable. B．Uncertain. C．Ambiguous. D．Skeptical. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要解释了人类为何对怪物既感到害怕又被其吸引的现象，从人类历史、心理机制等方面进行了阐述，说明了怪物在人类文化和心理中的重要作用。 1．词句猜测题。根据前文“Considering how scared we can be of monsters(考虑到我们对怪物有多害怕)”以及后文“we keep making them(我们一直制造怪物)”可知，我们害怕怪物，但是又一直在制造怪物，看起来是矛盾的，推知paradoxical为“矛盾的”之意，和C项意思相近。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Monsters are imaginary creatures that come from our long history of living alongside predators (捕食者). Snakes, for example, were among our ancestors’ first deadly threats, causing them to evolve snake-responsive neurons (神经元) in their brains. This adaptation allowed them to detect snakes with just a quick look. This hardware produced the snake-like monsters, including dragons, that appear in almost all cultures. That is why we get a thrill seeing snake monsters on the screen.(怪物是我们与食肉动物长期共存的历史中想象出来的生物。例如，蛇是我们祖先最早的致命威胁之一，导致他们在大脑中进化出对蛇敏感的神经元。这种适应使它们只需快速看一眼就能发现蛇。这种硬件产生了像蛇一样的怪物，包括龙，几乎在所有文化中都出现过。这就是为什么我们在屏幕上看到蛇怪会感到兴奋)”以及第三段“Similarly, our ancestors’ minds were shaped by the need to detect bears, lions and other larger predators in tough environments. We evolved to spot predators in the dark between tree trunks or in shadowy corners. With their long teeth and giant claws, these animals have seized our imaginations, appearing in cave paintings over thousands of years.(同样，我们祖先的思维也被在恶劣环境中发现熊、狮子和其他大型捕食者的需要所塑造。我们进化到能够在黑暗的树干间或阴暗的角落里发现捕食者。这些动物有着长长的牙齿和巨大的爪子，它们在几千年前的洞穴壁画中出现，抓住了我们的想象力)”可知，这两段从蛇和大型捕食者的角度解释了怪物的起源，指出它们是基于我们祖先与捕食者共存的历史经验演化得来，目的是说明怪物的起源。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“There are psychological benefits to being frightened by monsters. Scary stories with terrifying creatures activate the amygdala, the brain’s fear center, kicking off the fight-or-flight response and releasing adrenaline (肾上腺素). With the story ending in safety, adrenaline levels drop, bringing chemicals that fuel the feeling of relaxation. Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance. As a result, some people with anxiety enjoy watching horror films before bed.(被怪物吓到有心理上的好处。关于恐怖生物的恐怖故事会激活杏仁核，即大脑的恐惧中心，引发“战或逃”反应，并释放肾上腺素。随着故事在安全的情况下结束，肾上腺素水平下降，产生了促进放松感的化学物质。这种可控的恐惧体验可能有助于我们管理长期压力或提高我们的疼痛耐受力。因此，一些焦虑的人喜欢在睡觉前看恐怖电影)”可知，观看恐怖电影可以刺激肾上腺素分泌，最终通过化学机制让人感到放松，因此恐怖电影帮助激活身体的放松系统。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance.(这种可控的恐惧体验可能有助于我们管理长期压力或提高我们的疼痛耐受力)”以及最后一段“The monsters we create today for films and books reflect our deepest fears — whether it’s Godzilla threatening civilisation, or aliens growing within us. Monster media allows us to externalise anxieties into supernatural beings. By understanding our monsters and why we make them, we can learn a great deal about what is going on under the surface of our minds.(我们今天为电影和书籍创造的怪物反映了我们最深的恐惧——无论是威胁文明的哥斯拉，还是在我们体内生长的外星人。怪物媒体让我们把焦虑外化到超自然生物身上。通过了解我们的怪物以及我们为什么制造它们，我们可以学到很多关于我们思想表面下发生的事情)”可知，作者认为对怪物的喜爱能有助于我们管理长期压力或提高我们的疼痛耐受力，以及学到很多关于我们思想表面下发生的事情，所以应是支持的态度。故选A项。 Passage 2 (23-24高三上·广东汕头·期末) As archaeologists (考古学家) examined ancient tombs in Turfan in western China, they discovered some surprisingly well-preserved and familiar relics. Though hardened from over 1,000 years, there sat little dumplings. Exactly who invented dumplings remains a mystery. But some scholars suspect they were first spread by nomadic (游牧的) Turkic peoples living in western China and Central Asia. This is thought to be the case because “manti,” meaning “dumpling” or “steamed bun” in many Turkic languages, appears to be the root word for dumpling in several other languages. Ancient Turkic people probably filled their dumplings with meat. But it’s unclear when this practice began, or whether they learned the art of dumpling-making from others. However this happened, dumplings certainly gathered steam in ancient China. Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China over the next thousand years. Instead of the traditional meat filling, some communities chose vegetarian (素食) dumplings. People developed new cooking methods. The relationship between Chinese dumplings and those in other areas is tricky to trace, but food historians have made their best guesses based on available clues. Besides Turkic tribes, some scholars believe that the Mongol Empire also contributed to the spread of dumplings, perhaps introducing them to parts of Eastern Europe. These dumplings could have come by way of China or directly from some of the Turkic peoples the Mongols hired to run their empire. One theory is that this gave rise to dumplings like pelmeni in Russia, pierogi in Poland and vareniki in Ukraine. The Mongol Empire also controlled Korea and might have likewise introduced dumplings there. Later, after Chinese dumpling varieties were introduced to more countries, English speakers began calling them dumplings, which means “little lumps”. During the Second World War, Chinese “jiaozi” were brought to Japan. So what about the Italian dumpling-like pasta? Some historians think it might be brought by Arab conquerors. It’s unlikely that all dumpling dishes came from the same root tradition. However, we can appreciate the mysterious historical web that made dumplings so various. 1．What made Turkic peoples suspected to first spread dumplings? A．The languages they used. B．Their eating habits. C．Their dumpling-making skills. D．The newly found tombs. 2．What does the phrase “gathered steam” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Originated. B．Stabilized. C．Got well-cooked. D．Became popular. 3．What does paragraph 4 focus on? A．The spreading process of dumplings. B．The possible origins of dumplings. C．Differences between various dumplings. D．Reasons for the popularity of dumplings. 4．Which of the following best describe dumplings according to the passage? A．Delicious. B．Diverse. C．Unusual. D．Regional. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了有关饺子传播的一些历史。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But some scholars suspect they were first spread by nomadic(游牧的) Turkic peoples living in western China and Central Asia. This is thought to be the case because ‘manti,’ meaning ‘dumpling’ or ‘steamed bun’ in many Turkic languages, appears to be the root word for dumpling in several other languages.(但一些学者怀疑，它们最早是由生活在中国西部和中亚的突厥游牧民族传播的。之所以会被认为是这种情况，是因为‘manti’在许多突厥语中的意思是‘饺子’或‘馒头’，在其他几种语言中似乎是饺子的词根。)”可知，由于突厥语的“manti”在其他几种语言中似乎是饺子的词根，所以突厥民族被怀疑是最初传播饺子的人。故选A。 2．短语猜测题。根据第三段中的“Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China over the next thousand years.(在接下来的一千年里，饺子在中国继续流行并多样化。)”可知，在突厥之后的一千年里，饺子继续受到人们的喜爱，并且出现了多种形式，由此可推测出，“dumplings certainly gathered steam in ancient China”表示的是饺子无疑在古代中国很受欢迎。gather steam意为“受欢迎，流行”，与become popular的意思最接近。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“Besides Turkic tribes, some scholars believe that the Mongol Empire also contributed to the spread of dumplings, perhaps introducing them to parts of Eastern Europe.(除了突厥部落，一些学者认为蒙古帝国也对饺子的传播做出了贡献，也许将饺子引入了东欧的部分地区。)”和“The Mongol Empire also controlled Korea and might have likewise introduced dumplings there. Later, after Chinese dumpling varieties were introduced to more countries, English speakers began calling them dumplings, which means ‘little lumps’. During the Second World War, Chinese ‘jiaozi’ were brought to Japan.(蒙古帝国也控制了朝鲜，并可能在那里引入了饺子。后来，随着中国饺子品种被引入更多的国家，讲英语的人开始称它们为饺子，意思是‘小肿块’。第二次世界大战期间，中国的‘饺子’被带到了日本。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了饺子的传播过程。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China over the next thousand years. Instead of the traditional meat filling, some communities chose vegetarian(素食) dumplings. People developed new cooking methods.(在接下来的一千年里，饺子在中国继续流行并多样化。一些社会选择了素食饺子，而不是传统的肉馅。人们开发了新的烹饪方法。)”和最后一段中的“However, we can appreciate the mysterious historical web that made dumplings so various.(然而，我们可以欣赏到使饺子如此多样化的神秘历史之网。)”可知，饺子经过千年来的发展演变，有了不同的口味和烹饪方法，由此可推测出，用“多样化”（diverse）最能描述饺子。故选B。 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东华附实广雅深中四校·期末) Since the first astronauts spent time in space, scientists have known that space travel affects the human body in strange ways. Muscle and bone mass decrease and the risk of conditions usually associated with old age, such as cancers and cataracts (白内障), ticks up. Why the human body should decline faster in space is still largely a mystery, but one that researchers are dealing with increasing urgency as civilian space travel becomes more feasible. In a recent study that involved sending muscle samples to the International Space Station, some 250 miles above Earth, researchers from Stanford Medicine found that the lack of gravity in space impairs the normal regenerative ability of muscle. The samples were grown from muscle cells donated by healthy volunteers to resemble the bundled structure of muscle fibres. They spent seven days growing in space, then frozen until their return to Earth. The researchers found notable similarities between muscle that had spent a week in microgravity (gravity aboard the International Space Station is about 0.1% of gravity on Earth) and muscle in older adults with sarcopenia (肌肉减少症), a muscle-wasting condition that develops over decades. Both indicated a shift toward more fatty acid metabolism (脂肪酸代谢) and a greater tendency toward cell death. The impaired regeneration could contribute to why astronauts’ muscles weaken even with regular exercise. “Microgravity is almost like an accelerated disease-forming platform and environment,” said Ngan Huang, PhD, senior author of the study published recently in Stem Cell Reports. “It’s important to understand how microgravity is affecting different tissues in the body, with muscle being one of the most essential ones because of how much of it we have in our bodies.” Huang’s team also tested drugs that partially prevented these impairments in the muscle samples, which could benefit space travellers and Earth-bound seniors — perhaps even senior space travellers alike. Ultimately, Huang, who is also a principal investigator at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System hopes to find ways to enhance muscle regeneration to heal severe muscle injuries, like those many Soldiers injured during wars. 1．Which of the following best describes the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph 2? A．Difficult to complete. B．Lawful to conduct. C．Expensive to attempt. D．Possible to achieve. 2．What can we learn about the muscle samples in the recent study? A．They developed sarcopenia after a week in space. B．They were collected directly from volunteers’ muscles. C．They may fail to function properly after returning from space. D．They were frozen due to the freezing temperatures in microgravity. 3．Why is microgravity described as an “accelerated disease-forming platform”? A．It stops muscle from recovering after injury. B．It reproduces long-term conditions in a shorter time. C．It affects astronauts with pre-existing conditions only. D．It speeds up cancer and cataracts development in astronauts. 4．What is Huang likely to focus on in future research? A．Proving space travel advances aging in astronauts. B．Investigating microgravity’s impact on muscle structure. C．Creating ways to boost muscle regeneration in critical injuries. D．Designing exercises to prevent muscle loss during space travel. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了科学家发现太空的微重力环境会损害肌肉的正常再生能力，而这种症状和老年人的肌肉所患症状有相似性。 1．词句猜测题。根据“researchers are dealing with increasing urgency as civilian space travel becomes more feasible(随着民用太空旅行变得更加feasible，研究人员正在处理越来越紧迫的问题)”并结合常识可知，民用太空旅行变得越来越可行，所以研究人员才处理与太空旅行有关的紧迫问题，feasible意为“可行的”，与D项“可能实现的”意思一致。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The researchers found notable similarities between muscle that had spent a week in microgravity (gravity aboard the International Space Station is about 0.1% of gravity on Earth) and muscle in older adults with sarcopenia(肌肉减少症), a muscle-wasting condition that develops over decades.(研究人员发现，在微重力环境（国际空间站上的重力约为地球重力的0.1%）下一周的肌肉与患有肌肉减少症的老年人的肌肉之间存在显著相似之处，肌肉减少症是一种数十年来发展的肌肉萎缩症状)”可知，在微重力环境下一周的肌肉和患有肌肉减少症的老年人的肌肉之间有明显的相似之处，由此可推测出，肌肉样品从太空回来之后可能无法像正常肌肉一样运转。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The researchers found notable similarities between muscle that had spent a week in microgravity (gravity aboard the International Space Station is about 0.1% of gravity on Earth) and muscle in older adults with sarcopenia(肌肉减少症), a muscle-wasting condition that develops over decades.(研究人员发现，在微重力环境（国际空间站上的重力约为地球重力的0.1%）下度过一周的肌肉与患有肌肉减少症的老年人的肌肉之间存在显著相似之处，肌肉减少症是一种数十年来发展的肌肉萎缩症状)”可知，在微重力环境下一周的肌肉与老年人在数十年里萎缩的肌肉之间有明显相似之处，由此可推测出，微重力能够在较短时间里让慢性病产生，所以被称为加速疾病形成的平台。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, Huang, who is also a principal investigator at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System hopes to find ways to enhance muscle regeneration to heal severe muscle injuries, like those many Soldiers injured during wars.(最终，黄也是帕洛阿托退伍军人事务医疗保健系统的首席研究员，她希望找到促进肌肉再生的方法来治疗严重的肌肉损伤，例如许多在战争中受伤的士兵)”可推知，黄在未来可能专注于寻找方法来促进严重受损的肌肉再生。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) Technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive solution to help achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050. The technology involves arranging heat-absorbing firebricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use and maintain it at the high temperatures required for industrial processes. When needed, the heat can be released by passing air through channels in the layers of the bricks, thus allowing steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunlight are unavailable. The bricks are made from the same materials as the insulating bricks used thousands of years ago. Today, about 17% of all carbon dioxide emissions (排放) worldwide come from burning fossil fuels to produce heat for industrial processes. Generating industrial heat from renewable sources could all but remove these emissions. “By storing energy in the form closest to its end use, you reduce inefficiencies in energy transition,” said the researchers. “It’s said in our field that’ if you want hot showers, store hot water’; so this study can be summarized as ‘if you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks.’” The researchers examined the impact of using firebricks to store industrial process heat in149 countries by using computer models to assess costs, land requirements, health impacts, and emissions in two situations for an assumed future where those countries in 2050 are using renewables for all energy purposes. In one situation, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other heat energy storage for industrial processes. The researchers found firebricks enable a faster and lower-cost transition to renewables. Specifically, the situation with firebricks could cut capital costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries relative to the situation with no firebrick storage, while reducing demand for energy from the electricity supply. “What excites us is that the substantial benefit at low cost from multiple angles, from helping to reduce air pollution related deaths to easing global transition to clean renewables,” researchers commented. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about concerning the firebrick? A．Its key composition. B．Its potential limitations. C．Its working principle. D．Its historical background. 2．What can we learn about the firebrick in paragraph 3? A．It increases the use of fossil fuels. B．It helps to generate industrial heat. C．It contributes to energy sustainability. D．