专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，福建专用）高二英语上学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——心理与行为 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省漳州市·期末）Our brains are born to look for threats, to make a plan to address those threats and keep us safe. Those perceived threats may be based on the “what ifs” we imagine could happen in the future. Actually, our “what ifs” can bring up a lot of negative emotion, which means we can easily get stuck on thoughts and keep going over them. People who have had prior challenges or experienced setback may have come to expect threats and look for them more than people who have not had adversities. Deep thinkers, people who are prone (易于的) to anxiety or low mood, and those who are sensitive or feel emotions deeply are also more likely to ruminate and overthink. Also, when we are stressed, our emotions tend to be stronger and last longer, and our thoughts can be less accurate, which means we can get stuck on thoughts more than we would usually. Your thoughts are not necessarily true or accurate, but when we overthink and have them on repeat, they can start to feel true because they become familiar. A useful way to manage rumination or overthinking is “change, accept, and let go”. Specifically, challenge and change aspects of your thoughts where you can. Coming up with a more realistic thought can help stop the circle of the unhelpful thought. Furthermore, we’d better figure out how we feel about something and address those feelings. Rather than refuse them, accepting your emotions and finding ways to manage those will be helpful. You can even make a plan for dealing with future possibilities your thoughts are raising. However, it is difficult to plan for all eventualities (可能的事). What you can do is to make a plan for one or two of the more likely possibilities and accept there may be things that happen you haven’t thought of. After all, life unavoidably involves a lack of complete control over outcomes and possibilities. So, the last part is letting go of the need to know exactly how things will turn out, and believing in your ability to cope with different situations. 1．What’s the main function of the first paragraph? A．To give an example. B．To make a definition. C．To introduce a topic. D．To describe a phenomenon. 2．Which best explains the underlined word “adversities” in paragraph 2? A．Advantages. B．Opportunities. C．Qualities. D．Barriers. 3．What kind of people get stuck on thoughts easily? A．People under pressure. B．People likely to succeed. C．People with a realistic thought. D．People barely experiencing challenges. 4．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．How to plan for future. B．How to accept emotions. C．How to address your feelings. D．How to deal with future possibilities. Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建仙游第一中学·期末）Dr. Maya Ellis adjusted her lab coat, eyes scanning the 40 volunteers seated before her. “Today, you’ll meet a new student named Liam,” she announced, projecting a slide. “Pay close attention — your impressions matter.” What the group didn’t know was that they were about to test one of psychology’s most enduring theories: the primacy effect, the tendency to judge others based on first impressions.​The experiment unfolded in three stages. First, all participants watched a 2-minute video of “Liam” completing a puzzle. Half the group saw him start confidently — solving the first three pieces quickly, smiling, and joking with an off-camera assistant — before fumbling the final steps. The other half watched the reverse: Liam struggled initially, muttering in frustration, then rallied to finish smoothly.​ Next, Dr. Ellis handed out identical lists of 10 traits describing Liam: “intelligent, clumsy, friendly, impatient, honest, disorganized, helpful, stubborn, creative, careless.” Crucially, the order was flipped for each group. Those who’d seen Liam’s strong start read positive traits first; the others encountered negatives upfront.​ Finally, participants rated Liam on a scale of 1–10 for “overall likability.” The results were striking. The first group, exposed to Liam’s early success and positive traits first, gave him an average score of 7.8. The second group, despite seeing his late improvement, averaged just 4.2. “Even when presented with the same information,” Dr. Ellis noted, “your first glimpse skewed your judgment.”​ But she added a twist. A subset of volunteers was asked to write down all traits before rating Liam. Their scores were far closer — 6.1 and 5.9 — suggesting that deliberate reflection could weaken the primacy effect. “Our brains crave shortcuts,” Dr. Ellis explained afterward. “First impressions act like mental anchors, weighing down later details.”​ 1．What theory was Dr. Maya Ellis testing in her experiment? A．The theory of cognitive dissonance B．The primacy effect C．The halo effect D．The bystander effect 2．How was the video of “Liam” different for the two groups? A．One group watched a longer video than the other B．One group saw Liam perform well first, then struggle; the other saw the reverse C．One group watched Liam solving a puzzle, the other watched him doing sports D．One group saw Liam working alone, the other saw him working in a team 3．What was the key difference in the lists of traits given to the two groups? A．The number of traits B．The content of the traits C．The order of the traits D．The language used to describe the traits 4．What does Dr. Ellis mean by saying “First impressions act like mental anchors”? A．First impressions are easily forgotten B．First impressions have little impact on final judgments C．First impressions strongly influence how later information is interpreted D．First impressions are always accurate 主题02 人与社会——科技与生活 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省华侨中学·期末）The new Gemini Live voice assistant represents advancement in conversational AI, although it does have some functional limitations. While some users may prefer human interaction to using Google’s Gemini Live, the assistant offers several benefits. It can enhance interviewing skills and humor, listens attentively, responds quickly, and handles interruptions effectively. Additionally, unlike other bots, it does not frequently respond with, “Sorry, I didn’t understand that.” “I had an extensive chat with Google’s AI assistant before its release.” Rick Osterloh, who charges Android, Chrome, and Google’s hardware businesses, emphasized system performance and low delay for dialogues. Gemini Live could revolutionize our interaction with technology. It will work with Google’s new earbuds, providing a Her-like experience. However, Osterloh clarified that Gemini Live is intended as a practical assistant for brainstorming and conversation, not for emotional attachments. Gemini Live will be widely available, starting with Android users, with Pixel phone buyers getting extra AI tools powered by the new Tensor G4 chips. These tools include the “Add Me” photo feature, which integrates individual shots into group photos, and “Call Notes”, which records and writes out calls. Of course, there are still some problems, such as misinterpreting jokes. AI is integrated into many parts of the new Android phones, and while iPhone users can expect similar advancements with iOS 18, Osterloh believes Google has an advantage. Due to its extensive understanding of both personal and global information, it can offer more intelligent, personalized, and practical services. But Osterloh assured that phone calls, texts, emails, and calendar appointments are not used to train Google’s AI models. The true obstacle is neither technological nor competitive. Google faced criticism for an advertisement showing a father using Gemini to help his daughter write a letter, which some saw as reducing human connection. Osterloh compared this to the shift from handwritten letters to emails, suggesting that while the market may not be fully ready for AI’s changes, there is hope for gradual acceptance. In conclusion, Gemini’s integration into daily tasks and potential for future improvements make it an important development in the growing field of artificial intelligence. 1．What does the underlined word “revolutionize” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Turn upside down. B．Slow down progress. C．Preserve the current state. D．Bring about major changes. 2．What can be learned about extra AI tools of Gemini Live? A．All Android users have access to features of Gemini Live. B．Pixel phone buyers will receive them before other phone users. C．The “Call Notes” feature can transform your conversations. D．The “Add Me” feature recognizes and removes unwanted photos. 3．Why does Osterloh believes Google has an advantage in AI? A．AI is merely integrated into new Android phones. B．Google has powerful information processing capabilities. C．Android phones are superior to those with iOS systems. D．Google relies on personal data to better its AI models. 4．What can be implied as the real challenge for Google’s Gemini Live? A．The improper use of AI helpers. B．People’s willingness to accept it. C．Less personal communication. D．The market’s weak tolerance. Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建师范大学附属中学·期末）For many, travel isn’t just about the destination — it’s about making the most of the journey. However, for a lot of people, the journey is often ruined by an uncomfortable experience often accompanied by vomiting (呕吐), known as motion sickness. If you’ve ever felt the unwelcome urge to vomit while reading or using your device in a moving vehicle, you’re not alone. Recognizing this common issue, Apple has stepped up to offer a solution: the Vehicle Motion Cues feature (功能) for iPhones and iPads. Motion sickness occurs when there is a disconnect between what your eyes see and what your body feels. When you’re in a moving vehicle, your body senses motion through its vestibular system (the inner ear), but if your eyes are focused on a still screen that doesn’t reflect this movement, the brain receives mixed signals. This sensory (感官的) conflict can lead to dizziness (头晕), nausea, and overall discomfort — symptoms (症状) all too familiar to motion sickness sufferers. Apple’s new Vehicle Motion Cues feature is designed to bridge this gap and bring relief to those likely to experience motion sickness. This feature works by showing animated (动画的) dots around your screen, which move at the same time and speed as the motion of your vehicle. These moving cues help keep the motion your body feels in agreement with what your eyes see, effectively reducing the sensory mismatch that causes motion sickness. By matching the visual input with the physical sensations of motion, your brain is less likely to experience the confusion that leads to sickness. Early reports and user feedback (反馈) indicate that Vehicle Motion Cues is receiving high praise for its effectiveness. So next time you embark on a journey, whether short or long, remember that Apple’s got your back — or rather, your brain - helping you make the most of every mile with ease and comfort. 1．Which type of people can be interested in Vehicle Motion Cues? A．Frequent travelers. B．Book lovers. C．Vehicle operators. D．Sport scientists. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The principle of Apple’s new design. B．The cause of motion sickness. C．The functions of Apples new design. D．The symptoms of motion sickness. 3．By displaying animated dots around the screen, Applet Vehicle Motion Cues is able to _____. A．ease sensory conflicts in the brain B．tell the mismatched physical sensations C．balance the movement of our eyes and body D．increase the effectiveness of vehicle motion 4．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Make the Most of Your Journey: Apple Bridges the. Gap B．Find the Magic of a Moving Vehicle: Apple’s Got! Your Back C．Enjoy Your Reading: Apple Offers a Revolutionary Solution D．Say Goodbye to Motion Sickness: Apple Introduces Its New Design Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省华侨中学·期末）When Meng Jintao was a child, power outages in his rural hometown sparked his curiosity: Why can’t we store electricity during regular times and use it when the power goes out? Now 29, Meng has turned this childhood curiosity into reality with his advanced iron-based flow energy storage system. Distinguished by its massive storage capacity, high safety standards, and long-term endurance, this technology represents a major advancement in energy storage. In 2013, Meng began his studies at Hefei University of Technology in Anhui, East China, majoring in new energy materials and devices. During his university years, he traveled to Qinghai and Gansu provinces in Northwest China for research, where he observed the initial successes of wind and solar power projects. However, he learned from power station staff that much of the energy generated by wind turbines was unstable and could not be effectively used. It was during this period that Meng recognized the urgent need for advanced storage solutions to stabilize energy supply and release it steadily to the grid, thereby increasing efficiency. This realization led him to develop the iron-based flow energy storage system. “This system functions like a large power bank for cities,” he explained. According to Meng, while lithium (锂) batteries are well-established, there is a growing need for a more affordable and safer storage solution. He chose iron for its cost-efficiency and the abundant availability of iron resources in China. Iron-based flow energy storage systems are also more economical and use water as a solution, making them fire-resistant and safer. In 2020, while pursuing his master’s degree at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Meng achieved a significant milestone by successfully testing the first iron-based flow battery in his lab. “Seeing the battery model start its charging and discharging cycles was a moment of endless pride,” he said, “with China announcing its double carbon goals, I wanted to transform my research into a tangible product that could both benefit the country and make a difference.” Through continuous adjustments, accurate research, and determined experimentation, Meng and his team completed their first kilowatt-level energy storage system in 2021, suitable for everyday use. “I want to keep improving the technology to make energy storage safer and more cost-effective, both in China and worldwide,” he said. 1．What inspired Meng Jintao to seek new solutions for energy storage? A．His observations of power cuts in rural areas. B．His major in new energy materials and devices. C．His experience of working with lithium batteries. D．His witness to the success of renewable power projects. 2．What characteristic of iron led Meng Jintao to choose it? A．Its work efficiency. B．Its unlimited supply. C．Its economic advantage. D．Its environmental friendliness. 3．Which of the following words can best describe Meng Jintao? A．Cautious and generous. B．Capable and determined. C．Intelligent and considerate. D．Hard-working and outgoing. 4．What is the most suitable title for this passage? A．The Future of Renewable Energy: Strengths and Weaknesses B．Meng Jintao: Leading Figure in Power Generation Technology C．From Curiosity to Creation: Meng Jintao’s Journey in Energy Storage D．Lithium vs. Iron: The Ongoing Battle for Better Energy Storage Solution 主题03 人与自然——生态保护与修复 Passage 1 （2024~2025学年高二上学期·福建仙游第一中学·期末）Beneath Hawaii’s turquoise waves, a silent crisis unfolds: coral reefs, home to 25% of marine species, are bleaching at alarming rates. But across the islands, a wave of innovation is pushing back — blending ancient wisdom with cutting-edge science to protect paradise.​ On Oahu’s north shore, marine biologists and local fishermen have joined forces on the Reef Tender project. Using 3D-printed coral “seeds” made from limestone and recycled oyster shells, they’re restoring damaged reefs. These seeds, shaped like tiny antlers, mimic natural coral structures, allowing baby coral polyps to attach and grow 50% faster than in the wild. What makes it unique? Fishermen, who’ve guarded these waters for generations, now monitor the reefs daily, using a simple app to log growth — turning stewards into scientists.​ In Maui’s rainforests, invasive species like the miconia plant once spread unchecked. Enter Aloha AirWatch, a drone program with a twist: drones equipped with thermal cameras scan the canopy, identifying invasive plants by their heat signatures. Instead of spraying chemicals, teams deploy biocontrol agents — tiny Hawaiian wasps that feed exclusively on miconia leaves. It’s a targeted approach, preserving native flora while honoring the Hawaiian principle of kākoʻo .​ Perhaps most inspiring is the Hui o Ka Wai initiative, which revives traditional Hawaiian water management. Ancient ʻauwai are being restored with modern sensors that track water flow, ensuring streams stay healthy for both taro farms and endangered freshwater fish. Farmers now share real-time data via a community dashboard, balancing crop needs with in a way that feels both old and new.​ Hawaii’s lesson is clear: protecting nature thrives when innovation listens — to the land, the sea, and the people who call them home. Here, paradise isn’t just preserved; it’s reimagined. 1．What is the silent crisis mentioned in the text? A．Overfishing in Hawaii’s waters B．Coral reefs bleaching at alarming rates C．Invasive species destroying rainforests D．Pollution of freshwater streams 2．How does Aloha AirWatch deal with invasive miconia plants? A．By spraying chemicals to kill them B．By using drones to cut them down C．By introducing Hawaiian wasps that feed on them D．By using thermal cameras to burn them 3．What does the Hui o Ka Wai initiative aim to do? A．Revive traditional water management with modern technology B．Build new dams to control water flow in streams C．Expand taro farms to increase crop production D．Protect coral reefs from freshwater pollution 4．What is the author’s attitude towards Hawaii’s efforts to protect nature? A．Critical B．Doubtful C．Praising D．Indifferent Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·厦门大学附属科技中学·期末）When Joe Gray coppiced (修剪) a spot of woodland on his Essex farm, he noticed that a deserted pond (池塘) sprang back into life after it was exposed to sunlight. Since then, he and his wife, Emma, have restored 11 dead ponds on their regenerative farm. Ponds that were shaded over or overgrown by bushes have been opened up to sunlight and dug out, and are now booming with rare water plants and insects - also providing food and water for birds and bats. This pond restoration effort has been motivated by the Essex lost ponds project. Volunteers have identified 17, 200 ponds across the county, of which 10, 400 have disappeared, mostly because of agricultural development in the 20th century. When tractors replaced horses, there was less need for ponds for livestock (牲畜) and when fields were enlarged, many ponds were filled in. “The dragonflies, the beetles, the birds flying overhead - it’s just pumping out nature into the farmed landscape.” says Mark Nowers, a wild bird conservation adviser in Essex. Wild birds need sufficient and accessible seed-rich habitat and thick bushes to nest in, but are also assisted by restored ponds because they require access to fresh water close to nesting sites. Ponds take little or no land out of food production. The Grays now devote 40% of their land to wildlife-restoring projects but grow as much food as before, simply because they are now using only the most productive parts of their land. Their regenerative farming - not ploughing, and thereby boosting soil health and wider biodiversity - alongside seed mixes for wild birds attracts flocks of 1, 000 linnet on to the farm in winter. “We’re not the sort of farmers who want to see everything rewilded,” says Emma Gray. “We are passionate about growing food but it can be done in balance with nature.” 1．How did Gray revive the deserted pond? A．By sheltering birds. B．By purifying water. C．By removing bushes. D．By trapping insects. 2．What was a cause of the pond disappearance in the 20th century? A．The application of farm machinery. B．The increase of livestock raising. C．The introduction of new species. D．The expansion of woodland. 3．What can we infer about regenerative farming from the last paragraph? A．It involves organic food processing. B．It aims to rewild as much land as possible. C．It improves the environment but leads to protests. D．It achieves productivity while supporting biodiversity. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Freeing the Skies for Wild Birds B．