专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期末真题汇编，北京专用）高三英语上学期

专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文） 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石景山区·期末） Experts frequently warn about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI). Sadly, the rapid advancement of AI technology in recent years has not led to a common understanding of its risks, as it should have. Actually, beneath the surface of AI discussions lies conflict among divided groups, which may mislead lawmakers and the public and prevent competent regulatory measures. Understanding the motivations behind these differing views is crucial to addressing AI’s societal impact. The loudest perspective is a frightening vision from doomsayers (末日论者), who present AI as a threat to human existence, capable of wiping out life and controlling everything. This doomsaying is heightened by influential tech figures using tools like ChatGPT to shape the conversation. Some in this group focus on extreme disastrous risks and emphasize the distant future implications of our actions. While many doomsayers claim they are reasonable, their exaggerated concerns about hypothetical (假设的) existential risks amount to a misguided bet with humanity’s future. Technology historian David Brock calls such fears “wishful worries” — that is, problems that it would be nice to have, in contrast to the actual struggles of the present. While doomsayers focus on the distant future, reformers focus on immediate issues. They view AI reform as a matter of integrity, urging Big Tech to prioritize the public good over profit. These experts advocate for regulators to address current harms caused by AI, such as misinformation, monitoring, and algorithmic (算法的) unfairness. They propose initiatives like civil education for AI literacy and the design of human-centered systems to fight growing societal inequalities. Warriors, another group, describe AI through the language of national security and competitiveness. Their views benefit some tech giants and government agencies. Top AI firms seek costly regulations that they claim guard against crime and terrorism, which could secure their market dominance and limit startup competition. Governments, tightly connected to these firms, may prioritize defense applications over moral concerns, leading to regulatory blind spots. In conclusion, the differing viewpoints on AI underline the complexity of addressing its societal impact. To minimize potential harms and ensure that AI serves the public interest, it is crucial to strengthen legal frameworks that close existing gaps and hold corporations accountable. Expanding regulatory strategies can help restrict corporate overreach and foster transparency in AI development. Publicly directed projects can counterbalance corporate influence, ensuring that AI benefits society as a whole. By prioritizing accountability and collective welfare, we can shape a future where AI empowers everyone, not just a select few. 1．What is the consequence of diverse points of view on AI? A．Enhancing our ability to tackle AI issues. B．Advancing the standardization of AI guidelines. C．Delaying the creation of effective AI regulations. D．Breaking the integrity of current AI legal framework. 2．The author quotes David Brock’s words in order to ______. A．prove that AI has positive impacts B．confirm that doomsayers’ worries are justified C．suggest that the concerns over AI are overstated D．show that current struggles have serious outcomes 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．A publicly directed AI project will ultimately empower the select few. B．Reformers advocate human-centered AI systems to gain personal profits. C．Warriors pursue dominance in national security by improving AI morally. D．Lawmakers should toughen rules limiting corporate influence for public good. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Battle over AI: Power and Benefit B．Perspectives on AI: Individualism or Collectivism C．The Argument about AI: Reformers vs. Doomsayers D．Debates on the Future of AI: Innovation or Regulation Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） Today, we have access to more information than ever before. Online video platforms and social media apps can provide us with in-depth learning opportunities for free — from professional development tips to artificial intelligence lessons. In more recent years, large language models have shown they can answer almost any question with an increasing level of accuracy. With so much data at our fingertips, more and more people are beginning to wonder: why invest time and money in a college degree when I can gather information and build skills online? The problem with this question, however, is that it misunderstands most of the value of higher education. For many, higher education offers much more — a transformative journey where students can network and develop portable soft skills like critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Acquiring these competencies often requires teamwork and repetition. These are experiences that can’t be easily copied by watching an influencer or reading AI-generated text through a screen. While it’s true that a college degree is not the only path to success, we can’t ignore the reality that most organizations still consider it an indicator of a candidate’s readiness for the workforce. In a recent survey of 334 employers by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), respondents said nearly 70% of their entry-level jobs require a four-year degree. This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market. But anything with benefits has some weaknesses. We must consider that, across the board, college cost is rising. For most students, acquiring a degree will result in major debt. You should also consider whether your college courses are keeping up with the times. The education should ideally be up-to-date and useful to you upon entering the workforce. For those who believe these downsides are worth the upsides a college education can offer, here’s how to maximize the benefits of higher education: · Learn the latest innovations through courses. · Build a strong professional network. · Take advantage of teamwork and problem-solving opportunities. · Broaden your education with other resources. These four strategies can help students maximize their college experience while also staying up to date with the latest technological trends. By being flexible, networking actively, developing problem-solving skills, and seeking learning opportunities in the real world, students can prepare themselves not just for their first job but for a dynamic and successful career. 1．Why does the author ask the question in Paragraph 2? A．To encourage doubt about online learning. B．To start the discussion on college education. C．To emphasize the superiority of online learning. D．To compare online learning with college education. 2．What does the underlined word “leg-up” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Assistance B．Virtue. C．Insight. D．Courage. 3．It is implied in this passage that ________. A．college education remains valuable despite the rise of online learning B．college education ignores students’ development of portable soft skills C．students can learn the latest innovations through a professional network D．students can get a successful career as long as they have college experience 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） It was an arresting image: a large airplane parked on the Antarctic ice, smiling flight attendants posing in front of it. The shot seemed to mark a new phase for Antarctic tourism. Fortunately, the flight in question was delivering staff and supplies for research rather than tourism — but travel to Earth’s southernmost continent has nonetheless reached a new milestone. The growing number of visitors brought a new urgency to the question of how much tourism should be allowed on the icy continent. Many members of the International Association of Antarctic Tourism Operators (IAATO) say promoting Antarctic conservation is part of their mission. In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species. Nonetheless, a number of biosecurity studies found a large number of non-native species present. The risks are real. An invasive (侵袭的) grass species has established a foothold on one of Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands, while bird flu recently reached the Sub-Antarctic Islands, where it has had a damaging effect on the seal population. Despite these growing threats, biosecurity is not the biggest danger facing Antarctica’s wilderness areas. Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships. The Antarctic is at risk not just because of the delicacy of its environment, but due to the lack of a single governing body. The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1961 to provide governance for the continent, operates on a consultative basis, which means all parties have to agree before a change can be put into action. There is a common understanding that something needs to change, but no agreement on what those changes should be. Should landings be made at a larger number of sites for instance, or should we aim to keep the human footprint as small as possible? Researchers recommend that anyone thinking about visiting Antarctica should take a hard look at their motivation and the impacts of their choice. “As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences. “If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.” 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．Non-native species have not been found in the Antarctic so far. B．The best way to reach the Antarctic is by taking a large airplane. C．Developing tourism and doing research are equally important in the Antarctic. D．IAATO has taken some measures to conserve the environment in the Antarctic. 2．What is the primary concern about the growing travelers in the Antarctic? A．The absence of a single governing body. B．The decline in the number of seals due to tourism. C．The potential for tourists to introduce invasive species. D．The carbon emissions associated with travel to the Antarctic. 3．The main moral challenge presented by Antarctic tourism is ________. A．allowing tourists to access areas typically reserved for research B．deciding whether tourism can fund further exploration of the Antarctic C．satisfying personal desires for traveling while preserving the environment D．balancing the economic benefits of tourism with the environmental impact 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Antarctic Research: A Promising Future! B．Flying to the Antarctic: A New Milestone! C．Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No? D．Threat to the Antarctic: Why Biosecurity Risks? 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市昌平区·期末） Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds’ beaks, turtles’ shells and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection,” he wrote in The Descent of Man. Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change but very little explores the forces of human cognitive (认知的) selection that fix certain words into the dictionary. For an extensive new study, published in a journal, scientists investigated just that. In an experiment much like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words — again seeing only certain types survive. The results showed three features that give words an“evolutionary (进化的)advantage” by helping them stick in the brain. First, words typically acquired at an early age, such as “hand,” “uncle” or “today”, are stabler. Next, concrete words exist better than abstract ones: “dog” stays longer than “animal”, which persists longer than “organism”. Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to be permanent. Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” Breithaupt explains, “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift. The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is debatable. A linguist John McWhorter questions implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language he says contains things like “unnecessarily complex” grammatical traces. Study lead author Ying Li notes that English had even more complicated grammar in the past. “John McWhorter would complain more if he traveled back800 years ago,” Li supposes. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly discussed about the research? A．Conclusion and significance. B．Background and purpose. C．Method and limitations. D．Process and findings. 2．According to Breithaupt, the English language tends to be ______. A．more concrete with difficulty B．more practical with efficiency C．more complicated with abstraction D．more understandable with vividness 3．What would be the best title for this passage? A．Who promotes the study of language evolution? B．How does language gradually shift over time? C．What makes a word survive or go extinct? D．Why are certain words favored by people? Passage 2 （23-24学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science. These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. Understanding these transitions in more detail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people. Certain nerve cells in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain can pump out dopamine, a molecule that has been linked to pleasure, movement and learning, which is then delivered dopamine to the amygdalae, two almond-shaped structures deep in the brain that are closely tied to emotions. Using a molecular sensor that can tell exactly when and where dopamine is released, the researchers saw that dopamine levels rose in the amygdalae just before mice shifted from non-REM sleep to REM sleep. Next, the researchers forced the mice into the REM phase by controlling those dopamine-producing nerve cells using lasers and genetic techniques. Compelled with light, the nerve cells released dopamine in the amygdalae while mice were in non-REM sleep. The mice then shifted into REM sleep sooner than they typically did, after an average of about two minutes compared with about eight minutes for mice that weren’t prompted to release dopamine. Stimulating these cells every half hour increased the mice’s total amount of REM sleep. Additional experiments suggest that these dopamine-making nerve cells may also be involved in aspects of narcolepsy (嗜睡症). A sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, shares features with REM sleep and can accompany narcolepsy. Stimulating these dopamine-making nerve cells while mice were awake caused the mice to stop moving and fall directly into REM sleep. The results help clarify a trigger for REM in mice; whether a similar thing happens in people isn’t known. Earlier studies have found that nerve cells in people’s amygdalae are active during REM sleep. Many questions remain. Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough. 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．People with sleep disorders could benefit from the research. B．Dopamine is generated in two almond-shaped structures. C．Dopamine levels rose after mice shifted to REM sleep. D．An increase of dopamine can trigger REM in people. 2．The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ______. A．the entire brain B．REM sleep and cataplexy C．drugs affecting dopamine levels D．people suffering from sleep disorders 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce two stages of sleep of all animals. B．To explain dopamine as a trigger for REM in mice. C．To present a new way to cure sleep disorders in people. D．To propose a pioneer research interest in brain structure. 主题04 人与自然——自然生态 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市丰台区·期末） The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution (归因) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences. Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome”(热穹顶) across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” wrote the poet John Keats just over 200 years ago. When it comes to climate, truth can feel closer to terror these days. But scientists are right to insist that the reality must be faced. Indeed, this is the only way to avoid the most disastrous outcomes. In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”. Like the historical responsibility for carbon emissions, attitudes and experiences in the present crisis are unevenly and unjustly shared out. Billions of people around the world, and above all in the global south, are caught up day-to-day in a struggle for survival. This doesn’t mean they don’t recognise global heating; subsistence (勉强维持生活) farmers and fishers are more directly exposed to environmental damage than anyone else. But western governments, businesses and people who are relatively sheltered from global heating’s worst effects should recognise this as the privilege that it is. With this year’s Climate Change Conference fast approaching, western governments must follow through on their promises of climate finance to enable a green transition in the developing world. The purpose of attribution science is not simply to warn the world about what is happening, but to aid preparations for what has not happened yet. The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous. But alternatives exist, and insisting on this point has never been more important. The alarming findings of attribution scientists can give rise to desperation-but must not be allowed to end determination and hope. 1．The attribution studies imply that ____. A．policies addressing climate issues are ineffective B．it is hard to link CO2 with the effects of global heating C．the extent of global heating’s consequences is unpredictable D．humans are to blame for the increased occurrence of disasters 2．How does Prof Bill McGuire feel about the present climate crisis? A．Worried. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Puzzled. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．The global south is in urgent need of financial support. B．The speeding up of global warming has spelled trouble. C．Global heating affects western countries to a larger extent. D．The effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission has worked. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To urge the public to follow the science. B．To persuade the scientists to further their study. C．To assess the current policy on the climate crisis. D．To confirm the public’s concern for global heating. Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市顺义区·期末） One day in the fall of 2023, a young Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross was lying listless in southeastern Brazil’s Santos Basin. Beach monitors found the young bird in the sand, weak and dying. The cause of the albatross’s disaster was evident: it was caught in a weather balloon, which, sadly, is just one instance of a bigger environmental headache. Globally, hundreds of thousands of weather balloons are launched into the sky every year, and the majority are never recovered. Instead, their waste—a mix of latex, cotton and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecosystems for years. And because only a small percentage of dead animals wash ashore, the impact is likely worse than the numbers suggest. The root of this mounting trouble lies in the very nature of how weather balloons operate. Weather balloons are used to get high-altitude (高空) data like air temperature and pressure. Once a balloon has travelled up about 21 miles and its volume has grown 100-fold, it explodes, shooting pieces in all directions. Australian researchers at the Tangaroa Blue Foundation first flagged the problem of weather-balloon garbage a decade ago. Over 21 months, they collected 2,460 pieces of weather-balloon litter around the Great Barrier Reef. The researchers estimated that up to 70 percent of Australia’ s weather balloons end up in the ocean. One study notes that while some of the materials used in weather balloons are considered biodegradable, much of it is not breaking down quickly. Some companies have produced special materials now made from plant-based fiber designed to weaken much faster than previous cotton versions. But the new models are 20 to 30 percent more expensive. Despite the higher cost, weather bureaus (局) have started to reduce the impact by trying out more sustainable balloons and switching from white to blue balloons, which marine animals may be less likely to mistake for food. Some agencies also announced they would be testing drones (无人机) to collect weather data, which are recoverable. Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices only because they’ re more sustainable; they also want better data. For now, though, balloons still fly much higher than drones, so they remain an important data-collecting tool. Lower-impact versions would at least be a small improvement for the ocean’s animals. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The functions of weather balloons. B．The problems of using weather balloons. C．The composition of weather balloon waste. D．The difficulty of weather balloon recycling. 2．What can we learn about weather balloons? A．Weather balloon waste can hardly break down. B．New versions of weather balloons are being tried. C．Weather balloons cause the death of most sea animals. D．Drones are better in collecting data than weather balloons. 3．What does the author think of the changes mentioned in the passage? A．Valuable but risky. B．Exciting and hopeful. C．Necessary and reliable. D．Promising but incomplete. 