It stores energy in the form of hot water. 3．How did the researchers arrive at their conclusion in paragraph 4? A．By making a comparison. B．By presenting a phenomenon. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By building a computer model. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Firebricks Are the Future of Industrial Technology B．The Solar Power Helps Achieve Net Zero Emissions C．Renewable Energy Dominates Industrial Production D．Bronze Age Technology Could Aid Clean Energy Shift 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过介绍一种利用火砖储存热能的技术，详细阐述了其工作原理、潜在应用以及对实现联合国2050年净零排放气候目标的可能贡献。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The technology involves arranging heat-absorbing firebricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use and maintain it at the high temperatures required for industrial processes. When needed, the heat can be released by passing air through channels in the layers of the bricks, thus allowing steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunlight are unavailable. The bricks are made from the same materials as the insulating bricks used thousands of years ago.(这项技术包括将吸热耐火砖放置在一个隔热容器中，在容器中储存太阳能或风能产生的热量供以后使用，并将其保持在工业过程所需的高温下。当需要时，热量可以通过砖块层中的通道通过空气释放出来，这样即使在没有风和阳光的情况下，钢铁、玻璃和造纸厂也可以使用可再生能源。这些砖的材料与几千年前使用的隔热砖相同)”可知，本段主要讲述了防火砖的工作原理。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Today, about 17% of all carbon dioxide emissions (排放) worldwide come from burning fossil fuels to produce heat for industrial processes. Generating industrial heat from renewable sources could all but remove these emissions. “By storing energy in the form closest to its end use, you reduce inefficiencies in energy transition,” said the researchers. “It’s said in our field that’ if you want hot showers, store hot water’; so this study can be summarized as ‘if you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks.’”(今天，全世界大约17%的二氧化碳排放来自燃烧化石燃料为工业生产过程供热。利用可再生能源生产工业热几乎可以消除这些排放。研究人员说：“通过以最接近其最终用途的形式储存能量，你可以减少能源转换的低效率。”“在我们的领域里，有人说‘如果你想洗热水澡，就储存热水’；因此，这项研究可以总结为‘如果你需要工业供热，那就把它储存在耐火砖里。’”)”可知，本段提及防火砖能减少能量转换的低效情况，也能减少碳排放，可知其有助于能源可持续性发展。故选C项。   3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers examined the impact of using firebricks to store industrial process heat in149 countries by using computer models to assess costs, land requirements, health impacts, and emissions in two situations for an assumed future where those countries in 2050 are using renewables for all energy purposes. In one situation, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other heat energy storage for industrial processes. The researchers found firebricks enable a faster and lower-cost transition to renewables. Specifically, the situation with firebricks could cut capital costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries relative to the situation with no firebrick storage, while reducing demand for energy from the electricity supply.(研究人员对149个国家使用耐火砖储存工业过程热量的影响进行了研究，他们使用计算机模型评估了成本、土地需求、健康影响和两种情况下的排放，假设这些国家在2050年所有能源目的都使用可再生能源。在一种情况下，耐火砖提供了90%的工业过程热量。另一方面，在工业过程中没有采用耐火砖或其他热能储存。研究人员发现耐火砖可以更快、更低成本地过渡到可再生能源。具体来说，与没有耐火砖储能相比，使用耐火砖储能可以在149个国家削减1.27万亿美元的资本成本，同时减少对电力供应的能源需求)”可知，研究人员通过计算有耐火砖和没用耐火砖之间的结果来得出结论，所以是通过比较。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive solution to help achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050.(可以追溯到青铜器时代的技术可能会提供一种快速而廉价的解决方案，帮助实现联合国2050年净零排放的气候目标)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要围绕一种复古的技术“防火砖”如何帮助清洁能源发展这一主题展开，强调了这一技术对能源转型的重要作用，所以D项“青铜时代的技术有助于清洁能源的转变”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 Passage 3 (24-25高三上·广东揭阳·期末) Rancho Los Cerritos, a historic site and museum in Long Beach, illustrates the local history of Spanish, Mexican, and European cultures. In 2022, a special project, an advanced stormwater recycling system, was started there. This system collects, stores and reuses rainwater on site, helping to save water and showing how to deal with droughts and changing weather patterns. The project also includes a public education program called “Looking Back to Advance Forward.” It’s a mix of new technology and nature-based solutions that the Tongva people, native to the area, developed over 5,000 years ago. With this innovative hybrid system, the Rancho will collect and reuse almost 100% of the rainwater, reducing water use and keeping pollutants out of the wetlands, the Los Angeles River, and the ocean. Why is this stormwater management system a big deal? It’s the first of its kind in the U.S. at a historic site like this. It uses special bricks that let water pass through. These bricks are at the top of the site and the water flows down into an underground tank that holds 22,000 gallons. The water in the tank is then filtered (过滤) and treated before being used to water the historic gardens. The site is on a hill, which allows people to use gravity to channel rainwater into a natural dry streambed at the lowest point of the property. The water in the dry stream is treated using biofiltration, which means using plants to help keep the water clean and balanced. Simply speaking, Rancho Los Cerritos’ stormwater system is like a big, smart sponge (海绵) that absorbs rainwater, cleans it, and then uses it to keep the gardens green. It’s away of respecting the past and the environment while preparing for the future. 1．Why did Rancho Los Cerrito start a special project? A．To tackle the dry weather. B．To create a tourist attraction. C．To illustrate the local history. D．To reduce the annual rainfall. 2．What can we learn about the stormwater system from Para.2&3? A．It can collect and reuse all the rainfall. B．It was developed over 5,000 years ago. C．It’s the first to be used in a U.S. historic site. D．It’s the largest system built in American history. 3．How does the stormwater system work? A．It pumps water from a river. B．It treats water with chemicals. C．Special bricks allow water to flow through. D．Water flows directly to the historic gardens. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The history of Rancho Los Cerritos. B．A water protection project in California. C．An innovative stormwater system at a historic site. D．A traditional stormwater recycle system in Rancho. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是一个历史遗址上的创新雨水回收系统。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“This system collects, stores and reuses rainwater on site, helping to save water and showing how to deal with droughts and changing weather patterns.(该系统在现场收集、储存和再利用雨水，有助于节约用水，并展示了如何应对干旱和天气模式的变化。)”可知，Rancho Los Cerrito开始了一个特别的项目为了应对干燥的天气。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“It’s the first of its kind in the U.S. at a historic site like this.(它是美国首个在历史遗址上实施的此类系统。)”可知，这个雨水系统是第一个在美国历史遗址使用的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“It uses special bricks that let water pass through.(它使用特殊的砖块让水通过。)”可知，雨水系统通过用特殊的砖让水流过来运作。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In 2022, a special project, an advanced stormwater recycling system, was started there. This system collects, stores and reuses rainwater on site, helping to save water and showing how to deal with droughts and changing weather patterns.(2022年，一个特殊的项目，一个先进的雨水回收系统，在那里启动。该系统在现场收集、储存和再利用雨水，有助于节约用水，并展示如何应对干旱和不断变化的天气模式。)”可知，本文主要讲的是一个历史遗址上的创新雨水回收系统，因此主旨是C选项“An innovative stormwater system at a historic site.(历史遗址的创新雨水系统)”。故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Imagine this: You’re at an office job, wearing noise-canceling headphones to dampen the surrounding chatter. A co-worker arrives at your desk and asks a question, but rather than needing to remove the headphones and say, “What?”, you hear the question clearly. Meanwhile, the water-cooler chat across the room remains muted. A team led by researchers at the University of Washington has created a headphone prototype (原型) that allows listeners to create just such a “sound bubble (音泡)”. The team’s artificial intelligence（AI) combined with a headphone prototype allow the wearer to hear people speaking within a bubble with a programmable radius (半径) of 3 to 6 feet. Voices and sounds outside the bubble are quieted an average of 49 decibels (分贝), even if the distant sounds are louder than those inside the bubble. “Humans aren’t great at perceiving distances through sound, particularly when there are multiple sound sources around them,” said senior author Shyam Gollakota, a UW professor in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering. “Our AI system can actually learn the distance for each sound source in a room, and process this in real time, within 8 milliseconds, on the hearing device itself.” Researchers created the prototype with commercially available noise-canceling headphones. They affixed six small microphones across the headband. The team’s neural network - running on a small onboard embedded computer attached to the headphones - tracks when different sounds reach each microphone. The system then lowers the sounds coming from outside the bubble, while playing back and slightly enhancing the sounds inside the bubble. The system has been trained to work only indoors, because getting clean training audio is more difficult outdoors. Next, the team is working to make the technology function on hearing aids and noise-canceling earbuds, which requires a new strategy for positioning the microphones. 1．What does the underlined word “dampen” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Interrupt. B．Weaken. C．Destroy. D．Remove. 2．What can the sound bubble created by the headphones do? A．Prevent all sounds equally. B．Recognize the wearer’s voice. C．Pick up specific sounds. D．Ignore noise outside the bubble. 3．How does the AI determine sound distances? A．By learning in real time. B．By counting sound sources. C．By using air pressure changes. D．By comparing sound volume. 4．What may be the team’s next mission? A．Enhancing audio clarity in outdoor environments. B．Creating a larger sound bubble for more speakers. C．Developing noise-canceling algorithms for louder sounds. D．Adapting the system for use in hearing aids and earbuds. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍由华盛顿大学的研究人员领导的一个研究小组发明了一种降噪耳机原型。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“Imagine this: You’re at an office job, wearing noise-canceling headphones to dampen the surrounding chatter. A co-worker arrives at your desk and asks a question, but rather than needing to remove the headphones and say, “What?”, you hear the question clearly. (想象一下：你在办公室工作，戴着降噪耳机来 周围的嘈杂声。一位同事来到你的办公桌前，问了一个问题，而不是拿掉耳机说：“什么？，你就能清楚地听到这个问题。)”根据句意可知是戴着降噪耳机，所以应该是减弱周围嘈杂声，这样不用拿掉耳机就能听清同事问的问题，所以dampen意为“减弱”，和Weaken同义，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The team’s artificial intelligence（AI) combined with a headphone prototype allow the wearer to hear people speaking within a bubble with a programmable radius (半径) of 3 to 6 feet. Voices and sounds outside the bubble are quieted an average of 49 decibels (分贝), even if the distant sounds are louder than those inside the bubble. (该团队将人工智能（AI）与耳机原型相结合，使佩戴者能够在3至6英尺的可编程半径（1 / 4）内听到人们说话。即使远处的声音比气泡内的声音大，气泡外的声音平均也会安静49分贝。)”可知，这种耳机创造的音泡能让佩戴者听到音泡内的声音，同时降低音泡外的声音，故推断耳机产生的音泡能接收特定的声音，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Our AI system can actually learn the distance for each sound source in a room, and process this in real time, within 8 milliseconds, on the hearing device itself. (我们的人工智能系统实际上可以了解房间里每个声源的距离，并在听觉设备上实时处理，时间为8毫秒。)”可知， AI系统能通过实时学习来确定每个声源的距离。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Next, the team is working to make the technology function on hearing aids and noise-canceling earbuds, which requires a new strategy for positioning the microphones. (接下来，该团队正在努力使这项技术在助听器和降噪耳塞上发挥作用，这需要一种新的定位麦克风的策略。)”可知，团队下一步工作的任务是调整系统以便在助听器和降噪耳塞上发挥作用，故选D。 Passage 5 (23-24高三上·广东江门·期末) Remember Malcolm Gladwell’s famous “10,000-hour rule” from his bestselling book Outliers? It proposes that achieving mastery in any field requires roughly 10,000 hours of practice, emphasizing the importance of early professionalization and intensive practice for becoming an elite in a particular field. This approach, known as “deliberate practice”, encourages setting goals from a young age, investing time and specializing in a specific field. On paper, it sounds like a good path to success, but when we look at the lives of elite athletes, musicians and scholars, we find a different story. In reality, many individuals who have risen to the top of their respective fields took a more diverse and winding route. They often explored a wide range of activities, gained a broad skill set, and only specialized at a later stage in life. In other words, the idea that one must know one’s specialization from a young age is fundamentally wrong. Studies have shown that an approach called the “sampling period” is often more effective for achieving success. During this phase, individuals try various activities, gain diverse skills, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and only choose a field to specialize in once they have a clearer understanding of their passions and abilities. Elite athletes, for example, rarely specialize in a single sport at a very young age. Instead, they engage in a variety of sports during their formative years, which allows them to acquire broad physical skills and discover their interests and talents. These early diversification experiences provide valuable lessons that can be applied to their chosen sports. Consider the journey of Roger Federer, one of the greatest tennis players of all time. At the age of 6, he dabbled in rugby, skiing and wrestling, only returning to tennis later. The trial period benefited him not just because he found his true passion but also because his experiences in various sports enriched his tennis game with a unique set of skills. 1．What does the author think of “10,000-hour rule”? A．It’s effective. B．It’s costly. C．It’s unpractical. D．It’s unproven. 2．“Deliberate practice” stresses the importance of the following aspects except ______. A．early goal-setting B．diverse skills C．focused practice D．field specialization 3．Why is Roger Federer mentioned in the last paragraph? A．To show the difficulty to be an elite athlete. B．To prove the advantage of the “sampling period”. C．To give an example of applying “deliberate practice”. D．To tell us one of the greatest tennis players of all time. 4．Which statement would the author probably agree with? A．Kids should try many kinds of activities. B．Passion can be found at a young age. C．Many failures can lead to successes. D．Learn to be an athlete since young. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是“一万小时”定律以及其不实际性。同时研究表明，一种被称为“抽样周期”的方法通常更有效地取得成功。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“On paper, it sounds like a good path to success, but when we look at the lives of elite athletes, musicians and scholars, we find a different story. In reality, many individuals who have risen to the top of their respective fields took a more diverse and winding route. They often explored a wide range of activities, gained a broad skill set, and only specialized at a later stage in life. In other words, the idea that one must know one’s specialization from a young age is fundamentally wrong.(从表面上看，这听起来像是一条通往成功的好途径，但当我们观察精英运动员、音乐家和学者的生活时，我们会发现一个不同的故事。实际上，许多在各自领域登上顶峰的人走的是一条更加多样化和曲折的道路。他们经常探索各种各样的活动，获得广泛的技能，只有在生命的后期才会专业化。换句话说，一个人必须从小就了解自己的专业的想法从根本上是错误的)”可知，作者认为“一万小时规则”是不实际的。