Essex Lost Ponds Project Taking a Bow C．Ploughing All the Way to Agricultural Progress D．Restored Ponds Repumping Nature into Farmland Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省三明市·期末）An incredibly adaptive species of coral (珊瑚) discovered off the coast of Gool-boodi Island in Northeast Australia has weathered hundreds of years of coral bleaching (白化) and survived till now. What can this teach scientists about preservation? At 34 feet wide, this coral is roughly the size of a carousel. Its incredible width is a result of its hard skeleton, which is made of calcium carbonate from the surrounding seawater. Nicknamed Muga dhambi, or “big coral”, it stands over 16 feet tall, making Muga dhambi the tallest coral in the Great Barrier Reef. This record-breaking coral is discovered by local citizens. Based on the coral’s size and growth rate, scientists have calculated its lifetime is about 421-438 years, meaning this ancient coral has survived as many as 80 cyclones and weathered 99 coral bleaching events. It has survived through centuries of and outlived many invasive (入侵的) species. “It’s extremely inspiring to know that these things like Muga dhambi exist, and have survived for a long time. The colony is in fairly good health with 70% of it consisting of live coral. Even as more coral cover is lost due to climate change, there is hope that adaptive species like Muga dhambi will continue to survive. Ancient colonies like the Muga dhambi offer scientists a rare opportunity to learn more about reef conditions as long as these massive corals continue to grow. Hopefully, it helps to provide a new sense of hope for the future. There are many unexplored corners of the Great Barrier Reef, so it is possible that there are larger coral colonies waiting to be documented by local citizen scientists someday. 1．What’s the purpose of Para 2? A．To raise an argument. B．To express opinions. C．To give examples. D．To give information. 2．What helps to estimate the lifetime of Muga dhambi? A．The surrounding seawater. B．Its size and growth rate. C．Its admirable survival skills. D．The scaring invasive species. 3．What can be used to replace the underlined word ”documented"? A．Displayed. B．Recorded. C．Spread. D．Reflected. 4．Which is the suitable title for the text? A．The Great Barrier Reef Produces a Variety of Rare Corals B．Multiple Invasive Species Surround the Great Barrier Reef C．The Great Barrier Reef Survives Series of Coral Bleaches D．A Centuries-Old Coral Offers Hope for the Great Barrier Reef Passage 4 （2024-2025学年高上学期·福建省莆田第九中学·期末）More and more researchers are using artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor biodiversity and assist endangered species. Different from conventional methods that can damage ecosystems or require considerable time, labor and resources, AI has the potential to quickly and effectively analyze vast quantities of real-world data. Ecologist Jörg Müller at the University of Würzburg, Germany, and his colleagues have shown that AI tools can help to quantify biodiversity in tropical (热带的) forests by identifying animal species from audio (音频的) recordings. “Our results demonstrate that AI is ready for more comprehensive species identification,” says Müller. “All that is needed now is more training data collected by humans.” AI is imperfect, but it could speed up important discoveries, says Nicolas Miailhe, Paris-based founder of The Future Society, an international non-profit organization that aims to better govern AI. “We badly need human specialists to design models, as well as collect, label, check and interpret data,” he says. Researchers at Conservation AI, a UK-based non-profit organization in Liverpool that uses AI technology for various ecology projects, have developed models that can search through footage and images from drones (无人机) or camera traps to identify wildlife and track animal movements. So far, Conservation AI has processed more than 12.5 million images and detected more than 4 million individual animal appearances across 68 species. “The platform can process tens of thousands of images an hour, in contrast to humans who can do a few thousand at best,” says Paul Fergus, one of Conservation AI’s lead researchers. “The speed at which AI processes data could allow conservationists to protect endangered species from sudden threats,” he adds. Miailhe is hopeful that AI can be routinely applied to real-world conservation efforts in the near future. “That’s clearly the way to go,” he says. But he warns that AI consumes computing power, which ultimately has opposite effects on ecosystems. “Environmental impact assessments should be at the center of AI risk management,” he says. 1．Which aspect of AI attracts ecological researchers most? A．Its information-accessing speed. B．Its data-processing capability. C．Its environmental friendliness. D．Its computing accuracy. 2．What does Müller think is needed for AI to be more helpful? A．More images of animals. B．More information of audio recordings. C．More complicated tests. D．More data of tropical forests. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Conservation Al’s comment on its AI platform. B．AI platforms’ principle of species identification. C．AI models’ advantages in ecological conservation. D．Al’s potential for providing quick-response measures. 4．What is Miailhe’s attitude toward using AI for ecological conservation? A．Optimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Negative. 主题01 人与自我——提升与发展 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省龙岩市·期末）In a world filled with social media, streaming movie’s, and endless access to books, it seems strange that many people feel bored. However, a study by katy Y. Y. Tame and Michael Inzlicht, published in Communications Psychology, reveals that digital media may actually increase our boredom. Research shows that since 2010, the amount of time people report feeling bored has significantly increased, especially after smartphones and social media became popular. Researchers explain that our ability to access entertainment anytime has raised our expectations for what is interesting or exciting. This is similar to addiction, where individuals need more stimulation (刺激) to feel satisfied. Consequently, when we engage in less exciting activities, such as reading or attending classes, we feel even more bored because we have become accustomed to higher levels of excitement. Another reason why strolling through platforms like TikTok can leave us feeling bored and without energy is that digital media breaks our attention. We quickly switch between videos and activities, while notifications from our phone’s make it difficult to focus. Also, knowing that we can be distracted makes it harder to focus. “Digital devices worsen boredom by distracting attention, raising the levels of engagement we want, weakening a sense of meaning, and being a useless way to deal with boredom,” tame and Inzlicht say in their paper. This phenomenon related to the “Dorito Theory” which suggests that unsatisfying experiences can still be addictive. As we scroll, we should consider whether our online experiences meet our expectations or merely distract us temporarily. Tam suggests that we can enjoy more meaningful experiences with digital media by seeking out longer content that allows for deeper engagement. However, this may be more challenging today due to our shorter attention duration. To strengthen our viewing experiences, we should focus on the content and limit distractions, similar to how we pay for a more immersive (沉浸式的) experience in a movie theater. By doing so, we can find greater enjoyment in online videos rather than just skimming through them. This approach can help us overcome boredom more effectively. 1．What does the study focus on? A．Digital media effects on boredom. B．Entertainment functions of media. C．Media usage habits of netizens. D．Popularity of streaming movies. 2．What leads to boredom increase according to the study? A．Lack of exciting books. B．Bad media experiences. C．Easy access to digital content. D．High enjoyment expectations. 3．What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A．Assessing online experiences is a must. B．Shifting activities promoters focus. C．Using TikTok is highly addictive. D．Boredom leads to distraction. 4．What is Tam’s suggestion on dealing with boredom? A．Watching online videos. B．Avoiding using digital device. C．Turning to long and engaging content. D．Using multiple screens for stimulation. Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省宁德市·期末）An experimental pair of gloves isn’t particularly fashionable or useful for keeping anyone’s hands warm. Instead the gloves use tactile (触觉的) sensors woven into its fabric to serve an entirely different purpose: teaching piano and other hands-on skills. Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate student Yiyue Luo and her colleagues created these “smart gloves” using tactile technology, which includes physical sensations such as vibrations (震动) or force to help with tactile activities. Researchers used the gloves to record one pianist’s hand movements while playing a song. They then relayed those movements to a student through fingertip vibrations, helping the learner build muscle memory and perform the piece with greater accuracy. “Hand-based movements like piano playing are normally really subjective and difficult to record and transfer,” Luo says. “But with these gloves we are actually able to track one person’s touch experience and share it with another person to improve their tactile learning process.” Using a computerized embroidery (刺绣) machine, the team fixed small wires linked to a pressure-sensing material in the gloves to detect hand motions. When a piano teacher wearing the gloves repeatedly performed a tune, a machine-learning algorithm (运算法则) processed their movement on the keys and translated it into instructional vibrations. Students wearing their own gloves then attempted to play the same tune, with the fingertip vibrations guiding them through proper movements. By the trials’ end, students who had practiced with the gloves could play more accurately than those who had not. The team also tested the gloves’ ability to aid people playing online games with a mouse and keyboard, recording motions from experienced players to guide green hands. People who gamed with the gloves’ guidance scored better on average than those who did not. Playing piano or video games is often just for fun, but Luo adds that with an improved algorithm, coded to identify and catch finer hand movements, the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as medical operations. 1．In which practice can the smart gloves be unavailable? A．Playing the guitar. B．Singing songs. C．Teaching sign language. D．Typing on a keyboard. 2．What is the function of the pressure-sensing material? A．To record songs. B．To translate tunes. C．To keep hands warm. D．To monitor hand movements. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The gloves are designed for fun. B．The gloves have been put into use. C．The gloves can be used to identify codes. D．The gloves will be used in more fields. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．An introduction to a promising technology. B．An advertisement of a new product. C．An approach to teaching piano. D．An instruction for a computerized machine. Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省泉州市·期末）Advocates of AI chatbots in educational settings say the tools can assist in activities like brainstorming — or help students get started on tough math problems. But many teachers say their students are short of the skills to improve upon what AI produces, or the maturity (成熟) and self-awareness to know where the work of AI ends and their own responsibility begins. A 2024 study of nearly 1,000 high school students put the matter to a test: 9th, 10th, and 11th graders attended a brief math lesson, then practised solving related problems in preparation for a quiz. Some relied on traditional methods — consulting their notes and textbooks to find possible answers — while others had access to a basic version or a tutor version (辅导版) of ChatGPT. The results were a success of technology — until they weren’t. Students using the basic and tutor GPTs scored an astonishing 48 percent and 127 percent better than their peers during the practices, respectively, but when the same students went to get back the information from their memory during a follow-up closed-book test, their math skills had disappeared. Test performance of the students who had used the basic version of ChatGPT dropped so sharply that they scored 17 percent below their peers who had relied on pen and paper. Given the opportunity, students used the software as a “crutch” and often skipped straight to the answer, the researchers concluded. When applied at key moments, the technology actually “runs the risk of blocking learning.” But ChatGPT and other similar AI tools aren’t out of the game. In several studies, the tools performed well when designed to guide student learning-by refusing to give away answers, for example, or asking in-depth follow-up questions. AI is making rapid progress, but isn’t a threat to replace teachers. For now, it’s only as smart as its human makers. 1．What is a problem of students when using AI chatbots? A．They are not aware of how AI chatbots work. B．They lack the ability to employ AI effectively. C．They are incapable of improving AI chatbots. D．They refuse to take their own responsibility. 2．How did GPT users perform compared to students using traditional methods? A．Basic GPT users performed best during the practices. B．Tutor GPT users scored 127% better during the test. C．Basic GPT users’ performance dropped during the test. D．Tutor GPT users scored 17% lower during the practices. 3．What does the underlined word “crutch” mean in paragraph 3? A．A device to help people walk. B．A strategy to deepen learning. C．A tool to improve math skills. D．A shortcut to find quick answers. 4．What are AI tools expected to do in education setting? A．Enhance students’ thinking ability. B．Follow AI designers’ instructions. C．Give in-depth answers instantly. D．Replace traditional teaching methods. 主题02 人与社会——社会现象与问题 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省福州市·期末）The fascinating phenomenon of mirroring behavior, such as nodding and yawning, weaves an invisible thread that bonds us together in our daily interactions, often without our conscious awareness. This phenomenon is activated by mirror neurons (神经元) in our brains, which fire when we perform an action and when we observe someone else doing the same. Mirroring is not just a physical act; it includes verbal and emotional aspects as well. The evolutionary (进化的) advantages of mirroring are evident in how it enabled our ancestors to learn, bond, and avoid danger. It’s a fundamental part of social cognition, crucial for child development, and varies across cultures, influencing social norms and interactions. In therapeutic (治疗) setting, mirroring is used to build trust and connection. Mirroring strengthens personal and professional relationships. It improves communication and can boost success in sales and negotiations. By slightly mirroring a customer’s body language or speech patterns, you can create a sense of harmony and agreement. With practice, we can learn to use mirroring intentionally to build better relationships and communicate more effectively. However, it must be used with care and sincerity. Cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings if mirroring norms are not respected. What’s considered polite mirroring in one culture might be seen as disrespectful in another. It’s like trying to do the cha-cha at a square dance. There’s also the dark side of mirroring. Some people might use mirroring techniques to do bad things on purpose. It’s like a wolf in sheep’s clothing, using our natural tendency against us. Remember, mirroring is our ability to understand and empathize (共情) with others. So go forth and use it correctly. You might just be surprised at the connections you create and the insights you gain. After all, in the grand mirror of life, we’re all just reflections of each other. 1．What is mirroring behavior? A．It is a kind of emotional expression. B．It is unconscious tendency to imitate. C．It is an invisible thread in our brains. D．It is a verbal action without awareness. 2．What’s the power of mirroring in therapeutic setting? A．Ensuring survival. B．Boosting success. C．Promoting trust. D．Influencing culture. 3．What can we infer about mirroring from the underlined in Para. 3? A．It might go wrong due to cultural differences. B．It might be used intentionally for evil purpose. C．It can help people communicate more smoothly. D．It can deepen understanding of diverse cultures. 4．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A．Showing insights into life. B．Reflecting carefully. C．Understanding others. D．Mirroring mindfully. Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建师范大学附中·期末）For decades, “simpler is better” has been accepted as a universal truth in marketing. Nick Light, assistant professor of marketing at the UO Lundquist College of Business, has tested that assumption. He found that most consumers prefer offerings that appear to be easy to use and understand. However, pushing simplicity can have a hidden, costly downside. “Simplicity is not a silver bullet,” Light said. This method might work for established companies with track records to back up their claims. But it can be risky for a start-up with no history or a company in a complicated market category where failures or breakdowns are more common. Light’s earlier experience stimulated his interest in the study. He was a marketing manager at a direct-to-consumer mattress(床垫) company. With the catchword “one perfect mattress”, the company offered only one mattress model shipped directly to the consumer’s door, dramatically simplifying the mattress-buying process. “Some customers calling with even minor problems such as a slight discoloration in the material, would get really angry,” Light said. “They would say things like, “I don’t understand what’s so difficult about this,’ even when producing and shipping mattresses are quite complex. These customers were getting overly upset because the product and process had been labeled as simple.” The study also showed that consumers judged the complexity of brands or products based on their mental connections. For example, when study participants viewed advertisements for two different companies, they formed mental pictures of the simplicity or complexity of the brand depending on how plain or busy the art was and the details provided in each ad. Light also looked into product quality and customer opinions and found that consumers are less likely to recommend simpler brands after failures compared to more complex brands. Therefore, the lesson for marketers is to be more careful about building branding and advertising strategies around simplicity, because they could easily backfire if the product or service fails to deliver. 1．What does the underlined words “a silver bullet” in paragraph 2 mean? A．A risky investment. B．A business strategy. C．A quick-fix method. D．A cure-all solution. 2．What did the use of simplicity in the mattress business lead to? A．Rising customer dissatisfaction. B．Reduced expenses for producers. C．Longer transport time for goods. D．More comments from customers. 3．What mainly influence consumers’ views on a brand according to the study? A．The company’s historical background. B．The impressions shaped by ad design. C．The advertising reviews on its website. D．The richness of color in its packaging. 4．What advice does the author give to marketers? A．Advertise after-sale customer service. B．Be cautious about simplicity-themed efforts. C．Stress product quality over simplicity. D．Improve brand presence through social media. Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省福州市·期末）Peterley Manor Farm in the Chiltern Hills has moved a long way from conventional farming. Roger Brill, a fourth-generation farmer, and his wife, Jane, took over a rundown turkey farm in 1982 and started growing and selling fruits and vegetables. Now, their 40-acre farm features a “wild spa” with outdoor ice baths, yoga in a tent, and a café in a tractor garage. Surprisingly, their farm’s produce, including Christmas trees and apple juice, makes up less than a tenth of their income last year. “Instagram has changed everything,” according to Katy Brill, who took over the farm from her parents in 2014. Novel experiences and scenic backdrops do very well on social media platforms. Besides the spa, the farm also offers fitness camps, an outdoor cinema, and play areas for kids, all with beautiful views. They’re even planning a nature-based nursery. Branching out has become normal for modern farmers. Nearly 70% of farms in England are exploring new business. Consumer-focused services in particular are growing fast. Social-media use and a shift towards sustainability and wellness have increased the demand for farm experiences. Farm shops are selling more than before. And farms across Britain outperformed hotels as wedding venues (地点) in 2023, according to data from Hitched, a wedding-planning website. The decision to diversify may not be new: farmers have sought alternative income for decades. But the need has become more urgent. Farms have been under pressure by huge rises in energy costs and higher labor costs. Increasingly unpredictable weather, including record amounts of rainfall, has made harvests less reliable. Diversification brings new opportunities for struggling farms, but adapting to consumer demands leaves them exposed to wider economic cycles. It also requires them to find workers with new skills. In one respect, though, things are not different from old-fashioned farming, “The hospitality (服务) business is extremely difficult,” says Ms Brill.  “It’s hard work and long hours.” 1．What has Roger Brill’s farm been transformed into? A．A traditional farm selling fruits. B．A farm with diversified offerings. C．A special spa and wellness center. D．A centre providing entertainments. 2．What is the farm’s strategy under Katy Brill? A．Enlarging children’s play areas. B．Improving farm produce quality. C．Focusing on conventional farming. D．Stressing promotion by social media. 3．What does the underlined phrase “branching out” in Para 3 mean? A．Narrowing. B．Extending. C．Simplifying. D．Dividing. 4．What’s the passage mainly about? A．New-normal farm operations. B．Great pressure on farm owners. C．Demanding hospitality business. D．Old-fashioned farming modes. Passage 4 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省龙岩市·期末）Pollution has always been an issue around the world, among which ocean pollution stands out, especially plastic pollution. Trash can be seen almost everywhere on the beach and in the ocean and the amount grows rapidly, even out of control. Luckily, 4 ocean, an ocean clean-up company, has completed a record-setting feat (伟业) for collecting 30 million pounds of trash. Operating in 12 locations across three countries worldwide, including the USA, Guatemala, and Indonesia, 4 ocean has become one of the leading ocean clean-up companies devoted to ending the ocean plastic crisis. “We’ve built an entire business for the purpose of cleaning the ocean. With hundreds of local captains and crew members collecting trash from our oceans and coast lines seven days a week and the support of millions of people doing their part to prevent plastic pollution, I’m sure our work will have a lasting impact on the ocean,” said Alex Schulze, 4 ocean CEO and co-founder. The world has produced an estimated 18.3 trillion pounds of plastic since the 1950s; less than 10% of it has been recycled while 79% is left in the environment, Global plastic production is expected to triple by 2050, according to the World Economic Forum, which means an increase in the amount of plastic waste polluting the environment. But plastic pollution isn’t just an environmental problem; it also threatens the global economy and global food security. Ocean-based industries like fishing and tourism employ billions of people; the blue economy also contributes several trillion dollars of goods and services to the global economy every year. More than 3 billion get their primary source of protein from seafood. “That’s why it’s important to us that our operations have a direct impact on the people and places most impacted by plastic pollution,” said Schulze. He adds, “All of our captains and crews live in the communities we serve and are hired as full-time employees. All of our bracelets (手镯) are hand crafted by artisans living in either Guatemala or Bali. Every bracelet bought funds our clean ups and created jobs that provide the steady income people in these communities need right now.” 1．What is the intention of 4 ocean? A．To increase the employment rate. B．To address the ocean plastic issue. C．To complete a record-setting feat. D．To set up a transnational company. 2．What contributes to 4 ocean’s success? A．Effective team efforts. B．The CEO’s ambition. C．Government support. D．Multiple operating sited. 3．Why does the writer mention the World Economic Forum in paragraph 4? A．To highlight 4 ocean’s initiative. B．To prove cleanups’ recycling ability. C．To stress the challenge facing clean ups. D．To complain about massive plastic waste. 4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Clean ups are funded by donations. B．4 ocean ensured global food security. C．4 ocean’s work has a far-reaching effect. D．Bracelets are collected from global artists. Passage 5 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省三明市·期末）Johnson, who likes to look up at the sky, is a volunteer advocate with DarkSky, a movement aimed at reducing light pollution and promoting responsible outdoor lighting. DarkSky is active in more than 70 countries. Light pollution can be disastrous for wildlife and particularly for migrating(迁徙)birds. Many migratory birds are easy to be drawn to light. Once in a big city with lit up buildings, birds have trouble finding their way out again. Johnson moved to Ridgefield years ago and loved how dark the sky was compared to living in the city. She worked with the City of Ridgefield to help ensure new house development going up followed local lighting regulations and passionately began sharing information about DarkSky at local events. Johnson and other DarkSky volunteers and birding organizations made DarkSky’s Principles of Outdoor Lighting for bird safety: Use targeted lighting; Use outdoor lighting only if needed; Turn outdoor lights to the lowest level possible; Add controlling features to your lights; Use warm-colored outdoor lights. The Bird Alliance of Oregon promotes a “Lights Out” campaign during migration seasons to raise awareness about responsible lighting. This year, Portland mayor signed a declaration setting Sept. 19-Oct.19, 2024 as “Lights Out Portland Month”, encouraging residents to turn off unnecessary lights from 11 p.m. until dawn during migration periods. All these efforts have made an impact on protecting the night sky for the health of birds and other wildlife. Johnson said proudly, “Lights may, be out during migration season, but the future for dark skies is looking up.” 1．What’s DarkSky? A．A private company. B．A charity club. C．A public activity. D．A government agency. 2．When did Johnson actively start spreading knowledge about DarkSky? A．Before she moved to Ridgefield. B．The moment she became a volunteer. C．After she joined the City of Ridgefield. D．When Poland mayor issued the declaration. 3．What does the author want to highlight in Para 4? A．Successful examples to save wildlife. B．Significance of responsible lighting. C．Steps to develop birding organizations. D．Combined efforts to reduce light pollution. 4．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．There will be a decrease in light pollution. B．It’s hard to predict the future for dark skies. C．Bird migration season will be changed without lights. D．It’s urgent to protect the might skies during migration. Passage 6 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省龙岩市·期末）People today are much cleverer than in previous generations. A study of 72 countries found that average ids rose by 2.2 points per decade from 1948 to 2020, a phenomenon known as the “Flynn effect,” named after the scientist James Flynn who first identified it. Given that it took millions of years for the brain to evolve, how could it improve so rapidly? The answer lies in better nutrition and mental stimulation. Just as muscles need food and exercise, the brain require proper nutrients and activity for development. Today’s children are less likely to be malnourished and more likely to attend school. In wealthy countries, the Flynn effect has largely stabilized, while many children in poorer countries still lack enough nutrition to reach their cognitive (认知) potential. Globally, 22 % of children under five — about 150 million — are malnourished, and half suffer firm micronutrient short ages, which can lead to a loss of up to 15 id points. Several factors hinder proper nutrition, including war and disease, which prevent families from accessing food and lead to nutrient shortages. Poverty is a significant issue, but not the only cause; UNICEF data shows that many malnourished children come from non-poor families, highlighting the impact of poor eating habits and cultural practice. For instance, in patriarchal societies, pregnant women may face iron short ages due to unequal food distribution. Effective strategies include enriching basic foods with micronutrients like iron and zinc (锌), which is a cost-effective way to make a big difference. Another method is providing small cash sums to families with infants or pregnant mothers. Still, more research is needed to address these issues. For example, scientists in Bangladesh are exploring ways to promote beneficial gut bacteria among women in local poor areas. Researchers in Africa are working on treating anemia (贫血症) without worsening malaria. Some argue that human intelligence will matter less as we rely more on AI, but as Harvard’s Steven Pinker notes, human intelligence is a vital “tail wind” helping us adapt to new challengers. Investing in the next generation’s nutrition is not just right; it is essential. 1．What does “Flynn effect” refer to? A．Intelligence can be passed down. B．Nutrition has an impact on id. C．Average ids change over time. D．Average ids go up per decade. 2．Which can replace the underlined word “hinder” in paragraph 3? A．Promote. B．Block. C．Balance. D．Involve. 3．What does the author intend to convey in the last paragraph? A．More efforts are needed. B．AI affects human greatly. C．Nutrition is less important. D．Effective strategies are adopted. 4．Which would be the suitable title for the passage? A．AI as Human id B．IQ Changes Over Time C．Nutrition for Smarter Kids D．challenge for Kids’ Growth 主题03 人与自然——自然环境与探索 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省莆田九中·期末）A smoke bomb from a party started a major blaze (火焰) near Los Angeles in September,just one of many recent wildfires ignited (引燃) by people. Now, an analysis of satellite data shows human-caused blazes spread much faster and kill more trees than ones ignited by lightning. Fire has always been a part of California’s natural history. But several centuries of human settlement have created new conditions that promote its spread.Studies have shown human ignition is to blame for 84% of all wildfires in the United States,and 97% of all those that threaten homes. Human-caused fires always seemed more extreme, says Stijn Hantson,a fire ecologist at the University of California,Irvine,who led the new research. But measurements of how fast they spread and their impacts on ecosystems (生态系统) in California had not been explored, he notes. To examine those differences, Hantson and his colleagues analyzed satellite data for 214 wildfires in California between 2012 and 2018.Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns,the team reports.The faster spreading fires also burned more violently and killed “double or triple” the trees as lightning-caused ones. However, there is no fundamental difference in the chemistry of a human-caused blaze. “A fire is a fire” Hantson says. “It’s the surrounding things that matter.” Causes of fires ranging from improperly thrown cigarettes to sparking (冒火花) power lines could ignite a blaze on any given day, he says, while lightning strikes and dry thunderstorms only happen seasonally. The researchers tracked meteorological data and found that human-caused fires were more likely to start on days with extreme weather conditions,and were more associated with drier,less-forested landscapes. This adds to scientists’ understanding of how humans are extending the fire season, says Nathan Mietkiewicz, an ecologist with the National Ecological Observation Network. 1．The author uses some data in paragraph 2 to show that ________. A．wildfires are mostly caused by humans B．most wildfires threaten people’s homes C．wildfire is a part of California’s natural history D．wildfires break out frequently in the United States 2．What’s the purpose of Hantson’s research? A．To prove how extreme human-caused fires are. B．To find out the causes and solutions of wildfires. C．To explore the speed and effects of wildfires caused by humans. D．To examine the differences between a human-caused blaze and a nature-caused one. 3．How is the result presented in paragraph 4? A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By giving definitions. 4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Human-caused fires and lightning-caused fires are basically different. B．Lightning strikes and thunderstorms can always lead to wildfires. C．Wildfires only happen in dry,less-forested areas. D．Humans are to blame for the extended fire season. Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省莆田锦江中学·期末）Humans are not the animal kingdom's only fashionistas. Tits ( ill雀) can be fashion followers, too, apparently. A latest study shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season's must-have colour. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds' nests. But which particular color was favoured varied from season to season. This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others. Williams's work was, however, forgotten until they came across it while following up on a different study, published by a team at the University of Toulouse, suggesting fashion-following, too. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams's experiment, but this time to collect some actual numbers. The birds they followed were part of a well-monitored population of blue tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allowed the institute's researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by recording their arrival at food containers throughout the wood. Instead of food, these containers were loaded with wool of different colors. Interestingly, researchers soon found that most nests of blue tits included only the color of the wool first chosen by a nestbuildcr. Tits, then, do seem to be “on trend”, when it comes to nest-building materials. Why that should happen remains obscure. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds, and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit. Williams’s original work, though, suggests such initial choices are at random-a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? A．Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin contributed to William's work. B．Early birds' color preference was copied by their fellows. C．The yam was the most popular material to decorate local birds' nests. D．The color of the yam favored by local birds was fixed throughout the year. 2．How did Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin improve William's experiment? A．They observed the blue tits. B．They studied the habits of blue tits. C．They adopted the data-collecting method. D．They fitted tracking devices to food containers. 3．What does the underlined word “obscure” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Hidden. B．Evident. C．Complicated. D．Shallow. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Birds favor certain colors in decoration. B．Young birds follow their elders in fashion. C．Young birds are just as intelligent as people. D．Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people. Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省泉州市·期末）Some Virginia Tech researchers have developed a new method for upcycling plastics into high-value chemicals to create soaps, cleaners, and more. Plastics and soaps seemingly have little in common, but there is a surprising connection between the two on a molecular (分子的) level: The chemical structure of polyethylene — one of the most commonly used plastics — is strikingly similar to that of a fatty acid, which is used in making soap. Guoliang Liu, an associate professor of chemistry at Virginia Tech, believed the similarity meant polyethylene could be turned into fatty acids and eventually soap with a few extra steps. The challenge was how to break a long polyethylene chain (链) into many short — but not too short — chains and how to do it efficiently. Liu, along with two PhD chemistry students Zhen Xu and Eric Munyaneza, built a small, oven-like reactor where they could heat polyethylene. The lower part of the reactor reaches a high temperature to break the long chains, while the upper part is cooled to a low enough temperature to prevent further breakdown. After that, they gathered the leftover and found that Liu’s assumption had been right: It was composed of “short-chain polyethylene,” or more precisely, waxes (蜡). This was the first step in developing a method for upcycling plastics into soap. One of the exciting features of Liu’s new upcycling method is that it can be used on both polyethylene and polypropylene, meaning that it’s not necessary to separate the two plastics from each other. This is a major advantage over some recycling methods used today. The upcycling technique also requires only plastic and heat, making it cost-effective with minimal environmental impact. Liu advised being careful, though. This method is just one part of a larger solution to the global plastic pollution crisis and a joint effort is needed between the research and industrial communities. “The best way to avoid plastic pollution is to minimise the use of plastics,” said Liu. 1．What is the main purpose of paragraph 2? A．To stress the challenge. B．To explain the process. C．To present the significance. D．To introduce the assumption. 2．How does the upcycling process work? A．By heating plastics intensively. B．By mixing a chemical with plastics. C．By breaking down plastics in a reactor. D．By collecting the leftover to make waxes: 3．What makes this upcycling method stand out? A．Simple processing. B．Zero-waste practice. C．Potential market value. D．Low-energy consumption. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Plastic Waste, Precious Products B．From Waste to Wash C．Fighting Pollution with Innovation D．Saying No to Plastics. Passage 4 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省宁德市·期末）In an era when online misinformation is seemingly everywhere and objective facts are often in argument, UC Berkeley psychologists in a new study have presented a somewhat contradictory partial solution: Expose young children to more misinformation online — not less. Orticio, a Ph.D．student in UC Berkeley’s Department of Psychology, and his colleagues used a pair of experiments involving 122 children aged four to seven to test how their level of skepticism (怀疑) changed in different online environments. The first study exposed them to an e-book with varying degrees of true and false statements about animals. Next to a picture of a zebra, for example, some children were shown truths like that zebras had black and white stripes. Others were shown falsehoods about zebras being red and green. Based on that information, they indicated whether the claims were true or false. A second study simulated (模拟) search engine results and posed similar animal facts and fictions. Next, children evaluated the truth of a new claim within that same digital context, this time about an alien species called Zorpies. On a screen were images of 20 so-called Zorpies. One of the alien’s faces showed that it had three eyes; the rest of the Zorpies wore dark sunglasses that covered their eyes. Children were then asked to decide whether all Zorpies had three eyes. But before making their final decision, participants were allowed to fact-check the claim by tapping any number of the aliens, removing their sunglasses and revealing their eyes. Since children knew nothing about the aliens, their skepticism could only come from their assessment of how reliable this digital platform was. Researchers found that the children who were the most hardworking about fact-checking the Zorpies claims were also the ones who saw more false claims about animals earlier in the study. Meanwhile, those who had more reliable environments with fewer false claims earlier in the study did almost no fact-checking. A computer simulation confirmed that the children in the more unreliable environments were more likely to reveal potential misinformation. 