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市丰台区·期末） The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for machine learning development and the Chemistry Nobel was for protein structure prediction via AI. Some said the physics prize wasn’t really physics. “AI is coming for science, too,” the New York Times concluded. With powerful large language models, AIs can generate various outputs and even make Nobel-winning discoveries. But have AIs really taken over science? To begin with, the physics prize went to Hinton and John Hopfield, a physicist, who discovered how the physical dynamics of a network can encode memory. Hopfield came up with an intuitive analogy: a ball, rolling across a bumpy landscape, will often “remember” to return to the same lowest valley. Hinton’s work extended Hopfield’s model. In short, the Physics Nobel was awarded for fundamental research about the physical principles of information, not the broad umbrella of “AI” and its applications. Meanwhile, the Chemistry Nobel was awarded to biochemist David Baker and DeepMind researchers Demis Hassabis and John Jumper. Baker first developed software to design novel protein structures from scratch. Yet by 2018, of the roughly 200 million proteins cataloged in all genetic databases, only about 150, 000 had confirmed structures. Then Hassabis and Jumper introduced AlphaFold, which provided accurate folding structures for the rest. But even so, the AI has failed to predict defects in proteins. It’s not a catholicon for every problem in protein folding, but rather an excellent tool. Many of these tools have disappeared into their uses. We rarely pause to consider the transistor (晶体管) (for which the 1956 physics prize was awarded) when we use electronics containing them by the billions. Some powerful machine-learning features are already on this path. The neural networks that provide accurate language translation or song recommendations in popular consumer software programs are simply part of the service. In science, as in so many other domains, this trend suggests that when AI tools become commonplace, they will fade into the background, too. Still a reasonable concern might be that such automation threatens the efforts of human scientists. As AI becomes essential to further scientific progress, will any prizes recognize work truly free of AI? AI can revolutionize science. It has already helped us see proteins with previously unimaginable clarity. Soon AIs may dream up new molecules for batteries. In short, they may do many things, some of which previously seemed impossible. But they have a crucial limitation tied to something wonderful about science: its empirical dependence on the real world, which cannot be overcome by computation alone. Science also needs experimenters — human experts driven to study the universe, and who will ask questions an AI cannot. Physics — its core ethos is “that the world is understandable” in quantitative, predictive terms solely by careful experiment and observation. That real world still exists for future scientists to study, whether aided by AI or not. 1．Regarding the Nobel Prize in Physics, the author might think ________. A．it should have been awarded to more physicists B．it aims to encourage physicists to engage in AI research C．it is a recognition of the broad applications of AI in physics D．it is justified for its focus on physical principles of information 2．What does the word "catholicon" underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．A final solution. B．A big improvement. C．A complete cure-all. D．A common obstacle. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．AI tools are restricted to specific scientific branches. B．AI tools will become less noticeable once widely used. C．AI will overcome its dependence on real-world experience. D．AI poses a threat on traditional methods of scientific inquiry. 4．What would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and Science: Revolution or Evolution? B．Is AI Coming to End Scientific Exploration? C．AI and Science: A New Era of Collaboration? D．Is AI Dominant in Nobel-Winning Discoveries? Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石景山区·期末） Physarum polycephalum, a single-celled slime mold (黏菌), lacks a brain and survives on rotting vegetables, but it may hold valuable insights for city planning, according to the researchers from University of Toronto. This greenish-yellow organism forms a complex network that can transfer nutrients efficiently, which researchers believe could model efficient networks for moving people and goods in urban settings. “Humans aren’t the only ones facing the challenge of designing efficient, tough networks,” says Raphael Kay, a master in engineering. “The slime mold has been shaped by hundreds of millions of years of evolution (进化), so in that sense, it is far more experienced at network design than we humans ever could be.” This idea isn’t new. In 2010, Japanese and U. K. researchers created a nutrient layout resembling the Tokyo subway nodes (节点), and the slime mold grew a network similar to the real system. This experiment sparked biologically inspired adaptive network design, leading to studies of rail and road networks using slime molds. Building on this, Kay and an architecture student Anthony developed a computer model that simulates (模拟) slime molds’ network-building process, aimed at architects, city planners, and other professionals. Their model allows users to specify factors like maximum cost or minimum travel time, generating networks that meet these criteria. To test it, they applied the model to Canada’s Wonderland amusement park and Toronto’s subway system. For Wonderland, their network offered 10% faster travel time at the same cost as the existing setup and was 80% more resilient at maintaining functionality if a part was blocked. For Toronto’ s subway, they found that a network with the same travel time as the real one was 40% less easily affected to disruption. While Kay and his team aren’t suggesting a complete redesign of current networks, their model offers insights for improvements. For instance, it could pinpoint the best places to add nodes or help in planning future layouts. The model can also autonomously generate network nodes based on data like population concentration, adapting to serve specific needs. Hatton, a collaborator, believes this tool could benefit diverse fields, not just those related to the movement of people or goods, but also fields like genetic engineering and energy networks, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches. 1．What unique feature of the slime mold interests city planners? A．Its reliance on nutrients to survive. B．Its ability to form efficient networks. C．Its nature to grow in rotting vegetables. D．Its adaptive skill in a new environment. 2．Why does the author mention the experiment with Tokyo’s subway nodes? A．To highlight that the Tokyo subway system is efficient. B．To show that slime molds can recognize urban structures. C．To argue that Tokyo subway system needs to be improved. D．To suggest that slime molds can inspire unban network design. 3．What does the underlined word “resilient” probably mean in paragraph 5? A．Reliable. B．Relevant. C．Accurate. D．Advanced. 4．What can we learn from Kay and his team’s model? A．It can be applied beyond transportation. B．It can predict population growth patterns. C．It is limited to networks with simple layouts. D．It is recommended to redesign current networks. 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市西城区·期末） In recent research, my colleagues and I set out to investigate the neural (神经的) mechanisms underlying experiences like solving challenging problems. Specifically, we wanted to understand what happens in the brain while a person engages in abstract and demanding thought — so we designed a study involving math expertise. For our experiment, we selected 22 university students majoring in mathematics, along with 22 students from other disciplines. We asked the students to watch step-by-step presentations that explained how to solve several challenging math problems. Throughout this demonstration, the students wore a cap covered with electrodes (电极) so that we could track electrical activity in their brains. After each presentation, they had to report whether they thought they had understood the presentations and how engaged they felt during the experience. We found that students whose coursework involved little mathematics showed more signs of complex activity in the prefrontal cortex (皮层), indicating how hard they were working to understand the various steps of the complex math demonstrations. However, in the other group, we noted significant activity linking the frontal and parietal (顶骨) regions of their brain. More specifically, these areas exhibited a pattern of activity described as delta waves. Some recent research suggests that these delta waves may play a crucial role in the cognitive (认知的) processing that supports deep internal concentration and the relocation of information between distant brain regions. In fact, we suspect that the long-distance delta waves we observed may play a central role whenever people engage in contextual and complex problem-solving. This suggests that engaging brain networks in this way could be useful for many tasks requiring concentration. It’s likely that when people with extensive experience in a task are deeply engaged in that effort, these same delta waves are involved, even as the specific brain networks vary. It’s also possible — though we’ll need to investigate further to be sure — that this state of deep concentration is generalizable: developing this way of thinking in one domain could help you in others. These findings suggest a trade-off that people should keep in mind—particularly as artificial intelligence and other tools offer shortcuts for various forms of problem-solving. Each time we offload a problem to a calculator or ask Al to summarize an essay, we lose an opportunity to improve our own skills and practice deep concentration. To be clear, technologies can boost our efficiency in important ways, but the seemingly “inefficient” hard work we do can be powerful, too. 1．Based on the study results, how do Math majors process challenging math problems differently from non-Math majors? A．They experience less engagement during problem-solving tasks. B．They use more areas of their prefrontal cortex to solve problems. C．They display delta wave activity linking frontal and parietal regions. D．They show slower overall brain activity during complex problem-solving. 2．What does the underlined word “trade-off” in the last paragraph probably refer to? A．Weighing short-term efficiency against lasting cognitive benefits. B．Choosing between immediate convenience and faster results. C．Sacrificing technology’s advantage for human competition. D．Deciding between human effort and advanced tools. 3．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s view on the role of “inefficient” work? A．It allows the brain to build skills that are transferable to other tasks. B．It wastes time and resources compared to using technology. C．It improves engagement but has no cognitive benefits. D．It helps those who are good at subjects like math. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Which to Choose: Efficiency or Hard Work? B．What Benefits Us More: AI Tools or Deep Concentration? C．Employing Complex Math Problems to Enhance Delta Waves D．Developing Expertise Improves the Brain’s Ability to Concentrate Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市海淀区·期末） Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization (优化), not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience. Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small, isolated bands. What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere. It was an inefficient, basic system — but if one part of the human system failed, few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species, from building empires to building machines, social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized. In the 21st century, the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk. Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago, the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future. This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems. Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems — systems we don’t always fully understand — that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience. CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements, not long-term planning. Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund. Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion (缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies, the societies will be less vulnerable (脆弱的). For the broader set of risks facing global society, better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes, backups, and stress testing — so that one error doesn’t bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design. So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable. That means we can decide differently too. 1．The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to ______. A．highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B．introduce an information technology collapse C．explain why people are in a connected system D．indicate predictable failures of the modern system 2．What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A．It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B．It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C．It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D．It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 3．As for the future of social systems, which would the author agree with? A．The more disconnected they are, the more resilient they will be. B．Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C．Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D．History can help people predict future patterns. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Hyperconnectivity: The Price of Perfection B．A Wakeful Warning: The Lesson from CrowdStrike C．System Collapse: An Inevitable Technology Disaster D．Resilience vs. Optimization: A Debate for Better Systems Passage 3 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石朝阳区·期末） Pure mathematics fascinates me, precisely because it is so inaccessible. I envision it as a remote, chilly, dangerous place, like Antarctica’s Sentinel Range. The hard y souls who surmount its peaks seem superhuman. Perhaps because I romanticize mathematicians, I’m troubled by the thought that machines might replace them. I stated this possibility in The Death of Proof, published in the October 1993 Scientific American. In response to the growing complexity of mathematics, I reported, mathematicians were becoming increasingly reliant on computers. I asked, “Will the great mathematicians of the next century be made of silicon (硅)?” Mathematicians are still annoyed about that article, even as the trends I described have continued. Anthony Bordg at Cambridge University worries that his field could face a “replication crisis” (复制危机) like that troubling scientific research. Mathematicians, Bordg notes, sometimes accept a proof not because they have checked it, step by step, but because they trust the proof’s methods and author. Given the “increasing difficulty in checking the correctness of mathematical arguments”, old-fashioned peer review may no longer be sufficient. Outstanding mathematicians have published “proofs” so novel and elaborate that even specialists in the relevant mathematics can’t validate them. Bordg suggests computerized “proof assistants ” will help confirm proofs. Researchers have already invented an “interactive theorem prover (交互式定理证明程序)” that can check proofs and even propose improvements. Some mathematicians welcome the digitization of mathematics for accuracy. Others are conflicted. Michael Harris sees mathematics as “a free, creative activity” pursued for its own sake, for the pure joy of discovery and insight. He worries such tools will encourage a “limited vision” of mathematics as an economic product rather than “a way of being human”. After all, many funders of mathematical research, including technology giants, value mathematics primarily for its applications. We value science for applications, too. Sentimental science writing, including mine, implies that science’s purpose is insight into nature. In the modern era, however, science’s primary goal is power. Science helps us control nature for various ends: to enrich and entertain, to boost economy, and to defeat enemies. Modern physics, to most of us, is incomprehensible, but who cares when physics gives us smartphones and hydrogen bombs? Physicists often adopt a utilitarian (实用主义的) mindset, exemplified by the slogan “Shut up and calculate!” That is what professors supposedly tell students stuck in quantum mechanics. Stephen Hawking and Martin Rees have predicted artificial intelligence will play an increasing role in physics. Wouldn’t it be funny if a quantum AI finds the long-sought unified theory of physics, but not even brilliant theorist Edward Witten understands it? Given the powerful forces behind automatization, if machines can replace mathematicians, they probably will, just as they are replacing drivers, bank tellers, travel agents, cashiers and other workers. Mathematicians’ wishes, such as their desire to pursue truth purely for its own sake, might be unlikely. The charm of math can hardly be preserved in face of the powerful forces behind automatization. 1．“Replication crisis” is mentioned to _________. A．reduce a particular concern B．justify the use of digital assistants C．question the role of authority in math D．highlight the potential threat of machines 2．Advocates of utilitarianism in science would probably agree that _________. A．insight into nature is a priority B．automatization is a major trend C．quantum AI remains a fantasy D．power is an approach to digitization 3．What can be learned from this passage? A．Utilitarian mindset pushes physics forward. B．Quantum mechanics unifies theories of physics. C．The humanity of mathematics is hard to maintain. D．Leading mathematicians’ proofs are beyond understanding. Passage 4 （24-25学年高三上·北京市顺义区·期末） In the real world, we believe humanoid robots (人形机器人) represent one of the most exciting emerging applications of generative AI (gen AI). Specifically, we see their potential to break through some of the most longstanding barriers to inclusion faced by people with disabilities sooner or later. But there’s still a serious gap between these new technologies’ very real promise and their abilities to deliver. Through a survey, we are able to look at 5,042 responses specific to those who identify as having a disability or mental problems. Among these respondents, 39% feel annoyed by technology’s inability to accurately understand their intentions. That compares with 28% of non-disabled individuals. About half of persons with disabilities believe that technology places too much responsibility on them to adapt, rather than adapting to their specific requirements. This is the case, even though 52% of people with disabilities see the potential of gen AI to enhance their performance in areas like creativity, relationship building, and idea generation. The major issue is a lack of inclusivity in the development of existing and emerging AI technologies. However, it’s not too late to course-correct. If ever there were a time to take the disability community’s slogan (口号), “Nothing about us without us,” to heart, now is that time. For gen AI-powered tools to do what we expect and want them to do, they need to have flexible, customizable interaction capabilities. To have that, they need to reflect input from the broadest possible range of humanity. This means that designers should think of inclusivity as an essential design feature, rather than as an after-the-fact modification. Translated into practice, it means asking disabled people to bring their experiences and insights to bear when developing and examining applications of new technologies. Euphonia, a project which aims at enhancing speech recognition for people with speech damage, offers an example of just this sort of training. Euphonia is now helping a former football player Tim Shaw regain his ability to communicate with others. It can interpret his directions and signal tasks accordingly. It can also “read back” what he tells it in a voice that is remarkably similar to the voice he once had, which is possible in part because it uses a large amount of Tim’s early voice s to train its tools. In the past, people generally considered robots as a distinct tool created to help people. Now, we can begin to consider them more as an extension of a person. The key will be to close the gap between making an experience inclusive and designing an inclusive experience. 1．What can we infer from the survey in Paragraph 2? A．Disabled people usually avoid using gen AI. B．Non-disabled people have few gen AI problems. C．Gen AI neglects idea generation of disabled people. D．Gen AI is not user-friendly enough for disabled people. 2．The author quotes “nothing about us without us” to stress that ______. A．users’ feedback on technologies often gets ignored B．users’ requirements count in designing technologies C．users’ advice boosts the development of technologies D．users’ wishes reflect the improvement of technologies 3．What does the word “modification” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Limitation. B．Creation. C．Adaptation. D．Communication. 4．The author takes the example of Euphonia to show ______. A．technology can communicate with disabled people B．technology can enhance disabled people’s life quality C．technology can examine inclusivity through interaction D．