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段“It proposes that achieving mastery in any field requires roughly 10,000 hours of practice, emphasizing the importance of early professionalization and intensive practice for becoming an elite in a particular field.(它提出，要在任何领域达到精通，都需要大约1万个小时的练习，强调早期专业化和密集练习对于成为某一领域的精英的重要性)”以及第二段“This approach, known as “deliberate practice”, encourages setting goals from a young age, investing time and specializing in a specific field.(这种方法被称为“刻意练习”，鼓励人们从小就设定目标，投入时间，专攻某一特定领域)”可知，“刻意练习”没有强调多种技能的重要性。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Consider the journey of Roger Federer, one of the greatest tennis players of all time. At the age of 6, he dabbled in rugby, skiing and wrestling, only returning to tennis later. The trial period benefited him not just because he found his true passion but also because his experiences in various sports enriched his tennis game with a unique set of skills.(想想有史以来最伟大的网球运动员之一罗杰·费德勒的经历吧。6岁时，他开始涉足橄榄球、滑雪和摔跤，后来才重新回到网球上。这段试用期让他受益，不仅因为他找到了自己真正的激情，还因为他在各种运动中的经历丰富了他的网球比赛，使他拥有了一套独特的技能)”可推知，最后一段提到了罗杰·费德勒是为了证明“抽样周期”的优势。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Instead, they engage in a variety of sports during their formative years, which allows them to acquire broad physical skills and discover their interests and talents.(相反，他们在成长过程中参加各种各样的运动，这使他们获得广泛的身体技能，发现他们的兴趣和才能)”可知，作者认为孩子们应该尝试各种各样的活动。故选A。 Passage 6 (24-25高三上·广东深圳罗湖区·期末) Large Language Models (LLMs)are artificial intelligence systems designed to process and generate natural language. Trained on large datasets, they can perform tasks like translation, summarization, and academic writing. However, their use comes with challenges and risks. One major issue with LLMs is “hallucination”, where the model produces summaries that sound convincing but are based on unreliable or incorrect data. For instance, in 2023, researcher sat the University of California used an LLM to assist with a drug research review. However, the model cited journals and articles that appeared credible but were entirely fabricated, leading there searchers to withdraw their paper during the peer review(同行评审) process. David Leslie, a professor at Queen Mary University of London, highlights another significant challenge: “The LLM operates like a black box, with its internal workings hidden, making it hard to understand how outputs are generated, raising concerns about its reliability-even when results seem accurate.” Without insight into how the LLM reaches its conclusions, users cannot be sure whether the outputs are based on solid data, increasing the potential for errors or unintended consequences. Another problem with LLMs is their reliance on historical data, which can lead to biases(偏见). For example, in IT hiring, if the model is trained on data where most employees were male, it may unintentionally favor male candidates. The model simply learns from past patterns without understanding why they exist or questioning whether they are reasonable, potentially deepening outdated trends and overlooking factors like diversity goals or current qualifications. This can result in unfair outcomes for women and other underrepresented groups. While LLMs can process data and generate responses, they lack the ability to analyze, evaluate, and make independent decisions. In contrast, humans can use logic, context, and experience to solve complex problems and make informed choices. Therefore, LLMs should be seen as an enhancement, not a replacement for human judgment. 1．Why did researchers at the University of California withdraw their paper? A．They cited non-existent data. B．They made up research results. C．They presented over-simplified research. D．They put forward miscalculated statistics. 2．Why does David Leslie describe the LLM as a black box? A．Its decision-making is invisible. B．Its reasoning process is data-based. C．It can process complicated datasets. D．It may generate incorrect information. 3．Which aspect of LLMs does paragraph 4 mainly focus on? A．Its dependence on IT experts. B．Its lack of critical assessment C．Its inability to learn from history D．Its preference for professional candidates. 4．What could be the best title for the text? A．LLMs: Reliable or Risky? B．LLMs: The Future or a Passing Trend? C．LLMs for Researchers: Friends or Enemies? D．LLMs in Science: Enhancement or Decline? 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了大型语言模型（LLMs）虽然能执行多种自然语言处理任务，但存在着诸如“幻觉”、黑箱操作、数据偏见以及缺乏独立决策能力等挑战和风险。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For instance, in 2023, researcher sat the University of California used an LLM to assist with a drug research review. However, the model cited journals and articles that appeared credible but were entirely fabricated, leading there searchers to withdraw their paper during the peer review(同行评审) process.(例如，2023年，加州大学的研究人员使用大型语言模型（LLM）协助进行药物研究综述。然而，该模型引用的期刊和文章看似可信但完全是编造的，导致研究人员在同行评审过程中撤回了他们的论文)”可知，加州大学的研究人员撤回论文是因为他们引用了不存在的数据，故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“David Leslie, a professor at Queen Mary University of London, highlights another significant challenge: “The LLM operates like a black box, with its internal workings hidden, making it hard to understand how outputs are generated, raising concerns about its reliability - even when results seem accurate”(伦敦玛丽女王大学的教授David Leslie强调了另一个重大挑战：“大型语言模型（LLM）就像一个黑箱，其内部运作是隐藏的，这使得很难理解输出是如何产生的，即使结果看起来准确，也会引发对其可靠性的担忧。”)”可知，David Leslie将LLM描述为黑箱是因为其决策过程是不可见的，故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Another problem with LLMs is their reliance on historical data, which can lead to biases(偏见). For example, in IT hiring, if the model is trained on data where most employees were male, it may unintentionally favor male candidates. The model simply learns from past patterns without understanding why they exist or questioning whether they are reasonable, potentially deepening outdated trends and overlooking factors like diversity goals or current qualifications. This can result in unfair outcomes for women and other underrepresented groups.(大型语言模型（LLMs）的另一个问题是它们对历史数据的依赖，这可能导致偏见。例如，在IT招聘中，如果模型是基于大多数员工为男性的数据进行训练的，它可能会无意地偏向男性候选人。该模型只是从过去的模式中学习，而不理解它们存在的原因，也不质疑它们是否合理，这可能会加深过时的趋势，忽视多样性目标或当前资格等因素。这可能会导致女性和其他代表性不足的群体面临不公平的结果)”可知，第四段主要关注的是LLMs缺乏批判性评估这一方面，故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Large Language Models (LLMs)are artificial intelligence systems designed to process and generate natural language. Trained on large datasets, they can perform tasks like translation, summarization, and academic writing. However, their use comes with challenges and risks(大型语言模型（LLMs）是设计用于处理和生成自然语言的人工智能系统。通过在大型数据集上训练，它们可以执行翻译、总结和学术写作等任务。然而，它们的使用也带来了挑战和风险)”、第三段“The LLM operates like a black box, with its internal workings hidden, making it hard to understand how outputs are generated, raising concerns about its reliability-even when results seem accurate.” Without insight into how the LLM reaches its conclusions, users cannot be sure whether the outputs are based on solid data, increasing the potential for errors or unintended consequences.( LLM的运作就像是一个黑箱，其内部工作原理隐藏起来，使得难以理解输出是如何生成的，这引发了对其可靠性的担忧——即使结果看起来准确。由于无法深入了解LLM如何得出其结论，用户无法确定输出是否基于可靠的数据，这增加了错误或意外后果的可能性)”以及最后一段“While LLMs can process data and generate responses, they lack the ability to analyze, evaluate, and make independent decisions. In contrast, humans can use logic, context, and experience to solve complex problems and make informed choices. Therefore, LLMs should be seen as an enhancement, not a replacement for human judgment(虽然LLM可以处理数据并生成响应，但它们缺乏分析、评估和做出独立决策的能力。相比之下，人类可以利用逻辑、情境和经验来解决复杂问题并做出明智的选择。因此，LLM应被视为对人类判断的增强，而不是替代)”可知，文章开篇介绍了大型语言模型（LLMs）能处理和生成自然语言等功能，接着重点阐述了它存在的诸如 “幻觉” 现象（引用不可靠或错误数据）、像黑箱一样难以知晓其输出如何产生、依赖历史数据导致偏见以及缺乏分析评估和独立决策能力等诸多问题和风险，整体是在探讨LLMs可靠与否的问题，A项“LLMs: Reliable or Risky?(大型语言模型：可靠还是有风险？)”表达的含义适合用作本文标题，故选A项。 Passage 7 (24-25高三上·广东汕头·期末) Artificial intelligence can help accurately map and track penguin colonies (聚居地) in Antarctica by analysing tourist photos. “Right now, everyone has a camera in their pocket, and so the amount of data being collected around the world is incredible,” says Heather Lynch at Stony Brook University in New York. Haoyu Wu at Stony Brook University and his colleagues, including Lynch, used an AI tool to highlight Adélie penguins in photographs taken by tourists or scientists on the ground. With guidance from a human expert, the AI tool was able to automatically identify and outline entire colonies in photos. This semi-automated method is much faster than doing everything manually (手动地) because the AI tool takes just 5 to 10 seconds per image, compared with a person taking 1 to 2 minutes. The team also created a 3D digital model of the Antarctic landscape using satellite imagery and data. By identifying landscape details in the tourist pictures, the researchers could place the photographer, then the penguin colony, accurately within the 3D model. This transformation of ground photos into a bird’s-eye view allows researchers to track how penguin colonies change in location and population size over time, which could prove especially helpful in remote regions of the world. Such tracking is important because Adélie penguins are considered a sentinel species, meaning shifts in their population are an indicator of climate change. The AI-assisted technique can also employ historical imagery to track phenomena such as glacier changes that “occur very slowly and may only be evident by looking across decades of time”, says Lynch. But researchers remain divided over the impacts of Antarctic tourism — the two large Adélie penguin groups evaluated by the researchers are often visited by tour ships. “Some are worried that, by encouraging tourists to do citizen science, we are justifying their trips, which will be used by the cruise (游轮) companies to sell more tickets,” says Fretwell. 1．Where did the research data come from? A．Expert data base. B．Maps marked by AI. C．3D digital model. D．Images shot by tourists. 2．What role did AI play in highlighting Adélie penguins? A．It served as an assistant. B．It acted as a predictor. C．It replaced the human experts. D．It conducted the entire research. 3．Why did the researchers track the changes of Adélie penguin colonies? A．To gather data on tourism. B．To monitor penguin behaviors. C．To examine the effects of AI. D．To further study the climate change. 4．Which of the following best describes researchers’ attitudes towards Antarctic tourism? A．Unclear. B．Controversial. C．Indifferent. D．Supportive. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能通过分析游客照片，可以帮助准确绘制和跟踪南极企鹅聚居地。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段“Artificial intelligence can help accurately map and track penguin colonies (聚居地) in Antarctica by analysing tourist photos.(人工智能可以通过分析游客照片，帮助准确绘制和跟踪南极企鹅聚居地。)”和第二段第一句“Haoyu Wu at Stony Brook University and his colleagues, including Lynch, used an AI tool to highlight Adélie penguins in photographs taken by tourists or scientists on the ground.(纽约石溪大学的吴浩宇和他的同事，包括林奇，使用了一种人工智能工具来突出游客或地面科学家拍摄的照片中的阿德利企鹅。)”可知，研究数据来自游客拍摄的照片。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Haoyu Wu at Stony Brook University and his colleagues, including Lynch, used an AI tool to highlight Adélie penguins in photographs taken by tourists or scientists on the ground. With guidance from a human expert, the AI tool was able to automatically identify and outline entire colonies in photos.(纽约石溪大学的吴浩宇和他的同事，包括林奇，使用了一种人工智能工具来突出游客或地面科学家拍摄的照片中的阿德利企鹅。在人工专家的指导下，人工智能工具能够自动识别并勾勒出照片中整个企鹅聚居地的轮廓。)”可知，人工智能在突出阿德利企鹅方面起到了助手的作用。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。由文章第三段“Such tracking is important because Adélie penguins are considered a sentinel species, meaning shifts in their population are an indicator of climate change.(这种跟踪很重要，因为阿德利企鹅被认为是一种指示物种，意味着它们种群的变化是气候变化的指标。)”可知，研究人员跟踪阿德利企鹅聚居地的变化是为了进一步研究气候变化。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“But researchers remain divided over the impacts of Antarctic tourism — the two large Adélie penguin groups evaluated by the researchers are often visited by tour ships. “Some are worried that, by encouraging tourists to do citizen science, we are justifying their trips, which will be used by the cruise (游轮) companies to sell more tickets,” says Fretwell.(但是，研究人员对南极洲旅游业的影响仍然存在分歧——研究人员评估的两个大型阿德利企鹅群经常受到游船的光顾。“一些人担心，通过鼓励游客进行公民科学活动，我们是在为他们的旅行找借口，这将被游轮公司用来出售更多的船票，”弗雷特威尔说。)”可知，研究人员对南极洲旅游业的态度是有争议的。故选B项。 Passage 8 (23-24高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) When you eagerly dig into a long-awaited dinner, it’s traditionally believed that signals from your stomach to your brain stop you eating so much. However, a research team recently discovered that it’s our sense of taste that immediately pulls us back from eating food overly on a hungry day. Stimulated by the perception of flavor, a set of brain cells become active to quickly curtail food intake. Previous studies have suggested that the food taste may control how fast we eat, but it’s been impossible to study relevant brain activities during eating because brain cells that control this process are located deep in our brains, making them hard to access or record in an awake animal. New techniques developed by the team allowed for the first-ever imaging and recording of a brainstem structure critical for feeling full, called NTS, in an active mouse. The new study found that when researchers put food directly into the mouse’s stomach, brain cells called PRLH were activated by signals from the gut (消化道), in line with traditional thinking. However, when they allowed the mice to eat the food as they normally would, those signals from the gut didn’t show up. Instead, the PRLH brain cells switched to a new activity pattern that was entirely controlled by signals from the mouth. “It’s astonishing that these cells were activated by the perception of taste,” said researchers. “It shows that there are other components of the appetite-control system that deserves our attention.” The PRLH-activated slowdown also makes sense in terms of timing. The taste of food allows PRLH to switch their activity in seconds. In contrast, another group of brain cells, called CGC, takes several minutes to respond to signals from the gut. The good thing is that CGC can hold back hunger for a much longer time. These two sets of brain cells interact to work together: one uses taste to slow down eating, while the other signals that you are full. Understanding how body signals regulate appetite could improve weight-loss programs for the overweight by making use of interactions between signals from different brain cell sets. 1．What does the underline word “curtail” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Activate. B．Limit. C．Expand. D．Assist. 2．What is the limitation of previous studies according to paragraph 2? A．Inadequate technologies. B．Inefficient funds. C．Unqualified professionals. D．Improper methods. 3．What did the new study find about PRLH brain cells when the mice normally ate? A．They helped stimulate the mice’s appetite. B．They encouraged the mice to speed up eating. C．They were activated by signals from the mouth. D．They were controlled by signals from the stomach. 4．What is the function of CGC brain cells? A．To slow down eating speed. B．To improve the digestion system. C．To extend the feeling of fullness. D．To interact with signals from taste. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，该研究表明，脑细胞PRLH在接收到来自口腔的信号时会迅速改变其活动模式，而另一组脑细胞CGC则需要几分钟才能对来自肠道的信号作出反应。这两种脑细胞相互作用，共同调节食欲。