1．What do psychologists recommend to help children deal with online misinformation? A．To leave them in a less protected information environment. B．To help them sort out different kinds of information. C．To require them to collect some useful information. D．To help them develop the ability of the critical thinking. 2．Who will be more likely to become a good fact-checker? A．The children working harder to make statements. B．The children seeing more false claims. C．The children exposed to more digital contexts. D．The children exposed to more reliable environments. 3．How were the experiments conducted? A．By making comparisons. B．By making questionnaires. C．By analyzing documents. D．By interviewing participants. 4．What can we learn from the experiments? A．They were carried out through the same online digital platform. B．Participants can tap the number of Zorpies to get true information. C．Participants can remove the sunglasses for reference. D．They both presented false information to the participants. 1 / 48 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——心理与行为 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省漳州市·期末）Our brains are born to look for threats, to make a plan to address those threats and keep us safe. Those perceived threats may be based on the “what ifs” we imagine could happen in the future. Actually, our “what ifs” can bring up a lot of negative emotion, which means we can easily get stuck on thoughts and keep going over them. People who have had prior challenges or experienced setback may have come to expect threats and look for them more than people who have not had adversities. Deep thinkers, people who are prone (易于的) to anxiety or low mood, and those who are sensitive or feel emotions deeply are also more likely to ruminate and overthink. Also, when we are stressed, our emotions tend to be stronger and last longer, and our thoughts can be less accurate, which means we can get stuck on thoughts more than we would usually. Your thoughts are not necessarily true or accurate, but when we overthink and have them on repeat, they can start to feel true because they become familiar. A useful way to manage rumination or overthinking is “change, accept, and let go”. Specifically, challenge and change aspects of your thoughts where you can. Coming up with a more realistic thought can help stop the circle of the unhelpful thought. Furthermore, we’d better figure out how we feel about something and address those feelings. Rather than refuse them, accepting your emotions and finding ways to manage those will be helpful. You can even make a plan for dealing with future possibilities your thoughts are raising. However, it is difficult to plan for all eventualities (可能的事). What you can do is to make a plan for one or two of the more likely possibilities and accept there may be things that happen you haven’t thought of. After all, life unavoidably involves a lack of complete control over outcomes and possibilities. So, the last part is letting go of the need to know exactly how things will turn out, and believing in your ability to cope with different situations. 1．What’s the main function of the first paragraph? A．To give an example. B．To make a definition. C．To introduce a topic. D．To describe a phenomenon. 2．Which best explains the underlined word “adversities” in paragraph 2? A．Advantages. B．Opportunities. C．Qualities. D．Barriers. 3．What kind of people get stuck on thoughts easily? A．People under pressure. B．People likely to succeed. C．People with a realistic thought. D．People barely experiencing challenges. 4．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．How to plan for future. B．How to accept emotions. C．How to address your feelings. D．How to deal with future possibilities. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是人类大脑天生就倾向于寻找威胁，并制定计划来应对这些威胁以确保自身的安全。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Our brains are born to look for threats, to make a plan to address those threats and keep us safe. Those perceived threats may be based on the “what ifs” we imagine could happen in the future. Actually, our “what ifs” can bring up a lot of negative emotion, which means we can easily get stuck on thoughts and keep going over them.(我们的大脑天生就会寻找威胁，制定计划来应对这些威胁，保证我们的安全。这些感知到的威胁可能是基于我们对未来可能发生的“假设”的想象。事实上，我们的“万一”会带来很多负面情绪，这意味着我们很容易陷入想法中，并不断地思考它们。)”可知文章第一段提出了我们的大脑天生就会寻找威胁，并制定计划来应对这些威胁以保证我们安全的话题，文章第二至四段集中围绕这一话题展开，第五段对全文进行总结，所以第一段的作用是提出话题，故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段划线词之前“People who have had prior challenges or experienced setback may have come to expect threats and look for them more than people who have not had(那些之前经历过挑战或挫折的人可能会比那些没有经历过的人更容易预料到威胁，并寻找威胁)”可知此处比较的是经历过挫折或挑战与没经历过挫折或挑战的人的不同表现，所以划线词adversities与句中setback(挫折)为同义词，由此可知划线词adversities与D项barriers(障碍；阻力)意思相近，故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Also, when we are stressed, our emotions tend to be stronger and last longer, and our thoughts can be less accurate, which means we can get stuck on thoughts more than we would usually.(此外，当我们有压力时，我们的情绪往往会更强烈，持续的时间更长，我们的想法可能会不那么准确，这意味着我们会比平时更容易陷入想法中。)”可知，有压力的人容易被想法所困，故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Furthermore, we’d better figure out how we feel about something and address those feelings. Rather than refuse them, accepting your emotions and finding ways to manage those will be helpful. (此外，我们最好弄清楚我们对某事的感觉，并解决这些感觉。与其拒绝它们，不如接受你的情绪，并找到管理它们的方法，这将是有帮助的。)”及第四段的其他内容可知，第四段主要讲的是如何接受情绪，故选B项。 Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建仙游第一中学·期末）Dr. Maya Ellis adjusted her lab coat, eyes scanning the 40 volunteers seated before her. “Today, you’ll meet a new student named Liam,” she announced, projecting a slide. “Pay close attention — your impressions matter.” What the group didn’t know was that they were about to test one of psychology’s most enduring theories: the primacy effect, the tendency to judge others based on first impressions.​The experiment unfolded in three stages. First, all participants watched a 2-minute video of “Liam” completing a puzzle. Half the group saw him start confidently — solving the first three pieces quickly, smiling, and joking with an off-camera assistant — before fumbling the final steps. The other half watched the reverse: Liam struggled initially, muttering in frustration, then rallied to finish smoothly.​ Next, Dr. Ellis handed out identical lists of 10 traits describing Liam: “intelligent, clumsy, friendly, impatient, honest, disorganized, helpful, stubborn, creative, careless.” Crucially, the order was flipped for each group. Those who’d seen Liam’s strong start read positive traits first; the others encountered negatives upfront.​ Finally, participants rated Liam on a scale of 1–10 for “overall likability.” The results were striking. The first group, exposed to Liam’s early success and positive traits first, gave him an average score of 7.8. The second group, despite seeing his late improvement, averaged just 4.2. “Even when presented with the same information,” Dr. Ellis noted, “your first glimpse skewed your judgment.”​ But she added a twist. A subset of volunteers was asked to write down all traits before rating Liam. Their scores were far closer — 6.1 and 5.9 — suggesting that deliberate reflection could weaken the primacy effect. “Our brains crave shortcuts,” Dr. Ellis explained afterward. “First impressions act like mental anchors, weighing down later details.”​ 1．What theory was Dr. Maya Ellis testing in her experiment? A．The theory of cognitive dissonance B．The primacy effect C．The halo effect D．The bystander effect 2．How was the video of “Liam” different for the two groups? A．One group watched a longer video than the other B．One group saw Liam perform well first, then struggle; the other saw the reverse C．One group watched Liam solving a puzzle, the other watched him doing sports D．One group saw Liam working alone, the other saw him working in a team 3．What was the key difference in the lists of traits given to the two groups? A．The number of traits B．The content of the traits C．The order of the traits D．The language used to describe the traits 4．What does Dr. Ellis mean by saying “First impressions act like mental anchors”? A．First impressions are easily forgotten B．First impressions have little impact on final judgments C．First impressions strongly influence how later information is interpreted D．First impressions are always accurate 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Maya Ellis博士通过实验验证首因效应（primacy effect）的过程，即人们基于第一印象判断他人的倾向，以及刻意反思对该效应的削弱作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“What the group didn’t know was that they were about to test one of psychology’s most enduring theories: the primacy effect, the tendency to judge others based on first impressions.​ (该团队不知道的是，他们即将验证心理学领域最经久不衰的理论之一：首因效应，即基于第一印象评判他人的倾向。)”可知，Maya Ellis博士的实验旨在测试首因效应。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Half the group saw him start confidently — solving the first three pieces quickly, smiling, and joking with an off-camera assistant — before fumbling the final steps. The other half watched the reverse: Liam struggled initially, muttering in frustration, then rallied to finish smoothly.​ (一半的人看到他一开始信心满满 —— 迅速解开了前三块拼图，面带微笑，还与镜头外的助手开着玩笑 —— 但最后几步却搞砸了。另一半人看到的情况则相反：Liam一开始很吃力，沮丧地嘟囔着，然后振作起来，顺利完成了。)”可知，两组志愿者观看的“Liam”视频的不同之处在于：一组先看到Liam表现出色，之后遇到困难；另一组则相反，先看到他挣扎，后看到他顺利完成。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Crucially, the order was flipped for each group. Those who’d seen Liam’s strong start read positive traits first; the others encountered negatives upfront. (至关重要的是，每个组的顺序都被颠倒了。那些看到Liam开局强劲的人首先读到积极的特质；而其他人则先看到消极的特质。)”可知，给两组志愿者的特质列表的关键区别在于特质的顺序不同。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“First impressions act like mental anchors, weighing down later details. (第一印象就像心理锚点，影响着后续的细节。)”以及前文提到刻意反思可以削弱首因效应，让两组对“Liam”的评分更接近，可知Ellis博士说“第一印象就像心理锚”的意思是第一印象会强烈影响人们对后续信息的解读，就像锚一样固定住人们的判断，而不是容易被遗忘、对最终判断影响小或者总是准确的。故选C项。 主题02 人与社会——科技与生活 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省华侨中学·期末）The new Gemini Live voice assistant represents advancement in conversational AI, although it does have some functional limitations. While some users may prefer human interaction to using Google’s Gemini Live, the assistant offers several benefits. It can enhance interviewing skills and humor, listens attentively, responds quickly, and handles interruptions effectively. Additionally, unlike other bots, it does not frequently respond with, “Sorry, I didn’t understand that.” “I had an extensive chat with Google’s AI assistant before its release.” Rick Osterloh, who charges Android, Chrome, and Google’s hardware businesses, emphasized system performance and low delay for dialogues. Gemini Live could revolutionize our interaction with technology. It will work with Google’s new earbuds, providing a Her-like experience. However, Osterloh clarified that Gemini Live is intended as a practical assistant for brainstorming and conversation, not for emotional attachments. Gemini Live will be widely available, starting with Android users, with Pixel phone buyers getting extra AI tools powered by the new Tensor G4 chips. These tools include the “Add Me” photo feature, which integrates individual shots into group photos, and “Call Notes”, which records and writes out calls. Of course, there are still some problems, such as misinterpreting jokes. AI is integrated into many parts of the new Android phones, and while iPhone users can expect similar advancements with iOS 18, Osterloh believes Google has an advantage. Due to its extensive understanding of both personal and global information, it can offer more intelligent, personalized, and practical services. But Osterloh assured that phone calls, texts, emails, and calendar appointments are not used to train Google’s AI models. The true obstacle is neither technological nor competitive. Google faced criticism for an advertisement showing a father using Gemini to help his daughter write a letter, which some saw as reducing human connection. Osterloh compared this to the shift from handwritten letters to emails, suggesting that while the market may not be fully ready for AI’s changes, there is hope for gradual acceptance. In conclusion, Gemini’s integration into daily tasks and potential for future improvements make it an important development in the growing field of artificial intelligence. 1．What does the underlined word “revolutionize” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Turn upside down. B．Slow down progress. C．Preserve the current state. D．Bring about major changes. 2．What can be learned about extra AI tools of Gemini Live? A．All Android users have access to features of Gemini Live. B．Pixel phone buyers will receive them before other phone users. C．The “Call Notes” feature can transform your conversations. D．The “Add Me” feature recognizes and removes unwanted photos. 3．Why does Osterloh believes Google has an advantage in AI? A．AI is merely integrated into new Android phones. B．Google has powerful information processing capabilities. C．Android phones are superior to those with iOS systems. D．Google relies on personal data to better its AI models. 4．What can be implied as the real challenge for Google’s Gemini Live? A．The improper use of AI helpers. B．People’s willingness to accept it. C．Less personal communication. D．The market’s weak tolerance. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了谷歌新推出的Gemini Live语音助手。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Gemini Live could revolutionize our interaction with technology. It will work with Google’s new earbuds, providing a Her-like experience. (Gemini Live可能会revolutionize我们与技术的交互方式。它将与谷歌的新耳机一起工作，提供类似科幻电影《她》(一部科幻电影，其中AI助手与主角建立了深厚的情感联系)中的体验)中“work with Google’s new earbuds”和“providing a Her-like experience”可知，语音助手Gemini Live将与谷歌的新耳机搭配，给用户带来类似科幻电影中人工智能的体验，这是与技术交互方式的重大变革。由此可推知，划线词revolutionize意为“带来重大改变”，与D项“Bring about major changes”同义。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“These tools include the “Add Me” photo feature, which integrates individual shots into group photos, and “Call Notes”, which records and writes out calls. (这些工具包括Add Me照片功能，该功能可以将个人照片集成到集体照片中，以及Call Notes功能，该功能可以记录和写下通话内容)”可知，Gemini Live的额外AI工具中的Call Notes功能可以记录和写下通话内容，即把对话转化为文字。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“AI is integrated into many parts of the new Android phones, and while iPhone users can expect similar advancements with iOS 18, Osterloh believes Google has an advantage. Due to its extensive understanding of both personal and global information, it can offer more intelligent, personalized, and practical services. (新的安卓手机的许多部分都集成了人工智能，虽然iPhone用户可以期待iOS 18的类似进步，但Osterloh认为谷歌有优势。因为它对个人和全球信息的广泛理解，它可以提供更智能、个性化和实用的服务)”可知，Osterloh认为谷歌在AI方面有优势是因为谷歌拥有强大的对个人和全球信息的处理能力。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Osterloh compared this to the shift from handwritten letters to emails, suggesting that while the market may not be fully ready for AI’s changes, there is hope for gradual acceptance. (Osterloh将这比作从手写信件到电子邮件的转变，暗示虽然市场可能还没有完全准备好接受AI的改变，但有望逐渐接受)”可知，Osterloh认为人们对于AI助手的接受程度就像从手写信件到电子邮件的转变一样，需要时间逐渐接受。由此可推知，谷歌的Gemini Live面临的真正挑战是人们的接受意愿。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建师范大学附属中学·期末）For many, travel isn’t just about the destination — it’s about making the most of the journey. However, for a lot of people, the journey is often ruined by an uncomfortable experience often accompanied by vomiting (呕吐), known as motion sickness. If you’ve ever felt the unwelcome urge to vomit while reading or using your device in a moving vehicle, you’re not alone. Recognizing this common issue, Apple has stepped up to offer a solution: the Vehicle Motion Cues feature (功能) for iPhones and iPads. Motion sickness occurs when there is a disconnect between what your eyes see and what your body feels. When you’re in a moving vehicle, your body senses motion through its vestibular system (the inner ear), but if your eyes are focused on a still screen that doesn’t reflect this movement, the brain receives mixed signals. This sensory (感官的) conflict can lead to dizziness (头晕), nausea, and overall discomfort — symptoms (症状) all too familiar to motion sickness sufferers. Apple’s new Vehicle Motion Cues feature is designed to bridge this gap and bring relief to those likely to experience motion sickness. This feature works by showing animated (动画的) dots around your screen, which move at the same time and speed as the motion of your vehicle. These moving cues help keep the motion your body feels in agreement with what your eyes see, effectively reducing the sensory mismatch that causes motion sickness. By matching the visual input with the physical sensations of motion, your brain is less likely to experience the confusion that leads to sickness. Early reports and user feedback (反馈) indicate that Vehicle Motion Cues is receiving high praise for its effectiveness. So next time you embark on a journey, whether short or long, remember that Apple’s got your back — or rather, your brain - helping you make the most of every mile with ease and comfort. 1．Which type of people can be interested in Vehicle Motion Cues? A．Frequent travelers. B．Book lovers. C．Vehicle operators. D．Sport scientists. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The principle of Apple’s new design. B．The cause of motion sickness. C．The functions of Apples new design. D．The symptoms of motion sickness. 3．By displaying animated dots around the screen, Applet Vehicle Motion Cues is able to _____. A．ease sensory conflicts in the brain B．tell the mismatched physical sensations C．balance the movement of our eyes and body D．increase the effectiveness of vehicle motion 4．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Make the Most of Your Journey: Apple Bridges the. Gap B．Find the Magic of a Moving Vehicle: Apple’s Got! Your Back C．Enjoy Your Reading: Apple Offers a Revolutionary Solution D．Say Goodbye to Motion Sickness: Apple Introduces Its New Design 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了晕车的现象、原因以及苹果公司针对这一问题在iPhone和iPad上推出的“车辆运动提示”功能，旨在解释这一新功能的工作原理及其对用户的益处。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Apple’s new Vehicle Motion Cues feature is designed to bridge this gap and bring relief to those likely to experience motion sickness.(苹果公司新推出的车辆运动提示功能旨在弥合这一差距，为那些容易晕车的人带来缓解。)”可知，苹果公司为解决晕车问题推出的车辆运动提示功能。对于经常旅行的人来说，他们在旅途中更容易受到晕车的困扰，而这个功能可以帮助他们缓解晕车症状，让旅途更加舒适，所以频繁旅行者会对该功能感兴趣。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Motion sickness occurs when there is a disconnect between what your eyes see and what your body feels. When you’re in a moving vehicle, your body senses motion through its vestibular system (the inner ear), but if your eyes are focused on a still screen that doesn’t reflect this movement, the brain receives mixed signals. This sensory (感官的) conflict can lead to dizziness (头晕), nausea, and overall discomfort — symptoms (症状) all too familiar to motion sickness sufferers.(当你的眼睛所看到的与身体所感觉到的不一致时，就会产生晕车现象。当你身处移动的交通工具中时，你的身体会通过前庭系统感知运动，但如果你的眼睛聚焦在一个静止的屏幕上，而这个屏幕并未反映出这种运动，大脑就会接收到混杂的信号。这种感官上的冲突会导致头晕、恶心以及全身不适——这些都是晕车患者再熟悉不过的症状了。)”可知，第二段开头提到什么情况下会产生晕车现象。随后详细解释了在移动的交通工具中，身体通过前庭系统感知运动，而眼睛聚焦静止屏幕会使大脑接收混杂信号，从而引发晕车的过程。所以这一段主要是在讲述晕车的原因。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This feature works by showing animated(动画的) dots around your screen, which move at the same time and speed as the motion of your vehicle. These moving cues help keep the motion your body feels in agreement with what your eyes see, effectively reducing the sensory mismatch that causes motion sickness.(该功能的工作原理是在屏幕周围显示一些动画小圆点，这些小圆点会与你所在交通工具的运动同时且同速移动。这些移动的提示有助于让身体感觉到的运动与眼睛看到的保持一致，从而有效减少导致晕车的感官上的不一致情况。)”可知，通过在屏幕周围显示动画小圆点，能够减少大脑中导致晕车的感官冲突。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章开篇指出晕车问题会破坏旅途体验这一常见现象，接着介绍了晕车产生的原因，随后重点阐述了苹果公司针对晕车问题推出的车辆运动提示功能，包括其工作原理以及早期反馈显示的有效性等内容，整体都是围绕苹果公司推出的新设计来帮助人们告别晕车展开的。选项D“Say Goodbye to Motion Sickness: Apple Introduces Its New Design(告别晕车：苹果推出其新设计)”与此相符。故选D。 Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省华侨中学·期末）When Meng Jintao was a child, power outages in his rural hometown sparked his curiosity: Why can’t we store electricity during regular times and use it when the power goes out? Now 29, Meng has turned this childhood curiosity into reality with his advanced iron-based flow energy storage system. Distinguished by its massive storage capacity, high safety standards, and long-term endurance, this technology represents a major advancement in energy storage. In 2013, Meng began his studies at Hefei University of Technology in Anhui, East China, majoring in new energy materials and devices. During his university years, he traveled to Qinghai and Gansu provinces in Northwest China for research, where he observed the initial successes of wind and solar power projects. However, he learned from power station staff that much of the energy generated by wind turbines was unstable and could not be effectively used. It was during this period that Meng recognized the urgent need for advanced storage solutions to stabilize energy supply and release it steadily to the grid, thereby increasing efficiency. This realization led him to develop the iron-based flow energy storage system. “This system functions like a large power bank for cities,” he explained. According to Meng, while lithium (锂) batteries are well-established, there is a growing need for a more affordable and safer storage solution. He chose iron for its cost-efficiency and the abundant availability of iron resources in China. Iron-based flow energy storage systems are also more economical and use water as a solution, making them fire-resistant and safer. In 2020, while pursuing his master’s degree at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Meng achieved a significant milestone by successfully testing the first iron-based flow battery in his lab. “Seeing the battery model start its charging and discharging cycles was a moment of endless pride,” he said, “with China announcing its double carbon goals, I wanted to transform my research into a tangible product that could both benefit the country and make a difference.” Through continuous adjustments, accurate research, and determined experimentation, Meng and his team completed their first kilowatt-level energy storage system in 2021, suitable for everyday use. “I want to keep improving the technology to make energy storage safer and more cost-effective, both in China and worldwide,” he said. 1．What inspired Meng Jintao to seek new solutions for energy storage? A．His observations of power cuts in rural areas. B．His major in new energy materials and devices. C．His experience of working with lithium batteries. D．His witness to the success of renewable power projects. 2．What characteristic of iron led Meng Jintao to choose it? A．Its work efficiency. B．Its unlimited supply. C．Its economic advantage. D．Its environmental friendliness. 3．Which of the following words can best describe Meng Jintao? A．Cautious and generous. B．Capable and determined. C．Intelligent and considerate. D．Hard-working and outgoing. 4．What is the most suitable title for this passage? A．The Future of Renewable Energy: Strengths and Weaknesses B．Meng Jintao: Leading Figure in Power Generation Technology C．From Curiosity to Creation: Meng Jintao’s Journey in Energy Storage D．Lithium vs. Iron: The Ongoing Battle for Better Energy Storage Solution 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了孟锦涛受到儿时在农村看到的停电现象的启发，寻找能源储存的新方法，最终发明了先进的铁基液流储能系统。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“When Meng Jintao was a child, power outages in his rural hometown sparked his curiosity: Why can’t we store electricity during regular times and use it when the power goes out?(当孟锦涛还是个孩子的时候，他的家乡农村停电引发了他的好奇心：为什么我们不能在正常情况下储存电力，以便在停电时使用)”可知，孟锦涛在农村看到的停电现象启发他寻找能源储存的新方法，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“He chose iron for its cost-efficiency and the abundant availability of iron resources in China. Iron-based flow energy storage systems are also more economical and use water as a solution, making them fire- resistant and safer.(他之所以选择铁，是因为它的成本效益和中国丰富的铁资源。铁基液流储能系统也更经济，并使用水作为解决方案，使其防火和更安全)”可知，孟锦涛选择铁是因为它在经济方面有优势，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Now 29, Meng has turned this childhood curiosity into reality with his advanced iron-based flow energy storage system.(如今，29岁的孟将儿时的好奇心变成了现实，他发明了先进的铁基液流储能系统)”和最后一段“Through continuous adjustments, accurate research, and determined experimentation, Meng and his team completed their first kilowatt-level energy storage system in 2021, suitable for everyday use. “I want to keep improving the technology to make energy storage safer and more cost-effective, both in China and worldwide,” he said.(通过不断的调整、精确的研究和坚定的实验，孟和他的团队在2021年完成了他们的第一个千瓦级储能系统，适合日常使用。他说：‘我想继续改进这项技术，使能源储存在中国和世界范围内更安全、更经济。’)”可知，孟锦涛通过不断的调整、精确的研究和坚定的实验发明了先进技术，并想继续改进这项技术，说明他有才能且坚定，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“Now 29, Meng has turned this childhood curiosity into reality with his advanced iron-based flow energy storage system.(如今，29岁的孟将儿时的好奇心变成了现实，他发明了先进的铁基液流储能系统)”可知，文章主要介绍了孟锦涛受到儿时在农村看到的停电现象的启发，寻找能源储存的新方法，最终发明了先进的铁基液流储能系统，C项“从好奇到创造：孟锦涛的储能之旅”为最佳标题，故选C。 主题03 人与自然——生态保护与修复 Passage 1 （2024~2025学年高二上学期·福建仙游第一中学·期末）Beneath Hawaii’s turquoise waves, a silent crisis unfolds: coral reefs, home to 25% of marine species, are bleaching at alarming rates. But across the islands, a wave of innovation is pushing back — blending ancient wisdom with cutting-edge science to protect paradise.​ On Oahu’s north shore, marine biologists and local fishermen have joined forces on the Reef Tender project. Using 3D-printed coral “seeds” made from limestone and recycled oyster shells, they’re restoring damaged reefs. These seeds, shaped like tiny antlers, mimic natural coral structures, allowing baby coral polyps to attach and grow 50% faster than in the wild. What makes it unique? Fishermen, who’ve guarded these waters for generations, now monitor the reefs daily, using a simple app to log growth — turning stewards into scientists.​ In Maui’s rainforests, invasive species like the miconia plant once spread unchecked. Enter Aloha AirWatch, a drone program with a twist: drones equipped with thermal cameras scan the canopy, identifying invasive plants by their heat signatures. Instead of spraying chemicals, teams deploy biocontrol agents — tiny Hawaiian wasps that feed exclusively on miconia leaves. It’s a targeted approach, preserving native flora while honoring the Hawaiian principle of kākoʻo .​ Perhaps most inspiring is the Hui o Ka Wai initiative, which revives traditional Hawaiian water management. Ancient ʻauwai are being restored with modern sensors that track water flow, ensuring streams stay healthy for both taro farms and endangered freshwater fish. Farmers now share real-time data via a community dashboard, balancing crop needs with in a way that feels both old and new.​ Hawaii’s lesson is clear: protecting nature thrives when innovation listens — to the land, the sea, and the people who call them home. Here, paradise isn’t just preserved; it’s reimagined. 1．What is the silent crisis mentioned in the text? A．Overfishing in Hawaii’s waters B．Coral reefs bleaching at alarming rates C．Invasive species destroying rainforests D．Pollution of freshwater streams 2．How does Aloha AirWatch deal with invasive miconia plants? A．By spraying chemicals to kill them B．By using drones to cut them down C．By introducing Hawaiian wasps that feed on them D．By using thermal cameras to burn them 3．What does the Hui o Ka Wai initiative aim to do? A．Revive traditional water management with modern technology B．Build new dams to control water flow in streams C．Expand taro farms to increase crop production D．Protect coral reefs from freshwater pollution 4．What is the author’s attitude towards Hawaii’s efforts to protect nature? A．Critical B．Doubtful C．Praising D．Indifferent 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述夏威夷珊瑚礁白化危机显现，当地通过3D打印珊瑚、无人机控制入侵物种、传统与现代结合管水等创新方式保护自然，效果显著。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Beneath Hawaii’s turquoise waves, a silent crisis unfolds: coral reefs, home to 25% of marine species, are bleaching at alarming rates.(在夏威夷碧绿的海浪之下，一场无声的危机正在上演：作为25%海洋物种栖息地的珊瑚礁，正以惊人的速度白化。)”可知，文中提到的无声危机是珊瑚礁以惊人速度白化。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Enter Aloha AirWatch, a drone program with a twist: drones equipped with thermal cameras scan the canopy, identifying invasive plants by their heat signatures. Instead of spraying chemicals, teams deploy biocontrol agents — tiny Hawaiian wasps that feed exclusively on miconia leaves.(Enter Aloha AirWatch，这是一个别出心裁的无人机计划：配备热成像相机的无人机对树冠进行扫描，通过热信号识别入侵植物。工作人员不会喷洒化学药剂，而是投放生物防治媒介 —— 一种只以绢木属叶片为食的小型夏威夷黄蜂。)”可知，Enter Aloha AirWatch通过引入以绢木属叶子为食的夏威夷蜂来应对这种入侵植物。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Perhaps most inspiring is the Hui o Ka Wai initiative, which revives traditional Hawaiian water management. Ancient ʻauwai are being restored with modern sensors that track water flow, ensuring streams stay healthy for both taro farms and endangered freshwater fish.(或许最令人振奋的是Hui o Ka Wai计划，该计划复兴了夏威夷传统的水资源管理方式。古老的灌溉渠正通过现代传感器得到修复，这些传感器可以追踪水流，确保芋头农场和濒危淡水鱼的溪流健康。)”可知，该计划旨在用现代技术复兴传统水资源管理。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hawaii’s lesson is clear: protecting nature thrives when innovation listens — to the land, the sea, and the people who call them home. Here, paradise isn’t just preserved; it’s reimagined.(夏威夷的经验很明确：当创新倾听土地、海洋以及居住在那里的人们的声音时，自然保护就能蓬勃发展。在这里，天堂不仅得到了保护，更被重新塑造。)”可知，作者对夏威夷的自然保护努力持赞赏态度。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·厦门大学附属科技中学·期末）When Joe Gray coppiced (修剪) a spot of woodland on his Essex farm, he noticed that a deserted pond (池塘) sprang back into life after it was exposed to sunlight. Since then, he and his wife, Emma, have restored 11 dead ponds on their regenerative farm. Ponds that were shaded over or overgrown by bushes have been opened up to sunlight and dug out, and are now booming with rare water plants and insects - also providing food and water for birds and bats. This pond restoration effort has been motivated by the Essex lost ponds project. Volunteers have identified 17, 200 ponds across the county, of which 10, 400 have disappeared, mostly because of agricultural development in the 20th century. When tractors replaced horses, there was less need for ponds for livestock (牲畜) and when fields were enlarged, many ponds were filled in. “The dragonflies, the beetles, the birds flying overhead - it’s just pumping out nature into the farmed landscape.” says Mark Nowers, a wild bird conservation adviser in Essex. Wild birds need sufficient and accessible seed-rich habitat and thick bushes to nest in, but are also assisted by restored ponds because they require access to fresh water close to nesting sites. Ponds take little or no land out of food production. The Grays now devote 40% of their land to wildlife-restoring projects but grow as much food as before, simply because they are now using only the most productive parts of their land. Their regenerative farming - not ploughing, and thereby boosting soil health and wider biodiversity - alongside seed mixes for wild birds attracts flocks of 1, 000 linnet on to the farm in winter. “We’re not the sort of farmers who want to see everything rewilded,” says Emma Gray. “We are passionate about growing food but it can be done in balance with nature.” 1．How did Gray revive the deserted pond? A．By sheltering birds. B．By purifying water. C．By removing bushes. D．By trapping insects. 2．What was a cause of the pond disappearance in the 20th century? A．The application of farm machinery. B．The increase of livestock raising. C．The introduction of new species. D．The expansion of woodland. 3．What can we infer about regenerative farming from the last paragraph? A．It involves organic food processing. B．It aims to rewild as much land as possible. C．It improves the environment but leads to protests. D．It achieves productivity while supporting biodiversity. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Freeing the Skies for Wild Birds B．Essex Lost Ponds Project Taking a Bow C．Ploughing All the Way to Agricultural Progress D．Restored Ponds Repumping Nature into Farmland 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了格雷夫妇在他们的再生农场上恢复了11个干涸的池塘，这些池塘现在充满了稀有的水生植物和昆虫，也为鸟类和蝙蝠提供了食物和水，以及这一举措对农业生态的积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Ponds that were shaded over or overgrown by bushes have been opened up to sunlight and dug out, and are now booming with rare water plants and insects (那些被遮荫或被灌木丛覆盖的池塘已经被开辟出来，暴露在阳光下，并被挖掘出来，现在正蓬勃生长着稀有的水生植物和昆虫)”可知，Gray是通过移除灌木丛来恢复废弃的池塘的。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When tractors replaced horses, there was less need for ponds for livestock (牲畜) and when fields were enlarged, many ponds were filled in. (当拖拉机取代马匹时，牲畜对池塘的需求减少了，当田地扩大时，许多池塘被填满了。)”可知，20世纪池塘消失的一个原因是农机具的使用。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The Grays now devote 40% of their land to wildlife-restoring projects but grow as much food as before, simply because they are now using only the most productive parts of their land. Their regenerative farming - not ploughing, and thereby boosting soil health and wider biodiversity - alongside seed mixes for wild birds attracts flocks of 1, 000 linnet on to the farm in winter. (格雷一家现在将40%的土地用于野生动物恢复项目，但种植的粮食和以前一样多，原因很简单，他们现在只使用了土地上最多产的部分。他们的再生农业——而不是耕作，从而促进了土壤健康和更广泛的生物多样性——与野生鸟类的种子混合在一起，吸引了1000只红雀在冬天来到农场。)”可知，再生农业在支持生物多样性的同时实现了生产力。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“When Joe Gray coppiced a spot of woodland on his Essex farm, he noticed that a deserted pond sprang back into life after it was exposed to sunlight. (当Joe Gray在他位于埃塞克斯的农场上修剪了一片林地时，他注意到一个废弃的池塘在暴露在阳光下后恢复了生机。)”和最后一段中“Their regenerative farming - not ploughing, and thereby boosting soil health and wider biodiversity - alongside seed mixes for wild birds attracts flocks of 1,000 linnet on to the farm in winter. (他们的再生农业——不耕作，从而提高土壤健康和更广泛的生物多样性——以及为野生鸟类提供的种子混合物，在冬天吸引了1000只红雀来到农场。)”可知，文章主要讲述了格雷夫妇在他们的再生农场上恢复了干涸的池塘，这些池塘现在充满了稀有的水生植物和昆虫，也为鸟类和蝙蝠提供了食物和水。文章主要围绕在农场恢复池塘展开，恢复的池塘重新为农田注入自然生机。故D选项“Restored Ponds Repumping Nature into Farmland (恢复的池塘为农田重新注入自然活力)”能概括文章内容，最适合作为标题。故选D项。 Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省三明市·期末）An incredibly adaptive species of coral (珊瑚) discovered off the coast of Gool-boodi Island in Northeast Australia has weathered hundreds of years of coral bleaching (白化) and survived till now. What can this teach scientists about preservation? At 34 feet wide, this coral is roughly the size of a carousel. Its incredible width is a result of its hard skeleton, which is made of calcium carbonate from the surrounding seawater. Nicknamed Muga dhambi, or “big coral”, it stands over 16 feet tall, making Muga dhambi the tallest coral in the Great Barrier Reef. This record-breaking coral is discovered by local citizens. Based on the coral’s size and growth rate, scientists have calculated its lifetime is about 421-438 years, meaning this ancient coral has survived as many as 80 cyclones and weathered 99 coral bleaching events. It has survived through centuries of and outlived many invasive (入侵的) species. “It’s extremely inspiring to know that these things like Muga dhambi exist, and have survived for a long time. The colony is in fairly good health with 70% of it consisting of live coral. Even as more coral cover is lost due to climate change, there is hope that adaptive species like Muga dhambi will continue to survive. Ancient colonies like the Muga dhambi offer scientists a rare opportunity to learn more about reef conditions as long as these massive corals continue to grow. Hopefully, it helps to provide a new sense of hope for the future. There are many unexplored corners of the Great Barrier Reef, so it is possible that there are larger coral colonies waiting to be documented by local citizen scientists someday. 1．What’s the purpose of Para 2? A．To raise an argument. B．To express opinions. C．To give examples. D．To give information. 2．What helps to estimate the lifetime of Muga dhambi? A．The surrounding seawater. B．Its size and growth rate. C．Its admirable survival skills. D．The scaring invasive species. 3．What can be used to replace the underlined word ”documented"? A．Displayed. B．Recorded. C．Spread. D．Reflected. 4．Which is the suitable title for the text? A．The Great Barrier Reef Produces a Variety of Rare Corals B．Multiple Invasive Species Surround the Great Barrier Reef C．The Great Barrier Reef Survives Series of Coral Bleaches D．A Centuries-Old Coral Offers Hope for the Great Barrier Reef 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了在澳大利亚东北部古尔布迪岛海岸发现的一个极其适应环境的珊瑚品种Muga dhambi。它经历了数百年的珊瑚白化事件并存活至今，给科学家们提供了关于珊瑚保存的重要信息。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段的内容“At 34 feet wide, this coral is roughly the size of a carousel. Its incredible width is a result of its hard skeleton, which is made of calcium carbonate from the surrounding seawater. Nicknamed Muga dhambi, or “big coral”, it stands over 16 feet tall, making Muga dhambi the tallest coral in the Great Barrier Reef. This record-breaking coral is discovered by local citizens.(这片珊瑚宽34英尺，大小和旋转木马差不多。它令人难以置信的宽度是它坚硬的骨架的结果，它是由周围海水中的碳酸钙组成的。它被昵称为Muga dhambi，或“大珊瑚”，高达16英尺，使Muga dhambi成为大堡礁最高的珊瑚。这种破纪录的珊瑚是由当地居民发现的)”可推知，第二段的目的是提供这个巨大珊瑚的信息。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Based on the coral’s size  and growth rate, scientists have calculated its lifetime is about  421-438 years, meaning this ancient coral has survived as many as 80  cyclones and weathered 99 coral bleaching events.(根据珊瑚的大小和生长速度，科学家们计算出它的寿命约为421-438年，这意味着这种古老的珊瑚经历了80次飓风和99次珊瑚白化事件)”可知，帮助估算Muga dhambi寿命的是其大小和生长速度。 故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“There are many unexplored corners of the Great Barrier Reef, so it is possible that there are larger coral colonies waiting to be documented by local citizen scientists someday.(大堡礁有许多未被探索的角落，因此可能有更大的珊瑚群落等待某天被当地公民科学家documented下来)”可知，大堡礁有许多未被探索的角落，等待着科学家去记录。由此可知，关系词documented与“recorded(代替)”意思一致。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“An incredibly adaptive species of coral (珊瑚) discovered off the coast of Gool-boodi Island in Northeast Australia has weathered hundreds of years of coral bleaching (白化) and survived till now. What can this teach scientists about preservation?(在澳大利亚东北部Gool-boodi岛海岸发现的一种适应性极强的珊瑚，经历了数百年的珊瑚白化事件仍然存活。这能为科学家提供有关保护什么方面的借鉴？)”及最后一段“Hopefully, it helps to provide a new sense of hope for the future.(希望它能为未来提供新的希望)”可知，本文主要介绍了在澳大利亚东北部古尔布迪岛海岸发现的一个极其适应环境的珊瑚品种Muga dhambi。它经历了数百年的珊瑚白化事件并存活至今，给科学家们提供了关于珊瑚保存的重要信息。由此可知，D选项A Centuries-Old Coral Offers Hope for the Great Barrier Reef(一个世纪之久的珊瑚为大堡礁提供了希望)适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。 Passage 4 （2024-2025学年高上学期·福建省莆田第九中学·期末）More and more researchers are using artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor biodiversity and assist endangered species. Different from conventional methods that can damage ecosystems or require considerable time, labor and resources, AI has the potential to quickly and effectively analyze vast quantities of real-world data. Ecologist Jörg Müller at the University of Würzburg, Germany, and his colleagues have shown that AI tools can help to quantify biodiversity in tropical (热带的) forests by identifying animal species from audio (音频的) recordings. “Our results demonstrate that AI is ready for more comprehensive species identification,” says Müller. “All that is needed now is more training data collected by humans.” AI is imperfect, but it could speed up important discoveries, says Nicolas Miailhe, Paris-based founder of The Future Society, an international non-profit organization that aims to better govern AI. “We badly need human specialists to design models, as well as collect, label, check and interpret data,” he says. Researchers at Conservation AI, a UK-based non-profit organization in Liverpool that uses AI technology for various ecology projects, have developed models that can search through footage and images from drones (无人机) or camera traps to identify wildlife and track animal movements. So far, Conservation AI has processed more than 12.5 million images and detected more than 4 million individual animal appearances across 68 species. “The platform can process tens of thousands of images an hour, in contrast to humans who can do a few thousand at best,” says Paul Fergus, one of Conservation AI’s lead researchers. “The speed at which AI processes data could allow conservationists to protect endangered species from sudden threats,” he adds. Miailhe is hopeful that AI can be routinely applied to real-world conservation efforts in the near future. “That’s clearly the way to go,” he says. But he warns that AI consumes computing power, which ultimately has opposite effects on ecosystems. “Environmental impact assessments should be at the center of AI risk management,” he says. 1．Which aspect of AI attracts ecological researchers most? A．Its information-accessing speed. B．Its data-processing capability. C．Its environmental friendliness. D．Its computing accuracy. 2．What does Müller think is needed for AI to be more helpful? A．More images of animals. B．More information of audio recordings. C．More complicated tests. D．More data of tropical forests. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Conservation Al’s comment on its AI platform. B．