technology can achieve inclusivity for disabled people 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） Few would question that arts, in its massive forms and media, are like a mirror that reflects the social, cultural, economic or even political situation of a society of a particular era. However, beyond being simply an illustration of the human condition, arts can be vital in pushing the country forward culturally and economically. Without doubt, arts are important for the progress of society. They enable individuals to develop on the whole and deepen the social ties in communities by gathering people to create, experience and enjoy art together, which can be seen from traditional ethnic dances to interactive theatre performanccs. Beyond material wants and needs, human beings find fulfilment in experiencing and expressing things of remarkable value through arts. Meanwhile, strong citizens’ participation in arts also strengthens the social fabric of a nation. Moreover, arts enable a nation to progress in human rights and values. As powerful media that are able to stir hearts and cause reflection, arts can speak up the human voice of criticism sharply and clearly in times of crisis, and call upon society to seek the common good. It is evident that arts, which express human values and emotions, can constitute a profound way of promoting human dignity and additionally, form the barrier of the ethical and moral life of society. More often than not, a booming arts scene may not narrow the rich-poor divide. It’s not hard to see that in a highly competitive world, it is essential for governments to prioritize the development of a strong workforce and the building of sustainable industries. However, arts may well complement (补充) economic policies as arts encourage individuals to exercise creativity. As Albert Einstein stated, imagination is more important than knowledge. While knowledge and professional skills may stimulate a country’s development, the ability to innovate and think out of the box may be valuable to a society facing ever new and unpredictable challenges. While the importance of arts may differ from country to country, depending on its economic circumstances and the socio-political issues, the importance of arts to the progress of a nation should not be overlooked. 1．What’s the first paragraph mainly about? A．The forms of arts. B．The functions of arts. C．The definition of arts. D．The development of arts. 2．How do arts influence human rights and values? A．By reflecting humans’ views. B．By pointing out the common good. C．By giving people a sense of fulfilment. D．By forming the moral standard of society. 3．Why is Albert Einstein mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To praise Albert Einstein’s achievements. B．To call on humans to remember our history. C．To stress the importance of arts in creativity. D．To show the necessity of knowledge and skills. 4．What will the author probably agree with? A．Arts serve as the major influence in values. B．Arts play a part in the progress of a country. C．Arts should aim at strengthening social bonds. D．Arts can bridge the gap between rich and poor. 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市海淀区·期末） The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron, a false assumption of some Paleo diet (原始饮食) advocates, is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods such as nuts and seeds. Likewise, while we typically associate omega-3 fatty acids with fish, fish themselves incorporate these into their tissue by eating seaweed, which we can consume directly without the concerns of exposure to microplastics in fish flesh. Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12, made by bacteria in soil and ingested by animals, thereby incorporated into their tissue, milk, and eggs. While modern sanitation allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements. Evidently, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the world. Eating highly processed foods and red meat has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote underlying mechanisms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, such as inflammation (炎症) and damage to the lining of blood vessels (血管). Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. Studies from 2017found that a vegetarian diet is associated with a 25 percent relative risk reduction for coronary heart disease and an 8 percent relative risk reduction for cancer, with a vegan diet related to a 15 percent relative risk reduction for cancer. The World Health Organization has classified processed meat as carcinogenic (致癌的), and (unprocessed) red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans. In addition to harming ourselves, eating meat harms others. Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for human laborers are often unsafe and inhumane as well. Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of “routine” antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance. While large-scale, well-coordinated national and international action is undoubtedly needed to fight unscrupulous factory farming practices-and to ensure the availability of nutritious and healthy food for all citizens, those with greater influence, such as physicians, educators and policy makers, should consider the importance of acting as role models for healthy behaviors themselves as well as advocating for policies that ensure better nutritional access and education for others. All of these should not be excuses for individuals to resist implementing change in their own lives and communities. Societies change when enough individuals within them alter their behavior, and it is up to each of us to act as a change agent in whatever capacity we can. We would all be well served to pull this lever in our own lives as well. 1．The author writes the first two paragraphs mainly to ________. A．show the concerns of Paleo diet advocates B．compare the differences between two diets C．highlight the importance of nutrition intake D．point out a misunderstanding in nutrition source 2．Which of the following logic chains is reasonable according to the passage? A． B． C． D． 3．What does the underlined word “unscrupulous” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Illegal. B．Unfair. C．Immoral. D．Unnecessary. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．A Meatless Diet Is Better for You B．Food Problems Call for Joint Efforts C．Say No to Processed Meat Consumption D．Eatable Greens or Not? That Is a Question Passage 2 （23-24学年高三上·北京市西城区·期末） The release of ChatGPT has caused more than a little worry about its ability to produce credible pieces of writing. “The College Essay Is Dead, ” some people declared. That’s unlikely. There are obvious workarounds. For example, students wouldn’t benefit from ChatGPT if they were required to write out essays by hand. A return to handwritten essays could benefit students in a way. For instance, neuroscience research has revealed that the act of handwriting is very different from punching letters on a keyboard. Handwriting requires precise motor skills that stimulate greater activity in a broader group of brain regions when compared with typing and engage the brain in ways that researchers have linked to learning and memory improvements. Handwriting forces those areas responsible for memory and learning to communicate with each other, which helps form networks that facilitate the recall and acquisition of new information. Much of the research has focused on children or younger students. But there’s evidence that, even for older students and adults, completing assignments in longhand is a more cognitively (认知地) involved process, leading to better processing of ideas and more original work. Meanwhile, research on foreign-language learners has found that handwriting is associated with improvements in some measure of accuracy and comprehension. Handwriting requires you to put a filter on what you’re producing in a way that typing doesn’t. When you’re writing by hand, you need to know what you want to say before you begin. If you don’t, you’ll have to cross things out or start over. Typing on a computer requires far less forethought. It is less challenging for the brain-and challenging the brain is central to education itself. A return to handwritten essays wouldn’t be easy on teachers, who might have to reduce the length of assignments or allocate (分配) extra class time for completion. They’d also have the burden of reading text that wasn’t neatly turned out by a word processor. But some might find all that preferable to being constantly suspicious (猜疑的) that they’re being outsmarted by a computer program. When health issues forced the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche to abandon his pen in favor of a typewriter, a change occurred in his writing style, which one scholar later described as a departure from “sustained argument and prolonged reflection” to a “telegram style. ” Our writing tools work on our thoughts. Ensuring that today’s students have more than one writing tool might pay off in ways experts are only beginning to grasp. ChatGPT and other AI-powered technologies will win only if we agree to play on their home territory. 1．How can handwriting benefit students? A．It enhances brain engagement. B．It guarantees accurate comprehension. C．It creates networks for communication. D．It facilitates the assessment of information. 2．What does the underlined phrase “put a filter on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Carefully screen. B．Passively accept. C．Objectively assess. D．Gradually discover. 3．What factor may lead teachers to resist the idea of handwritten assignments? A．The risk of weakened concentration. B．The fear of being outsmarted by AI. C．The trouble of marking untidy work. D．The content of handwritten essays. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．College education will be reformed by ChatGPT B．Handwriting will replace typing due to ChatGPT C．Handwritten essays can help teachers defeat ChatGPT D．College teachers return to longhand to battle ChatGPT 主题04 人与自然——自然生态 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石朝阳区·期末） According to an idea called the “inflationary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been constantly expanding, which would have created a countless number of other universes. Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a “multiverse”. However, other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach, physically and philosophically. Consequently, the methodologies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries. In science, hypotheses (假说) are used to propose explanations, but from hypotheses to theories, validation of predictions is essential to see whether initial assumptions are supported or disproved. Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says, “It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea: Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested.” Rovelli adds, “Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions. This approach has never worked previously, and it is not working now.” The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses. Now, physicists are debating whether that problem moves the multiverse from physics to metaphysics, from the world of science to that of philosophy. Philosopher Richard Dawid believes scientists could support the multiverse hypotheses without actually finding physical support. “If we have a theory that seems to work, and have come up with nothing that works better, chances are our idea is right,” he says. Not everyone is so cheerful, though. Sabine Hossenfelder, another theoretical physicist, thinks “Without making contact with observation, a theory isn’t part of the natural sciences, and not physics.” Some supporters of the multiverse claim they have found physical evidence. Andrei Linde insists “Our universe seems fine-tuned (精调的) to be favourable to life, with a four-dimensional space in which we can live. It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, one of the universes should turn out like ours. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe on which humans can be born will be born. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here. And our existence, therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is plausible.” Just as Einstein’s theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse. So far, all of science has relied on testability, but those tests take time, and most theoreticians want to wait it out. They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse — which could actually be the answer to life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn’t exist. And that day may never come. 1．What can we learn from the passage? A．The multiverse is recognized as a theory. B．The multiverse starts debates on human existence. C．Rovelli criticizes physicists for their baseless fancies. D．Dawid emphasizes the necessity of physical evidence. 2．What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Credible. B．Complex. C．Essential. D．Fascinating. 3．As for the existence of multiverse, the author is _________. A．negative B．neutral C．certain D．positive 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Mysteries of Multiverse: Fine-Tuned for Life B．Can Physicists Ever Prove the Multiverse Is Real? C．The Inflationary Multiverse: Proven Beyond Doubt D．Have Physicists Lost Their Minds in the Multiverse? Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市海淀区·期末） As global temperatures continue to rise due to human-induced climate change, precise computerized climate models will be crucial in shedding light on how our climate will evolve in the coming years. A study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres by Chloe Clark and her team from UC Irvine highlights a significant issue with a commonly used climate model known as the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The research reveals that this model currently overestimates a key physical property of Earth’s climate system called albedo, which is the degree to which ice reflects planet-warming sunlight into space. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface, expressed as the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected by that surface back into space. It is a critical factor in determining Earth’s climate and energy balance. Surfaces with high albedo, such as snow and ice, reflect a large portion of solar energy, whereas darker surfaces like forests or oceans absorb more solar energy. “We found that with old model versions, the ice is too reflective by about five percent,” said Chloe Clarke, “Ice reflectivity was much too high.” The amount of sunlight the planet receives and reflects is important for estimating how much the planet will warm in the coming years. Previous versions of E3SM overestimated albedo because they failed to account for microphysical properties of ice in a warming world. These properties include the effects things like algae (藻类) and dust have on albedo. Dark colored algae and dust can make snow and ice less reflective and less able to reflect sunlight. To do the analysis, Clarke and her team studied satellite data to track the albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet. They found E3SM overestimates the reflectivity of the ice sheet, meaning the model estimates less melt than what would be expected from the ice microphysical properties. But with the new ice reflectivity incorporated into the model, they discovered the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at a rate of about six gigatons more than in older model versions. This is based on albedo measurements that are more consistent with satellite observations. Clarke hopes her team’s study stresses the importance of the seemingly minuscule properties that can have far-reaching consequences for the overall climate. “I think our work is going to help models do a much better job of helping us capture snow and ice-related climate feedbacks,” she said. Next, Clarke wants to study different icy parts of the planet to calculate how widespread the albedo discrepancy (差异) is in E3SM. “Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally and not just valid over Greenland,” said Clarke, who also intends to compare the new Greenland Ice Sheet melt rates to observations to measure how much more accurate the new ice albedo is. “It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska.” 1．According to the passage, albedo ______. A．changes with the lightness of surfaces B．matches up with the shape of the ice or snow C．is a measure of the solar energy arriving at the surface D．varies with the direction of the incoming solar radiation 2．What can be learned from the passage? A．The new model is more reliable than satellite observations. B．The previous model versions overestimate Greenland melt. C．Model adaptation improves the accuracy of climate predictions. D．Scientists have used the model globally to reduce the discrepancy. 3．What does the underlined word “minuscule” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Tiny. B．Invisible. C．Plain. D．Stable. 4．The last paragraph is written to ______. A．note the limitations of the finding B．point out further research directions C．illustrate the benefits of a new approach D．sum up the changes made in E3SM Passage 3 （24-25学年高三上·北京市通州区·期末） Generative Al Is Likely to Worsen the E-Waste Crisis Every time generative artificial intelligence drafts an e-mail or creates an image, the planet pays for it. Making two images can consume as much energy as charging a smartphone, a single exchange with ChatGPT can heat up a server so much that it requires a bottle's worth of water to cool. By 2027, the global AI sector could annually consume as much electricity as the Netherlands. A study in Nature Computational Science identifies another concern? AI's contribution to the mounting heap of electronic waste. Generative Al applications alone could add 1.2 million to 5 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030. This would add to the millions of tons of electronic products: the globe gets rid of annually. Cell phones, computers, and other digital products often contain mercury (汞) lead, or other toxins. If thrown away improperly, they can contaminate air, water, and soil. In 2022, the UN found that about 78% of the world's e-waste ended up in landfills or unofficial recycling sites, where laborers risk their health to collect rare metals. AI rapidly consumes physical data storage devices and high-performance components which last only two to five years but are replaced quickly as newer versions emerge. Asaf Tzachor, a researcher at Reichman University, emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reducing AI's environmental impacts. Tzachor's study examined the volume of hardware used for large language models and its lifespan. It predicts that the adoption of generative Al could increase e-waste, although hardware innovations might help reduce this. Meanwhile, technological advances could make Al system more accessible, increasing their use. This study's main contribution is highlighting AI's environmental consequences. Researchers like Shaolei Ren from UC Riverside suggest that Al companies should slow their pace to minimize these effects. Currently, few countries have strict e-waste disposal laws. In the U.S., there's no federal requirement for recycling electronics, although some states have policies. A new bill, the Artificial Intelligence Environmental Impacts Act of 2024, aims to address AI's environmental impact but lacks compulsory reporting from companies. Microsoft and Google, however, have committed to reaching net-zero waste and emissions by 2030. To limit e-waste, companies can extend the life of their servers through" regular maintenance or repurpose old hardware, which can reduce waste by 42%. More efficient design could cut the demand for hardware and energy, potentially reducing e-waste by 86%. 1．The phrase “the mounting heap” underlined in Paragraph 1 probably means_______？ A．growing amount. B．effective recycling. C．fast consumption. D．practical application. 2．According to Asaf Tzachor, _______is likely to contribute to the growth of AI-related e-waste. A．the use of the rare metals. B．the improvement in language models. C．the increasing accessibility of Al technology. D．the reduction in the number of hardware components. 3．What is implied about the U.S, federal law on e-waste management? A．It is inadequate due to the lack of enforcement. B．It is effective in ensuring proper disposal of e-waste. C．It has recently been updated to include Al regulations. D．It forces companies to report their e-waste disposal practices. 4．What is the author's purpose in writing this article? A．To showcase AI's potential for reducing e-waste. B．To explain the mechanisms behind Al technology. C．To highlight the urgency of reducing AI's environmental impact. D．To analyze the possibilities of lessening AI's environmental footprint. Passage 4 （24-25学年高三上·北京市东城区·期末） In 1993, a ship sailed into the Pacific Ocean carrying nearly 1,000 pounds of iron, then dumped it all into the waves. The next morning, the water turned a little greenish due to newly emerged phytoplankton (浮游生物). The microorganisms, which need iron to grow, draw CO₂ out of the air. Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering, a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth’s systems, and controversial for the same reason. As the planet heats, geoengineering is employed to manipulate (控制) it in novel ways, whether researchers mist the skies with sea salt to increase how much sunlight clouds reflect or invent machines to suck greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. Engineering home-grown plankton sounds like a less dramatic approach. But the field is so new that scientists don’t yet know whether geoengineering with microorganisms would really be a gentler form of climate intervention. Microbes, after all, play enormously consequential roles in the world around us and within us. For the best chance of keeping Earth liveable, scientists need to understand exactly how the microscopic creatures might be useful, and perhaps even preferable to the more sci-fi approaches to cooling off the world. One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air. The bacteria would live inside facilities known as bioreactors. They could be positioned near known methane sources — landfills and wetlands — to minimize the amount of methane that makes it into the air. Scaling up any kind of climate engineering is tricky. Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years. And the downstream effects are difficult to predict, let alone contain. For example, the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world’s seas. Also, there’s nearly as much uncertainty about intended effects. Scientists don’t know for sure how effective these concepts will prove to be. The 1993 ship expeditions, for example, didn’t stick around very long; the journeys were expensive, and scientists couldn’t remain at sea to determine what exactly was happening in the depths. Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact Yet it’s entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere. The hotter the planet gets, the more attractive geoengineering will likely seem. Short of large-scale behavioral changes globally, we do seem to be committing ourselves to an engineered solution on our current routes. We might have to decide, sooner than we think, which levers we need to pull, large or small. 1．What can we learn about geoengineering? A．Ocean iron-fertilization is on the horizon. B．Sunlight-reflection method is cost-effective. C．Methane-eating bacteria are being improved. D．Gas-sucking machine is a theoretical concept. 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 4 about the geoengineering approaches? A．Their impact on the ecosystem is overlooked. B．Their implications are hard to anticipate. C．They call for decades of preparation. D．They are monitored continuously. 3．The iron-fertilization experiment may achieve its intended effects if __________. A．the target microbes survive B．carbon is stored separately C．the phytoplankton grows faster D．more deep-sea organisms are tested 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．How Will Geoengineering Better Earth’s Systems? B．How to Cool the World Without Blocking the Sun? C．How to Steal Carbon with Sci-fi Approaches? D．How Can the Engineered Solution Deliver? Passage 5 （24-25学年高三上·北京市丰台区·期末） On May 4, 2017, 395 migratory (迁徙的) birds died after crashing into a tall building in Galveston, Texas. Their migration routes are full of danger — including bright city lights. Every year, millions of birds are thought to be killed in building collisions in the US. The scene of the mass collision in Galveston was a skyscraper which has four corner spotlights and glowing green LED lights around the top. The influence of artificial lights in urban spaces is a well-known phenomenon among birds, but is still not fully understood. Birds tend to migrate by night, and use the stars to navigate. During nocturnal (夜间的) migration, they are often seen gathering around or crashing into lit-up windows or gathering around beams of projected light. The artificial glow of cities appears to attract them for stopovers. One explanation is that they may generally fly towards light sources, but also, that the artificial light confuses, traps and disorients them. Every tragedy is an opportunity to educate. The accident prompted bird conservation organisations to take action and jointly develop a science-based response. Several campaigns encouraged building owners and developers to switch off non-essential lighting to help travelling birds. Soon the first Lights Out for Birds programme was formed, which has now expanded into the statewide. Meanwhile, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology developed a way to forecast bird migration during specific times and locations, using radar. The resulting BirdCast migration forecast maps are freely accessible. Their live migration map allows anyone to check how many birds are migrating now, and where, as well as how many are predicted to pass in the near future. For one night in October, they recorded a “billion bird night”, with that number or more birds passing in a single night. Andrew Farnsworth, a migration ecologist said that early data collection suggests that Light Out is effective, even with the limited data and uncontrollable factors. Moreover, Farnsworth points out protecting species that move presents special challenges for researchers and conservationists. Migrating birds can travel thousands of kilometres, crossing and stopping in many different habitats, traversing borders, and flying through cities — which are continuing to grow around the world. There is no single solution to helping migrating birds. Instead, spreading awareness, empathy and efficient enforcement are all crucial in keeping birds safe and avoiding collisions. “We need to keep our connection to nature through our eyes, ears, nose, whatever to experience the core of all this research and observation.” 1．According to the passage, why do the migrating birds hit the buildings? A．Their routes are blocked by tall buildings. B．They attempt to avoid potential dangers. C．They are affected by the artificial lights. D．Their migration patterns have changed. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Light Out is thought to be helpful despite data limitations. B．BirdCast needs further improvement in tracking accuracy. C．Light Out can guide migrating birds away from artificial lights. D．BirdCast can predict the number and species of migrating birds. 3．As for helping migrating birds,which would the author agree with? A．It is worthwhile to improve Light Out. B．It is necessary to make effective regulations. C．It is crucial to work out a one-button solution. D．It is essential to integrate multiple aspects’ effort. 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市西城区·期末） In parts of Africa, people communicate with a wild bird — the greater honeyguide-in order to locate bee habitats and harvest their stores of honey. It’s a rare example of cooperation between humans and wild animals, and a potential instance of cultural coevolution (共同进化). Brian Wood from UCLA and Claire Spottiswoode from University of Cape Town were lead authors on a study showing how this valuable partnership is maintained and varies across cultures. “Our study demonstrates the bird’s ability to learn distinct voiced signals that are traditionally used by different honey-hunting communities, expanding possibilities for mutually beneficial cooperation with people,” Wood said. “Honeyguides seem to know the landscape well, gathering knowledge about the location of bee nests, which they then share with people,” Spottiswoode said. “People are eager for the bird’s help.” The honeyguides also benefit from locating the colonies: They eat the leftover honeycomb. Spottiswoode and Wood’s study was done in cooperation with the Hadza in Tanzania, with whom Wood has been conducting research since 2004, and the Yao community of northern Mozambique. Their prior work in both communities documented differences in how each culture attracts honeyguides. Among the Hadza, a honey-hunter announces a desire to partner with the bird by whistling. In Mozambique, Yao honey-hunters do so with a “Brr!”... followed by a “...hmm!” Using mathematical models and audio playback experiments, the team studied these signals, their usefulness to people and their impacts on birds. They experimentally exposed honeyguides in Tanzania and Mozambique to the same set of prerecorded sounds. This enabled the researchers to test whether honeyguides had learned to recognize and prefer the specialized signals that local honey-hunters used or were naturally attracted to all such signals. The honeyguides in Tanzania were over three times more likely to cooperate when hearing the calls of local Hadza people than the calls of ‘foreign’ Yao. The honeyguides in Mozambique were almost twice as likely to cooperate when hearing the local Yao call, compared to the ‘foreign’ Hadza whistles. The study proposes that differences in honeyguide-attracting signals are not random, but make practical sense. While honey-hunting, both the Hadza and Yao come across mammals (哺乳动物), but only the Hadza hunt them, using bows and arrows. The Hadza’s hunting might explain the less notable whistles they use. Filmed interviews show Hadza hunters explaining that they can evade being detected by their prey (猎物) because their whistles “sound like birds.” Contrarily, the signal the Yao use to communicate with the honeyguide can help scare off animals they find dangerous. 1．By cooperating with honey-hunting communities, honeyguides can _____. A．nest near human culture B．locate bee habitats easier C．have access to more food D．become familiar with the landscape 2．Why did the researchers use the same prerecorded signals? A．To study their mathematical models. B．To check if they are a natural preference. C．To investigate their usefulness to humans. D．To see if they increase birds’ ability to find honey. 3．What can we learn from Spottiswoode and Wood’s study? A．The human-bird relationship can change with new signals. B．The Yao community hunts animals while looking for bee nests. C．The honeyguides are more responsive to calls from the local people. D．The signals from the Hadza were more effective in attracting honeyguides. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．How mammals react to different signals. B．How hunting techniques are applied to prey. C．How whistles enable honeyguides to find targets. D．How signals are associated with hunting practice. Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市西城区·期末） In the early 1900s, an American chemist named Harvey W. Wiley led the famous “Poison Squad” experiment. His studies revealed the dangers of unregulated (未经监管的) food additives and raised public awareness about the importance of knowing what was in the food they consumed. However, it wasn’t until nearly 90 years later that companies in the U. S. began disclosing the ingredients inside the boxes, cans, and bags that lined grocery store shelves. Fast-forward to today, and it’s hard to imagine walking through a supermarket without seeing these labels. Yet, when we surf the Internet — another essential marketplace in our lives — we often absorb vast amounts of digital information without any understanding of its emotional or mental “nutritional value.” But what if every webpage came with a content label? A study we conducted, published today in Nature Human Behavior, revealed that individuals with poorer mental health tended to seek out more negative and frightening content online. This, in turn, worsened their symptoms, creating a destructive cycle. To break this cycle, we introduced content labels that provided users with emotional “nutrition information” about the websites they were about to visit. Would this webpage make you feel better or worse? Was it full of negativity, or was it likely to brighten your mood? When users were shown these labels on the search engine results page, they were far less likely to click on negative content. As a result, this led to improved mood after browsing (浏览). However, it’s important to note that you wouldn’t want people to make decisions solely based on the emotional tone of a website. Staying informed about the world — despite the potential for sadness or anxiety — is often essential. To address this, we developed a plugin that provides users with not only labels about a website’s emotional tone but also scores indicating the practicality, helpfulness, and ability of the information to enhance understanding. These scores, displayed on the search engine results page, are calculated using a machine learning algorithm (运算法则) trained on thousands of human assessments. Anne-Linda Camerini, a researcher specializing in digital media and mental health, pointed out that while much of the focus on mental health and technology has been on limiting screen time, the type of content we consume is just as critical. This shift could transform the conversation around mental health and technology. Instead of framing the Internet as inherently harmful, content labels offer a way to create a healthier digital experience. Just as nutrition labels empower people to make better food choices, content labels could enable users to make smarter, healthier decisions online. 1．What does the author intend to do by mentioning Harvey’s studies? A．Make a comparison. B．Illustrate a point. C．Suggest an alternative. D．Challenge an assumption. 2．According to the passage, how do content labels aim to create a healthier digital experience? A．By encouraging users to avoid the Internet altogether. B．By showing emotional tone and website usefulness. C．By training users to spend less time online. D．By restricting access to negative content. 3．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To stress the necessity of categorizing webpages. B．To suggest new solutions to mental health problems. C．To criticize social media sites for spreading negativity. D．To highlight the importance of regulating online content. Passage 3 （24-25学年高三上·北京市东城区·期末） The age of artificial intelligence has begun, and it brings plenty of anxieties. Almost all of the conversations about risk have to do with the potential consequences of AI systems pursuing goals that depart from what they were programmed to do and that are not in the interests of humans. But this is only one side of the danger. Imagine what could unfold if AI does do what humans want. “What humans want,” of course, isn’t a monolith. Different people have countless ideas of what constitutes “the greater good.” Even if we could get everyone to focus on the well-being of the entire human species, it’s unlikely we’d be able to agree on what that might look like. That seems to be the reason that DeepMind recently founded an internal organization focused on AI safety and preventing its manipulation by bad actors. But it’s not ideal that what’s “bad” is going to be determined by a handful of individuals at this one particular corporation — complete with their blind spots and personal and cultural biases (偏见). The potential problem goes beyond humans harming other humans. What’s “good” for humanity has, many times throughout history, come at the expense of other sentient (有知觉力的) beings. Such is the situation today. In the US alone, we have billions of animals kept in confinement, subjected to cruel treatment, and denial of their basic psychological and physiological needs at any given time. Entire species are dominated and systemically butchered so that we can have omelets, burgers and shoes. If AI does exactly what “we” want it to, that would likely mean enacting this mass cruelty more efficiently, at an even greater scale and with more automation and fewer opportunities for sympathetic humans to step in and flag anything particularly horrifying. A better goal than aligning AI with humanity’ s immediate interests would be what I would call “sentient alignment” — AI acting in accordance with the interests of all sentient beings, including humans, all other animals and, should it exist, sentient AI. This will strike some as aggressive, because what’s good for all sentient life might not always agree with what’s good for humankind. It might sometimes, even often, be in opposition to what humans want or what would be best for the greatest number of us. Peter Singer, a philosopher, argued that an AI system’s ultimate goals and priorities are more important than it being aligned with humans. “The question is really whether this super intelligent AI is going to be benevolent and want to produce a better world,” Singer said, “and even if we don’t control it, it still will produce a better world in which our interests will get taken into account.” I’m with Singer on this. Decentering humankind to any extent, and especially to this extreme, is an idea that will challenge people. But that’s necessary if we’re to prevent our current belief from spreading in new and awful ways. 1．The author mentions the organization founded by DeepMind to __________. A．question a solution B．clarify a belief C．illustrate an example D．explain a practice 2．Which of the following can best present the idea of “sentient alignment”? A．AI extends the same rights to living beings. B．AI promotes the interaction among species. C．AI benefits from the development of humans. D．AI meets the demands of perceptive creatures. 3．What does the underlined word “benevolent” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Ambitious. B．Generous. C．Resourceful. D．Competitive. 4．The author’s major concern in developing AI is that __________. A．AI poses a threat to the world B．society’s morals are in decline C．humans prioritize their own needs D．sentient beings deepen cultural biases / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文） 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石景山区·期末） Experts frequently warn about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI). Sadly, the rapid advancement of AI technology in recent years has not led to a common understanding of its risks, as it should have. Actually, beneath the surface of AI discussions lies conflict among divided groups, which may mislead lawmakers and the public and prevent competent regulatory measures. Understanding the motivations behind these differing views is crucial to addressing AI’s societal impact. The loudest perspective is a frightening vision from doomsayers (末日论者), who present AI as a threat to human existence, capable of wiping out life and controlling everything. This doomsaying is heightened by influential tech figures using tools like ChatGPT to shape the conversation. Some in this group focus on extreme disastrous risks and emphasize the distant future implications of our actions. While many doomsayers claim they are reasonable, their exaggerated concerns about hypothetical (假设的) existential risks amount to a misguided bet with humanity’s future. Technology historian David Brock calls such fears “wishful worries” — that is, problems that it would be nice to have, in contrast to the actual struggles of the present. While doomsayers focus on the distant future, reformers focus on immediate issues. They view AI reform as a matter of integrity, urging Big Tech to prioritize the public good over profit. These experts advocate for regulators to address current harms caused by AI, such as misinformation, monitoring, and algorithmic (算法的) unfairness. They propose initiatives like civil education for AI literacy and the design of human-centered systems to fight growing societal inequalities. Warriors, another group, describe AI through the language of national security and competitiveness. Their views benefit some tech giants and government agencies. Top AI firms seek costly regulations that they claim guard against crime and terrorism, which could secure their market dominance and limit startup competition. Governments, tightly connected to these firms, may prioritize defense applications over moral concerns, leading to regulatory blind spots. In conclusion, the differing viewpoints on AI underline the complexity of addressing its societal impact. To minimize potential harms and ensure that AI serves the public interest, it is crucial to strengthen legal frameworks that close existing gaps and hold corporations accountable. Expanding regulatory strategies can help restrict corporate overreach and foster transparency in AI development. Publicly directed projects can counterbalance corporate influence, ensuring that AI benefits society as a whole. By prioritizing accountability and collective welfare, we can shape a future where AI empowers everyone, not just a select few. 1．What is the consequence of diverse points of view on AI? A．Enhancing our ability to tackle AI issues. B．Advancing the standardization of AI guidelines. C．Delaying the creation of effective AI regulations. D．Breaking the integrity of current AI legal framework. 2．The author quotes David Brock’s words in order to ______. A．prove that AI has positive impacts B．confirm that doomsayers’ worries are justified C．suggest that the concerns over AI are overstated D．show that current struggles have serious outcomes 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．A publicly directed AI project will ultimately empower the select few. B．Reformers advocate human-centered AI systems to gain personal profits. C．Warriors pursue dominance in national security by improving AI morally. D．Lawmakers should toughen rules limiting corporate influence for public good. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Battle over AI: Power and Benefit B．Perspectives on AI: Individualism or Collectivism C．The Argument about AI: Reformers vs. Doomsayers D．Debates on the Future of AI: Innovation or Regulation 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于人工智能的不同观点，包括末日论者、改革者和战士等不同群体对人工智能的看法，最后强调，为了最小化潜在危害并确保人工智能服务于公共利益，需要加强法律框架，限制企业过度扩张，促进人工智能发展的透明度，并通过公共指导的项目平衡企业影响力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Actually, beneath the surface of AI discussions lies conflict among divided groups, which may mislead lawmakers and the public and prevent competent regulatory measures.(实际上，在人工智能讨论的表面之下，存在着不同群体之间的冲突，这可能会误导立法者和公众，并阻碍有效的监管措施)”可知，对于人工智能持不同观点会导致有效的监管措施被阻碍，即延迟制定有效的人工智能法规。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“While many doomsayers claim they are reasonable, their exaggerated concerns about hypothetical (假设的) existential risks amount to a misguided bet with humanity’s future. Technology historian David Brock calls such fears “wishful worries” — that is, problems that it would be nice to have, in contrast to the actual struggles of the present.