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“a research team recently discovered that it’s our sense of taste that immediately pulls us back from eating food overly on a hungry day.(一个研究小组最近发现，在饥饿的日子里，我们的味觉会立即把我们从过度进食中拉回来。)”可知，味觉可以阻止我们过度进食。由此可推测，划线单词指的是“减少”食物的摄入。选项A“Activate (激活)”；选项B“Limit (限制)”；选项C“Expand (扩展)”；选项D“Assist (协助)”。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Previous studies have suggested that the food taste may control how fast we eat, but it’s been impossible to study relevant brain activities during eating because brain cells that control this process are located deep in our brains, making them hard to access or record in an awake animal. New techniques developed by the team allowed for the first-ever imaging and recording of a brainstem structure critical for feeling full, called NTS, in an active mouse.(之前的研究表明，食物的味道可能会控制我们吃东西的速度，但研究进食过程中相关的大脑活动是不可能的，因为控制这一过程的脑细胞位于我们大脑的深处，很难在清醒的动物身上获得或记录它们。研究小组开发的新技术首次对活动小鼠的脑干结构NTS进行了成像和记录，该结构对饱腹感至关重要。)”中的“new techniques”可推测，以前的研究的局限性是因为技术不足。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“However, when they allowed the mice to eat the food as they normally would, those signals from the gut didn’t show up. Instead, the PRLH brain cells switched to a new activity pattern that was entirely controlled by signals from the mouth. “It’s astonishing that these cells were activated by the perception of taste,” said researchers. “It shows that there are other components of the appetite-control system that deserves our attention.”(然而，当他们让老鼠像往常一样吃这些食物时，这些来自肠道的信号就没有出现。相反，PRLH脑细胞切换到一种完全由口腔信号控制的新活动模式。研究人员说：“令人惊讶的是，这些细胞被味觉激活了。”“这表明食欲控制系统中还有其他组成部分值得我们关注。”)”可知，当老鼠正常进食时，PRLH脑细胞切换到一种完全由口腔信号控制的新活动模式，也就是说这些细胞被味觉激活了。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The good thing is that CGC can hold back hunger for a much longer time.(好消息是，CGC可以在更长的时间内抑制饥饿。)”可知，CGC脑细胞可以长时间抑制饥饿，也就是可以延长饱腹感。故选C。 主题06 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东深圳·期末) Scientists have a simple message recently: stop messing with the landscape of the Arctic. They’ve discovered that planting trees in the Arctic could actually speed up global warming rather than help fight against it. The study comes at a critical time, as various regions, including Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland, have begun carrying out or considering large-scale tree-planting projects in their northern territories. The problem lies in a phenomenon known as the albedo effect-the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight back into space. The snow-covered ground in the Arctic reflects about 75% of incoming sunlight, while dark evergreen trees reflect only about 10%. This difference means that replacing open plains in Arctic regions with forests actually traps more heat in the Earth’s system, despite the trees’ ability to capture (捕获) carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, the issues don’t stop there. When trees are planted in Arctic regions, they disturb the soil, which in these areas serves as one of Earth’s largest carbon banks. The Arctic’s permanently frozen soils contain more carbon than all the world’s plant life combined does. When this soil is disturbed by tree planting and root growth, it gives off stored carbon into the atmosphere, further contributing to global warming. “Soils in the Arctic store more carbon than all vegetation on Earth,” explains lead author Jeppe Kristensen, an assistant professor from Aarhus University. “These soils are extremely sensitive to disturbances. For example, they are affected when people plant trees or conduct agricultural activities there, or when tree roots grow into the soil.” The research team also found that trees in these regions face significant survival challenges. As climate change intensifies, these areas are experiencing more frequent wildfires, droughts, and pest outbreaks. When trees are overcome by these disturbances, any carbon they’ve stored is released back into the atmosphere. This nullifies the possible advantages they could offer as a means of capturing carbon, making the intended benefits of using trees for carbon capture ineffective. 1．What would happen if more trees were planted in the Arctic? A．They’d do more harm than good. B．They’d lower the temperature there. C．They’d bring more snow to the area. D．They’d capture more carbon than elsewhere. 2．What kind of disturbance can easily cause the Arctic soil to release carbon? A．The temperature changes. B．The freezing of ice and snow. C．The frequent wildfires. D．The tree planting activities. 3．What does the underlined word “nullifies” in the last paragraph mean? A．Cancels out. B．Results in. C．Stores up. D．Searches for. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Arctic Forest Benefits. B．Arctic Climate Change. C．Arctic Soil Features. D．Arctic Tree Planting Risks. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。科学家呼吁不要在北极地区种树。近期研究发现，在北极种树不但无法助力应对气候变化，反而可能加速全球变暖。反照率效应使森林聚集更多热量，种树还会扰动富含碳的土壤，导致碳释放。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The snow-covered ground in the Arctic reflects about 75% of incoming sunlight, while dark evergreen trees reflect only about 10%. This difference means that replacing open plains in Arctic regions with forests actually traps more heat in the Earth’s system, despite the trees’ ability to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (北极地区被雪覆盖的地面反射了大约75%的阳光，而深色的常绿树木只反射了大约10%的阳光。这种差异意味着，尽管树木能够从大气中吸收二氧化碳，但用森林取代北极地区的开阔平原实际上会在地球系统中吸收更多的热量)”可知，在北极地区，被雪覆盖的地面能够反射75%的阳光，而树木仅能够反射10%的阳光，虽然树木能够捕获大气中的二氧化碳，但总的来说，在北极种树弊大于利。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When this soil is disturbed by tree planting and root growth, it gives off stored carbon into the atmosphere, further contributing to global warming. (当这种土壤受到树木种植和根系生长的干扰时，它会将储存的碳释放到大气中，进一步加剧全球变暖)”可知，当种树活动以及树根生长对北极土壤造成干扰时，会致使土壤释放所储存的碳到大气中，进一步加剧全球变暖。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“When trees are overcome by these disturbances, any carbon they’ve stored is released back into the atmosphere. (当树木受到这些干扰时，它们储存的任何碳都被释放回大气中)”以及后文“making the intended benefits of using trees for carbon capture ineffective (使利用树木进行碳捕获的预期效益失效)”可知，树木受到各类干扰后，其储存的碳又重新释放回大气中了，这样一来就使得它们原本的碳捕捉优势不复存在了，也就是把这些优势抵消了。由此可推知，画线词意为“抵消，使无效”，与A项含义一致。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“They’ve discovered that planting trees in the Arctic could actually speed up global warming rather than help fight against it. (他们发现，在北极种植树木实际上会加速全球变暖，而不是帮助对抗全球变暖)”以及文章从头至尾都是围绕在北极种树这一行为所带来的各种风险来进行论述的，例如因反照率效应使得热量被更多留存、种树会扰动土壤进而释放碳、该地区树木面临诸多生存挑战致使碳捕捉原本应有的好处无法实现等一系列相关问题。由此可推知，D项“北极植树风险”最适合作文章标题。故选D。 Passage 2 (24-25高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Shocking declines in bird populations are taking place around the world. So concludes a study from scientists at multiple institutions, published today in the journal Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Loss and degradation (恶化) of natural habitats and direct overexploitation of many species are regarded as the key threats to avian (鸟类的) biodiversity. Climate change is identified as an emerging driver of bird population decline. The study says approximately 48% of existing bird species worldwide are known or suspected to be undergoing population decline. Populations are stable for 39% of species. Only 6% are showing increasing population trends, and the status of 7% is still unknown. The study authors reviewed changes in avian biodiversity using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species to reveal population changes among the world’s 11,000 bird species. “After documenting the loss of nearly 3 billion birds in North America alone, it was shocking to see the same patterns of population decline and extinction occurring globally,” says conservation scientist Ken Rosenberg from the Cornell Lab. “Because birds are highly visible and sensitive indicators of environmental health, we know their loss signals a much wider loss of biodiversity and threats to human health and well-being.” Despite their findings, study authors say there is hope for avian conservation efforts, but transformative change is needed. “The fate of bird populations is strongly dependent on stopping the loss and degradation of habitats,” says Rosenberg. “That is often driven by the demand for resources. We need to better consider how commodity (商品) flows can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprints on the natural world.” “Fortunately, the global network of bird conservation organizations taking part in this study have the tools to prevent further loss of bird species and abundance,” adds Rosenberg. “From land protection to policies supporting sustainable resource use, it all depends on the will of governments and of society to live side by side with nature on our shared planet.” 1．Which of the following is a new cause of bird population decline? A．Climate change. B．Degradation of natural habitats. C．Loss of natural habitats. D．Direct overexploitation of many species. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The effect of bird population decline. B．The current situation of global birds. C．The consequence of bird population decline. D．The population of global birds. 3．What is necessary for the success of avian conservation efforts? A．Increased urbanization. B．Enhanced genetic modification. C．Reduced demand for resources. D．Expanded agricultural land. 4．What does Rosenberg think of bird conservation organizations? A．They focus only on land protection. B．They lack the necessary tools for conservation. C．They rely mainly on government policies for success. D．They can prevent further loss of bird species with proper support. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了全球鸟类数量下降的现象及其原因和解决办法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Loss and degradation (恶化) of natural habitats and direct overexploitation of many species are regarded as the key threats to avian (鸟类的) biodiversity. Climate change is identified as an emerging driver of bird population decline.( 自然栖息地的丧失和退化以及许多物种的直接过度开发被认为是鸟类生物多样性的主要威胁。气候变化被认为是鸟类数量下降的一个新兴驱动因素。)”可知，自然栖息地的丧失和恶化以及对许多物种的直接过度开发是对鸟类生物多样性的关键威胁，而气候变化被认为是鸟类数量下降的一个新的驱动因素。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The study says approximately 48% of existing bird species worldwide are known or suspected to be undergoing population decline. Populations are stable for 39% of species. Only 6% are showing increasing population trends, and the status of 7% is still unknown. The study authors reviewed changes in avian biodiversity using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species to reveal population changes among the world’s 11,000 bird species.( 该研究称，全世界大约48%的现有鸟类物种已知或被怀疑正在经历数量下降。39%的物种种群是稳定的。只有6%的人口呈增长趋势，7%的人口状况尚不清楚。该研究的作者利用来自国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录的数据，回顾了鸟类生物多样性的变化，揭示了世界上1.1万种鸟类的种群变化。)”可知，主要介绍了全球现有鸟类物种中，大约48%已知或疑似数量在下降，39% 的物种数量稳定，只有6%的物种数量呈增长趋势，7%的物种状况仍未知，即讲述了全球鸟类的现状。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段““The fate of bird populations is strongly dependent on stopping the loss and degradation of habitats,” says Rosenberg. “That is often driven by the demand for resources. We need to better consider how commodity (商品) flows can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprints on the natural world.”(罗森伯格说：“鸟类种群的命运在很大程度上取决于阻止栖息地的丧失和退化。”“这通常是由对资源的需求驱动的。我们需要更好地考虑商品流动如何导致生物多样性丧失，并努力减少人类对自然界的影响。”)”可知，鸟类种群的命运在很大程度上取决于停止栖息地的丧失和恶化，而这往往是由对资源的需求驱动的，所以需要减少对资源的需求，以保护鸟类栖息地，从而有利于鸟类保护工作的成功。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Fortunately, the global network of bird conservation organizations taking part in this study have the tools to prevent further loss of bird species and abundance,” adds Rosenberg. “From land protection to policies supporting sustainable resource use, it all depends on the will of governments and of society to live side by side with nature on our shared planet.”(“幸运的是，参与这项研究的全球鸟类保护组织网络拥有防止鸟类物种和数量进一步减少的工具，”罗森伯格补充说。“从土地保护到支持资源可持续利用的政策，这一切都取决于政府和社会在我们共同的星球上与自然共存的意愿。”)”可知，罗森伯格认为参与这项研究的全球鸟类保护组织有能力阻止鸟类物种和数量的进一步减少，只是这一切取决于政府和社会与自然和谐共处的意愿，即在适当的支持下，它们可以防止鸟类物种的进一步丧失。故选D项。 Passage 3 (24-25高三·广东清远清新区四校·期末) A recent study has found that using wood for construction instead of concrete (混凝土) and steel can reduce emissions (排放). But Tim Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和). “Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a part of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building,” he says. Efficiencies vary in different countries, but large amounts of a harvested tree are left to be divided into parts, used in short-lived products like paper or burned for energy, all of which generate emissions. In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled (塑造) how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel. Under some circumstances, the researchers found significant emissions reductions. But each case required what they considered an unrealistically high portion (份额) of the wood going towards construction, as well as rapid growth only seen in warmer places, like Brazil. In general, they found a large increase in global demand for wood would probably lead to rising emissions for decades. Accounting for emissions in this way, the researchers reported in a related paper that increasing forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 would add emissions equal to roughly 10 percent of total annual emissions. Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report’s conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.” 1．What is wrong with previous researches according to Searchinger? A．They got wrong statistics. B．They used an incorrect concept. C．They included too many factors. D．They were applied in limited countries. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The process of the new research. B．The background of the new study. C．The challenge of the new research. D．The achievements of the new study. 3．Which is CORRECT according to the passage? A．Using concrete and steel can reduce emissions. B．All of timber product can can take the place of the concrete amd steel. C．Only small part of wood can get into timber. D．We all should use wood to build our houses. 4．What is Ali Amiri’s attitude toward the new result? A．Favorable. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Objective. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，用木材建造的建筑可能并不像想象中的那么环保。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But Tim Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和). (但普林斯顿大学的Tim Searchinger表示，许多研究都是基于一个错误的基础，即砍伐木材是碳中和的)”可知，Searchinger认为以前的研究都基于一个错误的概念。故选B项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled(塑造) how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel. (在世界资源研究所(World Resources Institute)的一份报告中，Searchinger和他的同事们模拟了在2010年至2050年期间，使用更多的木材用于建筑将如何影响排放，其中包括砍伐木材产生的排放。他们考虑了各种类型的森林和用于建筑的部分木材。他们还考虑了更换混凝土和钢材所节省的排放。)”可知，第二段主要介绍新研究的过程。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a part of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building (只有一小部分木材被制成木制品，其中的一部分被制成可以取代建筑中的混凝土和钢材的木制品)”可知，只有一小部分木头能进入木材。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report’s conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.””(芬兰阿尔托大学的阿里·阿米里表示，报告中关于需求增长导致的排放的结论可能是正确的，但对于我们已经收获的木材来说，情况就不同了。他说：“提高当前收成的效率，并将更多的木材用于比纸张寿命更长的目的，将减少排放。”。“我们不能只是说我们应该停止使用木材。”)”可知，Ali Amiri对此研究结果有一定的肯定性，但是他又表示我们不能说我们就应该停止使用木材。故他对此研究结果从正反两方面都进行了说明，其态度是客观公正的。故选D项。 