AI platforms’ principle of species identification. C．AI models’ advantages in ecological conservation. D．Al’s potential for providing quick-response measures. 4．What is Miailhe’s attitude toward using AI for ecological conservation? A．Optimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Negative. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲科学家们如今正在使用人工智能分析大量生态数据，利用人工智能的强大功能来保护生物多样性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Different from conventional methods that can damage ecosystems or require considerable time, labor and resources, AI has the potential to quickly and effectively analyze vast quantities of real-world data.(与可能破坏生态系统或需要大量时间、劳动力和资源的传统方法不同，人工智能有可能快速有效地分析大量现实世界的数据。)”可知，研究人员开始在生态保护领域应用人工智能，主要是因其具有分析海量数据的强大能力。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“All that is needed now is more training data collected by humans.(现在所需要的就是人类收集更多的训练数据。)”可知，Maller认为，人工智能要想发挥更大作用，需要人们用更多收集到的数据来训练它，而本段第一句提到 AI 是通过音频来识别动物种类的，所以Müller认为人工智能需要更多的录音信息才能更有帮助。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题 。根据第四段“Researchers at Conservation AI, a UK-based non-profit organization in Liverpool that uses AI technology for various ecology projects, have developed models that can search through footage and images from drones (无人机) or camera traps to identify wildlife and track animal movements. So far, Conservation AI has processed more than 12.5 million images and detected more than 4 million individual animal appearances across 68 species. (总部位于英国利物浦的非营利组织Conservation AI的研究人员将人工智能技术用于各种生态项目，他们开发了可以搜索无人机或相机陷阱的镜头和图像的模型，以识别野生动物并跟踪动物运动。到目前为止，保护人工智能已经处理了1250多万张图像，检测到68个物种的400多万只动物。)”以及下文可知，本段主要讲的是人工智能模型在生态保护方面的优势。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Miailhe is hopeful that AI can be routinely applied to real-world conservation efforts in the near future. ‘That’s clearly the way to go,’ he says. But he warns that AI consumes computing power, which ultimately has opposite effects on ecosystems. ‘Environmental impact assessments should be at the center of AI risk management,’ he says.(Miailhe希望人工智能可以在不久的将来常规应用于现实世界的保护工作。‘这显然是要走的路，’他说。但他警告说，人工智能消耗了计算能力，最终对生态系统产生了相反的影响。他说：‘环境影响评估应该是人工智能风险管理的核心。’)”可知，本段开头指出Miailhe对在不久的将来人工智能日常应用于现实世界的生态保护抱有希望，而下文他也提醒人们，人工智能需要消耗算力，这最终还是会对生态系统造成不良影响，应该在人工智能危险管控方面注重环境影响评估。综合起来看，Miailhe对使用人工智能进行生态保护持客观态度。故选C项。 主题01 人与自我——提升与发展 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省龙岩市·期末）In a world filled with social media, streaming movie’s, and endless access to books, it seems strange that many people feel bored. However, a study by katy Y. Y. Tame and Michael Inzlicht, published in Communications Psychology, reveals that digital media may actually increase our boredom. Research shows that since 2010, the amount of time people report feeling bored has significantly increased, especially after smartphones and social media became popular. Researchers explain that our ability to access entertainment anytime has raised our expectations for what is interesting or exciting. This is similar to addiction, where individuals need more stimulation (刺激) to feel satisfied. Consequently, when we engage in less exciting activities, such as reading or attending classes, we feel even more bored because we have become accustomed to higher levels of excitement. Another reason why strolling through platforms like TikTok can leave us feeling bored and without energy is that digital media breaks our attention. We quickly switch between videos and activities, while notifications from our phone’s make it difficult to focus. Also, knowing that we can be distracted makes it harder to focus. “Digital devices worsen boredom by distracting attention, raising the levels of engagement we want, weakening a sense of meaning, and being a useless way to deal with boredom,” tame and Inzlicht say in their paper. This phenomenon related to the “Dorito Theory” which suggests that unsatisfying experiences can still be addictive. As we scroll, we should consider whether our online experiences meet our expectations or merely distract us temporarily. Tam suggests that we can enjoy more meaningful experiences with digital media by seeking out longer content that allows for deeper engagement. However, this may be more challenging today due to our shorter attention duration. To strengthen our viewing experiences, we should focus on the content and limit distractions, similar to how we pay for a more immersive (沉浸式的) experience in a movie theater. By doing so, we can find greater enjoyment in online videos rather than just skimming through them. This approach can help us overcome boredom more effectively. 1．What does the study focus on? A．Digital media effects on boredom. B．Entertainment functions of media. C．Media usage habits of netizens. D．Popularity of streaming movies. 2．What leads to boredom increase according to the study? A．Lack of exciting books. B．Bad media experiences. C．Easy access to digital content. D．High enjoyment expectations. 3．What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A．Assessing online experiences is a must. B．Shifting activities promoters focus. C．Using TikTok is highly addictive. D．Boredom leads to distraction. 4．What is Tam’s suggestion on dealing with boredom? A．Watching online videos. B．Avoiding using digital device. C．Turning to long and engaging content. D．Using multiple screens for stimulation. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了数字媒体可能增加人们的无聊感及其原因与对策。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“However, a study by katy Y. Y. Tame and Michael Inzlicht, published in Communications Psychology, reveals that digital media may actually increase our boredom. (然而，katy Y.Y.Tame和Michael Inzlicht在《传播心理学》上发表的一项研究表明，数字媒体实际上可能会增加我们的无聊感。)”可知，这项研究主要关注的是数字媒体对无聊感的影响。故选A。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Researchers explain that our ability to access entertainment anytime has raised our expectations for what is interesting or exciting. This is similar to addiction, where individuals need more stimulation to feel satisfied. Consequently, when we engage in less exciting activities, such as reading or attending classes, we feel even more bored because we have become accustomed to higher levels of excitement. (研究人员解释说，我们随时都能获取娱乐的能力提高了我们对有趣或兴奋事物的期望。这与上瘾类似，个体需要更多的刺激才能感到满足。因此，当我们从事不太令人兴奋的活动，如阅读或上课时，我们会感到更加无聊，因为我们已经习惯了更高水平的兴奋感。)”可知，无聊感增加的原因是人们对娱乐的享受期望过高。故选D。 3．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“As we scroll, we should consider whether our online experiences meet our expectations or merely distract us temporarily. (当我们浏览时，应该思考我们的在线体验是否满足了我们的期望，还是仅仅暂时分散了我们的注意力。)”可知，评估在线体验是必须的。故选A。 4．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“Tam suggests that we can enjoy more meaningful experiences with digital media by seeking out longer content that allows for deeper engagement. (Tam建议我们可以通过寻找允许更深入参与的更长的内容，来享受数字媒体带来的更有意义的体验。)”可知，Tam对于处理无聊感的建议是转向更长和更吸引人的内容。故选C。 Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省宁德市·期末）An experimental pair of gloves isn’t particularly fashionable or useful for keeping anyone’s hands warm. Instead the gloves use tactile (触觉的) sensors woven into its fabric to serve an entirely different purpose: teaching piano and other hands-on skills. Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate student Yiyue Luo and her colleagues created these “smart gloves” using tactile technology, which includes physical sensations such as vibrations (震动) or force to help with tactile activities. Researchers used the gloves to record one pianist’s hand movements while playing a song. They then relayed those movements to a student through fingertip vibrations, helping the learner build muscle memory and perform the piece with greater accuracy. “Hand-based movements like piano playing are normally really subjective and difficult to record and transfer,” Luo says. “But with these gloves we are actually able to track one person’s touch experience and share it with another person to improve their tactile learning process.” Using a computerized embroidery (刺绣) machine, the team fixed small wires linked to a pressure-sensing material in the gloves to detect hand motions. When a piano teacher wearing the gloves repeatedly performed a tune, a machine-learning algorithm (运算法则) processed their movement on the keys and translated it into instructional vibrations. Students wearing their own gloves then attempted to play the same tune, with the fingertip vibrations guiding them through proper movements. By the trials’ end, students who had practiced with the gloves could play more accurately than those who had not. The team also tested the gloves’ ability to aid people playing online games with a mouse and keyboard, recording motions from experienced players to guide green hands. People who gamed with the gloves’ guidance scored better on average than those who did not. Playing piano or video games is often just for fun, but Luo adds that with an improved algorithm, coded to identify and catch finer hand movements, the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as medical operations. 1．In which practice can the smart gloves be unavailable? A．Playing the guitar. B．Singing songs. C．Teaching sign language. D．Typing on a keyboard. 2．What is the function of the pressure-sensing material? A．To record songs. B．To translate tunes. C．To keep hands warm. D．To monitor hand movements. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The gloves are designed for fun. B．The gloves have been put into use. C．The gloves can be used to identify codes. D．The gloves will be used in more fields. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．An introduction to a promising technology. B．An advertisement of a new product. C．An approach to teaching piano. D．An instruction for a computerized machine. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院研发的能教技能的“智能手套”及其用途。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段中的“Instead the gloves use tactile (触觉的) sensors woven into its fabric to serve an entirely different purpose: teaching piano and other hands-on skills. (相反，这副手套使用了织入其织物中的触觉传感器，以实现一个完全不同的目的：教授钢琴以及其他需要动手操作的技能。)”可知，这种智能手套用于教像弹钢琴这样的需要动手的技能。而唱歌主要是用嗓子，不需要动手操作，所以智能手套在“唱歌”这种实践中不可用。故选B。 2．细节理解题。由文章第三段中的“Using a computerized embroidery (刺绣) machine, the team fixed small wires linked to a pressure-sensing material in the gloves to detect hand motions. (该团队使用一台电脑刺绣机，将与压力感应材料相连的细电线固定在手套中，以监测手部动作。)”可知，压力感应材料连接着小电线，其功能是监测手部运动。故选D。 3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Playing piano or video games is often just for fun, but Luo adds that with an improved algorithm, coded to identify and catch finer hand movements, the new glove technology could someday help to teach crucial practices such as medical operations. (弹钢琴或玩电子游戏通常只是为了娱乐，但罗艺悦补充说，通过改进算法，对算法进行编程以识别和捕捉更细微的手部动作，这种新的手套技术有朝一日可能会有助于教授像医疗手术这样关键的操作技能。)”可知，这种手套将会被应用到更多的领域。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“An experimental pair of gloves isn’t particularly fashionable or useful for keeping anyone’s hands warm. Instead the gloves use tactile (触觉的) sensors woven into its fabric to serve an entirely different purpose: teaching piano and other hands-on skills. (一副实验性的手套既算不上特别时尚，也不能很好地为人们的双手保暖。相反，这副手套使用了织入其织物中的触觉传感器，以实现一个完全不同的目的：教授钢琴以及其他需要动手操作的技能。)”可知，文章开篇介绍了麻省理工学院研究生研发的“智能手套”，接着阐述了其工作原理、在教弹钢琴和玩游戏方面的应用，最后提到未来可能应用到医疗等领域，所以文章主要是对一种有前景的技术（智能手套技术）的介绍。故选A。 Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省泉州市·期末）Advocates of AI chatbots in educational settings say the tools can assist in activities like brainstorming — or help students get started on tough math problems. But many teachers say their students are short of the skills to improve upon what AI produces, or the maturity (成熟) and self-awareness to know where the work of AI ends and their own responsibility begins. A 2024 study of nearly 1,000 high school students put the matter to a test: 9th, 10th, and 11th graders attended a brief math lesson, then practised solving related problems in preparation for a quiz. Some relied on traditional methods — consulting their notes and textbooks to find possible answers — while others had access to a basic version or a tutor version (辅导版) of ChatGPT. The results were a success of technology — until they weren’t. Students using the basic and tutor GPTs scored an astonishing 48 percent and 127 percent better than their peers during the practices, respectively, but when the same students went to get back the information from their memory during a follow-up closed-book test, their math skills had disappeared. Test performance of the students who had used the basic version of ChatGPT dropped so sharply that they scored 17 percent below their peers who had relied on pen and paper. Given the opportunity, students used the software as a “crutch” and often skipped straight to the answer, the researchers concluded. When applied at key moments, the technology actually “runs the risk of blocking learning.” But ChatGPT and other similar AI tools aren’t out of the game. In several studies, the tools performed well when designed to guide student learning-by refusing to give away answers, for example, or asking in-depth follow-up questions. AI is making rapid progress, but isn’t a threat to replace teachers. For now, it’s only as smart as its human makers. 1．What is a problem of students when using AI chatbots? A．They are not aware of how AI chatbots work. B．They lack the ability to employ AI effectively. C．They are incapable of improving AI chatbots. D．They refuse to take their own responsibility. 2．How did GPT users perform compared to students using traditional methods? A．Basic GPT users performed best during the practices. B．Tutor GPT users scored 127% better during the test. C．Basic GPT users’ performance dropped during the test. D．Tutor GPT users scored 17% lower during the practices. 3．What does the underlined word “crutch” mean in paragraph 3? A．A device to help people walk. B．A strategy to deepen learning. C．A tool to improve math skills. D．A shortcut to find quick answers. 4．What are AI tools expected to do in education setting? A．Enhance students’ thinking ability. B．Follow AI designers’ instructions. C．Give in-depth answers instantly. D．Replace traditional teaching methods. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在教育环境中使用AI聊天机器人(如ChatGPT)的利弊，指出学生在使用AI时存在的问题，并通过一项研究揭示了AI辅助学习可能带来的风险，同时也强调了AI在正确引导学生学习方面的潜力。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“But many teachers say their students are short of the skills to improve upon what AI produces, or the maturity (成熟) and self-awareness to know where the work of AI ends and their own responsibility begins. (但许多教师表示，他们的学生缺乏改进AI生成内容的能力，或者缺乏成熟度和自我意识，无法分辨AI的工作在哪里结束，自己的责任从哪里开始)”可知，学生在使用AI聊天机器人时缺乏改进AI生成内容的能力，不知道哪里该自己负责，由此推知，他们缺乏有效使用人工智能的能力。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Students using the basic and tutor GPTs scored an astonishing 48 percent and 127 percent better than their peers during the practices, respectively, but when the same students went to get back the information from their memory during a follow-up closed-book test, their math skills had disappeared. Test performance of the students who had used the basic version of ChatGPT dropped so sharply that they scored 17 percent below their peers who had relied on pen and paper. (在练习中，使用基础版和辅导版GPT的学生分别比同龄人高出48%和127%，但当这些学生在随后的闭卷测试中从记忆中回忆信息时，他们的数学技能却消失了。使用过基础版ChatGPT的学生的测试成绩下降得如此之快，以至于比那些依赖纸笔的同龄人低了17%)”可知，在练习中使用GPT的学生在后续测试中表现下降，尤其是基础版GPT用户的表现下降明显。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and often skipped straight to the answer”(并且经常直接跳到答案)和“When applied at key moments, the technology actually ‘runs the risk of blocking learning.’ (在关键时刻应用时，这项技术实际上“有阻碍学习的风险”)”可推知，“crutch”在文中是比喻用法，指学生将AI聊天机器人作为“避免自主思考、快速获取答案的捷径”，而非真正辅助学习的工具。故划线词意思是“寻找快速答案的捷径”，与“A shortcut to find quick answers.”同义。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In several studies, the tools performed well when designed to guide student learning-by refusing to give away answers, for example, or asking in-depth follow-up questions. (在几项研究中，当这些工具被设计成引导学生学习时，它们表现良好，例如，拒绝给出答案，或者提出深入的后续问题)”可知，当AI工具被设计成引导学生学习时表现良好。由此推知，在教育环境中AI工具被期望能够引导学生思考，增强他们的思维能力。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——社会现象与问题 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省福州市·期末）The fascinating phenomenon of mirroring behavior, such as nodding and yawning, weaves an invisible thread that bonds us together in our daily interactions, often without our conscious awareness. This phenomenon is activated by mirror neurons (神经元) in our brains, which fire when we perform an action and when we observe someone else doing the same. Mirroring is not just a physical act; it includes verbal and emotional aspects as well. The evolutionary (进化的) advantages of mirroring are evident in how it enabled our ancestors to learn, bond, and avoid danger. It’s a fundamental part of social cognition, crucial for child development, and varies across cultures, influencing social norms and interactions. In therapeutic (治疗) setting, mirroring is used to build trust and connection. Mirroring strengthens personal and professional relationships. It improves communication and can boost success in sales and negotiations. By slightly mirroring a customer’s body language or speech patterns, you can create a sense of harmony and agreement. With practice, we can learn to use mirroring intentionally to build better relationships and communicate more effectively. However, it must be used with care and sincerity. Cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings if mirroring norms are not respected. What’s considered polite mirroring in one culture might be seen as disrespectful in another. It’s like trying to do the cha-cha at a square dance. There’s also the dark side of mirroring. Some people might use mirroring techniques to do bad things on purpose. It’s like a wolf in sheep’s clothing, using our natural tendency against us. Remember, mirroring is our ability to understand and empathize (共情) with others. So go forth and use it correctly. You might just be surprised at the connections you create and the insights you gain. After all, in the grand mirror of life, we’re all just reflections of each other. 1．What is mirroring behavior? A．It is a kind of emotional expression. B．It is unconscious tendency to imitate. C．It is an invisible thread in our brains. D．It is a verbal action without awareness. 2．What’s the power of mirroring in therapeutic setting? A．Ensuring survival. B．Boosting success. C．Promoting trust. D．Influencing culture. 3．What can we infer about mirroring from the underlined in Para. 3? A．It might go wrong due to cultural differences. B．It might be used intentionally for evil purpose. C．It can help people communicate more smoothly. D．It can deepen understanding of diverse cultures. 4．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A．Showing insights into life. B．Reflecting carefully. C．Understanding others. D．Mirroring mindfully. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了镜像行为（无意识的模仿行为）的定义、作用及正确使用方法。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“The fascinating phenomenon of mirroring behavior, such as nodding and yawning, weaves an invisible thread that bonds us together in our daily interactions, often without our conscious awareness. (模仿行为这一迷人现象，如点头和打哈欠，在日常交往中编织着一条无形的纽带将我们紧紧相连，而这往往是在我们没有意识到的情况下发生的。)”可知，镜像行为是一种无意识的模仿倾向。故选B。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“In therapeutic setting, mirroring is used to build trust and connection. (在治疗环境中，镜像行为被用来建立信任和联系。)”可知，镜像行为在治疗环境中的力量是促进信任。故选C。 3．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“There’s also the dark side of mirroring. Some people might use mirroring techniques to do bad things on purpose. It’s like a wolf in sheep’s clothing, using our natural tendency against us. (模仿也有阴暗的一面。有些人可能会故意利用模仿技巧来做坏事。这就像披着羊皮的狼，利用我们天生的倾向来对付我们。)”可知，这可以被利用来对付我们，这就像披着羊皮的狼，所以它可能被故意用于邪恶的目的。故选B。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“Remember, mirroring is our ability to understand and empathize with others. So go forth and use it correctly. (记住，镜像行为是我们理解和同情他人的能力。所以，去正确地使用它吧。)”可知，作者在最后一段中建议我们要谨慎地使用镜像行为。故选D。 Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建师范大学附中·期末）For decades, “simpler is better” has been accepted as a universal truth in marketing. Nick Light, assistant professor of marketing at the UO Lundquist College of Business, has tested that assumption. He found that most consumers prefer offerings that appear to be easy to use and understand. However, pushing simplicity can have a hidden, costly downside. “Simplicity is not a silver bullet,” Light said. This method might work for established companies with track records to back up their claims. But it can be risky for a start-up with no history or a company in a complicated market category where failures or breakdowns are more common. Light’s earlier experience stimulated his interest in the study. He was a marketing manager at a direct-to-consumer mattress(床垫) company. With the catchword “one perfect mattress”, the company offered only one mattress model shipped directly to the consumer’s door, dramatically simplifying the mattress-buying process. “Some customers calling with even minor problems such as a slight discoloration in the material, would get really angry,” Light said. “They would say things like, “I don’t understand what’s so difficult about this,’ even when producing and shipping mattresses are quite complex. These customers were getting overly upset because the product and process had been labeled as simple.” The study also showed that consumers judged the complexity of brands or products based on their mental connections. For example, when study participants viewed advertisements for two different companies, they formed mental pictures of the simplicity or complexity of the brand depending on how plain or busy the art was and the details provided in each ad. Light also looked into product quality and customer opinions and found that consumers are less likely to recommend simpler brands after failures compared to more complex brands. Therefore, the lesson for marketers is to be more careful about building branding and advertising strategies around simplicity, because they could easily backfire if the product or service fails to deliver. 1．What does the underlined words “a silver bullet” in paragraph 2 mean? A．A risky investment. B．A business strategy. C．A quick-fix method. D．A cure-all solution. 2．What did the use of simplicity in the mattress business lead to? A．Rising customer dissatisfaction. B．Reduced expenses for producers. C．Longer transport time for goods. D．More comments from customers. 3．What mainly influence consumers’ views on a brand according to the study? A．The company’s historical background. B．The impressions shaped by ad design. C．The advertising reviews on its website. D．The richness of color in its packaging. 4．What advice does the author give to marketers? A．Advertise after-sale customer service. B．Be cautious about simplicity-themed efforts. C．Stress product quality over simplicity. D．Improve brand presence through social media. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了品牌过度简化可能带来的负面影响和消费者的反应。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Simplicity is not (简化不是)”，以及“But it can be risky for a start-up with no history or a company in a complicated market category where failures or breakdowns are more common. (但对于没有历史的初创企业或处于复杂市场类别，失败或故障的公司来说，这可能存在风险)”可知，这里simplicity并不是一个能解决所有问题的方案，因此a silver bullet指的是cure-all solution“万能药”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“‘Some customers calling with even minor problems such as a slight discoloration in the material, would get really angry,’ Light said. (‘有些顾客打电话来询问即使是很小的问题，例如材料的轻微变色，也会非常生气，’Light 说)”可知，在床垫业务中推崇简化导致客户不满情绪上升。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“For example, when study participants viewed advertisements for two different companies, they formed mental pictures of the simplicity or complexity of the brand depending on how plain or busy the art was and the details provided in each ad. (例如，当研究参与者观看两家不同公司的广告时，他们会根据艺术的简单或复杂程度以及每个广告中提供的细节，在脑海中形成品牌简单或复杂的画面)”可知，广告设计给消费者形成的印象影响他们对品牌的看法。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Therefore, the lesson for marketers is to be more careful about building branding and advertising strategies around simplicity, because they could easily backfire if the product or service fails to deliver. (因此，营销人员的教训是要更加谨慎地围绕简化建立品牌和广告策略，因为如果产品或服务未能交付，它们很容易适得其反)”可知，作者建议营销人员在以简化为主题的营销努力中要谨慎。故选B。 Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省福州市·期末）Peterley Manor Farm in the Chiltern Hills has moved a long way from conventional farming. Roger Brill, a fourth-generation farmer, and his wife, Jane, took over a rundown turkey farm in 1982 and started growing and selling fruits and vegetables. Now, their 40-acre farm features a “wild spa” with outdoor ice baths, yoga in a tent, and a café in a tractor garage. Surprisingly, their farm’s produce, including Christmas trees and apple juice, makes up less than a tenth of their income last year. “Instagram has changed everything,” according to Katy Brill, who took over the farm from her parents in 2014. Novel experiences and scenic backdrops do very well on social media platforms. Besides the spa, the farm also offers fitness camps, an outdoor cinema, and play areas for kids, all with beautiful views. They’re even planning a nature-based nursery. Branching out has become normal for modern farmers. Nearly 70% of farms in England are exploring new business. Consumer-focused services in particular are growing fast. Social-media use and a shift towards sustainability and wellness have increased the demand for farm experiences. Farm shops are selling more than before. And farms across Britain outperformed hotels as wedding venues (地点) in 2023, according to data from Hitched, a wedding-planning website. The decision to diversify may not be new: farmers have sought alternative income for decades. But the need has become more urgent. Farms have been under pressure by huge rises in energy costs and higher labor costs. Increasingly unpredictable weather, including record amounts of rainfall, has made harvests less reliable. Diversification brings new opportunities for struggling farms, but adapting to consumer demands leaves them exposed to wider economic cycles. It also requires them to find workers with new skills. In one respect, though, things are not different from old-fashioned farming, “The hospitality (服务) business is extremely difficult,” says Ms Brill.  “It’s hard work and long hours.” 1．What has Roger Brill’s farm been transformed into? A．A traditional farm selling fruits. B．A farm with diversified offerings. C．A special spa and wellness center. D．A centre providing entertainments. 2．What is the farm’s strategy under Katy Brill? A．Enlarging children’s play areas. B．Improving farm produce quality. C．Focusing on conventional farming. D．Stressing promotion by social media. 3．What does the underlined phrase “branching out” in Para 3 mean? A．Narrowing. B．Extending. C．Simplifying. D．Dividing. 4．What’s the passage mainly about? A．New-normal farm operations. B．Great pressure on farm owners. C．Demanding hospitality business. D．Old-fashioned farming modes. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了现代农场运营呈现新趋势，Peterley Manor Farm从传统农业转型，借助社交媒体拓展业务，提供多样服务，这是农场应对压力的新常态。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, their 40-acre farm features a ‘wild spa’ with outdoor ice baths, yoga in a tent, and a café in a tractor garage. Surprisingly, their farm’s produce, including Christmas trees and apple juice, makes up less than a tenth of their income last year.(如今，他们 40 英亩的农场设有一个带户外冰浴的“野生水疗中心”、帐篷里的瑜伽课程，以及一个位于拖拉机车库的咖啡馆。令人惊讶的是，他们农场的农产品，包括圣诞树和苹果汁，去年占其收入的比例不到十分之一。)”可知，Roger Brill农场的农产品收入占比不高，并且提供多样化服务，由此可知，Roger Brill的农场已转变为提供多样化服务的农场，不仅仅局限于传统农业生产。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“‘Instagram has changed everything,’ according to Katy Brill, who took over the farm from her parents in 2014. Novel experiences and scenic backdrops do very well on social media platforms.（‘Instagram 改变了一切，’根据2014 年从父母手中接管农场的Katy Brill所说。新奇的体验和风景优美的背景在社交媒体平台上很受欢迎。)”可知，Katy Brill认为社交媒体对农场发展影响重大，推测Katy Brill的策略是强调通过社交媒体进行推广。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Nearly 70% of farms in England are exploring new business. Consumer-focused services in particular are growing fast.(英格兰近70%的农场正在探索新业务。尤其是以消费者为中心的服务增长迅速。)”可知，此处介绍的是农场在拓展业务，推测branching out意思应是“拓展，扩大”，与Extending意思相近。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了像Peterley Manor Farm这样的现代农场从传统农业向多元化经营转变的情况，如提供各种体验服务等，这已成为现代农场运营的新常态。所以A项New-normal farm operations(农场运营新常态)符合文章主旨。故选A项。 Passage 4 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省龙岩市·期末）Pollution has always been an issue around the world, among which ocean pollution stands out, especially plastic pollution. Trash can be seen almost everywhere on the beach and in the ocean and the amount grows rapidly, even out of control. Luckily, 4 ocean, an ocean clean-up company, has completed a record-setting feat (伟业) for collecting 30 million pounds of trash. Operating in 12 locations across three countries worldwide, including the USA, Guatemala, and Indonesia, 4 ocean has become one of the leading ocean clean-up companies devoted to ending the ocean plastic crisis. “We’ve built an entire business for the purpose of cleaning the ocean. With hundreds of local captains and crew members collecting trash from our oceans and coast lines seven days a week and the support of millions of people doing their part to prevent plastic pollution, I’m sure our work will have a lasting impact on the ocean,” said Alex Schulze, 4 ocean CEO and co-founder. The world has produced an estimated 18.3 trillion pounds of plastic since the 1950s; less than 10% of it has been recycled while 79% is left in the environment, Global plastic production is expected to triple by 2050, according to the World Economic Forum, which means an increase in the amount of plastic waste polluting the environment. But plastic pollution isn’t just an environmental problem; it also threatens the global economy and global food security. Ocean-based industries like fishing and tourism employ billions of people; the blue economy also contributes several trillion dollars of goods and services to the global economy every year. More than 3 billion get their primary source of protein from seafood. “That’s why it’s important to us that our operations have a direct impact on the people and places most impacted by plastic pollution,” said Schulze. He adds, “All of our captains and crews live in the communities we serve and are hired as full-time employees. All of our bracelets (手镯) are hand crafted by artisans living in either Guatemala or Bali. Every bracelet bought funds our clean ups and created jobs that provide the steady income people in these communities need right now.” 1．What is the intention of 4 ocean? A．To increase the employment rate. B．To address the ocean plastic issue. C．To complete a record-setting feat. D．To set up a transnational company. 2．What contributes to 4 ocean’s success? A．Effective team efforts. B．The CEO’s ambition. C．Government support. D．Multiple operating sited. 3．Why does the writer mention the World Economic Forum in paragraph 4? A．To highlight 4 ocean’s initiative. B．To prove cleanups’ recycling ability. C．To stress the challenge facing clean ups. D．To complain about massive plastic waste. 4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Clean ups are funded by donations. B．4 ocean ensured global food security. C．4 ocean’s work has a far-reaching effect. D．Bracelets are collected from global artists. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了4 ocean公司致力于解决海洋塑料污染问题。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Operating in 12 locations across three countries worldwide, including the USA, Guatemala, and Indonesia, 4 ocean has become one of the leading ocean clean-up companies devoted to ending the ocean plastic crisis. (4 ocean在全球3个国家的12个地点开展业务，包括美国、危地马拉和印度尼西亚，已成为致力于结束海洋塑料危机的领先海洋清理公司之一。)”可知，4 ocean致力于解决海洋塑料问题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中““We’ve built an entire business for the purpose of cleaning the ocean. With hundreds of local captains and crew members collecting trash from our oceans and coast lines seven days a week and the support of millions of people doing their part to prevent plastic pollution, I’m sure our work will have a lasting impact on the ocean,” said Alex Schulze, 4 ocean CEO and co-founder. (4 ocean公司的首席执行官兼联合创始人亚历克斯·舒尔茨说：“我们建立整个企业的目的就是为了清洁海洋。我们有数百名当地船长和船员，他们每周七天从我们的海洋和海岸线收集垃圾，还有数百万人支持我们的工作，努力防止塑料污染，我相信我们的工作将对海洋产生持久的影响。”)”可知，4 ocean的成功得益于有效的团队合作。故选A。 3．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“The world has produced an estimated 18.3 trillion pounds of plastic since the 1950 s; less than 10% of it has been recycled while 79% is left in the environment, Global plastic production is expected to triple by 2050, according to the World Economic Forum, which means an increase in the amount of plastic waste polluting the environment. (自20世纪50年代以来，世界已经生产了大约18.3万亿磅的塑料；据世界经济论坛称，到2050年，全球塑料产量预计将增加两倍，这意味着污染环境的塑料废物数量将增加。)”可知，作者提到世界经济论坛是为了强调清洁工作面临的挑战。故选C。 4．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“But plastic pollution isn’t just an environmental problem; it also threatens the global economy and global food security. Ocean-based industries like fishing and tourism employ billions of people; the blue economy also contributes several trillion dollars of goods and services to the global economy every year. More than 3 billion get their primary source of protein from seafood. “That’s why it’s important to us that our operations have a direct impact on the people and places most impacted by plastic pollution,” said Schulze. (但塑料污染不仅仅是一个环境问题，它还威胁着全球经济和全球粮食安全。渔业和旅游业等海洋产业雇佣了数十亿人；蓝色经济每年也为全球经济贡献数万亿美元的商品和服务。超过30亿人将海鲜作为主要的蛋白质来源。舒尔茨说：“这就是为什么我们的运营必须直接影响那些受塑料污染影响最大的人和地区的原因。”)”和最后一段“He adds, “All of our captains and crews live in the communities we serve and are hired as full-time employees. All of our bracelets (手镯) are hand crafted by artisans living in either Guatemala or Bali. Every bracelet bought funds our clean ups and created jobs that provide the steady income people in these communities need right now.” (他补充道：“我们所有的船长和船员都居住在我们服务的社区，并被聘为全职员工。我们的所有手镯都是由居住在危地马拉或巴厘岛的工匠手工制作的。每售出一个手镯，都会为我们的清洁工作提供资金，并创造就业机会，为这些社区的人们提供目前所需的稳定收入。”)”可知，4 ocean的工作不仅在治理塑料污染方面有直接的效果，同时也产生了更深远的社会经济影响，可得出4 ocean的工作具有深远的影响。故选C。 Passage 5 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省三明市·期末）Johnson, who likes to look up at the sky, is a volunteer advocate with DarkSky, a movement aimed at reducing light pollution and promoting responsible outdoor lighting. DarkSky is active in more than 70 countries. Light pollution can be disastrous for wildlife and particularly for migrating(迁徙)birds. Many migratory birds are easy to be drawn to light. Once in a big city with lit up buildings, birds have trouble finding their way out again. Johnson moved to Ridgefield years ago and loved how dark the sky was compared to living in the city. She worked with the City of Ridgefield to help ensure new house development going up followed local lighting regulations and passionately began sharing information about DarkSky at local events. Johnson and other DarkSky volunteers and birding organizations made DarkSky’s Principles of Outdoor Lighting for bird safety: Use targeted lighting; Use outdoor lighting only if needed; Turn outdoor lights to the lowest level possible; Add controlling features to your lights; Use warm-colored outdoor lights. The Bird Alliance of Oregon promotes a “Lights Out” campaign during migration seasons to raise awareness about responsible lighting. This year, Portland mayor signed a declaration setting Sept. 19-Oct.19, 2024 as “Lights Out Portland Month”, encouraging residents to turn off unnecessary lights from 11 p.m. until dawn during migration periods. All these efforts have made an impact on protecting the night sky for the health of birds and other wildlife. Johnson said proudly, “Lights may, be out during migration season, but the future for dark skies is looking up.” 1．What’s DarkSky? A．A private company. B．A charity club. C．A public activity. D．A government agency. 2．When did Johnson actively start spreading knowledge about DarkSky? A．Before she moved to Ridgefield. B．The moment she became a volunteer. C．After she joined the City of Ridgefield. D．When Poland mayor issued the declaration. 3．What does the author want to highlight in Para 4? A．Successful examples to save wildlife. B．Significance of responsible lighting. C．Steps to develop birding organizations. D．Combined efforts to reduce light pollution. 4．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．There will be a decrease in light pollution. B．It’s hard to predict the future for dark skies. C．Bird migration season will be changed without lights. D．It’s urgent to protect the might skies during migration. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文为说明文，主要介绍了DarkSky组织为减少光污染、保护候鸟做出的努力和取得的成果。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“DarkSky, a movement aimed at reducing light pollution and promoting responsible outdoor lighting (DarkSky是一项旨在减少光污染和提倡负责任户外照明的运动)”可知，DarkSky是一项公共活动。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“She worked with the City of Ridgefield to help ensure new house development going up followed local lighting regulations and passionately began sharing information about DarkSky at local events. (她与Ridgefield市合作，帮助确保新房开发遵守当地照明法规，并热情地在当地活动中分享DarkSky的信息)”可以得知，Johnson在加入Ridgefield市后，热情地开始传播关于DarkSky的知识。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Johnson and other DarkSky volunteers and birding organizations made DarkSky’s Principles of Outdoor Lighting for bird safety: Use targeted lighting; Use outdoor lighting only if needed; Turn outdoor lights to the lowest level possible; Add controlling features to your lights; Use warm-colored outdoor lights. The Bird Alliance of Oregon promotes a “Lights Out” campaign during migration seasons to raise awareness about responsible lighting. This year, Portland mayor signed a declaration setting Sept. 19-Oct.19, 2024 as “Lights Out Portland Month”, encouraging residents to turn off unnecessary lights from 11 p.m. until dawn during migration periods. (约翰逊和其他DarkSky志愿者和观鸟组织为鸟类安全制定了DarkSky户外照明原则：使用有针对性的照明；只在需要时使用室外照明；将室外灯光调到尽可能低的亮度；给你的灯添加控制功能；使用暖色的户外灯。俄勒冈州鸟类联盟在迁徙季节发起“熄灯”运动，以提高人们对负责任照明的认识。今年，波特兰市市长签署了一项宣言，将9月19日至10月19日定为2024年9月19日定为“波特兰熄灯月”，鼓励居民在迁徙期间从晚上11点到黎明时分关掉不必要的灯)”可知，这段话强调了为减少光污染而付出的共同努力。故选D。 4．句意猜测题。根据划线句子前一句“All these efforts have made an impact on protecting the night sky for the health of birds and other wildlife. (所有这些努力对保护夜空以保证鸟类和其他野生动物的健康产生了影响)”可推知，划线句子“Lights may be out during migration season, but the future for dark skies is looking up. (在迁徙季节灯光可能是关闭的，但黑暗天空的未来在不断提高)”意为“光污染将会减少。” 故选A。 Passage 6 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省龙岩市·期末）People today are much cleverer than in previous generations. A study of 72 countries found that average ids rose by 2.2 points per decade from 1948 to 2020, a phenomenon known as the “Flynn effect,” named after the scientist James Flynn who first identified it. Given that it took millions of years for the brain to evolve, how could it improve so rapidly? The answer lies in better nutrition and mental stimulation. Just as muscles need food and exercise, the brain require proper nutrients and activity for development. Today’s children are less likely to be malnourished and more likely to attend school. In wealthy countries, the Flynn effect has largely stabilized, while many children in poorer countries still lack enough nutrition to reach their cognitive (认知) potential. Globally, 22 % of children under five — about 150 million — are malnourished, and half suffer firm micronutrient short ages, which can lead to a loss of up to 15 id points. Several factors hinder proper nutrition, including war and disease, which prevent families from accessing food and lead to nutrient shortages. Poverty is a significant issue, but not the only cause; UNICEF data shows that many malnourished children come from non-poor families, highlighting the impact of poor eating habits and cultural practice. For instance, in patriarchal societies, pregnant women may face iron short ages due to unequal food distribution. Effective strategies include enriching basic foods with micronutrients like iron and zinc (锌), which is a cost-effective way to make a big difference. Another method is providing small cash sums to families with infants or pregnant mothers. Still, more research is needed to address these issues. For example, scientists in Bangladesh are exploring ways to promote beneficial gut bacteria among women in local poor areas. Researchers in Africa are working on treating anemia (贫血症) without worsening malaria. Some argue that human intelligence will matter less as we rely more on AI, but as Harvard’s Steven Pinker notes, human intelligence is a vital “tail wind” helping us adapt to new challengers. Investing in the next generation’s nutrition is not just right; it is essential. 1．What does “Flynn effect” refer to? A．Intelligence can be passed down. B．Nutrition has an impact on id. C．Average ids change over time. D．Average ids go up per decade. 2．Which can replace the underlined word “hinder” in paragraph 3? A．Promote. B．Block. C．Balance. D．Involve. 3．What does the author intend to convey in the last paragraph? A．More efforts are needed. B．