(尽管许多末日论者声称他们是合理的，但他们对假想存在风险的夸大担忧相当于对人类未来的错误押注。科技历史学家David Brock称这种担忧为“一厢情愿的担忧”——也就是说，与目前的实际斗争相比，最好有这些问题)”可推知，前一句提到许多末日论者夸大了人工智能的风险，后一句是引用David Brock的话是为了证明前一句的观点。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“To minimize potential harms and ensure that AI serves the public interest, it is crucial to strengthen legal frameworks that close existing gaps and hold corporations accountable. Expanding regulatory strategies can help restrict corporate overreach and foster transparency in AI development. Publicly directed projects can counterbalance corporate influence, ensuring that AI benefits society as a whole.(为了最大限度地减少潜在危害并确保人工智能服务于公众利益，加强法律框架以缩小现有差距并使企业承担责任至关重要。扩大监管战略有助于限制企业的过度扩张，提高人工智能发展的透明度。公共指导的项目可以抵消企业的影响，确保人工智能造福整个社会)”可推知，立法者应该加强规则，限制企业的影响力，以造福公众。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Understanding the motivations behind these differing views is crucial to addressing AI’s societal impact.(理解这些不同观点背后的动机对于解决人工智能的社会影响至关重要)”和最后一段中“Publicly directed projects can counterbalance corporate influence, ensuring that AI benefits society as a whole. By prioritizing accountability and collective welfare, we can shape a future where AI empowers everyone, not just a select few.(公共指导的项目可以抵消企业的影响，确保人工智能造福整个社会。通过优先考虑问责制和集体福利，我们可以塑造一个人工智能赋予每个人权力的未来，而不仅仅是少数人)”可知，文章主要讲述了关于人工智能的不同观点，包括末日论者、改革者和战士等不同群体对人工智能的看法，最后强调，为了最小化潜在危害并确保人工智能服务于公共利益，需要加强法律框架，限制企业过度扩张，促进人工智能发展的透明度，并通过公共指导的项目平衡企业影响力。由此可知，A项“人工智能之战：权力与利益”适合作文章最佳标题。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） Today, we have access to more information than ever before. Online video platforms and social media apps can provide us with in-depth learning opportunities for free — from professional development tips to artificial intelligence lessons. In more recent years, large language models have shown they can answer almost any question with an increasing level of accuracy. With so much data at our fingertips, more and more people are beginning to wonder: why invest time and money in a college degree when I can gather information and build skills online? The problem with this question, however, is that it misunderstands most of the value of higher education. For many, higher education offers much more — a transformative journey where students can network and develop portable soft skills like critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Acquiring these competencies often requires teamwork and repetition. These are experiences that can’t be easily copied by watching an influencer or reading AI-generated text through a screen. While it’s true that a college degree is not the only path to success, we can’t ignore the reality that most organizations still consider it an indicator of a candidate’s readiness for the workforce. In a recent survey of 334 employers by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), respondents said nearly 70% of their entry-level jobs require a four-year degree. This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market. But anything with benefits has some weaknesses. We must consider that, across the board, college cost is rising. For most students, acquiring a degree will result in major debt. You should also consider whether your college courses are keeping up with the times. The education should ideally be up-to-date and useful to you upon entering the workforce. For those who believe these downsides are worth the upsides a college education can offer, here’s how to maximize the benefits of higher education: · Learn the latest innovations through courses. · Build a strong professional network. · Take advantage of teamwork and problem-solving opportunities. · Broaden your education with other resources. These four strategies can help students maximize their college experience while also staying up to date with the latest technological trends. By being flexible, networking actively, developing problem-solving skills, and seeking learning opportunities in the real world, students can prepare themselves not just for their first job but for a dynamic and successful career. 1．Why does the author ask the question in Paragraph 2? A．To encourage doubt about online learning. B．To start the discussion on college education. C．To emphasize the superiority of online learning. D．To compare online learning with college education. 2．What does the underlined word “leg-up” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Assistance B．Virtue. C．Insight. D．Courage. 3．It is implied in this passage that ________. A．college education remains valuable despite the rise of online learning B．college education ignores students’ development of portable soft skills C．students can learn the latest innovations through a professional network D．students can get a successful career as long as they have college experience 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨在信息丰富的当下大学教育的价值，虽有成本等弊端，但仍具优势，并给出最大化其益处的策略。 1．推理判断题。在第二段“With so much data at our fingertips, more and more people are beginning to wonder: why invest time and money in a college degree when I can gather information and build skills online?(随着如此多的数据触手可及，越来越多的人开始怀疑：当我可以在网上收集信息和培养技能时，为什么还要花时间和金钱去读大学呢？)”中作者提出问题：如此多的数据触手可及，在网上就可以收集信息和培养技能时，为什么还要花时间和金钱去接受大学教育？根据第三段“The problem with this question, however, is that it misunderstands most of the value of higher education.(然而，这个问题的症结在于它误解了高等教育的大部分价值。)”以及后文围绕大学教育展开的论述可知，作者在第二段提出这个问题是为了开启关于大学教育的讨论。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“In a recent survey of 334 employers by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), respondents said nearly 70% of their entry-level jobs require a four-year degree. This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market.(美国大学与雇主协会（NACE）最近对 334 名雇主进行的一项调查显示，受访者表示，他们近 70% 的入门级工作需要四年制学位。这一统计数据表明，尽管有其他途径，但在当今市场上，大学教育可以给求职者提供leg-up。)”可知，统计数据表明很多入门级工作要求学位，尽管有其它途径，但是大学教育可以给求职者在今天的市场上提供帮助，give a leg-up意思是“提供帮助”，与 assistance“帮助”意思相近。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“For many, higher education offers much more — a transformative journey where students can network and develop portable soft skills like critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity.(对许多人来说，高等教育提供的更多——这是一段变革性的旅程，学生可以建立人际关系网络，并培养诸如批判性思维、沟通、解决问题、情商和创造力等通用软技能。)”以及第四段“This statistic suggests that — despite alternative routes — a college education can give a leg-up to job candidates in today’s market.(这一统计数据表明，尽管有其他途径，但在当今的市场上，大学教育可以为求职者提供帮助。)”可推知，尽管在线学习兴起，大学教育仍然有价值。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） It was an arresting image: a large airplane parked on the Antarctic ice, smiling flight attendants posing in front of it. The shot seemed to mark a new phase for Antarctic tourism. Fortunately, the flight in question was delivering staff and supplies for research rather than tourism — but travel to Earth’s southernmost continent has nonetheless reached a new milestone. The growing number of visitors brought a new urgency to the question of how much tourism should be allowed on the icy continent. Many members of the International Association of Antarctic Tourism Operators (IAATO) say promoting Antarctic conservation is part of their mission. In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species. Nonetheless, a number of biosecurity studies found a large number of non-native species present. The risks are real. An invasive (侵袭的) grass species has established a foothold on one of Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands, while bird flu recently reached the Sub-Antarctic Islands, where it has had a damaging effect on the seal population. Despite these growing threats, biosecurity is not the biggest danger facing Antarctica’s wilderness areas. Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships. The Antarctic is at risk not just because of the delicacy of its environment, but due to the lack of a single governing body. The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1961 to provide governance for the continent, operates on a consultative basis, which means all parties have to agree before a change can be put into action. There is a common understanding that something needs to change, but no agreement on what those changes should be. Should landings be made at a larger number of sites for instance, or should we aim to keep the human footprint as small as possible? Researchers recommend that anyone thinking about visiting Antarctica should take a hard look at their motivation and the impacts of their choice. “As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences. “If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.” 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．Non-native species have not been found in the Antarctic so far. B．The best way to reach the Antarctic is by taking a large airplane. C．Developing tourism and doing research are equally important in the Antarctic. D．IAATO has taken some measures to conserve the environment in the Antarctic. 2．What is the primary concern about the growing travelers in the Antarctic? A．The absence of a single governing body. B．The decline in the number of seals due to tourism. C．The potential for tourists to introduce invasive species. D．The carbon emissions associated with travel to the Antarctic. 3．The main moral challenge presented by Antarctic tourism is ________. A．allowing tourists to access areas typically reserved for research B．deciding whether tourism can fund further exploration of the Antarctic C．satisfying personal desires for traveling while preserving the environment D．balancing the economic benefits of tourism with the environmental impact 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Antarctic Research: A Promising Future! B．Flying to the Antarctic: A New Milestone! C．Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No? D．Threat to the Antarctic: Why Biosecurity Risks? 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕南极旅游展开，探讨其带来生物安全、碳排放等问题，引发对是否应发展南极旅游的思考。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species.(事实上，国际南极旅游经营者协会（IAATO）的成员遵循旨在保护环境的严格规定，包括清除南极大陆上的所有废物，并避免在不知情的情况下引入非本地物种。)”可知，IAATO已经采取了一些措施来保护南极的环境。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships.(游客可以通过带新衣服去南极洲来减少生物安全风险，但碳影响是一个真正的问题。南极游客的人均碳排放量为3.76吨——大约是一个人一整年的碳排放量总和。一项研究计算出，2016年至2020年期间，每位游客实际上融化了约83吨雪，这主要是由于旅游船只的排放。)”可知，碳影响对南极是一个真正的问题，南极游客的人均碳排放量大约是一个人一整年的碳排放量总和；由此可知，对于南极不断增长的游客数量，首要担忧的是前往南极旅行所产生的碳排放。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences.(一位教授说：‘作为一名研究人员，我每次去都要做一个道德上的决定，看看我所做的事情是否值得。’他还说，游客也应该权衡后果。)”以及最后一段““If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.”(‘如果你的动机仅仅是因为你已经踏上了六大洲，而你想踏上第七大洲——我个人认为这是一个相当愚蠢的理由。’)”可知，南极旅游带来的主要道德挑战是在满足个人旅行欲望的同时保护好环境。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了南极旅游带来的各种问题，如生物安全、碳排放等，同时提到对于是否应该发展南极旅游存在争议，没有就改变措施达成一致，所以Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No?(南极旅游：我们应该说不吗？)作为标题最合适。故选C项。 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市昌平区·期末） Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds’ beaks, turtles’ shells and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection,” he wrote in The Descent of Man. Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change but very little explores the forces of human cognitive (认知的) selection that fix certain words into the dictionary. For an extensive new study, published in a journal, scientists investigated just that. In an experiment much like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words — again seeing only certain types survive. The results showed three features that give words an“evolutionary (进化的)advantage” by helping them stick in the brain. First, words typically acquired at an early age, such as “hand,” “uncle” or “today”, are stabler. Next, concrete words exist better than abstract ones: “dog” stays longer than “animal”, which persists longer than “organism”. Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to be permanent. Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” Breithaupt explains, “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift. The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is debatable. A linguist John McWhorter questions implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language he says contains things like “unnecessarily complex” grammatical traces. Study lead author Ying Li notes that English had even more complicated grammar in the past. “John McWhorter would complain more if he traveled back800 years ago,” Li supposes. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly discussed about the research? A．Conclusion and significance. B．Background and purpose. C．Method and limitations. D．Process and findings. 2．According to Breithaupt, the English language tends to be ______. A．more concrete with difficulty B．more practical with efficiency C．more complicated with abstraction D．more understandable with vividness 3．What would be the best title for this passage? A．Who promotes the study of language evolution? B．How does language gradually shift over time? C．What makes a word survive or go extinct? D．Why are certain words favored by people? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了语言进化的机制，尤其是某些词汇在大脑中的“进化优势”，同时也探讨了语言变化中简单化与复杂化的平衡问题。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“In an experiment much like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words— again seeing only certain types survive.(在一个很像电话游戏的实验中，数千名参与者阅读英语故事，然后重写给其他参与者阅读，然后其他参与者再重写给其他人看。在最后的版本中，最初的故事中只有某些词留存了下来。研究人员分析了说话者一直喜欢的词汇类型，并提出了这样的偏好会导致语言随着时间的推移而变化的理论。科学家们还分别分析了过去两个世纪的两大英语历史文本集，其中包含400多亿个单词，再次发现只有某些类型的单词幸存下来)”可知，本段详细描述了研究的具体过程（实验设计）和发现（偏好“幸存”词的特性），即“实验过程与研究发现”，故选D。 2．推理判断题 。根据第五段“But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand.(但认知科学家Fritz Breithaupt表示，这项新研究支持一种较新的理论，即语言最终变得更加高效、更容易理解)”可知，Breithaupt认为英语语言倾向于变得更实际和高效。 故选B。 3．主旨大意题。整篇文章的中心围绕语言进化的驱动因素，重点分析了“哪些单词会保留下来，哪些会消失”，尤其在研究中得出的几个单词具有“进化优势”的特性：早期习得的词、具体词以及带有情绪激动性（正面或负面）的词。文章反复强调的是单词如何在变化中“生存”与“灭绝”。结合选项，C选项“What makes a word survive or go extinct?”（是什么让一个单词存活或消亡？）最能概括文章主题。 故选C。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science. These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. Understanding these transitions in more detail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people. Certain nerve cells in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain can pump out dopamine, a molecule that has been linked to pleasure, movement and learning, which is then delivered dopamine to the amygdalae, two almond-shaped structures deep in the brain that are closely tied to emotions. Using a molecular sensor that can tell exactly when and where dopamine is released, the researchers saw that dopamine levels rose in the amygdalae just before mice shifted from non-REM sleep to REM sleep. Next, the researchers forced the mice into the REM phase by controlling those dopamine-producing nerve cells using lasers and genetic techniques. Compelled with light, the nerve cells released dopamine in the amygdalae while mice were in non-REM sleep. The mice then shifted into REM sleep sooner than they typically did, after an average of about two minutes compared with about eight minutes for mice that weren’t prompted to release dopamine. Stimulating these cells every half hour increased the mice’s total amount of REM sleep. Additional experiments suggest that these dopamine-making nerve cells may also be involved in aspects of narcolepsy (嗜睡症). A sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, shares features with REM sleep and can accompany narcolepsy. Stimulating these dopamine-making nerve cells while mice were awake caused the mice to stop moving and fall directly into REM sleep. The results help clarify a trigger for REM in mice; whether a similar thing happens in people isn’t known. Earlier studies have found that nerve cells in people’s amygdalae are active during REM sleep. Many questions remain. Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough. 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．People with sleep disorders could benefit from the research. B．Dopamine is generated in two almond-shaped structures. C．Dopamine levels rose after mice shifted to REM sleep. D．An increase of dopamine can trigger REM in people. 2．The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ______. A．the entire brain B．REM sleep and cataplexy C．drugs affecting dopamine levels D．people suffering from sleep disorders 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce two stages of sleep of all animals. B．To explain dopamine as a trigger for REM in mice. C．To present a new way to cure sleep disorders in people. D．To propose a pioneer research interest in brain structure. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一片说明文。主要解释了多巴胺如何成为小鼠REM睡眠的触发器，并研究表明这可能有助于理解和治疗人类的睡眠障碍。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Understanding these transitions in more de tail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people. (更多地了解这些转变，最终可以指出治疗人们睡眠障碍的方法。)”可知，了解这种转变的细节可能最终会为治疗人类的睡眠障碍提供方法，即患有睡眠障碍的人可以从这项研究中受益。故选A项。 2．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough. (改变人体多巴胺水平的药物似乎对快速眼动睡眠和猝倒没有太大影响。但这些药物会影响整个大脑，而且它们可能只是选择性不够。)”可知，they指代的是影响多巴胺水平的药物，故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science. (多巴胺的快速增加使小鼠进入梦幻般的睡眠阶段。研究人员在3月4日的《科学》杂志上报告说，在小鼠的大脑中，化学信使会触发快速眼动睡眠（REM）。)”及第二段“These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. (这些新结果是最早显示转变触发因素的。)”可知，文章的主要目的是解释多巴胺如何成为小鼠REM睡眠的触发器因素，故选B项。 主题04 人与自然——自然生态 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市丰台区·期末） The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution (归因) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences. Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome”(热穹顶) across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” wrote the poet John Keats just over 200 years ago. When it comes to climate, truth can feel closer to terror these days. But scientists are right to insist that the reality must be faced. Indeed, this is the only way to avoid the most disastrous outcomes. In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”. Like the historical responsibility for carbon emissions, attitudes and experiences in the present crisis are unevenly and unjustly shared out. Billions of people around the world, and above all in the global south, are caught up day-to-day in a struggle for survival. This doesn’t mean they don’t recognise global heating; subsistence (勉强维持生活) farmers and fishers are more directly exposed to environmental damage than anyone else. But western governments, businesses and people who are relatively sheltered from global heating’s worst effects should recognise this as the privilege that it is. With this year’s Climate Change Conference fast approaching, western governments must follow through on their promises of climate finance to enable a green transition in the developing world. The purpose of attribution science is not simply to warn the world about what is happening, but to aid preparations for what has not happened yet. The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous. But alternatives exist, and insisting on this point has never been more important. The alarming findings of attribution scientists can give rise to desperation-but must not be allowed to end determination and hope. 1．The attribution studies imply that ____. A．policies addressing climate issues are ineffective B．it is hard to link CO2 with the effects of global heating C．the extent of global heating’s consequences is unpredictable D．humans are to blame for the increased occurrence of disasters 2．How does Prof Bill McGuire feel about the present climate crisis? A．Worried. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Puzzled. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．The global south is in urgent need of financial support. B．The speeding up of global warming has spelled trouble. C．Global heating affects western countries to a larger extent. D．The effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission has worked. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To urge the public to follow the science. B．To persuade the scientists to further their study. C．To assess the current policy on the climate crisis. D．To confirm the public’s concern for global heating. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了归因研究表明极端天气可能是由温室气体排放导致，从而呼吁人们要尊重科学，采取措施，避免更严重的后果。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.(报告显示，温室气体排放大大增加了强烈热浪、飓风和洪水发生的可能性。它还详细说明了令人担忧的不可预测性以及全球变暖后果的程度)”和第二段“Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome” across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change.(直到21世纪初，当第一批归因研究发表时，很难将大气中的二氧化碳与全球变暖的明显影响联系起来。多亏了越来越多的研究，现在我们知道了。如果没有人为造成的气候变化，去年夏天全球破纪录的“热穹顶”几乎是不可能的)”可知，归因研究表明，气候变暖是人类造成的，人类应为灾害的增加负责。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”.(Bill McGuire教授在新书《温室地球》中认为，我们已经到了将危险降至最低视为“气候绥靖”的阶段)”可知，Bill McGuire认为现在人们只是降低危险，但对气候变暖不加抵制，退让屈服，从而对当前的气候危机感到担忧。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous.(最令人担忧的全球趋势是，除了排放量仍在上升，这意味着我们正朝着2.5°C的升温方向发展之外，它已经以出乎意料的速度造成混乱。考虑到我们现在所知道的1°C变暖的影响，可以毫不夸张地说，这种趋势是灾难性的)”可知，全球变暖的加速带来了麻烦。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。结合全文及文章第一段“The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution( 归因 ) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.(一个由400多项极端天气归因研究组成的新数据库背后的科学家们提供了一项重要服务。这项工作汇集了每一项此类研究，应该会在决策和竞选活动中产生更大的紧迫感。这表明，强烈的热浪、飓风和洪水都更有可能是由温室气体排放造成的。它阐明了令人担忧的不可预测性以及全球变暖的后果)”可知，文章主要介绍了归因研究表明极端天气可能是由温室气体排放导致，从而呼吁人们要尊重科学，采取措施，避免更严重的后果。