Passage 4 (23-24高三上·广东揭阳汕尾·期末) Last month, a part of the Negro River in the Amazon rainforest reduced to a de$ 专题03 阅读理解（ 说明文） 主题01 人与自我——做人与做事 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东汕头·期末) When you’re bored, do you start scanning through short videos? That might not ease your boredom. According to a recent study, switching between videos or fast-forwarding through them can bore you even more. Boredom is an uncomfortable emotion which can develop when a situation lacks newness or meaning. But it serves a purpose. Boredom signals that there is something more pleasurable to do. This can motivate people to explore their environment and stop investing time in an activity that has little to offer. Katy Y. Y. Tam, from the University of Toronto Scarborough in Canada, is a scientist and psychologist. In 2021, Tam developed a theory called the “Boredom Feedback Model”, stating that boredom happens when your attention shifts from one thing to another. This type of boredom can happen when people start watching one online video, then, fast-forward or skip to the next one. Tam ran experiments with more than 1,200 people, and showed that people switched to new videos when they were bored. These people believed switching videos would make them less bored. But the result was just the opposite. In one experiment, people watched a single video for 10 minutes. Next, scientists asked them to watch seven shorter videos, with the ability to skip to the next. On average, people skipped eight times. When skipping around, people reported feeling more bored, less satisfied, and less engaged than when they fully watched a single video. Growing evidence shows that boredom is on the rise. Bored people often turn to their phones, but report being more bored. Psychology professor Michael Inzlicht, who worked on the study with Tam, said he had been fascinated by rising boredom in recent years. He thought it could be due to a lack of concentration. “When you’re absorbed, you don’t feel bored. When your attention is spread, you’re almost by definition not satisfied,” Inzlicht said. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Signals of boredom. B．A positive aspect of boredom. C．The purpose of the experiments. D．Motivations of the experiments. 2．According to the “Boredom Feedback Model”, what causes boredom? A．Mind-engaging tasks. B．Changing focus constantly. C．Watching online videos. D．Time-consuming activities. 3．What would people generally expect when skipping videos? A．Boredom would be killed. B．Self-satisfaction would be achieved. C．Attention would be enhanced. D．More information would be obtained. 4．According to Michael Inzlicht, which of the following behavior would help avoid boredom? A．Limiting the time of screen use. B．Aimlessly adopting different activities. C．Engaging in attention-demanding tasks. D．Frequently shifting learning subjects in a short time. Passage 2 (24-25高三上·广东深圳罗湖区·期末) After meeting someone for the first time, do you see yourself as a humorous person who heats up the atmosphere? Or do you imagine all the ways you may have bored others? If you identify with the former description, you are in the minority. Many studies show the average people take a rather low opinion of their conversational abilities and the social impressions they leave when dealing with complicated interpersonal relationship. But on the contrary, chances are that we are often much more amiable than we think. The mismatch between our thought of our social performance, and others’ opinions of us, is known as the “liking gap”. It may restrict our ability to form healthy relationships in our personal lives, and also get in the way of beneficial teamwork. Studies conducted by Erica Boothby and Gus Cooney psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania, show that the liking gap may simply arise from too much self reflection. “Too much self reflection causes terrible social experiences. We are so busy worrying about the impression we’ve given and analyzing every tiny thing that we might have said wrong, for example, a slip in tongue - that we don’t notice someone’s encouraging smile or the warmth in their eyes,” says Cooney. “When you’re very young, you might just assume that if someone’s nice to me, then they actually feel that way about me,” says Boothby. But as we get older, however, we start to realize that people may cover up their annoyance or boredom. “There’s more uncertainty in relating someone’s actions to how they actually feel about you.” As a result, as adults, we second-guess others’ reactions. A little self-awareness can, of course, be healthy. “It could make sense for me to call out some of my mistakes, so that I could correct them next time,” says Cooney. But many of us are far too pessimistic. And these judgement prevent us from connecting with people who may really appreciate us. So next time, don’t beat yourself up. Just walk up and have a lighthearted talk. 1．What does the underlined word “amiable” in paragraph I probably mean? A．Brilliant. B．Loose-tongued. C．Tight-lipped. D．Likeable 2．According to Cooney, what might too much self-reflection cause? A．A terrible impression. B．A defensive interaction. C．Unnecessary self-criticism. D．Unrealistic self-expectations. 3．What makes adults second-guess others’ reactions, according to paragraph 3? A．The fear of being misunderstood. B．The awareness of social complexity. C．The mismatch between promises and actions. D．The differences between cultural backgrounds. 4．Which statement will the author probably agree with? A．Go easy on people around you. B．Avoid unpleasant comments on others. C．Stop underestimating your social skills. D．Engage thoughtfully and respond appropriately 主题02 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 (23-24高三上·广东华南师范大学附属中学、实验中学、广雅中学、深圳高级中学四校·期末) Ryan is a good kid. He gets great grades, he plays lacrosse (长曲棍球), and he is well-liked. So Jennifer and her husband didn’t see any reason why their sixth-grade son couldn’t have an Instagram account, until Ryan posted a photo of himself holding an empty beer bottle that his father had just finished. “My husband saw the photo pop up on Ryan’s account and went up the stairs in seconds, demanding that he should take it down,” Jennifer says. “I don’t think my son realized how bad his picture looked. He was trying to be funny, but he’s in sixth grade! Even if he was simply posing, that picture was inappropriate.” With the popularity of photo-sharing site Instagram, it’s easy for parents to have a false sense of security. Unlike Facebook or Twitter, Instagram is only for posting pictures and with the 13+ age requirement and privacy feature, so it seems like an almost harmless site for children. How much trouble could they stir up? But that’s not the fact. Shockingly, some kids are paying for attention on social media. When Paula Pryor found a mysterious $700 charge on her credit card, the last thing she suspected it to be was payment to a company that helped acquire “likes” on Instagram pictures. “My son Hayden thought it was only ten dollars, but it was ten dollars per ‘like’,” says Pryor. Often, it’s not your own teen that’s cause for concern — it’s someone else’s kid. Megan Koster couldn’t figure out why her daughter Delaney suddenly became so anxious about whether her panty line could be seen through her jeans. Finally, Delaney said that she was worried someone would take a photo and post it on Instagram. “I don’t think I would have survived middle school if sites like this had existed back then,” Koster says. 1．What made Jennifer think her son Ryan could have an Instagram account? A．He gained popularity in school. B．He was skilled at using Instagram. C．He showed interest in taking photos. D．He was old enough and behaved well. 2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Instagram accounts. B．Social media. C．Pictures. D．Children. 3．Why did Pryor’s son pay the company $700? A．To obtain the picture he liked. B．To pay attention to social media. C．To get his photos noticed and liked. D．To pay the charge on his credit card. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Teen’s problems with Instagram. B．Inappropriate pictures from children. C．The influence of the Internet on young users. D．Concerns for the Internet security for children. Passage 2 (23-24高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Each year, more than 27 million U.S. and Canadian kids get to school by bus. Most of those buses run on diesel (柴油) fuel, which give out pollution that riders can take in. Pollution levels can be several times higher inside a diesel school bus than outside it. Why? Pollution can leak in from the floor or blow in through windows. A U.S. government program started in 2012 offered schools’ money spent on cleaner school buses but not all schools could get it. Five years later, emissions from buses in the winning districts fell. And a year after getting new buses, student attendance had improved in those districts. For an average district of 10, 000 students, about six more students attended ‘school each day’ in the winning districts, compared to the losing districts. Winning schools with higher rates of bus-riding kids had an average of 14 more students in class each day. And winning districts that replaced the oldest school buses? They had an average of 45 more students in school each day. Those numbers may sound small, but they add up. And school attendance matters for student achievement. Almost 3 million U. S. kids ride school buses more than 20 years old. If U. S. school districts had replaced all of those older buses, there would have been 1. 3 million fewer student absences each year. There might be other reasons for better attendance. For example, maybe kids preferred new buses. However, the most-likely reason for fewer student absences was better health. A study done on adults showed that a brief exposure to diesel emissions reduced “network connectivity” in the brain. In other studies, such network-connectivity changes have been linked to worsened memory and mental tasks. A Washington State program upgraded pollution controls in old diesel buses. Afterward, fewer kids were hospitalized in those districts than in schools without bus upgrades. Almost all U. S. school districts can apply for the program. But schools in low-income areas, in tribal areas and, in rural areas will get priority. Kids in these areas tend to face the most health risks from older buses. 1．What can we infer about diesel school buses from the first paragraph? A．They have a short service life. B．They operate cost-effectively. C．They accommodate few passengers. D．They do much harm to school children. 2．Why is the increase in school attendance small but important? A．It is a long accumulation. B．It is a winning condition. C．It is a measuring standard. D．It is a student achievement. 3．How does the bus replacement bring better student attendance? A．By reducing the network connectivity. B．By bettering the health state of students. C．By improving student satisfaction with schools. D．By meeting students’ demand for school bus drivers. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The “network connectivity” in the brain. B．The great work on cleaner school buses. C．A U. S. government program for education. D．Better attendance due to new school buses. 主题03 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) What’s the cure for a broken heart? What about for sadness, anxiety or loneliness? For those visiting the Poetry Pharmacy (药店) — customers or patients, depending on how you see them — these are the questions on their minds. This bookshop on Oxford Street offers special medicine to those sorts of emotional wounds. Calm, comfort, inspiration: whatever you’ re searching for, there’s a book of poetry to help you find it. From philosophical poems to romantic ones, poetry has long had the power to speak to the deepest parts of our soul. When other literary forms fail, it’s often poetry that has the answer, says Poetry Pharmacy founder Deb Alma. “At weddings and funerals (葬礼), it’s a poem that’s read,” she points out. “It’s the art that people in states of intense emotion turn to.” With its expansive library of brightly coloured books, the pharmacy is every poetry fan’s dream. Alma knows that poetry alone won’t cure anyone of life’s greatest pain. Instead, this store serves as a representation of the idea that words cure all. The centrepiece is a rich red-brown cupboard containing small glass bottles labeled with various emotions: “love”, “boost” and “pride”. Some are more playful. There are pills for “hesitation” and “existential anxiety”, while a glass bottle at op reads: “Calm: Keep out of reach of children.” It’s artistically pleasing jokes like these that have made this store a huge hit on social media. In the two months since its opening, the place has been consistently lively, with customers dropping in to buy gifts, sitting with a coffee from the pharmacy to read and reflect, and many documenting the experience for social media. When asked why so many young people are interested in poetry again, Alma said, “In the absence of faith, we are all searching for meaning, for a deeper bond with each other.” The Poetry Pharmacy offers that. People sit down for a coffee and end up reading the poems attached to the tables, covering the walls, aloud. For those lacking closeness in their lives, the poems, like the pharmacy, provide “even in a small way, a little community”. 1．What do we know about customers entering the Poetry Pharmacy? A．They suffer from emotional pain. B．They are fond of reading books. C．They are good at creating poems. D．They search for clinical treatment. 2．Why does Deb Alma mention weddings and funerals in paragraph 2? A．To argue the importance of art. B．To stress the significance of poetry. C．To illustrate the necessity of literature. D．To promote the reputation of the shop. 3．What makes Poetry Pharmacy popular on social media? A．Well-arranged cupboards. B．Carefully-selected books. C．A balance between life and leisure. D．A combination of wisdom and humor. 4．What does Alma think of young people’s enthusiasm in poetry? A．It causes their lack of spiritual faith. B．It shows their urge to follow the crowd. C．It builds meaningful connections among them. D．It reflects their taste of literary appreciation. Passage 2 (23-24高三上·广东梅州·期末) When Belquer first joined a team to make a better live music experience for deaf and hard-of-hearing people, he was struck by how they had developed workarounds to enjoy concerts. “What they were doing at the time was holding balloons to feel the vibrations (震动) through their fingers,” Belquer said. He thought the team could make something to help hard-of- hearing people enjoy live music even more with the technology now available. Belquer, who is also a musician and theater artist, is now the “Chief Vibrational Officer” of Music: Not Impossible, which uses new technology to address social issues like poverty and disability access. His team started by tying vibrating different cell phone motors to bodies, but that didn’t quite work. The vibrations were all the same. Eventually, they worked with engineers to develop a light haptic (触觉的) suit with a total of 24 vibrating plates. There are 20 of them tied to a vest that fits tightly around the body like a hiking backpack, plus one that ties to each wrist and ankle. When you wear the suit, it’s surprising how it feels. The vibrations are mixed by a haptic DJ who controls the location, frequency and intensity of feeling across the suits, just as a music DJ mixes sounds in an artful way. “What we’re doing is selecting and mixing what we want and send it to different parts of the body,” said the DJ. The haptic suits were just one component of the event. There were American Sign Language interpreters; the music was captioned on a screen on the stage. The suits are the star attraction. Lily Lipman, who has auditory processing disorder, lit up when asked about her experience. “It’s cool, because I’m never quite sure if I’m hearing what other people are hearing, so it’s amazing to get the music in my body.” 1．