AI affects human greatly. C．Nutrition is less important. D．Effective strategies are adopted. 4．Which would be the suitable title for the passage? A．AI as Human id B．IQ Changes Over Time C．Nutrition for Smarter Kids D．challenge for Kids’ Growth 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了“Flynn效应”及营养对儿童智商的影响。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“A study of 72 countries found that average ids rose by 2.2 points per decade from 1948 to 2020, a phenomenon known as the “Flynn effect,” named after the scientist James Flynn who first identified it. (一项针对72个国家的研究发现，从1948年到2020年，平均智商每十年上升2.2点，这种现象被称为“弗林效应”，以首次发现它的科学家詹姆斯·弗林命名。)”可知，Flynn effect指的是平均智商每十年都有上升。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。由第三段中“Several factors hinder proper nutrition, including war and disease, which prevent families from accessing food and lead to nutrient shortages. (几个因素hinder适当的营养摄入，包括战争和疾病，这些因素使家庭无法获得食物并导致营养短缺。)”可知，战争和疾病等因素阻碍了适当的营养摄入，阻止家庭获取食物并导致营养不足。所以hinder意为“阻碍”，与block“阻挡”意思相符。故选B。 3．推理判断题。由最后一段中“Effective strategies include enriching basic foods with micronutrients like iron and zinc (锌), which is a cost-effective way to make a big difference. Another method is providing small cash sums to families with infants or pregnant mothers. Still, more research is needed to address these issues. (有效的策略包括在基本食物中添加如铁和锌等微量营养素，这是一种成本效益高的方式，可以带来巨大变化。另一种方法是向有婴儿或怀孕母亲的家庭提供小额现金补助。然而，仍需更多研究来解决这些问题。)”可知，作者在最后一段想要传达的是需要付出更多的努力。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“People today are much cleverer than in previous generations. A study of 72 countries found that average ids rose by 2.2 points per decade from 1948 to 2020, a phenomenon known as the “Flynn effect,” named after the scientist James Flynn who first identified it. Given that it took millions of years for the brain to evolve, how could it improve so rapidly? (现代人的聪明才智比前几代人要高得多。一项针对72个国家的研究发现，从1948年到2020年，平均智商每十年上升2.2点，这种现象被称为“弗林效应”，以首次发现它的科学家詹姆斯·弗林命名。考虑到大脑进化需要数百万年的时间，它是如何如此迅速地得到改善的呢？)”和第二段中“The answer lies in better nutrition and mental stimulation. (答案在于更好的营养和精神刺激。)”可知，文章主要讲述了智商随时间变化的现象以及营养对儿童智商的影响，所以适合本文的标题是“Nutrition for Smarter Kids (营养造就聪明孩子)”。故选C。 主题03 人与自然——自然环境与探索 Passage 1 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省莆田九中·期末）A smoke bomb from a party started a major blaze (火焰) near Los Angeles in September,just one of many recent wildfires ignited (引燃) by people. Now, an analysis of satellite data shows human-caused blazes spread much faster and kill more trees than ones ignited by lightning. Fire has always been a part of California’s natural history. But several centuries of human settlement have created new conditions that promote its spread.Studies have shown human ignition is to blame for 84% of all wildfires in the United States,and 97% of all those that threaten homes. Human-caused fires always seemed more extreme, says Stijn Hantson,a fire ecologist at the University of California,Irvine,who led the new research. But measurements of how fast they spread and their impacts on ecosystems (生态系统) in California had not been explored, he notes. To examine those differences, Hantson and his colleagues analyzed satellite data for 214 wildfires in California between 2012 and 2018.Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns,the team reports.The faster spreading fires also burned more violently and killed “double or triple” the trees as lightning-caused ones. However, there is no fundamental difference in the chemistry of a human-caused blaze. “A fire is a fire” Hantson says. “It’s the surrounding things that matter.” Causes of fires ranging from improperly thrown cigarettes to sparking (冒火花) power lines could ignite a blaze on any given day, he says, while lightning strikes and dry thunderstorms only happen seasonally. The researchers tracked meteorological data and found that human-caused fires were more likely to start on days with extreme weather conditions,and were more associated with drier,less-forested landscapes. This adds to scientists’ understanding of how humans are extending the fire season, says Nathan Mietkiewicz, an ecologist with the National Ecological Observation Network. 1．The author uses some data in paragraph 2 to show that ________. A．wildfires are mostly caused by humans B．most wildfires threaten people’s homes C．wildfire is a part of California’s natural history D．wildfires break out frequently in the United States 2．What’s the purpose of Hantson’s research? A．To prove how extreme human-caused fires are. B．To find out the causes and solutions of wildfires. C．To explore the speed and effects of wildfires caused by humans. D．To examine the differences between a human-caused blaze and a nature-caused one. 3．How is the result presented in paragraph 4? A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By giving definitions. 4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Human-caused fires and lightning-caused fires are basically different. B．Lightning strikes and thunderstorms can always lead to wildfires. C．Wildfires only happen in dry,less-forested areas. D．Humans are to blame for the extended fire season. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要介绍了人为引发的火灾比起由闪电引发的火灾传播更快，对生态系统的影响更大。研究人员通过分析卫星数据发现，在加利福尼亚州的214起火灾中，人为引发的火灾每天传播大约1.83公里，比闪电引发的火灾传播速度快两倍。人为引发的火灾还更加猛烈，对树木的破坏程度是闪电引发火灾的两到三倍。此外，研究人员还发现，人为引发的火灾更容易在极端天气条件下发生，并且更多发生在干燥、森林覆盖较少的地区。这些研究结果有助于科学家们对人类如何延长火灾季节的理解。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Studies have shown human ignition is to blame for 84% of all wildfires in the United States, and 97% of all those that threaten homes(研究表明，美国84%的野火和97%的威胁家园的野火都是人为点火造成的)”可知，作者在第二段中使用了一些数据来表明野火大多是由人类引起的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But measurements of how fast they spread and their impacts on ecosystems (生态系统) in California had not been explored, he notes.(但他指出，没有人研究过它们传播速度有多快，以及它们对加州生态系统的影响。)”及第四段“Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns, the team reports(人为引起的火灾通常每天蔓延约1.83公里，比闪电燃烧的速度快两倍多。)可知，汉森研究的目的是探索人类引起的野火的速度和影响。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns, the team reports.The faster spreading fires also burned more violently and killed “double or triple” the trees as lightning-caused ones. (研究小组报告称，人为引起的火灾通常每天蔓延约1.83公里，比闪电燃烧的速度快两倍多。火势蔓延得更快，燃烧得也更猛烈，闪电造成的树木死亡的数量是树木的“两倍或三倍”) ”可知，第四段主要通过对比来展示结果。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This adds to scientists’ understanding of how humans are extending the fire season, says Nathan Mietkiewicz, an ecologist with the National Ecological Observation Network(这增加了科学家对人类如何延长火灾季节的理解，”国家生态观察网络的生态学家内森·米特凯维奇说)”可推断，火灾季节延长应归咎于人类。故选D。 Passage 2 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省莆田锦江中学·期末）Humans are not the animal kingdom's only fashionistas. Tits ( ill雀) can be fashion followers, too, apparently. A latest study shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season's must-have colour. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds' nests. But which particular color was favoured varied from season to season. This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others. Williams's work was, however, forgotten until they came across it while following up on a different study, published by a team at the University of Toulouse, suggesting fashion-following, too. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams's experiment, but this time to collect some actual numbers. The birds they followed were part of a well-monitored population of blue tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allowed the institute's researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by recording their arrival at food containers throughout the wood. Instead of food, these containers were loaded with wool of different colors. Interestingly, researchers soon found that most nests of blue tits included only the color of the wool first chosen by a nestbuildcr. Tits, then, do seem to be “on trend”, when it comes to nest-building materials. Why that should happen remains obscure. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds, and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit. Williams’s original work, though, suggests such initial choices are at random-a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2? A．Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin contributed to William's work. B．Early birds' color preference was copied by their fellows. C．The yam was the most popular material to decorate local birds' nests. D．The color of the yam favored by local birds was fixed throughout the year. 2．How did Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin improve William's experiment? A．They observed the blue tits. B．They studied the habits of blue tits. C．They adopted the data-collecting method. D．They fitted tracking devices to food containers. 3．What does the underlined word “obscure” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Hidden. B．Evident. C．Complicated. D．Shallow. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Birds favor certain colors in decoration. B．Young birds follow their elders in fashion. C．Young birds are just as intelligent as people. D．Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。人类并不是动物界唯一的时尚达人。研究表明，山雀也像人类一样追随潮流，用流行色装点巢穴。 1．推理判断题。根据第二自然段“He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds' nests. But which particular color was favoured varied from season to season. This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others. (他注意到，当他把各种颜色的纱线球放在花园里时，几乎总是有一种，而且只有一种因为被放进当地的鸟巢而在那个季节流行起来。但哪种颜色受到青睐因季节而异。这表明，其中一只早期鸟类选择的颜色被其他鸟类发现并模仿了。)”可知，最开始的鸟类的颜色偏好被它们的同伴模仿了。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三自然段“Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams's experiment, but this time to collect some actual numbers. (因此，Wild博士和Aplin博士开始重新进行Williams的实验，但这次是为了收集一些实际数字。)”可知，Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了数据收集的方法来改进Williams的实验。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第五自然段“Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds, and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit. (Wild博士和Aplin博士怀疑时尚界的领导者都是年纪较大的鸟，进化倾向于年轻人模仿他们的长辈，因为这些长辈显然在命运的洗礼中幸存了下来。)”中的suspect可推知，为什么会发生这种情况还不清楚。obscure意为“不清楚的；隐蔽的”。A. Hidden.隐蔽的；B. Evident.显然的；C. Complicated.复杂的；D. Shallow. 肤浅的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一自然段“Humans are not the animal kingdom's only fashionistas. Tits ( ill雀) can be fashion followers, too, apparently. A latest study shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season's must-have colour. (人类并不是动物王国中唯一的时尚达人。显然，山雀也可以成为时尚追随者。一项最新研究表明，如果有机会，它们会用本季必备的颜色装饰巢穴。)”可知，本文主要讲的是鸟类像人类一样追随潮流。D项“Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people. (鸟类和人一样具有时尚意识)”最能概括本文大意。故选D。 Passage 3 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省泉州市·期末）Some Virginia Tech researchers have developed a new method for upcycling plastics into high-value chemicals to create soaps, cleaners, and more. Plastics and soaps seemingly have little in common, but there is a surprising connection between the two on a molecular (分子的) level: The chemical structure of polyethylene — one of the most commonly used plastics — is strikingly similar to that of a fatty acid, which is used in making soap. Guoliang Liu, an associate professor of chemistry at Virginia Tech, believed the similarity meant polyethylene could be turned into fatty acids and eventually soap with a few extra steps. The challenge was how to break a long polyethylene chain (链) into many short — but not too short — chains and how to do it efficiently. Liu, along with two PhD chemistry students Zhen Xu and Eric Munyaneza, built a small, oven-like reactor where they could heat polyethylene. The lower part of the reactor reaches a high temperature to break the long chains, while the upper part is cooled to a low enough temperature to prevent further breakdown. After that, they gathered the leftover and found that Liu’s assumption had been right: It was composed of “short-chain polyethylene,” or more precisely, waxes (蜡). This was the first step in developing a method for upcycling plastics into soap. One of the exciting features of Liu’s new upcycling method is that it can be used on both polyethylene and polypropylene, meaning that it’s not necessary to separate the two plastics from each other. This is a major advantage over some recycling methods used today. The upcycling technique also requires only plastic and heat, making it cost-effective with minimal environmental impact. Liu advised being careful, though. This method is just one part of a larger solution to the global plastic pollution crisis and a joint effort is needed between the research and industrial communities. “The best way to avoid plastic pollution is to minimise the use of plastics,” said Liu. 1．What is the main purpose of paragraph 2? A．To stress the challenge. B．To explain the process. C．To present the significance. D．To introduce the assumption. 2．How does the upcycling process work? A．By heating plastics intensively. B．By mixing a chemical with plastics. C．By breaking down plastics in a reactor. D．By collecting the leftover to make waxes: 3．What makes this upcycling method stand out? A．Simple processing. B．Zero-waste practice. C．Potential market value. D．Low-energy consumption. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Plastic Waste, Precious Products B．From Waste to Wash C．Fighting Pollution with Innovation D．Saying No to Plastics. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了弗吉尼亚理工大学的研究人员开发的一种将塑料升级转化为高价值化学品，用以制造肥皂、清洁剂等的新方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Plastics and soaps seemingly have little in common, but there is a surprising connection between the two on a molecular (分子的) level: The chemical structure of polyethylene — one of the most commonly used plastics — is strikingly similar to that of a fatty acid, which is used in making soap. Guoliang Liu, an associate professor of chemistry at Virginia Tech, believed the similarity meant polyethylene could be turned into fatty acids and eventually soap with a few extra steps. The challenge was how to break a long polyethylene chain (链) into many short-but not too short-chains and how to do it efficiently.(塑料和肥皂似乎没有什么共同之处，但在分子水平上两者之间有着惊人的联系：聚乙烯(最常用的塑料之一)的化学结构与用于制造肥皂的脂肪酸惊人地相似。弗吉尼亚理工大学化学副教授刘国良认为，这种相似性意味着聚乙烯可以通过几个额外的步骤转化为脂肪酸，最终转化为肥皂。挑战在于如何将一条长聚乙烯链(简称“聚乙烯链”)断裂成许多短链，但又不能太短，以及如何高效地完成这一过程)”可知，本段主要介绍了Guoliang Liu教授的一个假设，即聚乙烯可以转化为脂肪酸，最终转化为肥皂。故本段的主要目的是介绍这个假设。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Liu, along with two PhD chemistry students Zhen Xu and Eric Munyaneza, built a small, oven-like reactor where they could heat polyethylene. The lower part of the reactor reaches a high temperature to break the long chains, while the upper part is cooled to a low enough temperature to prevent further breakdown.(刘与两名化学专业博士生徐震和穆尼亚内扎一起建造了一个小型烤箱式反应器，可以在其中加热聚乙烯。反应器的下部达到高温以断裂长链，而上部则冷却到足够低的温度以防止进一步分解)”可知，升级转化过程是通过在反应器中分解塑料来进行的。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The upcycling technique also requires only plastic and heat, making it cost-effective with minimal environmental impact.(这种升级转化技术只需要塑料和热量，因此具有成本效益，且对环境影响最小)”可推知，这种升级转化方法的突出之处在于其加工过程简单，只需塑料和热量。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Some Virginia Tech researchers have developed a new method for upcycling plastics into high-value chemicals to create soaps, cleaners, and more.(弗吉尼亚理工大学的一些研究人员开发了一种新方法，可以将塑料升级转化为高价值化学品，用以制造肥皂、清洁剂等)”可知，本文主要介绍了一种将塑料废物转化为洗涤用品(如肥皂)的新方法。故B项“From Waste to Wash(从废物到洗涤用品)”最适合作文章标题。故选B项。 Passage 4 （2024-2025学年高二上学期·福建省宁德市·期末）In an era when online misinformation is seemingly everywhere and objective facts are often in argument, UC Berkeley psychologists in a new study have presented a somewhat contradictory partial solution: Expose young children to more misinformation online — not less. Orticio, a Ph.D．student in UC Berkeley’s Department of Psychology, and his colleagues used a pair of experiments involving 122 children aged four to seven to test how their level of skepticism (怀疑) changed in different online environments. The first study exposed them to an e-book with varying degrees of true and false statements about animals. Next to a picture of a zebra, for example, some children were shown truths like that zebras had black and white stripes. Others were shown falsehoods about zebras being red and green. Based on that information, they indicated whether the claims were true or false. A second study simulated (模拟) search engine results and posed similar animal facts and fictions. Next, children evaluated the truth of a new claim within that same digital context, this time about an alien species called Zorpies. On a screen were images of 20 so-called Zorpies. One of the alien’s faces showed that it had three eyes; the rest of the Zorpies wore dark sunglasses that covered their eyes. Children were then asked to decide whether all Zorpies had three eyes. But before making their final decision, participants were allowed to fact-check the claim by tapping any number of the aliens, removing their sunglasses and revealing their eyes. Since children knew nothing about the aliens, their skepticism could only come from their assessment of how reliable this digital platform was. Researchers found that the children who were the most hardworking about fact-checking the Zorpies claims were also the ones who saw more false claims about animals earlier in the study. Meanwhile, those who had more reliable environments with fewer false claims earlier in the study did almost no fact-checking. A computer simulation confirmed that the children in the more unreliable environments were more likely to reveal potential misinformation. 1．What do psychologists recommend to help children deal with online misinformation? A．To leave them in a less protected information environment. B．To help them sort out different kinds of information. C．To require them to collect some useful information. D．To help them develop the ability of the critical thinking. 2．Who will be more likely to become a good fact-checker? A．The children working harder to make statements. B．The children seeing more false claims. C．The children exposed to more digital contexts. D．The children exposed to more reliable environments. 3．How were the experiments conducted? A．By making comparisons. B．By making questionnaires. C．By analyzing documents. D．By interviewing participants. 4．What can we learn from the experiments? A．They were carried out through the same online digital platform. B．Participants can tap the number of Zorpies to get true information. C．Participants can remove the sunglasses for reference. D．They both presented false information to the participants. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加州大学伯克利分校的心理学家通过实验发现，让孩子接触更多网络虚假信息能提高他们的怀疑精神和事实核查能力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In an era when online misinformation is seemingly everywhere and objective facts are often in argument, UC Berkeley psychologists in a new study have presented a somewhat contradictory partial solution: Expose young children to more misinformation online — not less.(在一个网络虚假信息似乎无处不在、客观事实常引发争议的时代，加州大学伯克利分校的心理学家在一项新研究中提出了一个看似矛盾的部分解决方案：让幼儿更多而非更少地接触网络虚假信息)”可知，心理学家建议让孩子处于一个较少受到保护的信息环境，接触更多虚假信息。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Researchers found that the children who were the most hardworking about fact checking the Zorpies claims were also the ones who saw more false claims about animals earlier in the study. (研究人员发现，在核查关于佐皮人说法的真实性方面最努力的孩子，也是那些在研究早期看到更多关于动物虚假说法的孩子)”可知，看到更多虚假说法的孩子更有可能成为优秀的事实核查者。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“The first study exposed them to an e-book with varying degrees of true and false statements about animals. Next to a picture of a zebra, for example, some children were shown truths like that zebras had black and white stripes. Others were shown falsehoods about zebras being red and green. Based on that information, they indicated whether the claims were true or false. A second study simulated (模拟) search engine results and posed similar animal facts and fictions.(第一项研究让他们看一本电子书，里面有不同程度的关于动物的真假陈述。例如，在一张斑马的照片旁边，一些孩子看到了斑马有黑白条纹这样的事实。其他人则被告知斑马是红色和绿色的谎言。根据这些信息，他们指出这些说法是真是假。第二项研究模拟了搜索引擎的结果，并提出了类似的动物事实和虚构)”和第五段中“Researchers found that the children who were the most hardworking about fact checking the Zorpies claims were also the ones who saw more false claims about animals earlier in the study. Meanwhile, those who had more reliable environments with fewer false claims earlier in the study did almost no fact checking. (研究人员发现，在核查关于佐皮人说法的真实性方面最努力的孩子，也是那些在研究早期看到更多关于动物虚假说法的孩子。与此同时，那些在研究早期处于更可靠环境、虚假说法较少的孩子几乎没有进行事实核查)”可知，实验通过对比不同信息环境下孩子的表现来进行，即通过做比较的方式开展实验。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Children were then asked to decide whether all Zorpies had three eyes. Bu$