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市顺义区·期末） One day in the fall of 2023, a young Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross was lying listless in southeastern Brazil’s Santos Basin. Beach monitors found the young bird in the sand, weak and dying. The cause of the albatross’s disaster was evident: it was caught in a weather balloon, which, sadly, is just one instance of a bigger environmental headache. Globally, hundreds of thousands of weather balloons are launched into the sky every year, and the majority are never recovered. Instead, their waste—a mix of latex, cotton and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecosystems for years. And because only a small percentage of dead animals wash ashore, the impact is likely worse than the numbers suggest. The root of this mounting trouble lies in the very nature of how weather balloons operate. Weather balloons are used to get high-altitude (高空) data like air temperature and pressure. Once a balloon has travelled up about 21 miles and its volume has grown 100-fold, it explodes, shooting pieces in all directions. Australian researchers at the Tangaroa Blue Foundation first flagged the problem of weather-balloon garbage a decade ago. Over 21 months, they collected 2,460 pieces of weather-balloon litter around the Great Barrier Reef. The researchers estimated that up to 70 percent of Australia’ s weather balloons end up in the ocean. One study notes that while some of the materials used in weather balloons are considered biodegradable, much of it is not breaking down quickly. Some companies have produced special materials now made from plant-based fiber designed to weaken much faster than previous cotton versions. But the new models are 20 to 30 percent more expensive. Despite the higher cost, weather bureaus (局) have started to reduce the impact by trying out more sustainable balloons and switching from white to blue balloons, which marine animals may be less likely to mistake for food. Some agencies also announced they would be testing drones (无人机) to collect weather data, which are recoverable. Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices only because they’ re more sustainable; they also want better data. For now, though, balloons still fly much higher than drones, so they remain an important data-collecting tool. Lower-impact versions would at least be a small improvement for the ocean’s animals. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The functions of weather balloons. B．The problems of using weather balloons. C．The composition of weather balloon waste. D．The difficulty of weather balloon recycling. 2．What can we learn about weather balloons? A．Weather balloon waste can hardly break down. B．New versions of weather balloons are being tried. C．Weather balloons cause the death of most sea animals. D．Drones are better in collecting data than weather balloons. 3．What does the author think of the changes mentioned in the passage? A．Valuable but risky. B．Exciting and hopeful. C．Necessary and reliable. D．Promising but incomplete. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了气象气球对海洋生态系统造成的影响，包括气象气球的使用、废弃物问题、现有解决方案以及未来可能的替代方案。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Globally, hundreds of thousands of weather balloons are launched into the sky every year, and the majority are never recovered. Instead, their waste — a mix of latex, cotton and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecosystems for years. And because only a small percentage of dead animals wash ashore, the impact is likely worse than the numbers suggest.(在全球范围内，每年有数十万个气象气球被发射到天空中，其中大多数都没有被回收。相反，它们的废物——乳胶、棉花和塑料的混合物——会在海洋生态系统中留存多年。由于只有一小部分死亡动物被冲上岸，因此影响可能比数字所显示的更严重)”可知，本段主要讲述使用气象气球导致的问题。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Some companies have produced special materials now made from plant-based fiber designed to weaken much faster than previous cotton versions. But the new models are 20 to 30 percent more expensive. Despite the higher cost, weather bureaus (局) have started to reduce the impact by trying out more sustainable balloons and switching from white to blue balloons, which marine animals may be less likely to mistake for food.(一些公司已经生产出由植物纤维制成的特殊材料，这种材料比以前的棉质材料更容易变弱。但是新型号要贵20%到30%。尽管成本更高，但气象部门已经开始尝试使用更可持续的气球，并将白色气球换成蓝色气球，以减少海洋动物误以为食物的可能性)”可知，新版本的气象气球正在试验中。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices only because they’ re more sustainable; they also want better data. For now, though, balloons still fly much higher than drones, so they remain an important data-collecting tool. Lower-impact versions would at least be a small improvement for the ocean’s animals.(气象机构试用这些新设备并不仅仅是因为它们更可持续；他们也想要更好的数据。但就目前而言，气球仍然比无人机飞得高得多，因此它们仍然是重要的数据收集工具。对海洋动物来说，低影响的版本至少是一个小小的改善)”可推知，作者认为目前的改变是有希望的但还不完善。故选D项。 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市丰台区·期末） The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for machine learning development and the Chemistry Nobel was for protein structure prediction via AI. Some said the physics prize wasn’t really physics. “AI is coming for science, too,” the New York Times concluded. With powerful large language models, AIs can generate various outputs and even make Nobel-winning discoveries. But have AIs really taken over science? To begin with, the physics prize went to Hinton and John Hopfield, a physicist, who discovered how the physical dynamics of a network can encode memory. Hopfield came up with an intuitive analogy: a ball, rolling across a bumpy landscape, will often “remember” to return to the same lowest valley. Hinton’s work extended Hopfield’s model. In short, the Physics Nobel was awarded for fundamental research about the physical principles of information, not the broad umbrella of “AI” and its applications. Meanwhile, the Chemistry Nobel was awarded to biochemist David Baker and DeepMind researchers Demis Hassabis and John Jumper. Baker first developed software to design novel protein structures from scratch. Yet by 2018, of the roughly 200 million proteins cataloged in all genetic databases, only about 150, 000 had confirmed structures. Then Hassabis and Jumper introduced AlphaFold, which provided accurate folding structures for the rest. But even so, the AI has failed to predict defects in proteins. It’s not a catholicon for every problem in protein folding, but rather an excellent tool. Many of these tools have disappeared into their uses. We rarely pause to consider the transistor (晶体管) (for which the 1956 physics prize was awarded) when we use electronics containing them by the billions. Some powerful machine-learning features are already on this path. The neural networks that provide accurate language translation or song recommendations in popular consumer software programs are simply part of the service. In science, as in so many other domains, this trend suggests that when AI tools become commonplace, they will fade into the background, too. Still a reasonable concern might be that such automation threatens the efforts of human scientists. As AI becomes essential to further scientific progress, will any prizes recognize work truly free of AI? AI can revolutionize science. It has already helped us see proteins with previously unimaginable clarity. Soon AIs may dream up new molecules for batteries. In short, they may do many things, some of which previously seemed impossible. But they have a crucial limitation tied to something wonderful about science: its empirical dependence on the real world, which cannot be overcome by computation alone. Science also needs experimenters — human experts driven to study the universe, and who will ask questions an AI cannot. Physics — its core ethos is “that the world is understandable” in quantitative, predictive terms solely by careful experiment and observation. That real world still exists for future scientists to study, whether aided by AI or not. 1．Regarding the Nobel Prize in Physics, the author might think ________. A．it should have been awarded to more physicists B．it aims to encourage physicists to engage in AI research C．it is a recognition of the broad applications of AI in physics D．it is justified for its focus on physical principles of information 2．What does the word "catholicon" underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．A final solution. B．A big improvement. C．A complete cure-all. D．A common obstacle. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．AI tools are restricted to specific scientific branches. B．AI tools will become less noticeable once widely used. C．AI will overcome its dependence on real-world experience. D．AI poses a threat on traditional methods of scientific inquiry. 4．What would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and Science: Revolution or Evolution? B．Is AI Coming to End Scientific Exploration? C．AI and Science: A New Era of Collaboration? D．Is AI Dominant in Nobel-Winning Discoveries? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与AI的关联，探讨AI是否真的接管了科学。物理学奖实则是奖励关于信息物理原理的基础研究，并非AI及其应用。化学奖中，AI虽助力蛋白质结构预测，但仍有局限，并非万能。AI工具在科学等领域会逐渐平常化并退居幕后。人们担忧AI自动化威胁人类科学家的努力，未来是否有奖项认可无AI 参与的研究。AI虽能革新科学，却因依赖现实世界存在局限。科学仍需人类专家，通过实验和观察去探索宇宙，提出AI无法提出的问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In short, the Physics Nobel was awarded for fundamental research about the physical principles of information, not the broad umbrella of “AI” and its applications.( 简而言之，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了关于信息物理原理的基础研究，而不是“人工智能”及其应用的大保护伞。)”可知，关于诺贝尔物理学奖，作者可能会认为它是合理的，因为它关注的是信息的物理原理。故选D项。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“But even so, the AI has failed to predict defects in proteins.(但即便如此，人工智能也未能预测蛋白质的缺陷。)”以及划线单词句中“It’s not a …for every problem in protein folding, but rather an excellent tool.( 它并不是解决蛋白质折叠中所有问题的……，而是一个很好的工具。)”由此可知，此处为它并不是解决蛋白质折叠中所有问题的灵丹妙药。故可猜测划线单词catholicon为“灵丹妙药”的意思，和C选项A complete cure-all“包治百病”意思相近。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In science, as in so many other domains, this trend suggests that when AI tools become commonplace, they will fade into the background, too.( 在科学领域，就像在许多其他领域一样，这一趋势表明，当人工智能工具变得司空见惯时，它们也会消失在背景中。)”可知，我们能从文章中了解到人工智能工具一旦被广泛使用，将变得不那么引人注目。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“With powerful large language models, AIs can generate various outputs and even make Nobel-winning discoveries. But have AIs really taken over science?( 凭借强大的大型语言模型，人工智能可以产生各种输出，甚至可以获得诺贝尔奖的发现。但是人工智能真的接管了科学吗？)”和最后一段“Science also needs experimenters—human experts driven to study the universe, and who will ask questions an AI cannot. Physics—its core ethos is “that the world is understandable” in quantitative, predictive terms solely by careful experiment and observation. That real world still exists for future scientists to study, whether aided by AI or not.( 科学也需要实验者——被驱使去研究宇宙的人类专家，他们会提出人工智能无法提出的问题。物理学——它的核心精神是“世界是可以理解的”，仅仅通过仔细的实验和观察就可以定量地预测世界。不管有没有人工智能的帮助，这个真实的世界仍然存在，等待着未来的科学家去研究。)”可知，文章围绕2024年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与AI的关联，探讨AI是否真的接管了科学。物理学奖实则是奖励关于信息物理原理的基础研究，并非AI及其应用。化学奖中，AI虽助力蛋白质结构预测，但仍有局限，并非万能。AI工具在科学等领域会逐渐平常化并退居幕后。人们担忧AI自动化威胁人类科学家的努力，未来是否有奖项认可无AI 参与的研究。AI虽能革新科学，却因依赖现实世界存在局限。科学仍需人类专家，通过实验和观察去探索宇宙，提出AI无法提出的问题。故这篇文章最好的标题是“人工智能将终结科学探索吗？”。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石景山区·期末） Physarum polycephalum, a single-celled slime mold (黏菌), lacks a brain and survives on rotting vegetables, but it may hold valuable insights for city planning, according to the researchers from University of Toronto. This greenish-yellow organism forms a complex network that can transfer nutrients efficiently, which researchers believe could model efficient networks for moving people and goods in urban settings. “Humans aren’t the only ones facing the challenge of designing efficient, tough networks,” says Raphael Kay, a master in engineering. “The slime mold has been shaped by hundreds of millions of years of evolution (进化), so in that sense, it is far more experienced at network design than we humans ever could be.” This idea isn’t new. In 2010, Japanese and U. K. researchers created a nutrient layout resembling the Tokyo subway nodes (节点), and the slime mold grew a network similar to the real system. This experiment sparked biologically inspired adaptive network design, leading to studies of rail and road networks using slime molds. Building on this, Kay and an architecture student Anthony developed a computer model that simulates (模拟) slime molds’ network-building process, aimed at architects, city planners, and other professionals. Their model allows users to specify factors like maximum cost or minimum travel time, generating networks that meet these criteria. To test it, they applied the model to Canada’s Wonderland amusement park and Toronto’s subway system. For Wonderland, their network offered 10% faster travel time at the same cost as the existing setup and was 80% more resilient at maintaining functionality if a part was blocked. For Toronto’ s subway, they found that a network with the same travel time as the real one was 40% less easily affected to disruption. While Kay and his team aren’t suggesting a complete redesign of current networks, their model offers insights for improvements. For instance, it could pinpoint the best places to add nodes or help in planning future layouts. The model can also autonomously generate network nodes based on data like population concentration, adapting to serve specific needs. Hatton, a collaborator, believes this tool could benefit diverse fields, not just those related to the movement of people or goods, but also fields like genetic engineering and energy networks, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches. 1．What unique feature of the slime mold interests city planners? A．Its reliance on nutrients to survive. B．Its ability to form efficient networks. C．Its nature to grow in rotting vegetables. D．Its adaptive skill in a new environment. 2．Why does the author mention the experiment with Tokyo’s subway nodes? A．To highlight that the Tokyo subway system is efficient. B．To show that slime molds can recognize urban structures. C．To argue that Tokyo subway system needs to be improved. D．To suggest that slime molds can inspire unban network design. 3．What does the underlined word “resilient” probably mean in paragraph 5? A．Reliable. B．Relevant. C．Accurate. D．Advanced. 4．What can we learn from Kay and his team’s model? A．It can be applied beyond transportation. B．It can predict population growth patterns. C．It is limited to networks with simple layouts. D．It is recommended to redesign current networks. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了来自多伦多大学的研究人员如何从单细胞黏菌的网络结构中得到启发，用于城市规划和网络设计。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“This greenish-yellow organism forms a complex network that can transfer nutrients efficiently, which researchers believe could model efficient networks for moving people and goods in urban settings.(这种绿黄色的生物形成了一个可以有效传输营养的复杂网络，研究人员认为可以为在城市环境中转移人员和货物提供高效的网络模型)”可知，黏菌形成高效网络的能力引起了城市规划者的兴趣。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“This experiment sparked biologically inspired adaptive network design, leading to studies of rail and road networks using slime molds.(这一实验引发了生物启发的自适应网络设计，导致了对使用黏菌研究铁路和道路网络的研究) ”可知，提到东京的地铁节点实验是为了表明黏菌可以激发城市网络设计的灵感。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段“For Wonderland, their network offered 10% faster travel time at the same cost as the existing setup and was 80% more resilient at maintaining functionality if a part was blocked.(对于Wonderland amusement park，他们的网络在成本不变的情况下提供了10%的更快旅行时间，并且如果一部分被阻塞，它在保持功能方面的resilient提高了80%。）可知，这里的“resilient”是指这个网络体系在受阻时保持功能的能力，即可靠的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hatton, a collaborator, believes this tool could benefit diverse fields, not just those related to the movement of people or goods, but also fields like genetic engineering and energy networks, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches.(合作者哈顿认为，这种工具可以使不同的领域受益，不仅仅是那些与人员或货物流动有关的领域，还包括基因工程和能源网络等领域，强调了跨学科方法的重要性) ”可知，Kay和他团队的模型不仅可以应用于交通领域。故选A。 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市西城区·期末） In recent research, my colleagues and I set out to investigate the neural (神经的) mechanisms underlying experiences like solving challenging problems. Specifically, we wanted to understand what happens in the brain while a person engages in abstract and demanding thought — so we designed a study involving math expertise. For our experiment, we selected 22 university students majoring in mathematics, along with 22 students from other disciplines. We asked the students to watch step-by-step presentations that explained how to solve several challenging math problems. Throughout this demonstration, the students wore a cap covered with electrodes (电极) so that we could track electrical activity in their brains. After each presentation, they had to report whether they thought they had understood the presentations and how engaged they felt during the experience. We found that students whose coursework involved little mathematics showed more signs of complex activity in the prefrontal cortex (皮层), indicating how hard they were working to understand the various steps of the complex math demonstrations. However, in the other group, we noted significant activity linking the frontal and parietal (顶骨) regions of their brain. More specifically, these areas exhibited a pattern of activity described as delta waves. Some recent research suggests that these delta waves may play a crucial role in the cognitive (认知的) processing that supports deep internal concentration and the relocation of information between distant brain regions. In fact, we suspect that the long-distance delta waves we observed may play a central role whenever people engage in contextual and complex problem-solving. This suggests that engaging brain networks in this way could be useful for many tasks requiring concentration. It’s likely that when people with extensive experience in a task are deeply engaged in that effort, these same delta waves are involved, even as the specific brain networks vary. It’s also possible — though we’ll need to investigate further to be sure — that this state of deep concentration is generalizable: developing this way of thinking in one domain could help you in others. These findings suggest a trade-off that people should keep in mind—particularly as artificial intelligence and other tools offer shortcuts for various forms of problem-solving. Each time we offload a problem to a calculator or ask Al to summarize an essay, we lose an opportunity to improve our own skills and practice deep concentration. To be clear, technologies can boost our efficiency in important ways, but the seemingly “inefficient” hard work we do can be powerful, too. 1．Based on the study results, how do Math majors process challenging math problems differently from non-Math majors? A．They experience less engagement during problem-solving tasks. B．They use more areas of their prefrontal cortex to solve problems. C．They display delta wave activity linking frontal and parietal regions. D．They show slower overall brain activity during complex problem-solving. 2．What does the underlined word “trade-off” in the last paragraph probably refer to? A．Weighing short-term efficiency against lasting cognitive benefits. B．Choosing between immediate convenience and faster results. C．Sacrificing technology’s advantage for human competition. D．Deciding between human effort and advanced tools. 3．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s view on the role of “inefficient” work? A．It allows the brain to build skills that are transferable to other tasks. B．It wastes time and resources compared to using technology. C．It improves engagement but has no cognitive benefits. D．It helps those who are good at subjects like math. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Which to Choose: Efficiency or Hard Work? B．What Benefits Us More: AI Tools or Deep Concentration? C．Employing Complex Math Problems to Enhance Delta Waves D．Developing Expertise Improves the Brain’s Ability to Concentrate 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是研究者们对比了数学专业学生与非数学专业学生在观看并理解复杂数学问题解法的过程中大脑活动的差异。研究发现，缺乏数学背景的学生在理解过程中前额皮层表现出更复杂的活动，显示出他们为理解这些步骤所付出的努力。而数学专业的学生则展示了额叶和顶叶区域之间显著的活动联系，并且特别表现为一种称为delta波的大脑活动模式。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“We found that students whose coursework involved little mathematics showed more signs of complex activity in the prefrontal cortex (皮层), indicating how hard they were working to understand the various steps of the complex math demonstrations. However, in the other group, we noted significant activity linking the frontal and parietal (顶骨) regions of their brain. More specifically, these areas exhibited a pattern of activity described as delta waves.(我们发现，那些课程中涉及数学较少的学生，在前额皮层表现出更多复杂活动的迹象，这表明他们在努力理解复杂数学演示的各个步骤时有多费劲。然而，在另一组学生中，我们注意到他们大脑的前额和顶骨区域之间有显著的活动联系。更具体地说，这些区域表现出一种被称为德尔塔波的活动模式)”可知，数学专业学生表现出连接前额和顶骨区域的德尔塔波活动。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Each time we offload a problem to a calculator or ask Al to summarize an essay, we lose an opportunity to improve our own skills and practice deep concentration. To be clear, technologies can boost our efficiency in important ways, but the seemingly “inefficient” hard work we do can be powerful, too.(每次我们把一个问题交给计算器，或者让人工智能总结一篇文章，我们就失去了一个提高自己技能和练习深度专注的机会。需要明确的是，技术可以在重要方面提高我们的效率，但我们所做的看似“低效”的辛勤工作也可能是强大的)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“人们应该牢记一种权衡——尤其是人工智能和其他工具为各种形式的问题解决提供了捷径”，划线词trade-off意为“权衡”，和“Weighing short-term efficiency against lasting cognitive benefits”意思相近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It’s also possible — though we’ll need to investigate further to be sure — that this state of deep concentration is generalizable: developing this way of thinking in one domain could help you in others.(还有一种可能——尽管我们还需要进一步调查才能确定——这种深度集中的状态是可以推广的：在一个领域培养这种思维方式可能有助于你在其他领域也表现出色。)”和最后一段“To be clear, technologies can boost our efficiency in important ways, but the seemingly “inefficient” hard work we do can be powerful, too.(需要明确的是，技术可以在很多重要方面提高我们的效率，但我们所做的那些看似“低效”的艰苦工作同样具有强大的力量)”可知，最好地概括了作者对“低效”工作的作用的看法是它允许大脑建立可转移到其他任务的技能。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“We found that students whose coursework involved little mathematics showed more signs of complex activity in the prefrontal cortex (皮层), indicating how hard they were working to understand the various steps of the complex math demonstrations. However, in the other group, we noted significant activity linking the frontal and parietal (顶骨) regions of their brain. More specifically, these areas exhibited a pattern of activity described as delta waves.(我们发现，那些课程中涉及数学较少的学生，在前额皮层表现出更多复杂活动的迹象，这表明他们在努力理解复杂数学演示的各个步骤时有多费劲。然而，在另一组学生中，我们注意到他们大脑的前额和顶骨区域之间有显著的活动联系。更具体地说，这些区域表现出一种被称为德尔塔波的活动模式)”和第四段“Some recent research suggests that these delta waves may play a crucial role in the cognitive (认知的) processing that supports deep internal concentration and the relocation of information between distant brain regions.(最近的一些研究表明，这些德尔塔波可能在支持深层内部集中和远距离大脑区域之间信息重新定位的认知过程中起着至关重要的作用)”可知，本文主要讲的是研究者们对比了数学专业学生与非数学专业学生在观看并理解复杂数学问题解法的过程中大脑活动的差异。研究发现，缺乏数学背景的学生在理解过程中前额皮层表现出更复杂的活动，显示出他们为理解这些步骤所付出的努力。而数学专业的学生则展示了额叶和顶叶区域之间显著的活动联系，并且特别表现为一种称为delta波的大脑活动模式由此可知，“Developing Expertise Improves the Brain’s Ability to Concentrate(发展专业技能可以提高大脑集中注意力的能力)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市海淀区·期末） Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization (优化), not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience. Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small, isolated bands. What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere. It was an inefficient, basic system — but if one part of the human system failed, few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species, from building empires to building machines, social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized. In the 21st century, the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk. Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago, the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future. This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems. Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems — systems we don’t always fully understand — that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience. CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements, not long-term planning. Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund. Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion (缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies, the societies will be less vulnerable (脆弱的). For the broader set of risks facing global society, better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes, backups, and stress testing — so that one error doesn’t bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design. So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable. That means we can decide differently too. 1．The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to ______. A．highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B．introduce an information technology collapse C．explain why people are in a connected system D．indicate predictable failures of the modern system 2．What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A．It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B．It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C．It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D．It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 3．As for the future of social systems, which would the author agree with? A．The more disconnected they are, the more resilient they will be. B．Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C．Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D．History can help people predict future patterns. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Hyperconnectivity: The Price of Perfection B．A Wakeful Warning: The Lesson from CrowdStrike C．System Collapse: An Inevitable Technology Disaster D．Resilience vs. Optimization: A Debate for Better Systems 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以CrowdStrike系统崩溃事件为例，探讨现代社会系统重优化轻弹性的问题及应对之策。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history.(周五，全球关键系统崩溃，起因是一家公司的一个失误。网络安全行业巨头 CrowdStrike 的停电影响了银行、航空公司和医疗保健系统。这可能最终成为历史上最严重的信息技术灾难。)”以及第二段“This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization, not decentralized resilience.(然而，这并非一场不可预见的怪异事故，也不会是此类事故中的最后一次。相反，这场灾难是现代社会系统的必然结果，这些系统是为超连接优化而设计的，而非分散式弹性设计。)”可知，作者提及CrowdStrike 事件主要是为了表明现代系统存在可预见的故障。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks.(全球化带来了巨大的效率提升，产品可以由全球供应链中精心管理的环节组装而成。但这些系统缺乏弹性。每个环节都必须完美配合；哪怕只有一个环节出问题，整个系统就会崩溃。)”可知，全球化使得系统缺乏弹性，一个环节出错就可能导致整个系统崩溃，可推断出全球化的系统会将局部错误的影响扩大到全球范围。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion.(尽管现代对优化的追求常常将弹性置于次要地位，但我们并非必然要继续走这条危险的道路。而且，使我们的系统更具弹性也不需要回到一个脱节的、原始的世界。相反，我们复杂、相互关联的社会只要求我们牺牲一点效率，以便有更多的缓冲空间。)”可知，作者认为为了使系统更具弹性，即更具灵活性，应该牺牲一些效率。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇以CrowdStrike系统崩溃这一事件展开，阐述现代社会系统因注重优化而缺乏弹性的问题，进而讨论应对措施，强调这一事件给我们带来的警示。而B选项A Wakeful Warning: The Lesson from CrowdStrike(一个警醒：来自CrowdStrike的教训) 准确概括文章主旨。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石朝阳区·期末） Pure mathematics fascinates me, precisely because it is so inaccessible. I envision it as a remote, chilly, dangerous place, like Antarctica’s Sentinel Range. The hard y souls who surmount its peaks seem superhuman. Perhaps because I romanticize mathematicians, I’m troubled by the thought that machines might replace them. I stated this possibility in The Death of Proof, published in the October 1993 Scientific American. In response to the growing complexity of mathematics, I reported, mathematicians were becoming increasingly reliant on computers. I asked, “Will the great mathematicians of the next century be made of silicon (硅)?” Mathematicians are still annoyed about that article, even as the trends I described have continued. Anthony Bordg at Cambridge University worries that his field could face a “replication crisis” (复制危机) like that troubling scientific research. Mathematicians, Bordg notes, sometimes accept a proof not because they have checked it, step by step, but because they trust the proof’s methods and author. Given the “increasing difficulty in checking the correctness of mathematical arguments”, old-fashioned peer review may no longer be sufficient. Outstanding mathematicians have published “proofs” so novel and elaborate that even specialists in the relevant mathematics can’t validate them. Bordg suggests computerized “proof assistants ” will help confirm proofs. Researchers have already invented an “interactive theorem prover (交互式定理证明程序)” that can check proofs and even propose improvements. Some mathematicians welcome the digitization of mathematics for accuracy. Others are conflicted. Michael Harris sees mathematics as “a free, creative activity” pursued for its own sake, for the pure joy of discovery and insight. He worries such tools will encourage a “limited vision” of mathematics as an economic product rather than “a way of being human”. After all, many funders of mathematical research, including technology giants, value mathematics primarily for its applications. We value science for applications, too. Sentimental science writing, including mine, implies that science’s purpose is insight into nature. In the modern era, however, science’s primary goal is power. Science helps us control nature for various ends: to enrich and entertain, to boost economy, and to defeat enemies. Modern physics, to most of us, is incomprehensible, but who cares when physics gives us smartphones and hydrogen bombs? Physicists often adopt a utilitarian (实用主义的) mindset, exemplified by the slogan “Shut up and calculate!” That is what professors supposedly tell students stuck in quantum mechanics. Stephen Hawking and Martin Rees have predicted artificial intelligence will play an increasing role in physics. Wouldn’t it be funny if a quantum AI finds the long-sought unified theory of physics, but not even brilliant theorist Edward Witten understands it? Given the powerful forces behind automatization, if machines can replace mathematicians, they probably will, just as they are replacing drivers, bank tellers, travel agents, cashiers and other workers. Mathematicians’ wishes, such as their desire to pursue truth purely for its own sake, might be unlikely. The charm of math can hardly be preserved in face of the powerful forces behind automatization. 1．“Replication crisis” is mentioned to _________. A．reduce a particular concern B．justify the use of digital assistants C．question the role of authority in math D．highlight the potential threat of machines 2．Advocates of utilitarianism in science would probably agree that _________. A．insight into nature is a priority B．automatization is a major trend C．quantum AI remains a fantasy D．power is an approach to digitization 3．What can be learned from this passage? A．Utilitarian mindset pushes physics forward. B．Quantum mechanics unifies theories of physics. C．The humanity of mathematics is hard to maintain. D．Leading mathematicians’ proofs are beyond understanding. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了数学家们越来越依赖计算机，研究领域可能会出现危机，对此不同的人表达了各自不同的看法。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Anthony Bordg at Cambridge University worries that his field could face a “replication crisis” (复制危机) like that troubling scientific research. Mathematicians, Bordg notes, sometimes accept a proof not because they have checked it, step by step, but because they trust the proof’s methods and author. Given the “increasing difficulty in checking the correctness of mathematical arguments”, old-fashioned peer review may no longer be sufficient. Outstanding mathematicians have published “proofs” so novel and elaborate that even specialists in the relevant mathematics can’t validate them. Bordg suggests computerized “proof assistants ” will help confirm proofs. Researchers have already invented an “interactive theorem prover (交互式定理证明程序)” that can check proofs and even propose improvements.(剑桥大学的Anthony Bordg担心，他的研究领域可能会面临像困扰科学研究那样的“复制危机”。博格指出，数学家有时接受一个证明，并不是因为他们已经一步一步地检验了它，而是因为他们信任这个证明的方法和作者。考虑到“检验数学论证正确性的难度越来越大”，老式的同行评议可能不再足够。杰出的数学家发表的“证明”是如此新颖和详尽，以至于连相关数学领域的专家都无法证实它们。Bordg建议计算机化的“证明助手”将帮助确认证据。研究人员已经发明了一种“交互式定理证明程序”，可以检查证明，甚至提出改进建议)”可知，提到“复制危机”是为了证明使用数字助理的合理性。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Physicists often adopt a utilitarian (实用主义的) mindset, exemplified by the slogan “Shut up and calculate!” That is what professors supposedly tell students stuck in quantum mechanics. Stephen Hawking and Martin Rees have predicted artificial intelligence will play an increasing role in physics. (物理学家常常抱着实用主义的心态，他们的口号就是“闭嘴，计算！”这应该是教授们对被量子力学困住的学生们说的话。斯蒂芬·霍金和马丁·里斯预测，人工智能将在物理学中发挥越来越大的作用)”可知，像斯蒂芬·霍金和马丁·里斯的科学实用主义的倡导者预测人工智能将在物理学中发挥越来越大的作用，他们可能会同意自动化是一个主要趋势。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the powerful forces behind automatization, if machines can replace mathematicians, they probably will, just as they are replacing drivers, bank tellers, travel agents, cashiers and other workers. Mathematicians’ wishes, such as their desire to pursue truth purely for its own sake, might be unlikely. The charm of math can hardly be preserved in face of the powerful forces behind automatization.(考虑到自动化背后的强大力量，如果机器能够取代数学家，它们很可能会取代数学家，就像它们正在取代司机、银行柜员、旅行社、收银员和其他工人一样。数学家们的愿望，比如纯粹为了追求真理而追求真理的愿望，可能不太可能实现。面对自动化背后的强大力量，数学的魅力很难保持)”可知，机器可能会取代数学家，数学家们纯粹为了追求真理而追求真理的愿望可能不太可能实现，数学的人性化很难维持。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高三上·北京市顺义区·期末） In the real world, we believe humanoid robots (人形机器人) represent one of the most exciting emerging applications of generative AI (gen AI). Specifically, we see their potential to break through some of the most longstanding barriers to inclusion faced by people with disabilities sooner or later. But there’s still a serious gap between these new technologies’ very real promise and their abilities to deliver. Through a survey, we are able to look at 5,042 responses specific to those who identify as having a disability or mental problems. Among these respondents, 39% feel annoyed by technology’s inability to accurately understand their intentions. That compares with 28% of non-disabled individuals. About half of persons with disabilities believe that technology places too much responsibility on them to adapt, rather than adapting to their specific requirements. This is the case, even though 52% of people with disabilities see the potential of gen AI to enhance their performance in areas like creativity, relationship building, and idea generation. The major issue is a lack of inclusivity in the development of existing and emerging AI technologies. However, it’s not too late to course-correct. If ever there were a time to take the disability community’s slogan (口号), “Nothing about us without us,” to heart, now is that time. For gen AI-powered tools to do what we expect and want them to do, they need to have flexible, customizable interaction capabilities. To have that, they need to reflect input from the broadest possible range of humanity. This means that designers should think of inclusivity as an essential design feature, rather than as an after-the-fact modification. Translated into practice, it means asking disabled people to bring their experiences and insights to bear when developing and examining applications of new technologies. Euphonia, a project which aims at enhancing speech recognition for people with speech damage, offers an example of just this sort of training. Euphonia is now helping a former football player Tim Shaw regain his ability to communicate with others. It can interpret his directions and signal tasks accordingly. It can also “read back” what he tells it in a voice that is remarkably similar to the voice he once had, which is possible in part because it uses a large amount of Tim’s early voice s to train its tools. In the past, people generally considered robots as a distinct tool created to help people. Now, we can begin to consider them more as an extension of a person. The key will be to close the gap between making an experience inclusive and designing an inclusive experience. 1．What can we infer from the survey in Paragraph 2? A．Disabled people usually avoid using gen AI. B．Non-disabled people have few gen AI problems. C．Gen AI neglects idea generation of disabled people. D．Gen AI is not user-friendly enough for disabled people. 2．The author quotes “nothing about us without us” to stress that ______. A．users’ feedback on technologies often gets ignored B．users’ requirements count in designing technologies C．users’ advice boosts the development of technologies D．users’ wishes reflect the improvement of technologies 3．What does the word “modification” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Limitation. B．Creation. C．Adaptation. D．Communication. 4．The author takes the example of Euphonia to show ______. A．technology can communicate with disabled people B．technology can enhance disabled people’s life quality C．technology can examine inclusivity through interaction D．technology can achieve inclusivity for disabled people 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是议论文。文章围绕人形机器人和生成式人工智能（gen AI）在促进残疾人包容性方面的潜力与挑战进行了深入讨论。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“But there’s still a serious gap between these new technologies’ very real promise and their abilities to deliver. Through a survey, we are able to look at 5,042 responses specific to those who identify as having a disability or mental problems. Among these respondents, 39% feel annoyed by technology’s inability to accurately understand their intentions. That compares with 28% of non-disabled individuals. About half of persons with disabilities believe that technology places too much responsibility on them to adapt, rather than adapting to their specific requirements. This is the case, even though 52% of people with disabilities see the potential of gen AI to enhance their performance in areas like creativity, relationship building, and idea generation.(但是，在这些新技术的真正承诺和它们的交付能力之间，仍然存在着严重的差距。通过一项调查，我们能够看到5042份针对那些被认为有残疾或精神问题的人的回应。在这些受访者中，39%的人对技术无法准确理解他们的意图感到恼火。相比之下，没有残疾的人只有28%。大约一半的残疾人认为，技术让他们承担了太多的适应责任，而不是适应他们的具体要求。事实就是如此，尽管52%的残疾人认为新一代人工智能有潜力提高他们在创造力、建立关系和产生想法等方面的表现)”可知，大约一半的残疾人认为，技术让他们承担了太多的适应责任，而不是适应他们的具体要求。所以可推知，Gen AI对残疾人来说不够友好。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The major issue is a lack of inclusivity in the development of existing and emerging AI technologies. However, it’s not too late to course-correct. If ever there were a time to take the disability community’s slogan (口号), “Nothing about us without us,” to heart, now is that time.(主要问题是现有和新兴人工智能技术的发展缺乏包容性。然而，现在改正还为时不晚。如果说有什么时候应该把残疾人社区的口号“没有我们的参与，不要做关于我们的决定”牢记在心，那就是现在)”可知，作者提出口号，是为了强调用户的需求在技术设计中很重要。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据前文“For gen AI-powered tools to do what we expect and want them to do, they need to have flexible, customizable interaction capabilities. To have that, they need to reflect input from the broadest possible range of humanity. This means that designers should think of inclusivity as an essential design feature(为了让新一代人工智能工具能够完成我们的期望和期望，它们需要具有灵活、可定制的交互功能。要做到这一点，它们需要反映尽可能广泛的人类输入。这意味着设计师应该将包容性视为一个基本的设计特征)”可知，产品设计需要具有灵活、可定制的交互功能，而不是事后的修改适应。由此猜测“modification”应是“修改”之意，和C项意思相近。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Euphonia, a project which aims at enhancing speech recognition for people with speech damage, offers an example of just this sort of training. Euphonia is now helping a former football player Tim Shaw regain his ability to communicate with others. It can interpret his directions and signal tasks accordingly. It can also “read back” what he tells it in a voice that is remarkably similar to the voice he once had, which is possible in part because it uses a large amount of Tim’s early voice s to train its tools.(Euphonia是一个旨在提高语言障碍患者语音识别能力的项目，它提供了这类培训的一个例子。Euphonia现在正在帮助前足球运动员Tim Shaw恢复与他人沟通的能力。它可以解释他的指示，并相应地发出任务信号。它还可以“读回”他说的话，声音与他曾经的声音非常相似，部分原因是它使用了大量蒂姆早期的声音来训练它的工具)”可知，作者以Euphonia为例说明技术可以实现对残疾人的包容。故选D项。 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市房山区·期末） Few would question that arts, in its massive forms and media, are like a mirror that reflects the social, cultural, economic or even political situation of a society of a particular era. However, beyond being simply an illustration of the human condition, arts can be vital in pushing the country forward culturally and economically. Without doubt, arts are important for the progress of society. They enable individuals to develop on the whole and deepen the social ties in communities by gathering people to create, experience and enjoy art together, which can be seen from traditional ethnic dances to interactive theatre performanccs. Beyond material wants and needs, human beings find fulfilment in experiencing and expressing things of remarkable value through arts. Meanwhile, strong citizens’ participation in arts also strengthens the social fabric of a nation. Moreover, arts enable a nation to progress in human rights and values. As powerful media that are able to stir hearts and cause reflection, arts can speak up the human voice of criticism sharply and clearly in times of crisis, and call upon society to seek the common good. It is evident that arts, which express human values and emotions, can constitute a profound way of promoting human dignity and additionally, form the barrier of the ethical and moral life of society. More often than not, a booming arts scene may not narrow the rich-poor divide. It’s not hard to see that in a highly competitive world, it is essential for governments to prioritize the development of a strong workforce and the building of sustainable industries. However, arts may well complement (补充) economic policies as arts encourage individuals to exercise creativity. As Albert Einstein stated, imagination is more important than knowledge. While knowledge and professional skills may stimulate a country’s development, the ability to innovate and think out of the box may be valuable to a society facing ever new and unpredictable challenges. While the importance of arts may differ from country to country, depending on its economic circumstances and the socio-political issues, the importance of arts to the progress of a nation should not be overlooked. 1．What’s the first paragraph mainly about? A．The forms of arts. B．The functions of arts. C．The definition of arts. D．The development of arts. 2．How do arts influence human rights and values? A．By reflecting humans’ views. B．By pointing out the common good. C．By giving people a sense of fulfilment. D．By forming the moral standard of society. 3．Why is Albert Einstein mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To praise Albert Einstein’s achievements. B．To call on humans to remember our history. C．To stress the importance of arts in creativity. D．To show the necessity of knowledge and skills. 4．What will the author probably agree with? A．Arts serve as the major influence in values. B．Arts play a part in the progress of a country. C．Arts should aim at strengthening social bonds. D．Arts can bridge the gap between rich and poor. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了艺术在国家经济社会发展中的重要作用。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“However, beyond being simply an illustration of the human condition, arts can be vital in pushing the country forward culturally and economically. (然而，艺术不仅仅阐释了人类的境况，它在促进国家文化和经济发展方面也是非常重要的)”可知，此处总结上句说明了艺术能够阐释人类的境况，还引出艺术另一个重要的作用，就是促进经济文化发展。由此可知，第一段主要谈论了艺术的功能和作用。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“It is evident that arts, which express human values and emotions, can constitute a profound way of promoting human dignity and additionally, form the barrier of the ethical and moral life of society. (很明显，表达了人类价值观和情感的艺术，构成了提升人类尊严的深刻途径，形成了社会伦理和道德生活的屏障)”可知，艺术形成了社会道德生活的准则，以此来影响人权和价值观。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段第三四句“However, arts may well complement (补充) economic policies as arts encourage individuals to exercise creativity. As Albert Einstein stated, imagination is more important than knowledge. (然而，艺术可以很好地补充经济政策，因为艺术鼓励个人去发挥自己的创造力。正如爱因斯坦所说，想象力比知识更重要) ”可推知，引用爱因斯坦的话是为了说明艺术的重要性，因为它可以激发创造力。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the importance of arts may differ from country to country, depending on its economic circumstances and the socio-political issues, the importance of arts to the progress of a nation should not be overlooked. (尽管艺术的重要性因为不同国家的经济，社会政治问题而有所不同，但是艺术对一个国家发展进步的重要性不应该被忽视)”可推知，作者认为艺术在国家发展中有重要作用。故选B项。 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （23-24学年高三上·北京市海淀区·期末） The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron, a false assumption of some Paleo diet (原始饮食) advocates, is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods such as nuts and seeds. Likewise, while we typically associate omega-3 fatty acids with fish, fish themselves incorporate these into their tissue by eating seaweed, which we can consume directly without the concerns of exposure to microplastics in fish flesh. Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12, made by bacteria in soil and ingested by animals, thereby incorporated into their tissue, milk, and eggs. While modern sanitation allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements. Evidently, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the world. Eating highly processed foods and red meat has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote underlying mechanisms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, such as inflammation (炎症) and damage to the lining of blood vessels (血管). Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. Studies from 2017found that a vegetarian diet is associated with a 25 percent relative risk reduction for coronary heart disease and an 8 percent relative risk reduction for cancer, with a vegan diet related to a 15 percent relative risk reduction for cancer. The World Health Organization has classified processed meat as carcinogenic (致癌的), and (unprocessed) red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans. In addition to harming ourselves, eating meat harms others. Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for human laborers are often unsafe and inhumane as well. Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of “routine” antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance. While large-scale, well-coordinated national and international action is undoubtedly needed to fight unscrupulous factory farming practices-and to ensure the availability of nutritious and healthy food for all citizens, those with greater influence, such as physicians, educators and policy makers, should consider the importance of acting as role models for healthy behaviors themselves as well as advocating for policies that ensure better nutritional access and education for others. All of these should not be excuses for individuals to resist implementing change in their own lives and communities. Societies change when enough individuals within them alter their behavior, and it is up to each of us to act as a change agent in whatever capacity we can. We would all be well served to pull this lever in our own lives as well. 1．The author writes the first two paragraphs mainly to ________. A．show the concerns of Paleo diet advocates B．compare the differences between two diets C．highlight the importance of nutrition intake D．point out a misunderstanding in nutrition source 2．Which of the following logic chains is reasonable according to the passage? A． B． C． D． 3．What does the underlined word “unscrupulous” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Illegal. B．Unfair. C．Immoral. D．Unnecessary. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．A Meatless Diet Is Better for You B．Food Problems Call for Joint Efforts C．Say No to Processed Meat Consumption D．Eatable Greens or Not? That Is a Question 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是说明文。需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁这是错误的观点，实际上，植物性饮食可以提供人们所需的营养。文章主要介绍了无肉饮食对人们更好。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron, a false assumption of some Paleo diet (原始饮食) advocates, is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods such as nuts and seeds. (我们需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，这是一些原始饮食倡导者的错误假设，是一种常见的误解。它忽略了许多植物性食品（如坚果和种子）中丰富的蛋白质和铁。)”和第二段中“Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12, made by bacteria in soil and ingested by animals, thereby incorporated into their tissue, milk, and eggs.(事实上，全食物、植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素，维生素B12由土壤中的细菌产生并被动物摄入，从而融入其组织、牛奶和鸡蛋中。)”可知，第一段作者指出了营养来源的一个误区——需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，接着第二段作者指出植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素这样一个事实，从而解释了人们所认为的营养来源的误区，由此可推知，作者写前两段主要是为了指出营养来源的一个误区，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The overuse of “routine” antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance.(牲畜和工人的过度拥挤会促进疾病在人和动物之间的传播，使我们所有人都面临未来流行病的风险。过度使用“常规”抗生素来加速动物生长并谨慎治疗因生活在不清洁和过度拥挤的环境中而导致的感染可能会促进抗生素耐药性。)”可知，过度拥挤的条件促进疾病的传播，这导致过度使用抗生素来治疗，而过度使用抗生素会促进抗生素耐药性，故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for human laborers are often unsafe and inhumane as well.(工厂化养殖方式往往对动物造成难以言表的残忍，而人类劳工的工作条件也往往不安全和不人道。)”和划线单词前面的“fight(打击)”可知，工厂养殖化方式对动物造成难以言表的残忍，而人类劳工的工作条件也往往不安全和不人道，由此可知，需要采取大规模、协调一致的国家和国际行动来打击不道德的工厂化养殖做法，划线单词unscrupulous与上文“inhumane”意思一样，意为“不道德的”，与C项“Immoral.(不道德的)”意思一样，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中“The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron, a false assumption of some Paleo diet (原始饮食) advocates, is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods such as nuts and seeds. (我们需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，这是一些原始饮食倡导者的错误假设，是一种常见的误解。它忽略了许多植物性食品（如坚果和种子）中丰富的蛋白质和铁。)”和第二段中“Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12, made by bacteria in soil and ingested by animals, thereby incorporated into their tissue, milk, and eggs.(事实上，全食物、植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素，维生素B12由土壤中的细菌产生并被动物摄入，从而融入其组织、牛奶和鸡蛋中。)”，第三段中“Evidently, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits.(显然，大幅减少肉类消费会带来巨大的好处。)”和第四段中“Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. (越来越多的证据表明全食物、植物性饮食的好处。)”可知，文章主要介绍了需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁这是错误的观点，实际上无肉饮食对人们更好，A项“无肉饮食对你更好”适合作文章标题，故选A。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高三上·北京市西城区·期末） The release of ChatGPT has caused more than a little worry about its ability to produce credible pieces of writing. “The College Essay Is Dead, ” some people declared. That’s unlikely. There are obvious workarounds. For example, students wouldn’t benefit from ChatGPT if they were required to write out essays by hand. A return to handwritten essays could benefit students in a way. For instance, neuroscience research has revealed that the act of handwriting is very different from punching letters on a keyboard. Handwriting requires precise motor skills that stimulate greater activity in a broader group of brain regions when compared with typing and engage the brain in ways that researchers have linked to learning and memory improvements. Handwriting forces those areas responsible for memory and learning to communicate with each other, which helps form networks that facilitate the recall and acquisition of new information. Much of the research has focused on children or younger students. But there’s evidence that, even for older students and adults, completing assignments in longhand is a more cognitively (认知地) involved process, leading to better processing of ideas and more original work. Meanwhile, research on foreign-language learners has found that handwriting is associated with improvements in some measure of accuracy and comprehension. Handwriting requires you to put a filter on what you’re producing in a way that typing doesn’t. When you’re writing by hand, you need to know what you want to say before you begin. If you don’t, you’ll have to cross things out or start over. Typing on a computer requires far less forethought. It is less challenging for the brain-and challenging the brain is central to education itself. A return to handwritten essays wouldn’t be easy on teachers, who might have to reduce the length of assignments or allocate (分配) extra class time for completion. They’d also have the burden of reading text that wasn’t neatly turned out by a word processor. But some might find all that preferable to being constantly suspicious (猜疑的) that they’re being outsmarted by a computer program. When health issues forced the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche to abandon his pen in favor of a typewriter, a change occurred in his writing style, which one scholar later described as a departure from “sustained argument and prolonged reflection” to a “telegram style. ” Our writing tools work on our thoughts. Ensuring that today’s students have more than one writing tool might pay off in ways experts are only beginning to grasp. ChatGPT and other AI-powered technologies will win only if we agree to play on their home territory. 1．How can handwriting benefit students? A．It enhances brain engagement. B．It guarantees accurate comprehension. C．It creates networks for communication. D．It facilitates the assessment of information. 2．What does the underlined phrase “put a filter on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Carefully screen. B．Passively accept. C．Objectively assess. D．Gradually discover. 3．What factor may lead teachers to resist the idea of handwritten assignments? A．The risk of weakened concentration. B．The fear of being outsmarted by AI. C．The trouble of marking untidy work. D．The content of handwritten essays. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．College education will be reformed by ChatGPT B．Handwriting will replace typing due to ChatGPT C．Handwritten essays can help teachers defeat ChatGPT D．College teachers return to longhand to battle ChatGPT 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。ChatGPT的发布引起了人们对其撰写可信文章的能力的担忧，在某种程度上，手写论文的回归可能对学生有益，这有助于老师打败ChatGPT。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Handwriting requires precise motor skills that stimulate greater activity in a broader group of brain regions when compared with typing and engage the brain in ways that researchers have linked to learning and memory improvements.(手写需要精确的运动技能，与打字相比，它能在更广泛的大脑区域激发更大的活动，并以研究人员认为与学习和记忆改善有关的方式调动大脑)”可知，书写能增强大脑的参与。故选A项。 2．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“Meanwhile, research on foreign-language learners has found that handwriting is associated with improvements in some measure of accuracy and comprehension. Handwriting requires you…(与此同时，对外语学习者的研究发现，书写与提高某种程度的准确性和理解力有关。书写要求你……)”及后文“in a way that typing doesn’t. When you’re writing by hand, you need to know what you want to say before you begin. If you don’t, you’ll have to cross things out or start over. Typing on a computer requires far less forethought.(在某种程度上，打字是做不到的。当你手写的时候，你需要在开始之前知道你想说什么。如果你不这样做，你将不得不划掉一些东西或重新开始。在电脑上打字需要的预见性要少得多)”可知，书写要求在写之前要想清楚，而打字是不需要的，put a filter on与carefully screen意思相近，意思为：仔细筛选，过滤。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“A return to handwritten essays wouldn’t be easy on teachers, who might have to reduce the length of assignments or allocate extra class time for completion. They’d also have the burden of reading text that wasn’t neatly turned out by a word processor.(对老师来说，回到手写论文的时代并不容易，他们可能不得不减少作业的长度或分配额外的课堂时间来完成作业。他们还得负担阅读文字处理软件处理得不整齐的文本)”可知，老师们抵制手写作业的想法可能是因为给不整齐的作业做标记太麻烦。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The release of ChatGPT has caused more than a little worry about its ability to produce credible pieces of writing.(ChatGPT的发布引起了人们对其撰写可信文章的能力的担忧)”；文章第二段“A return to handwritten essays could benefit students in a way.(在某种程度上，手写论文的回归可能对学生有益)”；文章倒数第二段“But some might find all that preferable to being constantly suspicious that they’re being outsmarted by a computer program.(但有些人可能会发现，这一切都比一直怀疑自己被电脑程序打败要好)”和文章最后一段“Our writing tools work on our thoughts. Ensuring that today’s students have more than one writing tool might pay off in ways experts are only beginning to grasp. ChatGPT and other AI-powered technologies will win only if we agree to play on their home territory.(我们的写作工具作用于我们的思想。确保今天的学生拥有不止一种写作工具，可能会以专家们刚刚开始掌握的方式获得回报。只有当我们同意在ChatGPT和其他人工智能技术的主场比赛时，它们才会获胜)”及全文内容可知，本文介绍了手写论文比起用ChatGPT来创作论文的好处，文章鼓励学生用手写论文，C项“手写论文可以帮助老师打败ChatGPT”符合本文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 主题04 人与自然——自然生态 Passage 1 （24-25学年高三上·北京市石朝阳区·期末） According to an idea called the “inflationary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been constantly expanding, which would have created a countless number of other universes. Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a “multiverse”. However, other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach, physically and philosophically. Consequently, the methodologies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries. In science, hypotheses (假说) are used to propose explanations, but from hypotheses to theories, validation of predictions is essential to see whether initial assumptions are supported or disproved. Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says, “It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea: Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested.” Rovelli adds, “Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions. This approach has never worked previously, and it is not working now.” The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses. Now, physicists are debating whether that problem moves the multiverse from physics to metaphysics, from the world of science to that of philosophy. Philosopher Richard Dawid believes scientists could support the multiverse hypotheses without actually finding physical support. “If we have a theory that seems to work, and have come up with nothing that works better, chances are our idea is right,” he says. Not everyone is so cheerful, though. Sabine Hossenfelder, another theoretical physicist, thinks “Without making contact with observation, a theory isn’t part of the natural sciences, and not physics.” Some supporters of the multiverse claim they have found physical evidence. Andrei Linde insists “Our universe seems fine-tuned (精调的) to be favourable to life, with a four-dimensional space in which we can live. It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, one of the universes should turn out like ours. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe on which humans can be born will be born. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here. And our existence, therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is plausible.” Just as Einstein’s theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse. So far, all of science has relied on testability, but those tests take time, and most theoreticians want to wait it out. They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse — which could actually be the answer to life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn’t exist. And that day may never come. 1．What can we learn from the passage? A．The multiverse is recognized as a theory. B．The multiverse starts debates on human existence. C．Rovelli criticizes physicists for their baseless fancies. D．Dawid emphasizes the necessity of physical evidence. 2．What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Credible. B．Complex. C．Essential. D．Fascinating. 3．As for the existence of multiverse, the author is _________. A．negative B．neutral C．certain D．positive 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Mysteries of Multiverse: Fine-Tuned for Life B．Can Physicists Ever Prove the Multiverse Is Real? C．The Inflationary Multiverse: Proven Beyond Doubt D．Have Physicists Lost Their Minds in the Multiverse? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是多元宇宙，以及物理学家对于这一概念的不同看法和论证。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says, “It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea: Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested.” Rovelli adds, “Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions. This approach has never worked previously, and it is not working now.” The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses.(理论物理学家Carlo Rovelli说：“很难写出经得起现实证明的理论。很少有理论能幸存下来，这要归功于一个基本的理念：不要相信你的幻想。只保留那些可以被测试的想法。”Rovelli补充道：“今天，许多物理学家都在浪费时间去猜测和草率下结论。这种方法以前从未奏效，现在也行不通。”多元宇宙可能是这些大胆的猜测之一)”可知，罗维利批评物理学家毫无根据的幻想（包括多元宇宙），认为真正的理论需要现实上经得起被测试。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, one of the universes should turn out like ours. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe on which humans can be born will be born. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here.(可以肯定的是，在一个永远膨胀的多元宇宙中，其中一个宇宙应该和我们的宇宙一样。每个宇宙都有不同的物理定律和基本原理。鉴于无限的变化，一个人类可以诞生的宇宙将会诞生。多元宇宙实际上解释了我们为什么在这里)”以及“And our existence, therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is(因此，我们的存在有助于解释为什么多元宇宙……)”可知，上文therefore表示因果关系，说明多元宇宙实际上解释了我们为什么在这里，而我们的存在有助于解释多元宇宙的概念是可信的。故划线词意思是“可信的”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Just as Einstein’s theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse.(正如爱因斯坦的广义相对论直到最近才被价值数十亿美元的LIGO仪器证实一样，科学家们最终可能会发现多元宇宙的更直接证据)”和“They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse — which could actually be the answer to life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn’t exist. And that day may never come.(他们还没有准备好搁置像多元宇宙这样的想法——它实际上可能是生命、宇宙和一切的答案——除非他们能证明它不存在。这一天可能永远不会到来)”可知，对于多元宇宙的存在，作者是肯定的态度。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“According to an idea called the “inflationary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been constantly expanding, which would have created a countless number of other universes. Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a “multiverse”. However, other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach, physically and philosophically. Consequently, the methodologies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries.(根据一种被称为“暴胀多元宇宙”的观点，宇宙一直在不断膨胀，这将创造出无数的其他宇宙。总的来说，这些宇宙岛屿形成了科学家所谓的“多元宇宙”。然而，其他宇宙可能在物理和哲学上都超出了我们的科学范围。因此，物理学家可能用来验证多重宇宙的方法，以及这种验证是否可能，仍然是未解决的问题)”结合文章主要解释了什么是多元宇宙，以及物理学家对于这一概念的不同看法和论证。可知，B选项“物理学家能证明多元宇宙是真实的吗？”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高三上·北京市海淀区·期末） As global temperatures continue to rise due to human-induced climate change, precise computerized climate models will be crucial in shedding light on how our climate will evolve in the coming years. A study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres by Chloe Clark and her team from UC Irvine highlights a significant issue with a commonly used climate model known as the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The research reveals that this model currently overestimates a key physical property of Earth’s climate system called albedo, which is the degree to which ice reflects planet-warming sunlight into space. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface, expressed as the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected by that surface back into space. It is a critical factor in determining Earth’s climate and energy balance. Surfaces with high albedo, such as snow and ice, reflect a large portion of solar energy, whereas darker surfaces like forests or oceans absorb more solar energy. “We found that with old model versions, the ice is too reflective by about five percent,” said Chloe Clarke, “Ice reflectivity was much too high.” The amount of sunlight the planet receives and reflects is important for estimating how much the planet will warm in the coming years. Previous versions of E3SM overestimated albedo because they failed to account for microphysical properties of ice in a warming world. These properties include the effects things like algae (藻类) and dust have on albedo. Dark colored algae and dust can make snow and ice less reflective and less able to reflect sunlight. To do the analysis, Clarke and her team studied satellite data to track the albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet. They found E3SM overestimates the reflectivity of the ice sheet, meaning the model estimates less melt than what would be expected from the ice microphysical properties. But with the new ice reflectivity incorporated into the model, they discovered the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at a rate of about six gigatons more than in older model versions. This is based on albedo measurements that are more consistent with satellite observations. Clarke hopes her team’s study stresses the importance of the seemingly minuscule properties that can have far-reaching consequences for the overall climate. “I think our work is going to help models do a much better job of helping us capture snow and ice-related climate feedbacks,” she said. Next, Clarke wants to study different icy parts of the planet to calculate how widespread the albedo discrepancy (差异) is in E3SM. “Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally and not just valid over Greenland,” said Clarke, who also intends to compare the new Greenland Ice Sheet melt rates to observations to measure how much more accurate the new ice albedo is. “It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska.” 1．According to the passage, albedo ______. A．changes with the lightness of surfaces B．matches up with the shape of the ice or snow C．is a measure of the solar energy arriving at the surface D．varies with the direction of the incoming solar radiation 2．What can be learned from the passage? A．The new model is more reliable than satellite observations. B．The previous model versions overestimate Greenland melt. C$