What surprised Belquer about people with hearing problems? A．The way they enjoyed music. B．The attitude they held to life. C．The love they had for balloons. D．The frequency they vibrated fingers. 2．Why did the team’s initial attempt fail? A．The motors were the same. B．The vibrations lacked variety. C．The motors hardly worked. D．The vibrations were irregular. 3．What did the DJ do? A．He interpreted the sign language. B．He captioned the music on stage. C．He selected suits for the attendees. D．He helped people feel the music. 4．What does Lily Lipman think of the suit? A．Comforting. B．Challenging. C．Satisfying. D．Encouraging. Passage 3 (23-24高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) After the death of her nature-loving mother, Margaret Renkl tenderly placed in an antique jar the “soft white hair” left behind in her mother’s hairbrush. Years passed. When it no longer carried the scent (气味) she treasured, Renkl laid the hair across a tree branch in her yard. This act was meant as a direct invitation to the birds in her yard, and it was accepted: A bird used the hair for the nest it was building. Renkl devotes only a half-page to this story, but it conveys the beautiful interaction of human and other animal lives at the heart of The Comfort of Crows. Starting in winter and continuing through the seasonal round, Renkl brings alive in 52 chapters her love for the animals and plants in her half-acre (半英亩) yard in Tennessee and in nearby parks. Equally moving, she admits her desperation at the human-caused crisis the natural world faces, and her determination not to back off. Her determination is more than lip service. She cures a neighborhood fox against a skin disease, with the help of a trap, a bit of bacon, and advice from an animal doctor; ensures that leaves from the trees in her yard are not gathered so that insects overwinter and hungry birds can dine there; fills a garden with milkweed in support of monarch butterflies. With these steps, Renkl refuses to give up in the face of human-caused global warming that is changing our environment and harming other species. In these days of climate crisis, the phenomenon of ecological anxiety is real. In order to seize opportunities to help, many of us do require fuel to restore our spirits. Find that fuel in Renkl’s chapters of The Comfort of Crows. The animals and plants so cherished by Renkl need us now more than ever. 1．What is the central theme of Renkl’s The Comfort of Crows? A．Personal preference towards country life. B．Fond memories of close family members. C．Profound disappointment at climate crisis. D．Amazing interactions between man and nature. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Renkl’s efforts in protecting animals. B．Renkl’s service in the neighborhood. C．Renkl’s attempts to treat an injured fox. D．Renkl’s determination to preserve the yard. 3．What is Renkl’s attitude towards global warming? A．Indifferent yet realistic. B．Concerned yet active. C．Pessimistic yet tolerant. D．Regretful yet hopeful. 4．What is the purpose of this text? A．To introduce the beauty of rural life. B．To present the daily routine of Renkl. C．To recommend an inspirational book. D．To provide advice on nature protection. Passage 4 (23-24高三上·广东潮州·期末) Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play arc already well established. Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual (感知的) systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. Being exposed to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. The authors recommended using such “doses (剂量) of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools. Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, playing with mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, which allows the child to gradually understand his or her body signals. Such activities away from the house or classroom may also help children to find ways to cope with emotions that may be hard to explore in other environments. So-called “sand tray therapy” which involves using sand and clay to express one’s thoughts and feelings, is an accepted form of counselling for children who are struggling to verbalize their emotional state. When it comes to the child’s physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise. A child may find it easier to build up strength and endurance in a large open space resulting in a reduced risk of overweight, according to one study led by Elizabeth Gershoff, professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, US. The latest findings, however, suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments — and the secret may be alive in the mud itself. 1．What’s the function of the first paragraph? A．To present the evolution of our brains. B．To display the natural landscapes. C．To introduce the perceptual systems. D．To reveal the well-established benefits. 2．How does the study show that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation? A．By comparing the restorative effects of walking in different settings. B．By recommending applying some “doses of nature” to children. C．By allowing children to gradually understand their bodies’ signals. D．By helping children to find ways to cope with the environment. 3．Whom is “sand tray therapy” most beneficial to? A．Jack, a boy who can’t concentrate in the class . B．Mary, a girl who needs to go on a dict. C．Lily, a girl who is lack of endurance. D．Tom, a boy who lives in his own world. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Playing in the mud is the best outdoor exercise. B．Playing outdoors brings many unexpected benefits. C．Playing outdoors can cure children with ADHD． D．Playing in the mud reduces the risk of overweight. 主题04 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Frightening as monsters are, they have always fascinated us. From strange combinations of animals to magical beings, creatures have emerged from our imaginations throughout history. Today, they still frequent our cinema screens. Considering how scared we can be of monsters, it seems paradoxical that we keep making them. In fact, there is science behind our love of monsters. Monsters are imaginary creatures that come from our long history of living alongside predators (捕食者). Snakes, for example, were among our ancestors’ first deadly threats, causing them to evolve snake-responsive neurons (神经元) in their brains. This adaptation allowed them to detect snakes with just a quick look. This hardware produced the snake-like monsters, including dragons, that appear in almost all cultures. That is why we get a thrill seeing snake monsters on the screen. Similarly, our ancestors’ minds were shaped by the need to detect bears, lions and other larger predators in tough environments. We evolved to spot predators in the dark between tree trunks or in shadowy corners. With their long teeth and giant claws, these animals have seized our imaginations, appearing in cave paintings over thousands of years. There are psychological benefits to being frightened by monsters. Scary stories with terrifying creatures activate the amygdala, the brain’s fear center, kicking off the fight-or-flight response and releasing adrenaline (肾上腺素). With the story ending in safety, adrenaline levels drop, bringing chemicals that fuel the feeling of relaxation. Such controlled fear experience might help us to manage long-term stress or increase our pain tolerance. As a result, some people with anxiety enjoy watching horror films before bed. The monsters we create today for films and books reflect our deepest fears — whether it’s Godzilla threatening civilisation, or aliens growing within us. Monster media allows us to externalise anxieties into supernatural beings. By understanding our monsters and why we make them, we can learn a great deal about what is going on under the surface of our minds. 1．What does the underlined word “paradoxical” mean in paragraph 1? A．Reasonable. B．Predictable. C．Contradictory. D．Problematic. 2．What is the purpose of paragraphs 2 and 3? A．To honour the wisdom of our ancestors. B．To demonstrate the origin of monsters. C．To compare different deadly creatures. D．To introduce common animals in artworks. 3．How does watching horror films benefit people with anxiety? A．It reduces the brain’s sensitivity to fear. B．It helps people forget anxious experiences. C．It teaches safety lessons in extreme danger. D．It stimulates the body’s relaxation system. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards our love of monsters? A．Favourable. B．Uncertain. C．Ambiguous. D．Skeptical. Passage 2 (23-24高三上·广东汕头·期末) As archaeologists (考古学家) examined ancient tombs in Turfan in western China, they discovered some surprisingly well-preserved and familiar relics. Though hardened from over 1,000 years, there sat little dumplings. Exactly who invented dumplings remains a mystery. But some scholars suspect they were first spread by nomadic (游牧的) Turkic peoples living in western China and Central Asia. This is thought to be the case because “manti,” meaning “dumpling” or “steamed bun” in many Turkic languages, appears to be the root word for dumpling in several other languages. Ancient Turkic people probably filled their dumplings with meat. But it’s unclear when this practice began, or whether they learned the art of dumpling-making from others. However this happened, dumplings certainly gathered steam in ancient China. Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China over the next thousand years. Instead of the traditional meat filling, some communities chose vegetarian (素食) dumplings. People developed new cooking methods. The relationship between Chinese dumplings and those in other areas is tricky to trace, but food historians have made their best guesses based on available clues. Besides Turkic tribes, some scholars believe that the Mongol Empire also contributed to the spread of dumplings, perhaps introducing them to parts of Eastern Europe. These dumplings could have come by way of China or directly from some of the Turkic peoples the Mongols hired to run their empire. One theory is that this gave rise to dumplings like pelmeni in Russia, pierogi in Poland and vareniki in Ukraine. The Mongol Empire also controlled Korea and might have likewise introduced dumplings there. Later, after Chinese dumpling varieties were introduced to more countries, English speakers began calling them dumplings, which means “little lumps”. During the Second World War, Chinese “jiaozi” were brought to Japan. So what about the Italian dumpling-like pasta? Some historians think it might be brought by Arab conquerors. It’s unlikely that all dumpling dishes came from the same root tradition. However, we can appreciate the mysterious historical web that made dumplings so various. 1．What made Turkic peoples suspected to first spread dumplings? A．The languages they used. B．Their eating habits. C．Their dumpling-making skills. D．The newly found tombs. 2．What does the phrase “gathered steam” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Originated. B．Stabilized. C．Got well-cooked. D．Became popular. 3．What does paragraph 4 focus on? A．The spreading process of dumplings. B．The possible origins of dumplings. C．Differences between various dumplings. D．Reasons for the popularity of dumplings. 4．Which of the following best describe dumplings according to the passage? A．Delicious. B．Diverse. C．Unusual. D．Regional. 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东华附实广雅深中四校·期末) Since the first astronauts spent time in space, scientists have known that space travel affects the human body in strange ways. Muscle and bone mass decrease and the risk of conditions usually associated with old age, such as cancers and cataracts (白内障), ticks up. Why the human body should decline faster in space is still largely a mystery, but one that researchers are dealing with increasing urgency as civilian space travel becomes more feasible. In a recent study that involved sending muscle samples to the International Space Station, some 250 miles above Earth, researchers from Stanford Medicine found that the lack of gravity in space impairs the normal regenerative ability of muscle. The samples were grown from muscle cells donated by healthy volunteers to resemble the bundled structure of muscle fibres. They spent seven days growing in space, then frozen until their return to Earth. The researchers found notable similarities between muscle that had spent a week in microgravity (gravity aboard the International Space Station is about 0.1% of gravity on Earth) and muscle in older adults with sarcopenia (肌肉减少症), a muscle-wasting condition that develops over decades. Both indicated a shift toward more fatty acid metabolism (脂肪酸代谢) and a greater tendency toward cell death. The impaired regeneration could contribute to why astronauts’ muscles weaken even with regular exercise. “Microgravity is almost like an accelerated disease-forming platform and environment,” said Ngan Huang, PhD, senior author of the study published recently in Stem Cell Reports. “It’s important to understand how microgravity is affecting different tissues in the body, with muscle being one of the most essential ones because of how much of it we have in our bodies.” Huang’s team also tested drugs that partially prevented these impairments in the muscle samples, which could benefit space travellers and Earth-bound seniors — perhaps even senior space travellers alike. Ultimately, Huang, who is also a principal investigator at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System hopes to find ways to enhance muscle regeneration to heal severe muscle injuries, like those many Soldiers injured during wars. 1．Which of the following best describes the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph 2? A．Difficult to complete. B．Lawful to conduct. C．Expensive to attempt. D．Possible to achieve. 2．What can we learn about the muscle samples in the recent study? A．They developed sarcopenia after a week in space. B．They were collected directly from volunteers’ muscles. C．They may fail to function properly after returning from space. D．They were frozen due to the freezing temperatures in microgravity. 3．Why is microgravity described as an “accelerated disease-forming platform”? A．It stops muscle from recovering after injury. B．It reproduces long-term conditions in a shorter time. C．It affects astronauts with pre-existing conditions only. D．It speeds up cancer and cataracts development in astronauts. 4．What is Huang likely to focus on in future research? A．Proving space travel advances aging in astronauts. B．Investigating microgravity’s impact on muscle structure. C．Creating ways to boost muscle regeneration in critical injuries. D．Designing exercises to prevent muscle loss during space travel. Passage 2 (24-25高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) Technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive solution to help achieve the United Nations climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050. The technology involves arranging heat-absorbing firebricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use and maintain it at the high temperatures required for industrial processes. When needed, the heat can be released by passing air through channels in the layers of the bricks, thus allowing steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunlight are unavailable. The bricks are made from the same materials as the insulating bricks used thousands of years ago. Today, about 17% of all carbon dioxide emissions (排放) worldwide come from burning fossil fuels to produce heat for industrial processes. Generating industrial heat from renewable sources could all but remove these emissions. “By storing energy in the form closest to its end use, you reduce inefficiencies in energy transition,” said the researchers. “It’s said in our field that’ if you want hot showers, store hot water’; so this study can be summarized as ‘if you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks.’” The researchers examined the impact of using firebricks to store industrial process heat in149 countries by using computer models to assess costs, land requirements, health impacts, and emissions in two situations for an assumed future where those countries in 2050 are using renewables for all energy purposes. In one situation, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other heat energy storage for industrial processes. The researchers found firebricks enable a faster and lower-cost transition to renewables. Specifically, the situation with firebricks could cut capital costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries relative to the situation with no firebrick storage, while reducing demand for energy from the electricity supply. “What excites us is that the substantial benefit at low cost from multiple angles, from helping to reduce air pollution related deaths to easing global transition to clean renewables,” researchers commented. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about concerning the firebrick? A．Its key composition. B．Its potential limitations. C．Its working principle. D．Its historical background. 2．What can we learn about the firebrick in paragraph 3? A．It increases the use of fossil fuels. B．It helps to generate industrial heat. C．It contributes to energy sustainability. D．It stores energy in the form of hot water. 3．How did the researchers arrive at their conclusion in paragraph 4? A．By making a comparison. B．By presenting a phenomenon. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By building a computer model. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Firebricks Are the Future of Industrial Technology B．The Solar Power Helps Achieve Net Zero Emissions C．Renewable Energy Dominates Industrial Production D．Bronze Age Technology Could Aid Clean Energy Shift Passage 3 (24-25高三上·广东揭阳·期末) Rancho Los Cerritos, a historic site and museum in Long Beach, illustrates the local history of Spanish, Mexican, and European cultures. In 2022, a special project, an advanced stormwater recycling system, was started there. This system collects, stores and reuses rainwater on site, helping to save water and showing how to deal with droughts and changing weather patterns. The project also includes a public education program called “Looking Back to Advance Forward.” It’s a mix of new technology and nature-based solutions that the Tongva people, native to the area, developed over 5,000 years ago. With this innovative hybrid system, the Rancho will collect and reuse almost 100% of the rainwater, reducing water use and keeping pollutants out of the wetlands, the Los Angeles River, and the ocean. Why is this stormwater management system a big deal? It’s the first of its kind in the U.S. at a historic site like this. It uses special bricks that let water pass through. These bricks are at the top of the site and the water flows down into an underground tank that holds 22,000 gallons. The water in the tank is then filtered (过滤) and treated before being used to water the historic gardens. The site is on a hill, which allows people to use gravity to channel rainwater into a natural dry streambed at the lowest point of the property. The water in the dry stream is treated using biofiltration, which means using plants to help keep the water clean and balanced. Simply speaking, Rancho Los Cerritos’ stormwater system is like a big, smart sponge (海绵) that absorbs rainwater, cleans it, and then uses it to keep the gardens green. It’s away of respecting the past and the environment while preparing for the future. 1．Why did Rancho Los Cerrito start a special project? A．To tackle the dry weather. B．To create a tourist attraction. C．To illustrate the local history. D．To reduce the annual rainfall. 2．What can we learn about the stormwater system from Para.2&3? A．It can collect and reuse all the rainfall. B．It was developed over 5,000 years ago. C．It’s the first to be used in a U.S. historic site. D．It’s the largest system built in American history. 3．How does the stormwater system work? A．It pumps water from a river. B．It treats water with chemicals. C．Special bricks allow water to flow through. D．Water flows directly to the historic gardens. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The history of Rancho Los Cerritos. B．A water protection project in California. C．An innovative stormwater system at a historic site. D．A traditional stormwater recycle system in Rancho. Passage 4 (24-25高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Imagine this: You’re at an office job, wearing noise-canceling headphones to dampen the surrounding chatter. A co-worker arrives at your desk and asks a question, but rather than needing to remove the headphones and say, “What?”, you hear the question clearly. Meanwhile, the water-cooler chat across the room remains muted. A team led by researchers at the University of Washington has created a headphone prototype (原型) that allows listeners to create just such a “sound bubble (音泡)”. The team’s artificial intelligence（AI) combined with a headphone prototype allow the wearer to hear people speaking within a bubble with a programmable radius (半径) of 3 to 6 feet. Voices and sounds outside the bubble are quieted an average of 49 decibels (分贝), even if the distant sounds are louder than those inside the bubble. “Humans aren’t great at perceiving distances through sound, particularly when there are multiple sound sources around them,” said senior author Shyam Gollakota, a UW professor in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering. “Our AI system can actually learn the distance for each sound source in a room, and process this in real time, within 8 milliseconds, on the hearing device itself.” Researchers created the prototype with commercially available noise-canceling headphones. They affixed six small microphones across the headband. The team’s neural network - running on a small onboard embedded computer attached to the headphones - tracks when different sounds reach each microphone. The system then lowers the sounds coming from outside the bubble, while playing back and slightly enhancing the sounds inside the bubble. The system has been trained to work only indoors, because getting clean training audio is more difficult outdoors. Next, the team is working to make the technology function on hearing aids and noise-canceling earbuds, which requires a new strategy for positioning the microphones. 1．What does the underlined word “dampen” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Interrupt. B．Weaken. C．Destroy. D．Remove. 2．What can the sound bubble created by the headphones do? A．Prevent all sounds equally. B．Recognize the wearer’s voice. C．Pick up specific sounds. D．Ignore noise outside the bubble. 3．How does the AI determine sound distances? A．By learning in real time. B．By counting sound sources. C．By using air pressure changes. D．By comparing sound volume. 4．What may be the team’s next mission? A．Enhancing audio clarity in outdoor environments. B．Creating a larger sound bubble for more speakers. C．Developing noise-canceling algorithms for louder sounds. D．Adapting the system for use in hearing aids and earbuds. Passage 5 (23-24高三上·广东江门·期末) Remember Malcolm Gladwell’s famous “10,000-hour rule” from his bestselling book Outliers? It proposes that achieving mastery in any field requires roughly 10,000 hours of practice, emphasizing the importance of early professionalization and intensive practice for becoming an elite in a particular field. This approach, known as “deliberate practice”, encourages setting goals from a young age, investing time and specializing in a specific field. On paper, it sounds like a good path to success, but when we look at the lives of elite athletes, musicians and scholars, we find a different story. In reality, many individuals who have risen to the top of their respective fields took a more diverse and winding route. They often explored a wide range of activities, gained a broad skill set, and only specialized at a later stage in life. In other words, the idea that one must know one’s specialization from a young age is fundamentally wrong. Studies have shown that an approach called the “sampling period” is often more effective for achieving success. During this phase, individuals try various activities, gain diverse skills, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and only choose a field to specialize in once they have a clearer understanding of their passions and abilities. Elite athletes, for example, rarely specialize in a single sport at a very young age. Instead, they engage in a variety of sports during their formative years, which allows them to acquire broad physical skills and discover their interests and talents. These early diversification experiences provide valuable lessons that can be applied to their chosen sports. Consider the journey of Roger Federer, one of the greatest tennis players of all time. At the age of 6, he dabbled in rugby, skiing and wrestling, only returning to tennis later. The trial period benefited him not just because he found his true passion but also because his experiences in various sports enriched his tennis game with a unique set of skills. 1．What does the author think of “10,000-hour rule”? A．It’s effective. B．It’s costly. C．It’s unpractical. D．It’s unproven. 2．“Deliberate practice” stresses the importance of the following aspects except ______. A．early goal-setting B．diverse skills C．focused practice D．field specialization 3．Why is Roger Federer mentioned in the last paragraph? A．To show the difficulty to be an elite athlete. B．To prove the advantage of the “sampling period”. C．To give an example of applying “deliberate practice”. D．To tell us one of the greatest tennis players of all time. 4．Which statement would the author probably agree with? A．Kids should try many kinds of activities. B．Passion can be found at a young age. C．Many failures can lead to successes. D．Learn to be an athlete since young. Passage 6 (24-25高三上·广东深圳罗湖区·期末) Large Language Models (LLMs)are artificial intelligence systems designed to process and generate natural language. Trained on large datasets, they can perform tasks like translation, summarization, and academic writing. However, their use comes with challenges and risks. One major issue with LLMs is “hallucination”, where the model produces summaries that sound convincing but are based on unreliable or incorrect data. For instance, in 2023, researcher sat the University of California used an LLM to assist with a drug research review. However, the model cited journals and articles that appeared credible but were entirely fabricated, leading there searchers to withdraw their paper during the peer review(同行评审) process. David Leslie, a professor at Queen Mary University of London, highlights another significant challenge: “The LLM operates like a black box, with its internal workings hidden, making it hard to understand how outputs are generated, raising concerns about its reliability-even when results seem accurate.” Without insight into how the LLM reaches its conclusions, users cannot be sure whether the outputs are based on solid data, increasing the potential for errors or unintended consequences. Another problem with LLMs is their reliance on historical data, which can lead to biases(偏见). For example, in IT hiring, if the model is trained on data where most employees were male, it may unintentionally favor male candidates. The model simply learns from past patterns without understanding why they exist or questioning whether they are reasonable, potentially deepening outdated trends and overlooking factors like diversity goals or current qualifications. This can result in unfair outcomes for women and other underrepresented groups. While LLMs can process data and generate responses, they lack the ability to analyze, evaluate, and make independent decisions. In contrast, humans can use logic, context, and experience to solve complex problems and make informed choices. Therefore, LLMs should be seen as an enhancement, not a replacement for human judgment. 1．Why did researchers at the University of California withdraw their paper? A．They cited non-existent data. B．They made up research results. C．They presented over-simplified research. D．They put forward miscalculated statistics. 2．Why does David Leslie describe the LLM as a black box? A．Its decision-making is invisible. B．Its reasoning process is data-based. C．It can process complicated datasets. D．It may generate incorrect information. 3．Which aspect of LLMs does paragraph 4 mainly focus on? A．Its dependence on IT experts. B．Its lack of critical assessment C．Its inability to learn from history D．Its preference for professional candidates. 4．What could be the best title for the text? A．LLMs: Reliable or Risky? B．LLMs: The Future or a Passing Trend? C．LLMs for Researchers: Friends or Enemies? D．LLMs in Science: Enhancement or Decline? Passage 7 (24-25高三上·广东汕头·期末) Artificial intelligence can help accurately map and track penguin colonies (聚居地) in Antarctica by analysing tourist photos. “Right now, everyone has a camera in their pocket, and so the amount of data being collected around the world is incredible,” says Heather Lynch at Stony Brook University in New York. Haoyu Wu at Stony Brook University and his colleagues, including Lynch, used an AI tool to highlight Adélie penguins in photographs taken by tourists or scientists on the ground. With guidance from a human expert, the AI tool was able to automatically identify and outline entire colonies in photos. This semi-automated method is much faster than doing everything manually (手动地) because the AI tool takes just 5 to 10 seconds per image, compared with a person taking 1 to 2 minutes. The team also created a 3D digital model of the Antarctic landscape using satellite imagery and data. By identifying landscape details in the tourist pictures, the researchers could place the photographer, then the penguin colony, accurately within the 3D model. This transformation of ground photos into a bird’s-eye view allows researchers to track how penguin colonies change in location and population size over time, which could prove especially helpful in remote regions of the world. Such tracking is important because Adélie penguins are considered a sentinel species, meaning shifts in their population are an indicator of climate change. The AI-assisted technique can also employ historical imagery to track phenomena such as glacier changes that “occur very slowly and may only be evident by looking across decades of time”, says Lynch. But researchers remain divided over the impacts of Antarctic tourism — the two large Adélie penguin groups evaluated by the researchers are often visited by tour ships. “Some are worried that, by encouraging tourists to do citizen science, we are justifying their trips, which will be used by the cruise (游轮) companies to sell more tickets,” says Fretwell. 1．Where did the research data come from? A．Expert data base. B．Maps marked by AI. C．3D digital model. D．Images shot by tourists. 2．What role did AI play in highlighting Adélie penguins? A．It served as an assistant. B．It acted as a predictor. C．It replaced the human experts. D．It conducted the entire research. 3．Why did the researchers track the changes of Adélie penguin colonies? A．To gather data on tourism. B．To monitor penguin behaviors. C．To examine the effects of AI. D．To further study the climate change. 4．Which of the following best describes researchers’ attitudes towards Antarctic tourism? A．Unclear. B．Controversial. C．Indifferent. D．Supportive. Passage 8 (23-24高三上·广东深圳龙岗区·期末) When you eagerly dig into a long-awaited dinner, it’s traditionally believed that signals from your stomach to your brain stop you eating so much. However, a research team recently discovered that it’s our sense of taste that immediately pulls us back from eating food overly on a hungry day. Stimulated by the perception of flavor, a set of brain cells become active to quickly curtail food intake. Previous studies have suggested that the food taste may control how fast we eat, but it’s been impossible to study relevant brain activities during eating because brain cells that control this process are located deep in our brains, making them hard to access or record in an awake animal. New techniques developed by the team allowed for the first-ever imaging and recording of a brainstem structure critical for feeling full, called NTS, in an active mouse. The new study found that when researchers put food directly into the mouse’s stomach, brain cells called PRLH were activated by signals from the gut (消化道), in line with traditional thinking. However, when they allowed the mice to eat the food as they normally would, those signals from the gut didn’t show up. Instead, the PRLH brain cells switched to a new activity pattern that was entirely controlled by signals from the mouth. “It’s astonishing that these cells were activated by the perception of taste,” said researchers. “It shows that there are other components of the appetite-control system that deserves our attention.” The PRLH-activated slowdown also makes sense in terms of timing. The taste of food allows PRLH to switch their activity in seconds. In contrast, another group of brain cells, called CGC, takes several minutes to respond to signals from the gut. The good thing is that CGC can hold back hunger for a much longer time. These two sets of brain cells interact to work together: one uses taste to slow down eating, while the other signals that you are full. Understanding how body signals regulate appetite could improve weight-loss programs for the overweight by making use of interactions between signals from different brain cell sets. 1．What does the underline word “curtail” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Activate. B．Limit. C．Expand. D．Assist. 2．What is the limitation of previous studies according to paragraph 2? A．Inadequate technologies. B．Inefficient funds. C．Unqualified professionals. D．Improper methods. 3．What did the new study find about PRLH brain cells when the mice normally ate? A．They helped stimulate the mice’s appetite. B．They encouraged the mice to speed up eating. C．They were activated by signals from the mouth. D．They were controlled by signals from the stomach. 4．What is the function of CGC brain cells? A．To slow down eating speed. B．To improve the digestion system. C．To extend the feeling of fullness. D．To interact with signals from taste. 主题06 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 (24-25高三上·广东深圳·期末) Scientists have a simple message recently: stop messing with the landscape of the Arctic. They’ve discovered that planting trees in the Arctic could actually speed up global warming rather than help fight against it. The study comes at a critical time, as various regions, including Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland, have begun carrying out or considering large-scale tree-planting projects in their northern territories. The problem lies in a phenomenon known as the albedo effect-the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight back into space. The snow-covered ground in the Arctic reflects about 75% of incoming sunlight, while dark evergreen trees reflect only about 10%. This difference means that replacing open plains in Arctic regions with forests actually traps more heat in the Earth’s system, despite the trees’ ability to capture (捕获) carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, the issues don’t stop there. When trees are planted in Arctic regions, they disturb the soil, which in these areas serves as one of Earth’s largest carbon banks. The Arctic’s permanently frozen soils contain more carbon than all the world’s plant life combined does. When this soil is disturbed by tree planting and root growth, it gives off stored carbon into the atmosphere, further contributing to global warming. “Soils in the Arctic store more carbon than all vegetation on Earth,” explains lead author Jeppe Kristensen, an assistant professor from Aarhus University. “These soils are extremely sensitive to disturbances. For example, they are affected when people plant trees or conduct agricultural activities there, or when tree roots grow into the soil.” The research team also found that trees in these regions face significant survival challenges. As climate change intensifies, these areas are experiencing more frequent wildfires, droughts, and pest outbreaks. When trees are overcome by these disturbances, any carbon they’ve stored is released back into the atmosphere. This nullifies the possible advantages they could offer as a means of capturing carbon, making the intended benefits of using trees for carbon capture ineffective. 1．What would happen if more trees were planted in the Arctic? A．They’d do more harm than good. B．They’d lower the temperature there. C．They’d bring more snow to the area. D．They’d capture more carbon than elsewhere. 2．What kind of disturbance can easily cause the Arctic soil to release carbon? A．The temperature changes. B．The freezing of ice and snow. C．The frequent wildfires. D．The tree planting activities. 3．What does the underlined word “nullifies” in the last paragraph mean? A．Cancels out. B．Results in. C．Stores up. D．Searches for. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Arctic Forest Benefits. B．Arctic Climate Change. C．Arctic Soil Features. D．Arctic Tree Planting Risks. Passage 2 (24-25高三上·广东深圳宝安区·期末) Shocking declines in bird populations are taking place around the world. So concludes a study from scientists at multiple institutions, published today in the journal Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Loss and degradation (恶化) of natural habitats and direct overexploitation of many species are regarded as the key threats to avian (鸟类的) biodiversity. Climate change is identified as an emerging driver of bird population decline. The study says approximately 48% of existing bird species worldwide are known or suspected to be undergoing population decline. Populations are stable for 39% of species. Only 6% are showing increasing population trends, and the status of 7% is still unknown. The study authors reviewed changes in avian biodiversity using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species to reveal population changes among the world’s 11,000 bird species. “After documenting the loss of nearly 3 billion birds in North America alone, it was shocking to see the same patterns of population decline and extinction occurring globally,” says conservation scientist Ken Rosenberg from the Cornell Lab. “Because birds are highly visible and sensitive indicators of environmental health, we know their loss signals a much wider loss of biodiversity and threats to human health and well-being.” Despite their findings, study authors say there is hope for avian conservation efforts, but transformative change is needed. “The fate of bird populations is strongly dependent on stopping the loss and degradation of habitats,” says Rosenberg. “That is often driven by the demand for resources. We need to better consider how commodity (商品) flows can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprints on the natural world.” “Fortunately, the global network of bird conservation organizations taking part in this study have the tools to prevent further loss of bird species and abundance,” adds Rosenberg. “From land protection to policies supporting sustainable resource use, it all depends on the will of governments and of society to live side by side with nature on our shared planet.” 1．Which of the following is a new cause of bird population decline? A．Climate change. B．Degradation of natural habitats. C．Loss of natural habitats. D．Direct overexploitation of many species. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The effect of bird population decline. B．The current situation of global birds. C．The consequence of bird population decline. D．The population of global birds. 3．What is necessary for the success of avian conservation efforts? A．Increased urbanization. B．Enhanced genetic modification. C．Reduced demand for resources. D．Expanded agricultural land. 4．What does Rosenberg think of bird conservation organizations? A．They focus only on land protection. B．They lack the necessary tools for conservation. C．They rely mainly on government policies for success. D．They can prevent further loss of bird species with proper support. Passage 3 (24-25高三·广东清远清新区四校·期末) A recent study has found that using wood for construction instead of concrete (混凝土) and steel can reduce emissions (排放). But Tim Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和). “Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a part of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building,” he says. Efficiencies vary in different countries, but large amounts of a harvested tree are left to be divided into parts, used in short-lived products like paper or burned for energy, all of which generate emissions. In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled (塑造) how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel. Under some circumstances, the researchers found significant emissions reductions. But each case required what they considered an unrealistically high portion (份额) of the wood going towards construction, as well as rapid growth only seen in warmer places, like Brazil. In general, they found a large increase in global demand for wood would probably lead to rising emissions for decades. Accounting for emissions in this way, the researchers reported in a related paper that increasing forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 would add emissions equal to roughly 10 percent of total annual emissions. Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report’s conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.” 1．What is wrong with previous researches according to Searchinger? A．They got wrong statistics. B．They used an incorrect concept. C．They included too many factors. D．They were applied in limited countries. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The process of the new research. B．The background of the new study. C．The challenge of the new research. D．The achievements of the new study. 3．Which is CORRECT according to the passage? A．Using concrete and steel can reduce emissions. B．All of timber product can can take the place of the concrete amd steel. C．Only small part of wood can get into timber. D．We all should use wood to build our houses. 4．What is Ali Amiri’s attitude toward the new result? A．Favorable. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Objective. Passage 4 (23-24高三上·广东揭阳汕尾·期末) Last month, a part of the Negro River in the Amazon rainforest reduced to a depth of just 12.7 metres, its lowest level in 120 years, due to the lack of rainfall. In Lake Tefé, about 500 kilometres away, more than 150 river dolphins were found dead, not because of the low water levels, but probably because the lake had reached temperatures close to 40℃. “The Amazon rainforest in northern Brazil is experiencing a tough time and it is the sum of three things,” says Luciana Gatti, a researcher at Brazil’s National Institute. “The first is deforestation, which is turning rainforest into a drier, hotter place,” she says. “Additionally, El Ninio climate pattern has begun and it makes things worse,” adds Gatti. El Niño is a phenomenon which occurs every two to seven years. During El Niño, winds that usually blow from east to west along the equator (赤道) are weakened or even turn the other way round. This leads to the change of rainfall in South America, causing dry air in the north, where the rainforest lies, and damp air in the south. As a result, countries in the south are currently greeted by heavy rains, while the Amazon is experiencing the lowest rainfall levels from July to September in 40 years. The third factor is the unusual warming of the water in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The warming of these waters causes the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (热带辐合带), a region of intense cloud and rain formation, to shift north. The ITCZ takes the storms with it, away from Brazil, and causes less rainfall than usual. Although it is hard to predict when the next drought might strike the Amazon, studies show that climate change is messing with the timing of El Niño. “The tendency is that we have stronger and more frequent crises,” Gatti says. This could be a disaster for the Amazon rainforest, already hit by deforestation and a warming, drying climate.” The forest’s tipping point is coming closer—and it’s coming quick. 1．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A．The climate change and flood. B．The extreme drought and heat. C．The severe pollution and extinction. D．The wildlife death and deforestation. 2．According to Gatti, why does El Niño make things worse? A．The east wind brings hot air. B．The west wind causes heavy rain. C．The high temperature has decreased damp air. D．The wind direction has affected the rainfall pattern. 3．What can be inferred about the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone from paragraph 4? A．It produces rainfall in Brazil. B．It carries clouds to rainforest. C．Its movement worsens the drought. D．Its formation raises the water temperature. 4．What is Gatti’s attitude to the future of the Amazon rainforest? A．Concerned. B．Unclear. C．Positive. D．Objective. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $