专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期末真题汇编，北京专用）高一英语上学期

专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文） 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市通州区·期末） Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax (香烟税) more than doubled — to $1.01 per pack — smokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” across the country seeking to kick the habit. This is not a surprise to public health supporters. They've studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive (敏感). Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on (坚持) closing their ears to the message. Tobacco (烟草) taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they prevent people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. In Manhattan, for example, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost $10.06 at one drugstore Wednesday. In Charleston, S. C．, where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation, the price was $4.78. The influence is obvious. In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys — 13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky. Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden (负担) of the tax falls on low-income (低收入) Americans “who choose to smoke.” That's true. But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked (上瘾) in the first place. As for today's adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. 1．The text is mainly about . A．the differences in tobacco tax rate B．the effect of tobacco tax increase C．the rate of teen smoking D．the price of cigarettes 2．What does the writer think is a surprise? A．Tobacco taxes improve public health. B．Teen smokers are price sensitive. C．Tobacco industry fights the tax rise. D．Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Adults will depend more on their families. B．Future generations will be hooked on smoking. C．The new tax will be helpful in the long run. D．Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市昌平区·期末） Obesity (肥胖) is not a choice and making people feel ashamed only results in their feeling worse about themselves, a report by leading psychologists (心理学家) says. It calls for modifications in language to reduce shame, such as saying “a person with obesity” rather than an “obese person”. And it says health professionals should be trained to talk about losing weight in a more supportive way. The report points to a troubling rise in obesity levels across the UK. Between 2005 and 2017, obesity levels rose by 18% in England and by similar amounts in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. But these increases cannot be explained by a sudden decrease of willpower across the UK. It is far more than that, according to the British Psychological Society report, which concludes it “is not simply down to an individual’s missing of determination”. “The people who are most likely to be an unhealthy weight are those who have a high genetic (遗传的) risk of developing obesity and whose lives are also shaped by work, school and social environments that encourage overeating and inactivity,” it says. “People who live in poor areas often experience high levels of stress, including major life challenges and injury, and often their neighborhoods offer few chances and encouragements for physical activity and choices for getting affordable healthy food are limited.” Psychological experiences also play a big role, the report says, with up to half of adults attending obesity services having experienced difficulties in childhood. And stress caused by fat shaming or being made to feel bad about one’s weight by public health activities, nurses and policymakers, often leads to increased eating and more weight gain. A talk show actor James Corden recently spoke out against fat shaming, saying: “If making fun of fat people made them lose weight, there’d be no fat kids in schools.” Psychologists can use their knowledge to help train health professionals to communicate better on obesity, says Dr Angel Chater, report author and reader in health psychology and behaviour design at the University of Bedfordshire. “We can help, not just by devising ways of helping individuals, but also by advising on public policy which will help create an environment in which people find it easier not to become obese in the first place.” However, the psychologists are not in favour of obesity being classed as a “disease”, because, they say, this could take the focus away from behavioral changes that could succeed. 1．What does the underlined word “modifications” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Changes. B．Styles. C．Helps. D．Interests. 2．The author quotes James Corden’s comment in Paragraph 4 to ______. A．show his concern B．offer his suggestion C．support his opinion D．explain his statement 3．We can learn from the passage that obesity is ______. A．a matter of sudden decrease in determination B．a common problem shaped by various factors C．a psychological disease that calls for attention D．a rude expression that makes people feel worse 4．What does the writer intend to tell us? A．People should discuss obesity in a respectful way. B．Professional advice matters a lot to overweight people. C．People with obesity tend to feel ashamed of themselves. D．Behavioral changes contribute greatly to losing weight. 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市清华附中·期末） The start of something new can be an exciting prospect and documenting the point in time or space at which something begins has been a popular theme for photography projects throughout time. For this year’s brief, we’re asking students to show through a series of five to ten images the first part or earliest stage of something. Be it following a new life, sharing the start of someone’s day, following the preparations and beginning of a particular occasion or celebration, or revealing the promise of new technology, the story, approach and photographic style can be in any genre. Your images can be taken on any device, shot in any style-be black & white or colour-and approached from any angle you feel is best. While innovative responses are encouraged, photographers must stick to the brief. The Competition is open to all students of photography from World Photography Organisation’s selected Universities. All entries must confirm, on application, their acceptance of the rules of the Competition and these Terms and Conditions. Entries must be submitted by 13:00 GMT on 29 November 2025. By entering the Competition, each Entrant agrees and acknowledges that World Photography Organisation (WPO) is permitted to receive his/ her registration data. All personal information will be used by WPO in accordance with its privacy policy. Students are required to submit Five to Ten images responding to a brief. To enter, students must ensure their institution is registered and images are submitted via www.worldphoto.org. If your institution is not registered yet, you can register here. For a list of participating institutions, please see here. Your entry may feature manipulation, but where entries are manipulated, the extent of which must be described in the image description section when submitting. For the avoidance of doubt, all Entries must originally be from either an analogue or digital photograph which may have then been manipulated. Computer generated content cannot be the origin of the entry. Should a question arise through the judging process regarding the extent of your entry’s manipulation, you may be requested to submit the original photograph and image file to verify. The overall winning university is given Sony digital imaging equipment worth approximately €30,000 as well as the flights and accommodation for one student and one tutor to the awards ceremony in London. 1．According to this year’s brief, the photos that ________ can enter this year’s competition. A．tell the growing-up story of a teenager B．document a teacher’s morning routine C．show the decline of certain technology D．capture the moments of the graduation season 2．We can tell from the passage that ________. A．registration is needed before entry submission B．all students from selected universities can enter C．photo editing is strictly prohibited in the competition D．registered universities need to attend the award ceremony 3．This passage mainly focuses on ________. A．photography skills B．competition guidelines C．advertising WPO’s values D．presenting photography trends Passage 2 （23-24学年高一上·北京市东城区·期末） Everywhere I look, there are new buildings being built. The neighbourhoods that I knew as a boy, filled with beautiful old buildings, have mostly disappeared, and in their place, modern, high-rise buildings have appeared. If we continue in this way, nothing will remain of our heritage; soon I will no longer recognize my city. What is left of the city’s traditional buildings and neighbourhoods must be preserved and it is important to begin this process now. Historic preservation has become popular all over the world in recent years, but many countries have chosen new construction over preservation. There is good reason for this. As the population has become larger, people want the usefulness of modern living. However, the built environment should be more than shiny new buildings with air conditioning and washing machines; it should also show the beauty of our culture and heritage. How can our children understand our culture if we erase so much of the physical evidence (物证) of it? The reasons for preserving historic buildings are not simply about an emotional connection to the past. There are also good economic reasons in favour of preservation. The repair and preservation of historic sites can become an economic engine, drawing tourists and small businesses to the area. There are several good examples of this in the Middle East. In Dubai, the historic AI Bastikiya district draws thousands of tourists every year from all over the world. It also attracts local people, eager to learn about their city’s past. Those who are against historic preservation think that it is too expensive. But many recent projects all over the world have told us that this is not necessarily the case. In fact, renovation (翻新) of an existing building can cost about $40 per square metre less than even the most basic new building, while preserving the beauty of the original building. What is more, environmental experts believe that the greenest building is the one that is already built. New building almost always has a more serious environmental influence because it requires the use of all-new materials that must be transported, often over long distances, instead of recycled materials that are already on site. We recycle so many other things. We can and should recycle buildings, too. 1．How does the author feel about his neighbourhood? A．Unsafe. B．Confused. C．Bored. D．Upset. 2．As for international visitors, which would the author agree with? A．They prefer modern accommodation. B．They get along well with local people. C．They want to learn about culture and traditions. D．They choose destinations based on local economy. 3．What is mainly discussed in the last paragraph? A．The advantages of historic preservation. B．Recent progress in heritage preservation. C．The challenges historic preservation faces. D．People’s impression of preservation projects. 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市平谷区·期末） Exercise Does Good to Your Brain Regular exercise is generally good for us. However, in a new report, researchers have shown that even short bursts of activity can give us a noticeable brainpower boost. The researchers, from the University of California Santa Barbara, dug through 113 previous studies. When it comes to one-off exercise sessions, the results suggest energetic activities are best for cognition. In particular, cycling and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were linked to the biggest differences in executive functioning — that’s the part of our cognitive abilities. “Our work showed the strongest evidence for a positive effect of single bouts of exercise on cognition,” says neuroscientist Barry Giesbrecht, from UC Santa Barbara. The biggest brain gains were found in exercises less than 30 minutes in duration, and also when cognition was tested after exercise rather than during the workout itself. Energetic aerobic exercise can lead to a slight improvement in overall performance on cognitive tasks, especially on those that probe executive function and measure response time. That goes for other aspects of health besides brain flexibility too. Earlier research found that HIIT works can be good for improving heart health and reducing the risk of future health problems. “These results are surprising, considering that exercise intensity is believed to have an inverted-U (倒U型) relationship with performance, where moderate intensity exercise leads to the greatest improvements while more intense, fatiguing exercise causes decreases,” write the researchers in their published paper. The message here, as it has been in many previous studies, is that you don’t need to do a lot of exercise to start feeling the benefits — sometimes it just takes 30 minutes and even 10 minutes. Thus, enhancing your cognitive abilities or maintaining best health likely does not necessitate sticking to a strict daily workout schedule, engaging in extremely energetic activities, or even taking part in over prolonged exercises. That’s encouraging for those of us who find it difficult to get into a regular routine. 1．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A．Cognition is best tested during the workout. B．Cycling is good for people’s cognitive abilities. C．Long-time exercises have the biggest impact on the brain. D．Energetic exercise makes little improvement on cognition. 2．What does the “inverted-U relationship” mean? A．Lower intensity, better performance. B．Higher intensity, better performance. C．Intensity has no effect on performance. D．Moderate intensity is best, higher may decline. 3．The purpose of this article is to ______. A．encourage people to exercise B．stress the importance of HIIT C．explain the process of a research D．introduce different types of exercise Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市平谷区·期末） Alcohol (酒精) is the most widely consumed drug among young people in some countries. Many of us know the negative consequences of consuming alcohol, such as getting into violent behaviors and traffic accidents. However, fewer of us consider how a few binge drinking sessions can affect the brain, especially when it is still developing. To understand these effects, we need to look at two key elements: how alcohol is metabolized, and how it affects the developing adolescent brain. Alcohol is mainly metabolized in the liver, which processes the drink after it has been absorbed. We can think of the liver as a sponge that absorbs alcohol. However, when it becomes saturated, it loses this capacity, causing the effects of drunkenness. Unfortunately, alcoholic beverages not only have temporary impacts on the functioning of our brains, they also have long-lasting effects on various aspects of the nervous system. It is important to note that during its development—up to the age of 25-30—the brain is at its most vulnerable to the effects of drugs. Moreover, these changes cause certain areas of the brain to mature earlier than others. This mismatch between the development of the brain’s reward, impulse control and decision-making systems may explain why adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviour. We have to stress the relationship between the age of starting alcohol consumption and later problems. The data is clear: the earlier someone starts drinking, the higher their risk of developing these conditions. This highlights the fact that there is no such thing as a healthy dose of alcohol, and no such thing as harmless binge drinking. It is crucial that we pay especially close attention to teenage drinking. 1．The first paragraph is used to ______. A．present a solution B．provide detail causes C．introduce the topic D．carry out a comparison 2．What does the word “temporary” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Short-term. B．Long-term. C．Serious. D．Slight. 3．From the text, we can infer that ______. A．it’s safer to drink at the age of 28 B．the effects of drinking has nothing to do with age C．alcohol affects the brain and causes behavior problems D．only teenagers’ impulse control system is affected by alcohol 4．As for teenage drinking, the author is ______. A．worried B．indifferent C．doubtful D．supportive 主题04 人与自然——自然生态 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市房山区·期末） Emperor penguin colonies experienced breeding (繁殖) failure in a region of Antarctica where there was total sea ice loss in 2022, according to a new research. Researchers discussed the high probability that no chicks had survived from four of the five known emperor penguin colonies in the central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea. The scientists examined satellite images that showed the loss of sea ice at breeding sites, well before chicks would have developed waterproof feathers. Emperor penguins are dependent on stable (稳定的) sea ice that is firmly attached to the shore for the majority of the year, from April through to January. Once they arrive at their chosen breeding site, penguins lay eggs in Antarctic winter from May to June. Eggs hatch after 65 days, but chicks do not develop feathers until summer, between December and January. At the beginning of December 2022, the Antarctic sea ice extent broke the previous all-time low set in 2021. The most extreme loss was seen in the central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea region, west of the Antarctic Peninsula where there was a total loss of sea ice in November 2022. “The loss of sea ice in this region during the Antarctic summer made it very unlikely that displaced chicks would survive. We know that emperor penguins are highly weak in a warming climate—and current scientific evidence suggests that extreme sea ice loss events like this will become more frequent and widespread,” said Dr Peter Fretwell, lead author of the study. Emperor penguin populations have never been subject to large scale (规模) hunting, habitat loss, overfishing or other local anthropogenic (人为的) interactions in the modern era. Climate change is considered the only major factor influencing their long-term population change. Recent efforts to predict emperor penguin population trends from forecasts of sea ice loss have painted a bleak picture, showing that if present rates of warming continue, most of colonies will disappear by the end of this century. Dr Jeremy Wilkinson, a sea ice physicist, commented, “The result of the research really shocks us that emperor penguins fail to breed, at this scale, in a single season. It is another warning sign for humanity that we cannot continue down this path. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas gives off gases that add to the overheating of the earth. Therefore, we must act to minimize the impact of climate change. There is no time left.” 1．What can we know from the passage? A．Human activities have a direct influence on emperor penguin population. B．The year of 2021 saw the severest sea ice loss in Antarctic on record. C．Emperor penguin chicks usually develop feathers before December. D．Loss of sea ice leads to the failure of emperor penguins breeding. 2．How is the passage mainly developed? A．By listing numbers. B．By telling stories. C．By analyzing facts. D．By giving examples. 3．What does the underlined word “bleak” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Special. B．Hopeless. C．Mysterious. D．Unclear. 4．What does Dr Jeremy Wilkinson most want to indicate in the last paragraph? A．Human beings are to blame for the global warming. B．Emperor penguins face many challenges of survival. C．More research should be done to ensure positive changes. D．Immediate steps must be taken to fight against climate change. 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市顺义区·期末） Decisions take time. Choosing a new apartment and deciding whether to change jobs are serious problems with many sides that need to be carefully balanced. However, we also make many small decisions every day. Some we make again and again, as what to have for dinner or which clothes to wear. Others happen less often, but there is always one waiting for you to decide like whether to replace your old computer or which hotel to book for your holidays. Small decisions also take time. Funnily, however, the small decisions that might eat a larger part of your time might be the ones that matter less. This is because of a basic psychological (心理学的) law: when you choose between two things, your brain needs more time if they are more alike. Imagine you have to choose between two hotels for your beach holidays. The first costs $200 less per night than the second, but other than that, the two are very similar in quality. Unless you get extra information, you will probably book the cheaper hotel very quickly. Now, suppose the first hotel costs just $10 less per night, and it is 100 meters further away from the beach than the second. It could possibly take you ages to jump between the two choices before finally deciding. You can see that when the differences are small, your brain actually has a harder time making a decision. This interesting fact was discovered in 2012, when researchers found that when it comes to making choices, the less people care about the result, the longer they take to decide. This is how the human brain works. If you are choosing between two things which are almost exactly as valuable to you, what you choose does not matter much, because the difference between them is small. In the words of researchers, the “opportunity cost” is low. And yet, research has shown that people actually spend more time on decisions that matter less. So what can you learn from this? Well, at least for small decisions, if you find yourself having a hard time, it might be because it does not matter. So just do something and stop worrying. Again, this is not true for hard decisions like picking your kid’s school. But if you are deciding whether to paint your kitchen white or yellow, and you find yourself having a headache over it, you are probably wasting your time. The key is to recognize when the difficulty comes from yourself, and when it comes from not having enough information. If you already know everything about two computers and find yourself going back and forth between them, it means you don’t care that much. Throw a coin, buy one, and use your time for something more important. 1．What can we infer (推断) about the human brain? A．It can’t decide what’s important for us. B．It takes little time to make hard decisions. C．It often chooses wrong when the result matters. D．It has difficulty choosing between two similar things. 2．Paragraph 3 mainly gives us ______. A．a description of how our brains deal with information B．a viewpoint on what people value when making decisions C．a prediction about when people might make better choices D．an example of how our brains choose between similar things 3．What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Chance of making a decision. B．Price of making a choice. C．Value of making a difference. D．Importance of making a wish. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．We should care less about hard decisions. B．Decision-making is difficult for most people. C．People often waste time making unimportant choices. D．Research is not needed when making small decisions. 5．According to the passage, what attitude should we have when facing small decisions? A．Worried and scared. B．Relaxed and decisive. C．Calm and serious. D．Cheerful and curious. 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市西城区·期末） People do not always expect us to succeed. In light of this, what happens when we think that others expect us to fail? In one study, researchers carried out an experiment with 330 online workers, asking them to do a computer task that involved clicking on rapidly moving targets. They were told that someone was observing their performance. After they completed a 15-second practice, they received one of three messages — stating underdog expectations, high expectations, or neutral expectations — from the observer; unknown to them, the expectations were randomly (随机地) given to them. Participants then performed the task, which required both effort and focus to do effectively. Researchers found that those who experienced underdog expectations performed better than those who received high or neutral expectations. To find out why underdog expectations lead people to perform better, researchers ran another experiment with 156 business students, having them complete a negotiations simulation (模拟谈判). Before they started negotiating, they were told that experts made predictions on their possibility of negotiating effectively. Once again, researchers randomly gave them either underdog, high, or neutral expectations. After the negotiation, the students were asked questions about their desire to prove others wrong, their self-confidence, and their assertiveness (魄力). Like with earlier studies, those who experienced underdog expectations performed the best. In addition, instead of having greater self-confidence or being more assertive, the desire to prove others wrong was what helped researchers understand why those experiencing underdog expectations performed better. Of course, underdog expectations do not always translate to success. There are many more examples of people failing to overcome the low expectations others set for them. So, when does being an underdog lead to success rather than failure? Researchers reran the computer task of clicking on a target, but this time was a bit different: before participants received randomly given underdog, high, or neutral expectations, they were also randomly given information about the observer’s credibility (可信度). Specifically, participants in the high credibility condition read that the observer was a high performer in the same task and had an excellent record of predicting others’ performance. In the low credibility condition, participants read that the observer was a poor performer and was often incorrect about others’ performance. Researchers found that underdog expectations from both less and more credible observers motivated (激励) participants to aim to prove others wrong. But this motivation only translated to better performance in the face of less credible observers, while it failed when it came from more credible observers. It appears that trying to prove highly credible people wrong may have developed a sense of anxiety, which undermined later performance. Quite the opposite, people experiencing underdog expectations from less credible observers were able to use the desire to prove others wrong and perform successfully. Do these results mean leaders should set low expectations for their team to try to improve performance? Of course not. But they do suggest that more people can achieve success when they think others view them as underdogs. 1．The second experiment was intended to find out ________. A．whether experts’ predictions matched the performance of the students. B．how researchers should present participants with different expectations. C．what was behind the improved performance of “underdog” participants. D．who would fail to overcome low expectations set before the negotiation. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Different expectations were given based on participants’ assertiveness. B．Underdogs tend to outperform expectations in a low credibility condition. C．Self-confidence plays an important role in determining a person’s success. D．Participants were motivated to perform better when they trusted observers. 3．What does the word “undermined” underlined in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Weakened. B．Destroyed. C．Motivated. D．Translated. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To present research findings about what causes underdog expectations. B．To compare the effects of underdog, high, and neutral expectations. C．To show how underdog expectations influence performance. D．To analyze when underdog expectations can lead to success. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市东城区·期末） It was nearly 10 years ago that Kate Gupta’s five-year-old son was knocked down in Yellowstone National Park by noisy tourists getting a photo of themselves with the running bison (野牛) in the background. But since the annoying accident, Gupta, a photographer and writer, has only seen an increase in this kind of pushy behavior in search of the perfect selfie (自拍). “I’m not against taking photos”, Gupta said, but she cannot abide what she describes as a “lack of consideration for others”. What was supposed to be an amazing sight was ruined by the rudeness of too many people trying to get a photo. Whether it’s dressing inappropriately in formal settings, posing (摆拍) in front of memorials or involving themselves in risky photo-taking behavior, this can be problematic for visitors as well as locals. As a result, objecting to tourists behaving badly is on the rise. Some destinations are making efforts to attract travelers to lesser- known attractions and regions. Some are even taking direct action against elaborate photo shoots and selfie-takers. In Big Sur, California, the Sustainable Movements Initiative is set up to promote responsible behavior and aims to get visitors to go beyond the selfie. “The challenge with selfies is when getting the picture becomes more important than breathing in the actual experience,” said Rob O’ Keefe, the CEO, who hopes people will stop to enjoy the views. Policies can be useful. Education and example-setting — by destinations and tour companies and even travel influencers — is also important. “If somebody’ s watching the influencer channel, and they are encouraged to go to that destination, maybe it’s the responsibility of the influencers to actually educate tourists through their content”, O’ Keefe said. “I get annoyed that people refuse to put cameras down and be in the moment,” added Jeremy Harlan, a film producer who travels regularly for both work and pleasure. “If you appreciate the beauty, just stop and look with your eyes and burn it into your head. A camera isn’t coming close to replicating that image.” People don’t necessarily need a phone-free trip. “If you do still feel the need to get that perfect shot to post online”, O’ Keefe says, “do not break the law to get a selfie”. 1．The author mentions the five-year-old boy mainly to ______ . A．express a feeling B．investigate an accident C．raise an issue D．challenge an opinion 2．What does the word “abide” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Stand. B．Explain. C．Forget. D．Manage. 3．Both Rob O’Keefe and Jeremy Harlan agree that ______ . A．enjoying views outweighs taking selfies B．laws are the key to breaking bad behavior C．trips without phones promise a real experience D．influencers have the responsibility to educate tourists 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市延庆区·期末） Students meet at the university campus for classes during their 20s. This classical model of time, action and place has traditionally produced famous universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalization of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the Internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with fast development of technology. Universities must realize that learning in the 20s won’t be enough. By teaching foundational knowledge and up-to-date skills, universities need to provide students with the future-proof skills of lifelong learning, not just get them ‘job-ready’. Some universities already play an important role in lifelong learning as they want to keep the value of their diplomas (文凭). This new role comes with a huge set of challenges and needs largely to be invented. One way to start this transformation process could be to go beyond the ‘diploma model’ to adapt university education to lifelong learning. We call this model the lifelong learning passport. The Bachelor’s degree could be students’ passport to lifelong learning. For the first few years, students would ‘learn to learn’ and get endowed with reasoning skills that remain with them for the rest of their lives. For instance, physics allows students to observe and integrate (融合) observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions. Mathematics is the language used to develop the laws of physics or economy. These two subjects naturally form the basic pillars (支柱) of education in technical universities. Recent advances in computational methods and data science push us into rethinking science and engineering. Computers increasingly become the most important actors in processing data and formulating questions, which requires completely new ways of reasoning. Therefore, a new subject integrating computer science, programming, statistics and machine learning should be added to the traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics. These three pillars would allow you to keep learning technical subjects all your life. According to this new model, the Master of Science (MSc) would become the first stamp in the lifelong learning journey. The new MSc diploma becomes a set of accomplished projects and a list of technical skills. It is open-ended and must be updated throughout life, as technologies and their applications change faster than ever. Universities have a fundamental role to play in this journey, and higher education is in for a change. The old university model produced talent and value for society. We are not supporting its abolition (废除) but rather calling for the adaptation of its characteristics to meet the needs of today. 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．Technological development challenges the university model. B．The classical model serves famous universities well. C．Students don’t meet at campus due to digitalization. D．Universities continue to improve worker skills. 2．What can be learnt from the passage? A．The students get a lifelong passport with a Bachelor’s degree. B．The three pillars help with continuous learning in technology. C．Physics and mathematics are enough for learning technology. D．MSc programmes are the most important for lifelong learning. 3．What does the underlined phrase “get endowed with” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Be concerned with. B．Make room for. C．Be equipped with. D．Make preparations for. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Changes to university projects B．Importance of Lifelong Learning C．Development of Further Education D．Necessity to Adapt University Model Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市海淀区·期末） Whether you’re a keen walker or just starting out with walking, you might be understandably unwilling to do it outside in the cold. Believe it or not, there are many benefits of walking outside in the cold. If you’re thinking about adding cold-weather walks to your exercise routine, here are some tips. Dressing in layers Dressing properly for cold-weather walks is so important. Wearing several pieces of clothing on top of one another can help your body better adapt to decreased temperatures. You can start out with a base layer, the one closest to your skin and made out of sweat-absorbing (吸汗的) material, include a middle layer that helps you keep body heat, and then finish with a shell layer that protects against the outside elements like rain, wind or snow. Protecting your extremities Protect your feet and hands by wearing gloves and warm socks. When you start doing cardio exercises like walking or intense exercise, your blood tends to go where it’s most needed (i. e., your organs), not to the extremities. This means your extremities are more likely to get cold damage, so you need to make sure that they’re protected with cold-weather walking gear (装备). Wearing reflective gear If the route you’re walking on doesn’t have many well-lit areas, it may be a good idea to wear reflective clothing, which is made out of materials that naturally reflect light so that passersby can better see you. Making it fun Making cold-weather walking more enjoyable involves elements of interest, variety, and comfort during the experience. Walking with a friend or a pet can add a social aspect to your activity. It can be more fun to share the experience and conversation, making the time pass more quickly. Walking in cold weather can boost your immune system. However, it’s always important to consult with your healthcare provider before beginning a new exercise. When embarking on your cold-weather walks, exercise caution for a safe and enjoyable experience. 1．What’s the function of a shell layer for a cold-weather walk? A．To lock body heat. B．To create a stylish appearance. C．To keep the skin dry. D．To defend against wind or rain. 2．According to the passage, what can we learn about cold-weather walking? A．Reflective clothing is a necessity. B．Walking with a friend may increase speed. C．Beginners should seek advice from healthcare providers. D．Blood tends to flow more to hands and feet during walking. 3．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To provide guidance on cold-weather walking. B．To call on people to work out in cold weather. C．To explain the benefits of cold-weather walking. D．To introduce basic wear for walking in cold weather. 4．Where is this passage probably taken from? A．A science journal. B．A health report. C．A sports magazine. D．A shopping guide. Passage 3 （23-24学年高一上·北京市海淀区·期末） Sportsmanship is the cornerstone of competitive sports, representing the principles of fair play, respect and honesty. It goes beyond winning and losing, emphasizing the importance of moral behavior, respecting each other, and fellowship. At the heart of sportsmanship lies the concept of fair play. It fosters (培养) a culture of rule-following, fair judgment, and equal opportunities for all participants. Fair play encourages athletes to compete with integrity, showing honesty and accepting the outcomes gracefully. It fosters an environment where cheating, unsportsmanlike and rude behavior are discouraged. By upholding fair play, athletes develop a sense of morality (道德) and a strong character that extends beyond the field of sports. Sportsmanship also includes respect and empathy (共情), creating an environment that encourages understanding and camaraderie. Athletes show respect for opponents, officials, and teammates, recognizing their contributions and valuing their abilities. They appreciate the various backgrounds, skills and perspectives that athletes from different teams bring to the game. Through respect and empathy, sportsmanship bridges gaps, promotes inclusivity and fosters a sense of unity among athletes and fans alike. Sportsmanship is shown by athletes who act as role models, inspiring others with their conduct on and off the field. When athletes display sportsmanship, they send a powerful message to young fans, teaching them the importance of fair play, respect and moral behavior. This positive influence extends to society as a whole, where sportsmanship can shape attitudes, values and behaviors beyond the field of sports. By upholding the principles of sportsmanship, athletes contribute to a healthier, more caring society. Sports organizations, coaches and educators play an important role in promoting sportsmanship. They should foster an environment that encourages fair play, respect and honesty. Emphasizing sportsmanship in training programs and competitions helps athletes develop a strong moral compass,empowering them to make moral choices both in sports and in life. Furthermore, fans and audience should also welcome sportsmanship, creating a positive atmosphere that encourages fair competition and respect for all participants. Sportsmanship is the bedrock of competitive sports, emphasizing the values of fair play and respect. It improves the sporting experience, fosters unity and shapes athletes into responsible and caring individuals. By promoting sportsmanship, we can create a sporting culture where victories are celebrated but fairness, respect and the spirit of the game take center stage. 1．What does the underlined word “camaraderie” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Friendship. B．Leadership. C．Contribution. D．Competition. 2．What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A．How sportsmanship is understood. B．Why sportsmanship is stressed. C．When sportsmanship is shaped. D．Where sportsmanship is treasured. 3．What can be learned from Paragraph 5? A．Athletes should be trained to make moral choices. B．Audience could influence athletes’ performance in sports. C．Promoting sportsmanship requires everyone’s contribution. D．Officials should take a lead in creating a positive atmosphere. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Sportsmanship:Advantages of Doing Sports B．Sportsmanship:Spirit of Fair Play and Respect C．Showing Sportsmanship:Qualities of a Good Player D．Teaching Sportsmanship:Values of Honesty and Courage 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市西城区·期末） When I was a kid, my summer sport of choice was baseball. Every day I played until it was too dark to see the ball. It was about fun and not fitness. But now that I’m older, and my baseball glove has been officially retired, I need a summertime sport that brings back the playfulness of my youth, but also works to keep my physical and mental skills sharp. So, I picked up a racket (球拍). It turns out that racket sports are not only fun, but they may help me live longer. A study published online by the British Journal of Sports Medicine examined the connections between six different types of exercise and the risk of early death. Researchers looked at racket sports, swimming, aerobics, cycling, running, and soccer. Study volunteers included 80,306 people, who ranged in age from 30 to 98. Over the course of the study’s nine years, those who regularly played racket sports were 47% less likely to die of any cause and 56% less likely to die of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. “In many ways, racket sports like tennis, badminton, table tennis, and other variations are the ideal exercise for many older adults,” says Daryanani, a physical therapist and personal trainer with Harvard-affiliated Spaulding Outpatient Center. “Besides offering a good cardiovascular workout, they can help with both upper-and lower-body strength at the same time. They can be played at any age, can be adapted to fit most fitness levels, and do not involve a lot of equipment.” Racket sports offer something other fitness sports do not - lateral (横向的) movement. “Most of our lives are spent moving forward, and that includes our exercise,” says Daryanani. “Racket sports force you to move both back and forth and side to side. This helps improve balance, which can lower your risk of falls.” This kind of activity also exercises your mind. It sharpens your planning and decision-making skills, as you must always be ready for and make your next shot. Racket sports also have something to do with social relationships. You play against other people - either by yourself or part of a doubles team - while other exercises like running, swimming, and cycling are more individual (个人的) sports. Frequent social contact is important for a long and healthy life. In fact, a 2021 study found that loneliness led to physical and mental illness and an increased risk of death among adults older than age 60. So, go ahead, pick up a racket and enjoy the benefits of having good health. 1．Why does the author mention his personal experience in Paragraph 1? A．To stress how fun it was to play baseball. B．To highlight the benefits of playing sports. C．To show how his sport preferences had changed. D．To present the reasons for starting racket sports. 2．The study in Paragraph 3 shows ________. A．doing exercise is popular among adults B．different types of exercise are connected C．people choose different sports as they age D．racket sports may help to prevent early death 3．Paragraph 6 mainly talks about ________. A．why loneliness is bad for human beings B．why racket sports are socially good for people C．the important findings of physical and mental illness D．the comparison between racket sports and other fitness sports 4．What can we learn about racket sports? A．They benefit people mentally rather than physically. B．They reduce the risk of falls as lateral movement is involved. C．They’re better than individual sports because they help improve balance. D．They’re suitable for young people because whole-body strength is required. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市房山区·期末） In modern society, the pursuit of weight loss has become a widely accepted trend. Many people, especially the younger generation, are eager to get rid of extra pounds to achieve what they consider a more attractive appearance or a healthier body. Proper weight loss can indeed bring certain benefits. Obesity (肥胖) is a growing health concern, which can lead to various health problems such as heart disease and certain types of cancer: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths worldwide. Therefore, reducing weight is essential to improve overall health and reduce the risk of these life-threatening diseases. However, the attraction to weight loss has also given rise to some negative results. With public figures speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim in advertisement, more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient (营养物) from your food intake, such as carbohydrates (碳水化合物), which means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. If cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. You may even experience nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, and even psychological (心理的) disorders like anorexia nervosa. While weight loss can be a worthy goal if done in a healthy and sustainable way, we should be cautious of the potential dangers. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and a positive attitude towards our body image are the keys to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. We should not sacrifice our well-being for the sake of conforming to a certain beauty standard. Instead, we should focus on overall health and happiness. 1．The author mentions WHO mainly to ______. A．highlight the need to lose weight for the obese people B．predict many people will die of life-threatening diseases C．show young generation’s way of reducing weight is proper D．introduce the risks brought by heart disease and certain cancer 2．As for weight loss, the author thinks ______. A．obesity is a major factor leading to psychological disorders B．cutting down carbohydrates is a good way for most people C．public figures play an important role in advertising diet pills D．a balanced diet is one key to achieving a healthy weight 3．Which would be the best title for this article? A．Weight Loss: Beyond Appearance to True Health B．Weight Loss: From Obesity to Slim C．Weight Loss out of Diet Products D．Weight Loss in a Trendy World 主题04 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24学年高一上·北京市朝阳区·期末） Despite decades of research, disorders of the brain have proved especially difficult to treat. There is schizophrenia (精神分裂症), which has not seen a breakthrough for more than 60 years, since the discovery of chlorpromazine — which happened largely by chance. But the story of chlorpromazine offers a powerful lesson: originally an antihistamine (抗过敏药), it was repurposed as a medicine for schizophrenia. As a scientist who has studied schizophrenia for decades, I am convinced that we could have similar successes with other medicines already on our shelves. Because an existing drug has already passed Food and Drug Administration tests(FDA-approved), successfully repurposing it could take less than half of the estimated 13 years and significantly less than the average $2-billion to $3-billion cost of developing a single drug from nothing. The thousands of FDA-approved drugs thus represent a vast resource that can possibly be adapted to target any number of conditions. But this possibility is largely unexplored, in part because drug companies always have to restructure their Research and Development (R&D) programs to look at other diseases. There are also thousands of drugs that are not FDA-approved. When a company discontinues development of a drug, whatever researchers know is locked up in that company’s files and might as well be lost. Scientists need access (使用机会) to this information. If this information could be directed into a centralized resource, it would be great news. Researchers could employ the latest tools in bio-informatics, data science and machine learning to uncover common molecular (分子的) themes among or between diseases and promising drugs. Yet many drug companies are still unwilling to reveal anything that might put their copyrights at risk. Even academics may hesitate to share with competing laboratories. To cope with this, organizations like the FDA must develop motivations for sharing data, such as by creating legal safeguards for privacy and commercial interests. These motivations could then open the floodgates for easy-to-use, open platforms for efficiently sharing and mining data. This would not have been possible five years ago. But now is a critical moment, and we have never been closer to real breakthroughs. In my lab, we are testing certain cancer drugs that restore some of the biological processes that are disturbed in schizophrenia. We want to see if the drugs have the same restorative features in the brain cells of schizophrenia patients. This is a proof of the idea that a systematic and strategic approach to drug repurposing could actually move the needle. There is no time to waste. What we need is cooperation from drug companies and academic scientists alike — and access to the lifesaving data they hold. 1．Why does the author mention chlorpromazine in the first paragraph? A．To stress the difficulty in treating brain disorders. B．To explain medical progress could happen by luck. C．To introduce a medicine breakthrough in medical history D．To show a medicine for a certain illness can treat another disease. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Information arising from drug development can be wasted. B．The undeveloped functions of present medicines are overvalued. C．We should treasure FDA-approved drugs more than the unapproved. D．Studying existing drugs is more likely to succeed than developing new ones. 3．As for drug companies’ being unwilling to share, the author is _______. A．supportive B．negative C．understanding D．uncertain 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．New Drugs from Old B．Access to Lifesaving Data C．Between Drug Companies and Scientists. D．Before and After Medical Breakthroughs Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市清华附中·期末） Liam Gallagher, formerly of the band Oasis, tends to stroll with a roll to his shoulders. John Wayne’s slow swagger has been linked to everything from a bent leg to small feet. Considering that walking is such an everyday function of a bipedal species, it is incredible that we find so many different ways to do it. Perhaps that’s why our gaits - and what they say about us - are so fascinating. Gait analysis has been around for years, but now it is going mainstream, using precision imaging to measure details the eye can’t perceive. “One of the biggest breakthroughs in the early days of gait recognition was realising that you can recognise someone by their silhouette,” says Patrick Connor with Stepscan Technologies in Canada. He is talking about gait energy imaging. This involves taking a series of snapshots of a person’s profile as they walk, usually from the side, and merging them into a single image, each unique to their owner. “The head’ s in the same place and the torso’ s in the same place and you get this kind of blurry limb movement,” says Connor. With its help, some systems now can identify 90 percent on enormous databases of tens of thousands of people. It is also beginning to work with less than ideal imagery. Computer scientists in Portugal showed that they could reliably recognise people walking under a downward-pointing camera solely from their shadows. This may mean drones can carry out covert gait analysis - on sunny days, at least. More conveniently, if people want to be identified, for airport security, for example, there is no need to go to the trouble of measuring silhouettes, as in gait energy imaging. Instead, someone might be asked to wear sensors that would feed back precise information about their movements. Computer scientist Maria De Marsi co at the Sapienza University of Rome uses this method to recognise people from the information sent from the accelerometer inside a standard smartphone as it jerks around in their hand or pocket as they walk. Her team has built a prototype smart door that opens when it recognises an approaching person in this way. In principle, this is much easier than, say, pausing to scan an iris or fingerprint at a checkpoint. Gait analysis may prompt thoughts of face-recognition technology but it could be even more powerful, since it can work with lower resolution pictures and is much harder to avoid than face recognition systems. But gait analysis is nowhere near as widely used as face recognition yet. This is mainly because it requires a series of sequential pictures that cover the seven stages of walking, as each leg moves and lifts. Processing these images requires serious computing heft and most gait analysis systems don’t have enough of this to work in real time, but a crucial requirement for use in law enforcement is that the systems can recognise those they want to apprehend quickly enough to give authorities a shot at detaining them. 1．The writer mentions John Wayne to show that ________. A．individuals may have unique gait patterns B．people’s gaits can help to track their health C．gait analysis has been around for a long time D．some people walk in certain ways on purpose 2．What can we learn about gait energy imaging? A．People can design their unique virtual image with its aid. B．Some systems use it to take pictures of people’s shadows. C．It produces an image showing its owner’s limb movement. D．It requires taking photos of one’s standing posture from the side. 3．Which of the following might Maria De Marsico agree with most? A．Gait energy imaging can simplify security check process. B．People’s acceptance of gait analysis decides its effectiveness. C．Gait recognition technology can have more simplified applications. D．Measuring silhouettes with simple gadgets can be achieved in the near future. 4．Compared with face-recognition technology, gait analysis ________. A．is more demanding to work in real time B．is harder to escape with clearer pictures C．has more powerful functions for the police D．processes snapshots more quickly and accurately Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京市清华附中·期末） We are in the early 1900s, and a French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, has an ordinary accident in the laboratory: he drops a chemical bottle. Only this time, it doesn’t shatter. Benedictus delves deeper and realizes a collision solution inside the bottle, once evaporated (蒸发), holding the glass pieces together. He had unknowingly invented shatterproof glass. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, a broader question remains: are such discoveries born of luck, or were they “in the air”, waiting for someone? In the 19th century, during the international competition to decipher the molecular structure of DNA, research on anesthetizing gases, and many other cases, the general impression was that the solution was just around the corner. This phenomenon, called convergence, also occurs in biological evolution, where unrelated species develop similar adaptations due to similar environmental pressures. In scientific discovery, this convergence is explained by similar selective pressures and competing research groups. While these cases differ from typical serendipity stories — since there was a defined problem and intentional competition — they still contained elements of luck. The overall process was not purely serendipitous, but it raises the question: could all discoveries be “in the air”, waiting to be found? Let’s assume it’s true and luck just speeds up the inevitable. Scientists stand on the shoulders of predecessors. Nonetheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. No one knows how many different routes were available to arrive at the same discovery. When our minds align a procession of coincidences that have made a surprising outcome possible, we immediately conclude that a mysterious force is responsible for this succession of events. We say that it cannot be a coincidence and hence the discovery was in the air. To avoid a purposeful view of the history of science, there’s an opposing abductive argument. It’s not proof but a clue. It is no coincidence that it was the unknown scientist and not the giant who managed to see farther — that is, who opened new frontiers of knowledge. Giants’ minds were constrained by prior knowledge and so trapped within the framework of established habits, research questions, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will have seen farther because they will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge, possibly even betraying it a little. This suggests that innovators, with their receptive and prepared minds, are more likely to encounter serendipitous discoveries — those that are unexpected and not bound by conventional thinking. Therefore, the most impactful scientific discoveries, both past and future, are likely to be the result of serendipity, emerging from unforeseen circumstances that defy the predictable paths of research. 1．The underlined word “serendipity” in Paragraph 1 probably means ________. A．laboratory accidents B．fortunate finds C．scientific predictions D．planned experiments 2．What can be inferred about scientific discoveries in Paragraph 2? A．Competition can quicken scientific breakthroughs. B．Scientific discoveries are the result of cooperative efforts. C．Progress in science requires clear and fixed research goals. D．Similar pressures often lead to similar scientific discoveries. 3．Which of the following writing techniques does the author use to support the argument? ①referring to scientific knowledge    ②appealing to emotions    ③ giving examples ④citing ideas from authorities    ⑤using comparison and contrast A．①②⑤ B．②③④ C．①③⑤ D．①④⑤ 4．It is implied in this passage that ________. A．scientists always remain hopeful for the best B．chances favor those with open and ready minds C．good luck plays the most crucial role in innovation D．scientific progress builds upon the knowledge of forerunners Passage 4 （24-25学年高一上·北京市通州区·期末） Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin (荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, affects the sexes differently. “Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status (地位),” said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous (先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy (嫉妒). Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants (参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂). After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on body language. The results suggested that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better. Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves (证明) that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish (区分) different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors that are mainly hormonal.” 1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text? A．Body language. B．Social status. C．Oxytocin. D．Placebo. 2．What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment? A．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences. B．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success. C．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love. D．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way. 3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment? A．To test people’s understanding of body language. B．To know people’s different abilities to answer questions. C．To know the differences between friendship and competition. D．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. 4．The writer develops the text by . A．describing his own experiences B．explaining people s behaviors C．discussing research experiments D．distinguishing sexual differences Passage 5 （24-25学年高一上·北京市昌平区·期末） For years, scientists have believed that the only way oxygen could be created in the ocean was through photosynthesis (光合作用). That’s how plants turn  sunlight into energy while also producing oxygen. Huge amounts of oxygen get produced in the sunlight of the upper ocean, but scientists expected that on the dark ocean bottom, oxygen levels would drop as animals used the water’s oxygen for energy. But in 2013, Andrew Sweetman, a scientist who studies the ocean floor, began to notice something strange. When he measured the oxygen in the water above the ocean floor, he found that the levels of oxygen were rising. That didn’t make sense. Dr. Sweetman thought his equipment wasn’t working. In 2021, he used a different method to measure the oxygen levels. The new measurements also showed oxygen levels rising. That’s when he realized something unusual was going on. Somehow, oxygen was being created on the dark ocean floor. Dr. Sweetman noticed that some small rock-like objects called “polymetallic nodules (多金属结核)”, which form naturally on the ocean floor over millions of years may be responsible for creating the “dark oxygen”. To learn more about how the oxygen was being created, Dr. Sweetman collected some of the nodules and the ocean floor around them and took them back to the laboratory to study. At first, they thought that tiny living things called microbes might be creating the oxygen. Then they thought that the nodules might be giving off the oxygen somehow. But neither idea was right. Finally, Dr. Sweetman began to wonder if the nodules were somehow acting like batteries (电池), and producing electricity. The idea made sense. After all, when electricity is passed through salt water, it separates the water into hydrogen and oxygen in a process called “electrolysis”. Working with scientists at Northwestern University, Dr. Sweetman discovered that the nodules produce a small amount of electricity. When the nodules are close together, they create enough electricity to produce the oxygen that Dr. Sweetman had found. The discovery raises more concerns about deep-sea mining. These nodules are exactly what many mining companies are hoping to collect. The nodules are full of important metals. Dr. Sweetman believes that mining groups should think carefully about the new discovery before they start mining. The scientists say that the nodules may be important to the way the deep sea works. They are afraid that deep-sea mining could destroy the nodules and the environment around them. 1．What did Andrew Sweetman find strange? A．Photosynthesis is not the only way to create oxygen. B．The levels of oxygen of the upper ocean fell sharply. C．His equipment used to measure oxygen didn’t function. D．Oxygen levels on the ocean floor increase unexpectedly. 2．Paragraph 3 and 4 are mainly about how Dr. Sweetman ______. A．found where “dark oxygen” comes from B．conducted his experiment on “dark oxygen” C．discovered that nodules can produce electricity D．proved the oxygen can be created on ocean floor 3．As for deep-sea mining, Dr. Sweetman is ______. A．hopeful B．disappointed C．worried D．cheerful Passage 6 （24-25学年高一上·北京市海淀区·期末） In 2022, an advanced AI language model took the world by storm with its impressive capabilities. Yet hidden within its design lies a key breakthrough responsible for sending AI rocketing these past few years — and possibly a limitation that could see it crashing back to Earth. At its core, the AI model relies on a “transformer” approach. When the model is given a string of words, it makes links between the words it has already been fed, “transforming” the whole input into a new output. That design achieved huge success when given enough computing power and data, leading to the surprising jump in apparent reasoning and language capabilities behind today’s AI tools. What’s more, using ever greater levels of computing power and data seems to continually improve a transformer’s performance. This “scaling law” is why AI companies have predicted that their models will get better and better. Outside observers are doubtful, however. Some researchers question whether this all-important scaling law can continue to be unimpeded, especially as most of the available data to train the models on has already been gathered on the Internet. Even if transformers continue to follow this scaling law, there could still be a fundamental (根本的) problem with their design. They lack an internal memory, which is central to how human intelligence works. Unlike humans, who can remember past information and build on it naturally, transformers don’t have this capability. As a result, transformers must repeatedly look back at data they have already seen. Processing and producing long text can therefore require enormous computational resources as the AI scans back and forth. Researchers hope to solve this problem with other neural network architectures, such as a model called extended long short-term memory (xLSTM), which produces comparable results to transformers while being much more efficient and able to remember past states. But a deeper problem with both transformers and their alternatives is whether they are “Turing complete”, which means they are able to run any algorithm (算法) or compute anything that any other computer can. Take a basic problem: adding two numbers. Since transformers learn from their training data, they are good at adding numbers they’ve met many times, but may produce incorrect results for numbers not found in their training data. While transformer algorithm is improving as models scale up, it still isn’t clear if they have the capability to do addition in a Turing-complete way. So, what is the solution? Finding an AI architecture that can perform as well as the transformer, while also solving the current problems with efficiency and memory, is no easy task. 1．Some AI companies are optimistic about their AI models because ______. A．they can transform input into a new output B．they have mastered reasoning and language skills C．they can bring about breakthroughs in computing power D．they keep improving with growing computing power and data 2．What does the underlined word “unimpeded” probably mean in paragraph 3? A．Unblocked. B．Unexpected. C．Unsolved. D．Unexplored. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Transformers are good at adding numbers. B．xLSTM produces better results than transformers. C．To be Turing complete is a challenge for AI models. D．Internal memory enables AI models to produce long text. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Rise and Fall of AI Models B．The Uncertain Future of AI Models C．Solutions to Problems of AI Models D．Scaling Laws and AI Models’ Progress Passage 7 （24-25学年高一上·北京市密云区·期末） Imagine opening your door and inviting the world to listen to your most private conversations. Unbelievable, right? However, in the digital world, people half open the door, which may allow technology companies, service providers and safety agencies to look into their private communications. End-to-end encryption is here for you, which refers to a digital protection for online communication. It is used by major messaging apps and services to safeguard users’ privacy. Although end-to-end encryption effectively protects the safety of messages, it is not foolproof against all network dangers. I believe that continuous progress in encryption will finally help it deal with all network dangers. And understanding end-to-end encryption is important for keeping privacy in people’s digital lives. When you use end-to-end encryption to send messages through an app, your app acts as a cryptographer (解译密码者) and encodes (编码) your message using an encoding key. This process transforms your information into a password. This ensures that the message remains a private exchange between you and the people who receive it. When the message reaches its receiver, the receiver’s app uses the decoding (解密) key to unlock the message. This decoding key is the only key capable of encrypting the message, translating the encrypted text back into readable form. Each side who communicates using this form of encryption has two encryption keys, one public and one private. You share your public key with whoever wants to communicate safely with you, and they use it to encrypt their messages to you. But that key can’t be used to decode their messages. Only your private key, which you do not share with anyone, can do that. In practice, you don’t have to think about sharing keys. Messaging apps that use end-to-end encryption solve that behind the scenes. You and the people you are communicating safely with just have to use the same app. While the effectiveness of end-to-end encryption in protecting privacy is a subject of much discussion, for the average users, end-to-end encryption offers a safe protection against most forms of digital dangers. With varying levels of protection across services, it is up to the users to choose messaging apps and end-to-end encryption wisely. 1．What can be learned about end-to-end encryption from this passage? A．It enables public message exchange. B．It safeguards people in the real world. C．It has the same function with message apps. D．It protects digital users’ online communication. 2．What does the word “foolproof” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Typical. B．Perfect. C．Magical. D．Important. 3．Paragraph 3 and 4 mainly talk about ______. A．whether end-to-end encryption is effective B．why end-to-end encryption is popular C．how end-to-end encryption works D．what end-to-end encryption is 4．What does the author think of end-to-end encryption? A．The effectiveness of using it can’t be ensured. B．Further discussions about it are not needed. C．People can totally rely on the safety of it. D．Users should choose and use it wisely. Passage 8 （24-25学年高一上·北京市北师大附中·期末） Vaccines (疫苗) may soon make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A．Croyle, researchers have developed a thin sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without using the cooling system. This means the carefully cooled small bottles now used to ship vaccines could potentially be replaced by lightweight films that can be mailed in an envelope and stored on a shelf. Croyle’s laboratory began developing the technology in 2007. Inspired by amber’s ability to preserve the DNA of insects, the researchers set out to create their own version of the substance by mixing “a lot of sugar and a little bit of salt, much like hard candy,” Croyle explains. The vaccine-containing film is administered by mouth - sweet news for many who dislike needles. The film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine candidate and provide a protective coating. “We’ve learned over time that the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to have it intermixed with all the components,” Croyle says, adding that the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment. “We really wanted to come up with something that would be transported to developing countries.” Immunization (免疫) programs depend heavily on keeping vaccines cold (2℃-8℃) as they are transported, sometimes over thousands of kilometers to far-away locations. Delivery can be difficult and costly, and transport delaying can cause the vaccines to be ineffective. But this new product can store live viruses, bacteria and antibodies for several months at 20℃. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists show that the live viruses in one vaccine were preserved in the film even after 36 months. They also find that a flu vaccine suspended in their film compares favourably with a traditional flu shot. “The study demonstrates early proof of concept for an exciting platform for vaccine product development,” says Lisa Rohan, who was not involved in the study. She also notes that each vaccine type would need a custom formulation (配方) for future stages of development. Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the researchers’ most pressing problem, Croyle says. They are also exploring packaging methods to keep their films stable up to 40℃. Size is a major advantage- a letter-sized sheet of the film can carry more than 500 doses (剂) of vaccine, about 1/900 the weight of the same amount of traditional doses. By making it easier and cheaper to ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Croyle says, the technology could vastly improve immunization rates the world over, particularly in middle-to-low income countries. 1．What can we learn about the film? A．It contains animal’s DNA． B．It will replace vaccines. C．It comes in different flavours. D．It can hold bio-products. 2．According to Paragraph 3, we can learn about the film’s ________. A．key component B．development schedule C．possible advantages D．transportation requirements 3．The author mentions Lisa Rohan’s words to________. A．advise personalizing vaccines B．suggest the product is promising C．prove the study is supported widely D．stress the functions of a new platform 4．What will be the next urgent task for Croyle’s team? A．Advertising the film worldwide. B．Improving the film’s capacity. C．Reducing the shipping cost. D．Seeking ideal producers. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文） 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市通州区·期末） Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax (香烟税) more than doubled — to $1.01 per pack — smokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” across the country seeking to kick the habit. This is not a surprise to public health supporters. They've studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive (敏感). Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on (坚持) closing their ears to the message. Tobacco (烟草) taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they prevent people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. In Manhattan, for example, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost $10.06 at one drugstore Wednesday. In Charleston, S. C．, where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation, the price was $4.78. The influence is obvious. In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys — 13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky. Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden (负担) of the tax falls on low-income (低收入) Americans “who choose to smoke.” That's true. But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked (上瘾) in the first place. As for today's adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. 1．The text is mainly about . A．the differences in tobacco tax rate B．the effect of tobacco tax increase C．the rate of teen smoking D．the price of cigarettes 2．What does the writer think is a surprise? A．Tobacco taxes improve public health. B．Teen smokers are price sensitive. C．Tobacco industry fights the tax rise. D．Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Adults will depend more on their families. B．Future generations will be hooked on smoking. C．The new tax will be helpful in the long run. D．Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了增加烟草税收对美联邦各州的影响。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第二句的“cigarette tax more than doubled(烟草税增加了一倍多)”、第二段第二句的“ tax increase(税收增加)”、第三段第二句的“Tobacco taxes(烟草税)”等信息内容，并结合文章第五段“The influence is obvious(这种影响是显而易见的)”可知，本文主要是关于烟草税收增加后带来的影响，故B选项“the effect of tobacco tax increase(烟草税增加的影响)”正确。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段 “The only wonder is that so many states insist on (坚持) closing their ears to the message.(唯一令人惊讶的是，许多州坚持对（提高烟草税的）信息充耳不闻)”可知，作者认为一些州仍然保持较低的烟草税是令人惊讶的。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked (上瘾) in the first place. As for today's adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better.(但更重要的是，首先要防止未来几代低收入工人上瘾。至于今天的成年人，如果新税促使他们戒烟，他们将有更多的钱花在家庭上，降低患癌症和心脏病的风险，并感觉更好)”可推知，从长远来看，新税是有益的。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市昌平区·期末） Obesity (肥胖) is not a choice and making people feel ashamed only results in their feeling worse about themselves, a report by leading psychologists (心理学家) says. It calls for modifications in language to reduce shame, such as saying “a person with obesity” rather than an “obese person”. And it says health professionals should be trained to talk about losing weight in a more supportive way. The report points to a troubling rise in obesity levels across the UK. Between 2005 and 2017, obesity levels rose by 18% in England and by similar amounts in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. But these increases cannot be explained by a sudden decrease of willpower across the UK. It is far more than that, according to the British Psychological Society report, which concludes it “is not simply down to an individual’s missing of determination”. “The people who are most likely to be an unhealthy weight are those who have a high genetic (遗传的) risk of developing obesity and whose lives are also shaped by work, school and social environments that encourage overeating and inactivity,” it says. “People who live in poor areas often experience high levels of stress, including major life challenges and injury, and often their neighborhoods offer few chances and encouragements for physical activity and choices for getting affordable healthy food are limited.” Psychological experiences also play a big role, the report says, with up to half of adults attending obesity services having experienced difficulties in childhood. And stress caused by fat shaming or being made to feel bad about one’s weight by public health activities, nurses and policymakers, often leads to increased eating and more weight gain. A talk show actor James Corden recently spoke out against fat shaming, saying: “If making fun of fat people made them lose weight, there’d be no fat kids in schools.” Psychologists can use their knowledge to help train health professionals to communicate better on obesity, says Dr Angel Chater, report author and reader in health psychology and behaviour design at the University of Bedfordshire. “We can help, not just by devising ways of helping individuals, but also by advising on public policy which will help create an environment in which people find it easier not to become obese in the first place.” However, the psychologists are not in favour of obesity being classed as a “disease”, because, they say, this could take the focus away from behavioral changes that could succeed. 1．What does the underlined word “modifications” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Changes. B．Styles. C．Helps. D．Interests. 2．The author quotes James Corden’s comment in Paragraph 4 to ______. A．show his concern B．offer his suggestion C．support his opinion D．explain his statement 3．We can learn from the passage that obesity is ______. A．a matter of sudden decrease in determination B．a common problem shaped by various factors C．a psychological disease that calls for attention D．a rude expression that makes people feel worse 4．What does the writer intend to tell us? A．People should discuss obesity in a respectful way. B．Professional advice matters a lot to overweight people. C．People with obesity tend to feel ashamed of themselves. D．Behavioral changes contribute greatly to losing weight. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了肥胖问题，并强调了使用尊重性语言讨论肥胖问题的重要性。文章指出，肥胖并非个人选择，而是由多种因素共同作用的结果。因此，我们应该以更尊重和理解的态度来对待肥胖人群，避免使用带有羞耻感的言辞来伤害他们。 1．词句猜测题。根据“such as saying “a person with obesity” rather than an “obese person”(例如说“一个肥胖的人”而不是“一个胖子”)”可知，报告呼吁对语言进行修改，以减少羞耻感，由此可知，modifications的意思是“改变”。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“A talk show actor James Corden recently spoke out against fat shaming, saying: “If making fun of fat people made them lose weight, there’d be no fat kids in schools.”(脱口秀演员詹姆斯·柯登最近公开反对嘲笑肥胖者，他说：“如果嘲笑胖子能让他们减肥，那学校里就不会有胖孩子了。”)”可知，作者在第四段引用詹姆斯·柯登的评论，是为了支持自己之前提出的观点，即嘲笑或羞辱肥胖者并不能帮助他们减肥，反而可能导致他们吃得更多，体重增加。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段““The people who are most likely to be an unhealthy weight are those who have a high genetic risk of developing obesity and whose lives are also shaped by work, school and social environments that encourage overeating and inactivity,” it says.(报告说：“最有可能体重不健康的人是那些有较高遗传风险发展为肥胖的人，以及那些生活受到工作、学校和社会环境影响的人，这些环境鼓励过度饮食和不活动。”)”可知，肥胖并非仅仅是由个人意志力突然下降导致的，而是由遗传、工作、学校和社会环境等多种因素共同作用的结果。因此，肥胖是一个由多种因素塑造的常见问题。故选B。 4．推理判断题。文章主要讨论了肥胖问题，并强调了使用尊重性语言讨论肥胖问题的重要性。文章指出，肥胖并非个人选择，而是由多种因素共同作用的结果。因此，我们应该以更尊重和理解的态度来对待肥胖人群，避免使用带有羞耻感的言辞来伤害他们。由此可知，作者意图告诉我们应该以尊重的方式讨论肥胖问题，避免给肥胖人群带来额外的羞耻感和压力。因此，A选项“People should discuss obesity in a respectful way.(人们应该以尊重的方式讨论肥胖问题。)”符合题意。故选A。 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市清华附中·期末） The start of something new can be an exciting prospect and documenting the point in time or space at which something begins has been a popular theme for photography projects throughout time. For this year’s brief, we’re asking students to show through a series of five to ten images the first part or earliest stage of something. Be it following a new life, sharing the start of someone’s day, following the preparations and beginning of a particular occasion or celebration, or revealing the promise of new technology, the story, approach and photographic style can be in any genre. Your images can be taken on any device, shot in any style-be black & white or colour-and approached from any angle you feel is best. While innovative responses are encouraged, photographers must stick to the brief. The Competition is open to all students of photography from World Photography Organisation’s selected Universities. All entries must confirm, on application, their acceptance of the rules of the Competition and these Terms and Conditions. Entries must be submitted by 13:00 GMT on 29 November 2025. By entering the Competition, each Entrant agrees and acknowledges that World Photography Organisation (WPO) is permitted to receive his/ her registration data. All personal information will be used by WPO in accordance with its privacy policy. Students are required to submit Five to Ten images responding to a brief. To enter, students must ensure their institution is registered and images are submitted via www.worldphoto.org. If your institution is not registered yet, you can register here. For a list of participating institutions, please see here. Your entry may feature manipulation, but where entries are manipulated, the extent of which must be described in the image description section when submitting. For the avoidance of doubt, all Entries must originally be from either an analogue or digital photograph which may have then been manipulated. Computer generated content cannot be the origin of the entry. Should a question arise through the judging process regarding the extent of your entry’s manipulation, you may be requested to submit the original photograph and image file to verify. The overall winning university is given Sony digital imaging equipment worth approximately €30,000 as well as the flights and accommodation for one student and one tutor to the awards ceremony in London. 1．According to this year’s brief, the photos that ________ can enter this year’s competition. A．tell the growing-up story of a teenager B．document a teacher’s morning routine C．show the decline of certain technology D．capture the moments of the graduation season 2．We can tell from the passage that ________. A．registration is needed before entry submission B．all students from selected universities can enter C．photo editing is strictly prohibited in the competition D．registered universities need to attend the award ceremony 3．This passage mainly focuses on ________. A．photography skills B．competition guidelines C．advertising WPO’s values D．presenting photography trends 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项摄影比赛的比赛要求和注意事项等。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Be it following a new life, sharing the start of someone’s day, following the preparations and beginning of a particular occasion or celebration, or revealing the promise of new technology, the story, approach and photographic style can be in any genre.(无论是跟随新生活，分享某人一天的开始，跟随特定场合或庆祝活动的准备和开始，还是揭示新技术、故事、方法的前景和摄影风格都可以是任何类型的)”可知，强调的是“某事开始的第一部分或最初阶段”，根据今年的竞赛大纲，记录老师早晨日常生活的照片可以参加今年的比赛。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“To enter, students must ensure their institution is registered and images are submitted via www.worldphoto.org.(要参加比赛，学生必须确保他们的机构已经注册，并通过www.worldphoto.org提交照片)”可知，从文章中我们可以看出，在提交作品之前需要注册。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The Competition is open to all students of photography from World Photography Organisation’s selected Universities.(本次比赛面向世界摄影组织所选大学的所有摄影专业学生开放)”结合文章主要介绍了一项摄影比赛的比赛要求和注意事项等。可知，这篇文章主要关注的是比赛准则。故选B。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高一上·北京市东城区·期末） Everywhere I look, there are new buildings being built. The neighbourhoods that I knew as a boy, filled with beautiful old buildings, have mostly disappeared, and in their place, modern, high-rise buildings have appeared. If we continue in this way, nothing will remain of our heritage; soon I will no longer recognize my city. What is left of the city’s traditional buildings and neighbourhoods must be preserved and it is important to begin this process now. Historic preservation has become popular all over the world in recent years, but many countries have chosen new construction over preservation. There is good reason for this. As the population has become larger, people want the usefulness of modern living. However, the built environment should be more than shiny new buildings with air conditioning and washing machines; it should also show the beauty of our culture and heritage. How can our children understand our culture if we erase so much of the physical evidence (物证) of it? The reasons for preserving historic buildings are not simply about an emotional connection to the past. There are also good economic reasons in favour of preservation. The repair and preservation of historic sites can become an economic engine, drawing tourists and small businesses to the area. There are several good examples of this in the Middle East. In Dubai, the historic AI Bastikiya district draws thousands of tourists every year from all over the world. It also attracts local people, eager to learn about their city’s past. Those who are against historic preservation think that it is too expensive. But many recent projects all over the world have told us that this is not necessarily the case. In fact, renovation (翻新) of an existing building can cost about $40 per square metre less than even the most basic new building, while preserving the beauty of the original building. What is more, environmental experts believe that the greenest building is the one that is already built. New building almost always has a more serious environmental influence because it requires the use of all-new materials that must be transported, often over long distances, instead of recycled materials that are already on site. We recycle so many other things. We can and should recycle buildings, too. 1．How does the author feel about his neighbourhood? A．Unsafe. B．Confused. C．Bored. D．Upset. 2．As for international visitors, which would the author agree with? A．They prefer modern accommodation. B．They get along well with local people. C．They want to learn about culture and traditions. D．They choose destinations based on local economy. 3．What is mainly discussed in the last paragraph? A．The advantages of historic preservation. B．Recent progress in heritage preservation. C．The challenges historic preservation faces. D．People’s impression of preservation projects. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了作者对保护遗产的看法。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The neighbourhoods that I knew as a boy, filled with beautiful old buildings, have mostly disappeared, and in their place, modern, high-rise buildings have appeared. If we continue in this way, nothing will remain of our heritage; soon I will no longer recognize my city.(我小时候所熟悉的街区，到处都是美丽的老建筑，现在大部分都消失了，取而代之的是现代化的高层建筑。如果我们继续这样下去，我们的遗产将荡然无存；很快我就认不出我的城市了。)”可知，作者担心自己所在的街区的历史遗产将会荡然无存。由此可推知，作者对他所熟悉的街区感到不安。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“There are several good examples of this in the Middle East. In Dubai, the historic AI Bastikiya district draws thousands of tourists every year from all over the world. It also attracts local people, eager to learn about their city’s past.(中东有几个很好的例子。在迪拜，历史悠久的AI Bastikiya区每年吸引来自世界各地的数千名游客。它也吸引了当地人，他们渴望了解自己城市的过去。)”可推知，至于国际游客，作者同意他们想了解文化和传统。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“In fact, renovation of an existing building can cost about $40 per square metre less than even the most basic new building, while preserving the beauty of the original building. What is more, environmental experts believe that the greenest building is the one that is already built. New building almost always has a more serious environmental influence because it requires the use of all-new materials that must be transported, often over long distances, instead of recycled materials that are already on site. We recycle so many other things. We can and should recycle buildings, too.(事实上，在保留原有建筑美感的同时，翻修一栋现有建筑每平方米的成本甚至比最基本的新建筑还要低40美元左右。更重要的是，环境专家认为最环保的建筑是已经建成的建筑。新建筑几乎总是有更严重的环境影响，因为它需要使用必须长途运输的全新材料，而不是已经在现场的回收材料。我们回收了很多其他的东西。我们可以也应该回收建筑。)”可知，最后一段主要讨论了保护历史建筑的好处。故选A。 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市平谷区·期末） Exercise Does Good to Your Brain Regular exercise is generally good for us. However, in a new report, researchers have shown that even short bursts of activity can give us a noticeable brainpower boost. The researchers, from the University of California Santa Barbara, dug through 113 previous studies. When it comes to one-off exercise sessions, the results suggest energetic activities are best for cognition. In particular, cycling and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were linked to the biggest differences in executive functioning — that’s the part of our cognitive abilities. “Our work showed the strongest evidence for a positive effect of single bouts of exercise on cognition,” says neuroscientist Barry Giesbrecht, from UC Santa Barbara. The biggest brain gains were found in exercises less than 30 minutes in duration, and also when cognition was tested after exercise rather than during the workout itself. Energetic aerobic exercise can lead to a slight improvement in overall performance on cognitive tasks, especially on those that probe executive function and measure response time. That goes for other aspects of health besides brain flexibility too. Earlier research found that HIIT works can be good for improving heart health and reducing the risk of future health problems. “These results are surprising, considering that exercise intensity is believed to have an inverted-U (倒U型) relationship with performance, where moderate intensity exercise leads to the greatest improvements while more intense, fatiguing exercise causes decreases,” write the researchers in their published paper. The message here, as it has been in many previous studies, is that you don’t need to do a lot of exercise to start feeling the benefits — sometimes it just takes 30 minutes and even 10 minutes. Thus, enhancing your cognitive abilities or maintaining best health likely does not necessitate sticking to a strict daily workout schedule, engaging in extremely energetic activities, or even taking part in over prolonged exercises. That’s encouraging for those of us who find it difficult to get into a regular routine. 1．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A．Cognition is best tested during the workout. B．Cycling is good for people’s cognitive abilities. C．Long-time exercises have the biggest impact on the brain. D．Energetic exercise makes little improvement on cognition. 2．What does the “inverted-U relationship” mean? A．Lower intensity, better performance. B．Higher intensity, better performance. C．Intensity has no effect on performance. D．Moderate intensity is best, higher may decline. 3．The purpose of this article is to ______. A．encourage people to exercise B．stress the importance of HIIT C．explain the process of a research D．introduce different types of exercise 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了短时间的运动也能提升大脑认知能力。 1．推理判断题。由文章第二段中“The researchers, from the University of California Santa Barbara, dug through 113 previous studies. When it comes to one-off exercise sessions, the results suggest energetic activities are best for cognition. In particular, cycling and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were linked to the biggest differences in executive functioning — that’s the part of our cognitive abilities. (这些研究人员来自加利福尼亚大学圣塔芭芭拉分校，他们深入研究了113项先前的研究。就单次运动而言，结果表明，充满活力的活动对认知能力最有益。特别是，骑自行车和高强度间歇训练（HIIT）与执行功能（这是我们认知能力的一部分）的最大差异有关。)”可知，骑自行车对人们的认知能力有好处。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“These results are surprising, considering that exercise intensity is believed to have an inverted-U relationship with performance, where moderate intensity exercise leads to the greatest improvements while more intense, fatiguing exercise causes decreases (考虑到运动强度被认为与表现之间存在倒U型 relationship，即中等强度运动带来的改善最大，而更剧烈、令人疲惫的运动会导致表现下降，这些结果令人惊讶)”可知，考虑到运动强度被认为与表现呈倒U型关系，这些结果是令人惊讶的，在这种关系中，中等强度的运动带来最大的改善，而更剧烈、令人疲劳的运动则会导致下降。因此，inverted-U relationship指的是中等强度最好，更高强度可能会下降。D选项“Moderate intensity is best, higher may decline. (中等强度最好，更高可能会下降)”与原文意思相符。故选D。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Regular exercise is generally good for us. However, in a new report, researchers have shown that even short bursts of activity can give us a noticeable brainpower boost. (定期进行运动通常对我们有益。然而，在一份新报告中，研究人员表明，即使是短暂的活动也能让我们的大脑功能得到显著提升。)”可知，文章主要讲述了研究人员发现即使是短时间的活动也能显著提高脑力，并介绍了相关研究结果和结论，最后指出提高认知能力或保持最佳健康状态并不一定需要坚持严格的日常锻炼计划、进行极其剧烈的活动或甚至进行长时间的锻炼，这对于那些难以养成常规习惯的人来说是鼓舞人心的。因此，文章的目的是鼓励人们进行锻炼。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市平谷区·期末） Alcohol (酒精) is the most widely consumed drug among young people in some countries. Many of us know the negative consequences of consuming alcohol, such as getting into violent behaviors and traffic accidents. However, fewer of us consider how a few binge drinking sessions can affect the brain, especially when it is still developing. To understand these effects, we need to look at two key elements: how alcohol is metabolized, and how it affects the developing adolescent brain. Alcohol is mainly metabolized in the liver, which processes the drink after it has been absorbed. We can think of the liver as a sponge that absorbs alcohol. However, when it becomes saturated, it loses this capacity, causing the effects of drunkenness. Unfortunately, alcoholic beverages not only have temporary impacts on the functioning of our brains, they also have long-lasting effects on various aspects of the nervous system. It is important to note that during its development—up to the age of 25-30—the brain is at its most vulnerable to the effects of drugs. Moreover, these changes cause certain areas of the brain to mature earlier than others. This mismatch between the development of the brain’s reward, impulse control and decision-making systems may explain why adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviour. We have to stress the relationship between the age of starting alcohol consumption and later problems. The data is clear: the earlier someone starts drinking, the higher their risk of developing these conditions. This highlights the fact that there is no such thing as a healthy dose of alcohol, and no such thing as harmless binge drinking. It is crucial that we pay especially close attention to teenage drinking. 1．The first paragraph is used to ______. A．present a solution B．provide detail causes C．introduce the topic D．carry out a comparison 2．What does the word “temporary” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Short-term. B．Long-term. C．Serious. D．Slight. 3．From the text, we can infer that ______. A．it’s safer to drink at the age of 28 B．the effects of drinking has nothing to do with age C．alcohol affects the brain and causes behavior problems D．only teenagers’ impulse control system is affected by alcohol 4．As for teenage drinking, the author is ______. A．worried B．indifferent C．doubtful D．supportive 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了酒精对青少年大脑的影响，尤其是青少年在大脑发育期间饮酒可能带来的短期和长期危害。文章指出，尽管许多人知道饮酒可能导致暴力行为和交通事故，但较少有人意识到酒精对仍在发育中的大脑的潜在影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Alcohol (酒精) is the most widely consumed drug among young people in some countries. Many of us know the negative consequences of consuming alcohol, such as getting into violent behaviors and traffic accidents. However, fewer of us consider how a few binge drinking sessions can affect the brain, especially when it is still developing.(酒精是许多国家年轻人中最广泛使用的药物。我们中的许多人知道饮酒的负面后果，比如引发暴力行为和交通事故。然而，较少的人会考虑几次酗酒行为会对大脑产生怎样的影响，尤其是当大脑仍在发育时。)”可知，本段提到年轻人饮酒的现象，并且指出饮酒的负面影响，尤其是对大脑的影响。因此推断这段内容主要是为了引出文章接下来要详细讨论的主题——酒精对青少年大脑发育的影响。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据第二段的“Unfortunately, alcoholic beverages not only have temporary impacts on the functioning of our brains, they also have long-lasting effects on various aspects of the nervous system.(不幸的是，酒精饮料不仅会对我们的大脑功能产生temporary的影响，还会对神经系统的各个方面产生持久性的影响。)”可知，temporary一词与long-lasting effects（长期影响）形成对比，说明酒精对大脑的影响既有短期的，也有长期的。因此，temporary在这里表示“短期的”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Unfortunately, alcoholic beverages not only have temporary impacts on the functioning of our brains, they also have long-lasting effects on various aspects of the nervous system.(不幸的是，酒精饮料不仅会对我们的大脑功能产生短暂的影响，还会对神经系统的各个方面产生持久性的影响。)”和倒数第二段“It is important to note that during its development—up to the age of 25-30—the brain is at its most vulnerable to the effects of drugs. Moreover, these changes cause certain areas of the brain to mature earlier than others. This mismatch between the development of the brain’s reward, impulse control and decision-making systems may explain why adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviour.(需要指出的是，在大脑发育的阶段（即25岁至30岁期间）——也就是大脑最易受到药物影响的时期——大脑会处于一种极度脆弱的状态。此外，这些变化还会导致大脑某些区域的成熟时间早于其他区域。这种大脑奖赏、冲动控制和决策系统发育与成熟之间的不匹配，或许可以解释为什么青少年更有可能从事冒险行为。)”可知，文章提到酒精对大脑的短期和长期影响，并且指出这些影响会导致青少年更容易出现冒险行为。因此可以推断酒精会影响大脑并导致行为问题。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第一段“This highlights the fact that there is no such thing as a healthy dose of alcohol, and no such thing as harmless binge drinking. It is crucial that we pay especially close attention to teenage drinking.(这凸显了一个事实：不存在所谓适量饮酒这种说法，也不存在所谓无害的狂饮这种说法。我们必须特别留意青少年饮酒问题。)”以及前文的讲述可知，作者强调青少年大脑在发育过程中对酒精的易感性，指出早期饮酒会导致长期风险，并呼吁要特别关注青少年饮酒问题。这种语气和反复的警告表明作者对青少年饮酒问题感到担忧。故选A。 主题04 人与自然——自然生态 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市房山区·期末） Emperor penguin colonies experienced breeding (繁殖) failure in a region of Antarctica where there was total sea ice loss in 2022, according to a new research. Researchers discussed the high probability that no chicks had survived from four of the five known emperor penguin colonies in the central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea. The scientists examined satellite images that showed the loss of sea ice at breeding sites, well before chicks would have developed waterproof feathers. Emperor penguins are dependent on stable (稳定的) sea ice that is firmly attached to the shore for the majority of the year, from April through to January. Once they arrive at their chosen breeding site, penguins lay eggs in Antarctic winter from May to June. Eggs hatch after 65 days, but chicks do not develop feathers until summer, between December and January. At the beginning of December 2022, the Antarctic sea ice extent broke the previous all-time low set in 2021. The most extreme loss was seen in the central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea region, west of the Antarctic Peninsula where there was a total loss of sea ice in November 2022. “The loss of sea ice in this region during the Antarctic summer made it very unlikely that displaced chicks would survive. We know that emperor penguins are highly weak in a warming climate—and current scientific evidence suggests that extreme sea ice loss events like this will become more frequent and widespread,” said Dr Peter Fretwell, lead author of the study. Emperor penguin populations have never been subject to large scale (规模) hunting, habitat loss, overfishing or other local anthropogenic (人为的) interactions in the modern era. Climate change is considered the only major factor influencing their long-term population change. Recent efforts to predict emperor penguin population trends from forecasts of sea ice loss have painted a bleak picture, showing that if present rates of warming continue, most of colonies will disappear by the end of this century. Dr Jeremy Wilkinson, a sea ice physicist, commented, “The result of the research really shocks us that emperor penguins fail to breed, at this scale, in a single season. It is another warning sign for humanity that we cannot continue down this path. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas gives off gases that add to the overheating of the earth. Therefore, we must act to minimize the impact of climate change. There is no time left.” 1．What can we know from the passage? A．Human activities have a direct influence on emperor penguin population. B．The year of 2021 saw the severest sea ice loss in Antarctic on record. C．Emperor penguin chicks usually develop feathers before December. D．Loss of sea ice leads to the failure of emperor penguins breeding. 2．How is the passage mainly developed? A．By listing numbers. B．By telling stories. C．By analyzing facts. D．By giving examples. 3．What does the underlined word “bleak” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Special. B．Hopeless. C．Mysterious. D．Unclear. 4．What does Dr Jeremy Wilkinson most want to indicate in the last paragraph? A．Human beings are to blame for the global warming. B．Emperor penguins face many challenges of survival. C．More research should be done to ensure positive changes. D．Immediate steps must be taken to fight against climate change. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了帝企鹅繁殖失败与气候变化有关的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Emperor penguin colonies experienced breeding (繁殖) failure in a region of Antarctica where there was total sea ice loss in 2022, according to a new research.(根据一项新的研究，在2022年海冰完全消失的南极洲地区，帝企鹅种群经历了繁殖失败)”可知，海冰的减少导致帝企鹅无法繁殖。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“Emperor penguin colonies experienced breeding (繁殖) failure in a region of Antarctica where there was total sea ice loss in 2022, according to a new research.(根据一项新的研究，在2022年海冰完全消失的南极洲地区，帝企鹅种群经历了繁殖失败)”；第二段“Researchers discussed the high probability that no chicks had survived from four of the five known emperor penguin colonies in the central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea. The scientists examined satellite images that showed the loss of sea ice at breeding sites, well before chicks would have developed waterproof feathers.(研究人员讨论了在别令斯豪森海中部和东部已知的五个帝企鹅聚居区中，有四个很可能没有幼崽存活下来的可能性。科学家们检查了卫星图像，这些图像显示，在雏鸟长出防水羽毛之前，繁殖地的海冰就已经消失了)”可知，文章首先提出帝企鹅群落繁殖失败的问题，然后分析导致这个问题的原因，即海冰的消失，后面段落接着提到科学家对海冰损失和帝企鹅种群趋势的预测，最后呼吁采取行动对抗气候变化，即文章主要是通过分析事实展开。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“showing that if present rates of warming continue, most of colonies will disappear by the end of this century(这表明，如果目前的变暖速度继续下去，到本世纪末，大多数帝企鹅群落将消失)”描述了在目前变暖速度下帝企鹅的悲观前景，可得出划线词所在句——最近根据海冰损失的预测来预测帝企鹅种群趋势的努力描绘了一幅没有希望的图景，表明如果目前的变暖速度继续下去，大多数帝企鹅群落将在本世纪末消失。故划线词意思是“没有希望的”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Dr Jeremy Wilkinson, a sea ice physicist, commented, “The result of the research really shocks us that emperor penguins fail to breed, at this scale, in a single season. It is another warning sign for humanity that we cannot continue down this path. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas gives off gases that add to the overheating of the earth. Therefore, we must act to minimize the impact of climate change. There is no time left.”(海冰物理学家杰里米·威尔金森博士评论说：“研究结果真的让我们震惊，在这样的规模下，帝企鹅不能在一个季节内繁殖。这是对人类的另一个警告信号，我们不能继续沿着这条路走下去。煤、石油和天然气的燃烧释放出的气体加剧了地球的过热。因此，我们必须采取行动，尽量减少气候变化的影响。没有时间了。”)”可知，Jeremy Wilkinson博士在最后一段最想指出的是必须立即采取措施对抗气候变化。故选D。 主题05 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市顺义区·期末） Decisions take time. Choosing a new apartment and deciding whether to change jobs are serious problems with many sides that need to be carefully balanced. However, we also make many small decisions every day. Some we make again and again, as what to have for dinner or which clothes to wear. Others happen less often, but there is always one waiting for you to decide like whether to replace your old computer or which hotel to book for your holidays. Small decisions also take time. Funnily, however, the small decisions that might eat a larger part of your time might be the ones that matter less. This is because of a basic psychological (心理学的) law: when you choose between two things, your brain needs more time if they are more alike. Imagine you have to choose between two hotels for your beach holidays. The first costs $200 less per night than the second, but other than that, the two are very similar in quality. Unless you get extra information, you will probably book the cheaper hotel very quickly. Now, suppose the first hotel costs just $10 less per night, and it is 100 meters further away from the beach than the second. It could possibly take you ages to jump between the two choices before finally deciding. You can see that when the differences are small, your brain actually has a harder time making a decision. This interesting fact was discovered in 2012, when researchers found that when it comes to making choices, the less people care about the result, the longer they take to decide. This is how the human brain works. If you are choosing between two things which are almost exactly as valuable to you, what you choose does not matter much, because the difference between them is small. In the words of researchers, the “opportunity cost” is low. And yet, research has shown that people actually spend more time on decisions that matter less. So what can you learn from this? Well, at least for small decisions, if you find yourself having a hard time, it might be because it does not matter. So just do something and stop worrying. Again, this is not true for hard decisions like picking your kid’s school. But if you are deciding whether to paint your kitchen white or yellow, and you find yourself having a headache over it, you are probably wasting your time. The key is to recognize when the difficulty comes from yourself, and when it comes from not having enough information. If you already know everything about two computers and find yourself going back and forth between them, it means you don’t care that much. Throw a coin, buy one, and use your time for something more important. 1．What can we infer (推断) about the human brain? A．It can’t decide what’s important for us. B．It takes little time to make hard decisions. C．It often chooses wrong when the result matters. D．It has difficulty choosing between two similar things. 2．Paragraph 3 mainly gives us ______. A．a description of how our brains deal with information B．a viewpoint on what people value when making decisions C．a prediction about when people might make better choices D．an example of how our brains choose between similar things 3．What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Chance of making a decision. B．Price of making a choice. C．Value of making a difference. D．Importance of making a wish. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．We should care less about hard decisions. B．Decision-making is difficult for most people. C．People often waste time making unimportant choices. D．Research is not needed when making small decisions. 5．According to the passage, what attitude should we have when facing small decisions? A．Worried and scared. B．Relaxed and decisive. C．Calm and serious. D．Cheerful and curious. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要讲述了做决定花费时间的原因和应对方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“This is because of a basic psychological (心理学的) law: when you choose between two things, your brain needs more time if they are more alike.(这是因为一个基本的心理学定律：当你在两个事物之间做出选择时，如果它们更相似，你的大脑需要更多的时间。)”可推知，人的大脑很难在两个相似事物之间做出选择。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“This is because of a basic psychological（心理学的）law: when you choose between two things, your brain needs more time if they are more alike.(这是因为一个基本的心理学定律：当你在两个事物之间做出选择时，如果它们更相似，你的大脑需要更多的时间。)”和第三段“Imagine you have to choose between two hotels for your beach holidays. The first costs $200 less per night than the second, but other than that, the two are very similar in quality.(想象一下，你必须在海滩度假的两家酒店中做出选择。前者每晚比后者便宜200美元，但除此之外，两者在质量上非常相似。)”和该段内容可知，第三段主要是在第二段提出的心理学定律的基础上，举例说明了我们的大脑是如何在两个相似事物之间做出选择的。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据第四段“If you are choosing between two things which are almost exactly as valuable to you, what you choose does not matter much, because the difference between them is small.(如果你在两件对你来说几乎完全一样有价值的东西之间做出选择，你选择什么并不重要，因为它们之间的差别很小。)”和划线词所在句“In the words of researchers, the “opportunity cost” is low.(用研究人员的话来说，“opportunity cost”很低。)”可知，如果在两件几乎完全一样有价值的东西之间做出选择，选择所付出的代价是很低的，故opportunity cost表示“做出选择的代价”。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“And yet, research has shown that people actually spend more time on decisions that matter less.(然而，研究表明，人们实际上花了更多的时间在不那么重要的决定上。)”和第五段“But if you are deciding whether to paint your kitchen white or yellow, and you find yourself having a headache over it, you are probably wasting your time.(但是，如果你正在决定把你的厨房刷成白色还是黄色，而你发现自己对此感到头疼，那么你可能是在浪费时间。)”可知，人们经常把时间浪费在做一些不重要的决定上。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Throw a coin, buy one, and use your time for something more important.(抛硬币，买一个，然后把你的时间用在更重要的事情上。)”可知，在遇到小的决定时，我们可以采用抛硬币的方式，放松而果断地做出决定。故选B。 主题01 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市西城区·期末） People do not always expect us to succeed. In light of this, what happens when we think that others expect us to fail? In one study, researchers carried out an experiment with 330 online workers, asking them to do a computer task that involved clicking on rapidly moving targets. They were told that someone was observing their performance. After they completed a 15-second practice, they received one of three messages — stating underdog expectations, high expectations, or neutral expectations — from the observer; unknown to them, the expectations were randomly (随机地) given to them. Participants then performed the task, which required both effort and focus to do effectively. Researchers found that those who experienced underdog expectations performed better than those who received high or neutral expectations. To find out why underdog expectations lead people to perform better, researchers ran another experiment with 156 business students, having them complete a negotiations simulation (模拟谈判). Before they started negotiating, they were told that experts made predictions on their possibility of negotiating effectively. Once again, researchers randomly gave them either underdog, high, or neutral expectations. After the negotiation, the students were asked questions about their desire to prove others wrong, their self-confidence, and their assertiveness (魄力). Like with earlier studies, those who experienced underdog expectations performed the best. In addition, instead of having greater self-confidence or being more assertive, the desire to prove others wrong was what helped researchers understand why those experiencing underdog expectations performed better. Of course, underdog expectations do not always translate to success. There are many more examples of people failing to overcome the low expectations others set for them. So, when does being an underdog lead to success rather than failure? Researchers reran the computer task of clicking on a target, but this time was a bit different: before participants received randomly given underdog, high, or neutral expectations, they were also randomly given information about the observer’s credibility (可信度). Specifically, participants in the high credibility condition read that the observer was a high performer in the same task and had an excellent record of predicting others’ performance. In the low credibility condition, participants read that the observer was a poor performer and was often incorrect about others’ performance. Researchers found that underdog expectations from both less and more credible observers motivated (激励) participants to aim to prove others wrong. But this motivation only translated to better performance in the face of less credible observers, while it failed when it came from more credible observers. It appears that trying to prove highly credible people wrong may have developed a sense of anxiety, which undermined later performance. Quite the opposite, people experiencing underdog expectations from less credible observers were able to use the desire to prove others wrong and perform successfully. Do these results mean leaders should set low expectations for their team to try to improve performance? Of course not. But they do suggest that more people can achieve success when they think others view them as underdogs. 1．The second experiment was intended to find out ________. A．whether experts’ predictions matched the performance of the students. B．how researchers should present participants with different expectations. C．what was behind the improved performance of “underdog” participants. D．who would fail to overcome low expectations set before the negotiation. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Different expectations were given based on participants’ assertiveness. B．Underdogs tend to outperform expectations in a low credibility condition. C．Self-confidence plays an important role in determining a person’s success. D．Participants were motivated to perform better when they trusted observers. 3．What does the word “undermined” underlined in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Weakened. B．Destroyed. C．Motivated. D．Translated. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To present research findings about what causes underdog expectations. B．To compare the effects of underdog, high, and neutral expectations. C．To show how underdog expectations influence performance. D．To analyze when underdog expectations can lead to success. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章论述了低期望如何影响人们的表现，研究表明，低期望能够激励人们表现得更好，特别是在观察者可信度较低的情况下。这是因为受试者有强烈的欲望去证明别人是错的，而这种欲望使他们表现得更好。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“To find out why underdog expectations lead people to perform better, researchers ran another  experiment with 156 business students, having them complete a  negotiations simulation (模拟谈判).(为了找出低期望为何会让人表现得更好，研究人员对156名商科学生进行了另一项实验，让他们完成一场模拟谈判)”可推知，第二个实验的目的是找出“低期望”表现改善背后的原因。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第七段“Quite the opposite, people experiencing underdog expectations from less credible observers were able to use the desire to prove others wrong and perform successfully.(恰恰相反，经历低可信度观察者的不被看好的人能够利用证明他人错误的欲望并成功表现出色)”可知，在低可信度情况下，“低期望”倾向于表现得比预期更好。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第七段“It appears that trying to prove highly credible people wrong may have developed a sense of anxiety, which undermined later performance. Quite the opposite, people experiencing underdog expectations from less credible observers were able to use the desire to prove others wrong and perform successfully.(看来，试图证明高度可信的人是错误的可能会导致焦虑感，从而undermined后续的表现。恰恰相反，经历低可信度观察者的不被看好的人能够利用证明他人错误的欲望并成功表现出色)”可知，试图证明高度可信的人是错误的可能会导致焦虑感，从而削弱后续的表现，所以undermined的意思是“削弱”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。通读全文尤其根据文章最后一句话“But they do suggest that more people can achieve success when they think others view them as underdogs.(但研究确实表明，当人们认为他人视他们为失败者时，他们可能会取得更多成功)”可知，文章介绍了一个研究，该研究表明低期望能激发更好的表现，并分析了何种情况下这种效果会产生。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释低期望如何影响表现。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市东城区·期末） It was nearly 10 years ago that Kate Gupta’s five-year-old son was knocked down in Yellowstone National Park by noisy tourists getting a photo of themselves with the running bison (野牛) in the background. But since the annoying accident, Gupta, a photographer and writer, has only seen an increase in this kind of pushy behavior in search of the perfect selfie (自拍). “I’m not against taking photos”, Gupta said, but she cannot abide what she describes as a “lack of consideration for others”. What was supposed to be an amazing sight was ruined by the rudeness of too many people trying to get a photo. Whether it’s dressing inappropriately in formal settings, posing (摆拍) in front of memorials or involving themselves in risky photo-taking behavior, this can be problematic for visitors as well as locals. As a result, objecting to tourists behaving badly is on the rise. Some destinations are making efforts to attract travelers to lesser- known attractions and regions. Some are even taking direct action against elaborate photo shoots and selfie-takers. In Big Sur, California, the Sustainable Movements Initiative is set up to promote responsible behavior and aims to get visitors to go beyond the selfie. “The challenge with selfies is when getting the picture becomes more important than breathing in the actual experience,” said Rob O’ Keefe, the CEO, who hopes people will stop to enjoy the views. Policies can be useful. Education and example-setting — by destinations and tour companies and even travel influencers — is also important. “If somebody’ s watching the influencer channel, and they are encouraged to go to that destination, maybe it’s the responsibility of the influencers to actually educate tourists through their content”, O’ Keefe said. “I get annoyed that people refuse to put cameras down and be in the moment,” added Jeremy Harlan, a film producer who travels regularly for both work and pleasure. “If you appreciate the beauty, just stop and look with your eyes and burn it into your head. A camera isn’t coming close to replicating that image.” People don’t necessarily need a phone-free trip. “If you do still feel the need to get that perfect shot to post online”, O’ Keefe says, “do not break the law to get a selfie”. 1．The author mentions the five-year-old boy mainly to ______ . A．express a feeling B．investigate an accident C．raise an issue D．challenge an opinion 2．What does the word “abide” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Stand. B．Explain. C．Forget. D．Manage. 3．Both Rob O’Keefe and Jeremy Harlan agree that ______ . A．enjoying views outweighs taking selfies B．laws are the key to breaking bad behavior C．trips without phones promise a real experience D．influencers have the responsibility to educate tourists 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们为了自拍而做出一些不合适行为的现象，以及人们对此的看法。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“It was nearly 10 years ago that Kate Gupta’s five-year-old son was knocked down in Yellowstone National Park by noisy tourists getting a photo of themselves with the running bison (野牛) in the background. But since the annoying accident, Gupta, a photographer and writer, has only seen an increase in this kind of pushy behavior in search of the perfect selfie (自拍).(近10年前，凯特•古普塔的5岁儿子在黄石国家公园被喧闹的游客撞倒，这些游客正在以奔跑的野牛为背景自拍。但自从这起令人恼火的事故发生后，身为摄影师和作家的古普塔发现，人们为了拍出完美的自拍，这种咄咄逼人的行为越来越多。)”可知，作者提到这个五岁男孩被游客撞倒的事故，是为了引出人们为了拍出完美的自拍而做出一些不合适行为的问题，也就是提出一个问题。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据上文““I’m not against taking photos”(“我并不反对拍照”)”和下文“What was supposed to be an amazing sight was ruined by the rudeness of too many people trying to get a photo.(本应令人惊叹的景色，却被太多人为了拍照而表现出的粗鲁行为给毁了。)”可知，她不能忍受她所说的‘对他人的不体谅’”。由此可知，abide意为“忍受”，与A项stand意思接近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段““The challenge with selfies is when getting the picture becomes more important than breathing in the actual experience,” said Rob O’ Keefe, the CEO, who hopes people will stop to enjoy the views.(该公司首席执行官罗布·奥基夫表示：“自拍的问题在于，拍照变得比实际体验更重要。”他希望人们能停下来欣赏美景)”和第六段Jeremy Harlan说的话“If you appreciate the beauty, just stop and look with your eyes and burn it into your head. A camera isn’t coming close to replicating that image.(如果你欣赏这种美，就停下来，用眼睛去看，把它深深地印在脑海里。相机根本无法复制出那样的画面。)”可知，Rob O’Keefe和Jeremy Harlan都认为欣赏风景比自拍更重要。故选A。 主题02 人与社会——文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市延庆区·期末） Students meet at the university campus for classes during their 20s. This classical model of time, action and place has traditionally produced famous universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalization of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the Internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with fast development of technology. Universities must realize that learning in the 20s won’t be enough. By teaching foundational knowledge and up-to-date skills, universities need to provide students with the future-proof skills of lifelong learning, not just get them ‘job-ready’. Some universities already play an important role in lifelong learning as they want to keep the value of their diplomas (文凭). This new role comes with a huge set of challenges and needs largely to be invented. One way to start this transformation process could be to go beyond the ‘diploma model’ to adapt university education to lifelong learning. We call this model the lifelong learning passport. The Bachelor’s degree could be students’ passport to lifelong learning. For the first few years, students would ‘learn to learn’ and get endowed with reasoning skills that remain with them for the rest of their lives. For instance, physics allows students to observe and integrate (融合) observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions. Mathematics is the language used to develop the laws of physics or economy. These two subjects naturally form the basic pillars (支柱) of education in technical universities. Recent advances in computational methods and data science push us into rethinking science and engineering. Computers increasingly become the most important actors in processing data and formulating questions, which requires completely new ways of reasoning. Therefore, a new subject integrating computer science, programming, statistics and machine learning should be added to the traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics. These three pillars would allow you to keep learning technical subjects all your life. According to this new model, the Master of Science (MSc) would become the first stamp in the lifelong learning journey. The new MSc diploma becomes a set of accomplished projects and a list of technical skills. It is open-ended and must be updated throughout life, as technologies and their applications change faster than ever. Universities have a fundamental role to play in this journey, and higher education is in for a change. The old university model produced talent and value for society. We are not supporting its abolition (废除) but rather calling for the adaptation of its characteristics to meet the needs of today. 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．Technological development challenges the university model. B．The classical model serves famous universities well. C．Students don’t meet at campus due to digitalization. D．Universities continue to improve worker skills. 2．What can be learnt from the passage? A．The students get a lifelong passport with a Bachelor’s degree. B．The three pillars help with continuous learning in technology. C．Physics and mathematics are enough for learning technology. D．MSc programmes are the most important for lifelong learning. 3．What does the underlined phrase “get endowed with” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Be concerned with. B．Make room for. C．Be equipped with. D．Make preparations for. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Changes to university projects B．Importance of Lifelong Learning C．Development of Further Education D．Necessity to Adapt University Model 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为何大学应采用终身学习的新模式以适应时代需要。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“This classical model of time, action and place has traditionally produced famous universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalization of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the Internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with fast development of technology. (这种时间、行为和地点的经典模式传统上造就了著名的大学，但现在它受到了社会数字化的挑战——它允许每个连接到互联网的人都能获得学习的机会——以及需要获得与技术快速发展同步的技能。)”可知，本段主要介绍技术发展对大学模式的挑战。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Therefore, a new subject integrating computer science, programming, statistics and machine learning should be added to the traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics. These three pillars would allow you to keep learning technical subjects all your life. (因此，在传统的数学和物理基础学科之外，应该增加一门集计算机科学、编程、统计学和机器学习于一体的新学科。这三大支柱将使你一生都能不断学习技术科目。)”可知，三大支柱有助于技术的持续学习。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据后文举例“For instance, physics allows students to observe and integrate (融合) observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions. (例如，物理学允许学生观察并将观察结果整合到模型中，有时，将模型整合到可以用于预测的理论或定律中。)”可知，学生们将“学会学习”，并被赋予了推理技能。所以get endowed with为“赋予；具备”之意。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Universities have a fundamental role to play in this journey, and higher education is in for a change. The old university model produced talent and value for society. We are not supporting its abolition (废除) but rather calling for the adaptation of its characteristics to meet the needs of today.(在这一过程中，大学扮演着重要的角色，高等教育也将迎来变革。旧的大学模式为社会培养人才和价值。我们不支持废除它，而是呼吁调整它的特点以满足今天的需要。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍为何大学应采用终身学习的新模式以适应时代需要。所以“Necessity to Adapt University Model(调整大学模式的必要性)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市海淀区·期末） Whether you’re a keen walker or just starting out with walking, you might be understandably unwilling to do it outside in the cold. Believe it or not, there are many benefits of walking outside in the cold. If you’re thinking about adding cold-weather walks to your exercise routine, here are some tips. Dressing in layers Dressing properly for cold-weather walks is so important. Wearing several pieces of clothing on top of one another can help your body better adapt to decreased temperatures. You can start out with a base layer, the one closest to your skin and made out of sweat-absorbing (吸汗的) material, include a middle layer that helps you keep body heat, and then finish with a shell layer that protects against the outside elements like rain, wind or snow. Protecting your extremities Protect your feet and hands by wearing gloves and warm socks. When you start doing cardio exercises like walking or intense exercise, your blood tends to go where it’s most needed (i. e., your organs), not to the extremities. This means your extremities are more likely to get cold damage, so you need to make sure that they’re protected with cold-weather walking gear (装备). Wearing reflective gear If the route you’re walking on doesn’t have many well-lit areas, it may be a good idea to wear reflective clothing, which is made out of materials that naturally reflect light so that passersby can better see you. Making it fun Making cold-weather walking more enjoyable involves elements of interest, variety, and comfort during the experience. Walking with a friend or a pet can add a social aspect to your activity. It can be more fun to share the experience and conversation, making the time pass more quickly. Walking in cold weather can boost your immune system. However, it’s always important to consult with your healthcare provider before beginning a new exercise. When embarking on your cold-weather walks, exercise caution for a safe and enjoyable experience. 1．What’s the function of a shell layer for a cold-weather walk? A．To lock body heat. B．To create a stylish appearance. C．To keep the skin dry. D．To defend against wind or rain. 2．According to the passage, what can we learn about cold-weather walking? A．Reflective clothing is a necessity. B．Walking with a friend may increase speed. C．Beginners should seek advice from healthcare providers. D．Blood tends to flow more to hands and feet during walking. 3．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To provide guidance on cold-weather walking. B．To call on people to work out in cold weather. C．To explain the benefits of cold-weather walking. D．To introduce basic wear for walking in cold weather. 4．Where is this passage probably taken from? A．A science journal. B．A health report. C．A sports magazine. D．A shopping guide. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在寒冷天气中步行的好处以及给出了进行寒冷天气步行的一些建议。 1．细节理解题。根据Dressing in layers部分中“...and then finish with a shell layer that protects against the outside elements like rain, wind or snow.(……然后穿上外层，它可以抵御外界的风雨雪等因素)”可知，外层的作用是抵御风雨雪等外界因素。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“However, it’s always important to consult with your healthcare provider before beginning a new exercise.(然而，在开始一项新的运动之前，咨询你的医疗保健提供者总是很重要的)”可知，初学者应该向医疗保健提供者寻求建议。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“If you’re thinking about adding cold weather walks to your exercise routine, here are some tips.(如果你正在考虑将寒冷天气步行纳入你的日常锻炼中，这里有一些建议)”以及后文分别从穿衣、保护身体部位、穿着装备和增加趣味性等方面给出建议可知，文章的主要目的是为寒冷天气步行提供指导。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。文章开篇提及“Whether you’re a keen walker or just starting out with walking(无论你是热衷于步行的人还是刚开始步行)”，且全文围绕寒冷天气步行展开，介绍其好处与相关建议，属于运动健身方面的内容，所以文章最有可能来自体育杂志。故选C项。 Passage 3 （23-24学年高一上·北京市海淀区·期末） Sportsmanship is the cornerstone of competitive sports, representing the principles of fair play, respect and honesty. It goes beyond winning and losing, emphasizing the importance of moral behavior, respecting each other, and fellowship. At the heart of sportsmanship lies the concept of fair play. It fosters (培养) a culture of rule-following, fair judgment, and equal opportunities for all participants. Fair play encourages athletes to compete with integrity, showing honesty and accepting the outcomes gracefully. It fosters an environment where cheating, unsportsmanlike and rude behavior are discouraged. By upholding fair play, athletes develop a sense of morality (道德) and a strong character that extends beyond the field of sports. Sportsmanship also includes respect and empathy (共情), creating an environment that encourages understanding and camaraderie. Athletes show respect for opponents, officials, and teammates, recognizing their contributions and valuing their abilities. They appreciate the various backgrounds, skills and perspectives that athletes from different teams bring to the game. Through respect and empathy, sportsmanship bridges gaps, promotes inclusivity and fosters a sense of unity among athletes and fans alike. Sportsmanship is shown by athletes who act as role models, inspiring others with their conduct on and off the field. When athletes display sportsmanship, they send a powerful message to young fans, teaching them the importance of fair play, respect and moral behavior. This positive influence extends to society as a whole, where sportsmanship can shape attitudes, values and behaviors beyond the field of sports. By upholding the principles of sportsmanship, athletes contribute to a healthier, more caring society. Sports organizations, coaches and educators play an important role in promoting sportsmanship. They should foster an environment that encourages fair play, respect and honesty. Emphasizing sportsmanship in training programs and competitions helps athletes develop a strong moral compass,empowering them to make moral choices both in sports and in life. Furthermore, fans and audience should also welcome sportsmanship, creating a positive atmosphere that encourages fair competition and respect for all participants. Sportsmanship is the bedrock of competitive sports, emphasizing the values of fair play and respect. It improves the sporting experience, fosters unity and shapes athletes into responsible and caring individuals. By promoting sportsmanship, we can create a sporting culture where victories are celebrated but fairness, respect and the spirit of the game take center stage. 1．What does the underlined word “camaraderie” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Friendship. B．Leadership. C．Contribution. D．Competition. 2．What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A．How sportsmanship is understood. B．Why sportsmanship is stressed. C．When sportsmanship is shaped. D．Where sportsmanship is treasured. 3．What can be learned from Paragraph 5? A．Athletes should be trained to make moral choices. B．Audience could influence athletes’ performance in sports. C．Promoting sportsmanship requires everyone’s contribution. D．Officials should take a lead in creating a positive atmosphere. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Sportsmanship:Advantages of Doing Sports B．Sportsmanship:Spirit of Fair Play and Respect C．Showing Sportsmanship:Qualities of a Good Player D．Teaching Sportsmanship:Values of Honesty and Courage 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了体育精神的内涵，它代表着公平竞争、尊重和诚实的原则。它超越了输赢，强调了道德行为、相互尊重和友谊的重要性。 1．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Athletes show respect for opponents, officials, and teammates, recognizing their contributions and valuing their abilities. They appreciate the various backgrounds, skills and perspectives that athletes from different teams bring to the game. (运动员尊重对手、官员和队友，认可他们的贡献并重视他们的能力。他们欣赏来自不同团队的运动员为比赛带来的各种背景、技能和视角)”可知，运动精神使运动员们互相尊重，互相欣赏，这些志同道合的人可以互相理解，并增进友谊，故划线词所在句的意思应为“体育精神还包括尊重和同理心，能够创造一个鼓励理解和友谊的环境”，故划线词与Friendship“友谊”意思相近。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“At the heart of sportsmanship lies the concept of fair play.(体育精神的核心是公平竞赛的概念)”和第三段“Sportsmanship also includes respect and empathy, creating an environment that encourages understanding and camaraderie.(体育精神还包括尊重和同理心，创造一个鼓励理解和友谊的环境)”可知，这两段主要关于人们如何理解运动精神。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Sports organizations, coaches and educators play an important role in promoting sportsmanship.(体育组织、教练和教育工作者在促进体育精神方面发挥着重要作用)”及“Furthermore, fans and audience should also welcome sportsmanship, creating a positive atmosphere that encourages fair competition and respect for all participants.(此外，球迷和观众也应该欢迎体育精神，营造一种鼓励公平竞争和尊重所有参与者的积极氛围)”可知，提倡体育精神需要每个人的贡献。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Sportsmanship is the cornerstone of competitive sports, representing the principles of fair play,respect and honesty. It goes beyond winning and losing, emphasizing the importance of moral behavior,respecting each other, and fellowship.(体育精神是竞技体育的基石，代表着公平竞争、尊重和诚实的原则。它超越了输赢，强调了道德行为、相互尊重和友谊的重要性)”可知，文章主要介绍的是体育精神的内涵，故B项“体育精神：公平竞争和尊重的精神”适合作为文章的标题。故选B项。 主题03 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·北京市西城区·期末） When I was a kid, my summer sport of choice was baseball. Every day I played until it was too dark to see the ball. It was about fun and not fitness. But now that I’m older, and my baseball glove has been officially retired, I need a summertime sport that brings back the playfulness of my youth, but also works to keep my physical and mental skills sharp. So, I picked up a racket (球拍). It turns out that racket sports are not only fun, but they may help me live longer. A study published online by the British Journal of Sports Medicine examined the connections between six different types of exercise and the risk of early death. Researchers looked at racket sports, swimming, aerobics, cycling, running, and soccer. Study volunteers included 80,306 people, who ranged in age from 30 to 98. Over the course of the study’s nine years, those who regularly played racket sports were 47% less likely to die of any cause and 56% less likely to die of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. “In many ways, racket sports like tennis, badminton, table tennis, and other variations are the ideal exercise for many older adults,” says Daryanani, a physical therapist and personal trainer with Harvard-affiliated Spaulding Outpatient Center. “Besides offering a good cardiovascular workout, they can help with both upper-and lower-body strength at the same time. They can be played at any age, can be adapted to fit most fitness levels, and do not involve a lot of equipment.” Racket sports offer something other fitness sports do not - lateral (横向的) movement. “Most of our lives are spent moving forward, and that includes our exercise,” says Daryanani. “Racket sports force you to move both back and forth and side to side. This helps improve balance, which can lower your risk of falls.” This kind of activity also exercises your mind. It sharpens your planning and decision-making skills, as you must always be ready for and make your next shot. Racket sports also have something to do with social relationships. You play against other people - either by yourself or part of a doubles team - while other exercises like running, swimming, and cycling are more individual (个人的) sports. Frequent social contact is important for a long and healthy life. In fact, a 2021 study found that loneliness led to physical and mental illness and an increased risk of death among adults older than age 60. So, go ahead, pick up a racket and enjoy the benefits of having good health. 1．Why does the author mention his personal experience in Paragraph 1? A．To stress how fun it was to play baseball. B．To highlight the benefits of playing sports. C．To show how his sport preferences had changed. D．To present the reasons for starting racket sports. 2．The study in Paragraph 3 shows ________. A．doing exercise is popular among adults B．different types of exercise are connected C．people choose different sports as they age D．racket sports may help to prevent early death 3．Paragraph 6 mainly talks about ________. A．why loneliness is bad for human beings B．why racket sports are socially good for people C．the important findings of physical and mental illness D．the comparison between racket sports and other fitness sports 4．What can we learn about racket sports? A．They benefit people mentally rather than physically. B．They reduce the risk of falls as lateral movement is involved. C．They’re better than individual sports because they help improve balance. D．They’re suitable for young people because whole-body strength is required. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了球拍运动的好处，包括有助于延长寿命、锻炼身心以及促进社交关系等。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“But now that I’m older, and my baseball glove has been officially retired, I need a summertime sport that brings back the playfulness of my youth, but also works to keep my physical and mental skills sharp. (但现在我年纪大了，我的棒球手套也正式退役了，我需要一项夏季运动，既能找回我年轻时的乐趣，又能锻炼我的身心技能。)”可知，作者在第一段提到他的个人经历是为了阐述开始球拍运动的原因，也就是现在的他需要一项既能找回年轻时的乐趣又能锻炼身心的运动。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Over the course of the study’s nine years, those who regularly played racket sports were 47% less likely to die of any cause and 56% less likely to die of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. (在这项为期九年的研究中，经常打球拍运动的人因任何原因死亡的可能性降低了47%，因心血管疾病死亡的可能性降低了56%。)”可知，第三段的研究表明球拍运动可能有助于预防早逝。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第六段“Racket sports also have something to do with social relationships. You play against other people - either by yourself or part of a doubles team - while other exercises like running, swimming, and cycling are more individual (个人的) sports. Frequent social contact is important for a long and healthy life. (球拍运动也与社交关系有关。你要么一个人，要么作为双打团队的一员，与其他人对抗，而其他运动，如跑步、游泳和骑自行车，则更多是个人运动。频繁的社交接触对长寿和健康生活很重要。)”可知，第六段主要讲述了为什么球拍运动在社交上对人有益。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“Racket sports force you to move both back and forth and side to side. This helps improve balance, which can lower your risk of falls. (球拍运动迫使你前后左右移动。这有助于改善平衡，从而降低摔倒的风险。)”可知，关于球拍运动，我们能了解到由于涉及横向运动，它们降低了摔倒的风险。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市房山区·期末） In modern society, the pursuit of weight loss has become a widely accepted trend. Many people, especially the younger generation, are eager to get rid of extra pounds to achieve what they consider a more attractive appearance or a healthier body. Proper weight loss can indeed bring certain benefits. Obesity (肥胖) is a growing health concern, which can lead to various health problems such as heart disease and certain types of cancer: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths worldwide. Therefore, reducing weight is essential to improve overall health and reduce the risk of these life-threatening diseases. However, the attraction to weight loss has also given rise to some negative results. With public figures speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim in advertisement, more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient (营养物) from your food intake, such as carbohydrates (碳水化合物), which means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. If cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. You may even experience nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, and even psychological (心理的) disorders like anorexia nervosa. While weight loss can be a worthy goal if done in a healthy and sustainable way, we should be cautious of the potential dangers. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and a positive attitude towards our body image are the keys to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. We should not sacrifice our well-being for the sake of conforming to a certain beauty standard. Instead, we should focus on overall health and happiness. 1．The author mentions WHO mainly to ______. A．highlight the need to lose weight for the obese people B．predict many people will die of life-threatening diseases C．show young generation’s way of reducing weight is proper D．introduce the risks brought by heart disease and certain cancer 2．As for weight loss, the author thinks ______. A．obesity is a major factor leading to psychological disorders B．cutting down carbohydrates is a good way for most people C．public figures play an important role in advertising diet pills D．a balanced diet is one key to achieving a healthy weight 3．Which would be the best title for this article? A．Weight Loss: Beyond Appearance to True Health B．Weight Loss: From Obesity to Slim C．Weight Loss out of Diet Products D．Weight Loss in a Trendy World 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了减肥的利与弊，强调健康减肥的重要性，并倡导通过均衡饮食和锻炼实现整体健康。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Obesity (肥胖) is a growing health concern, which can lead to various health problems such as heart disease and certain types of cancer: Aècording to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths worldwide.(肥胖是一个日益严重的健康问题，它可能导致多种健康问题，例如心脏病和某些类型的癌症。根据世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的数据，肥胖是全球范围内可预防死亡的主要原因之一)”可知，WHO指出肥胖是全球可预防死亡的主要原因之一，由此得出减肥对改善整体健康、降低疾病风险至关重要，所以作者提及WHO主要是为了强调肥胖人群减肥的必要性。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“A balanced diet, regular exercise, and a positive attitude towards our body image are the keys to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.(均衡的饮食、规律的锻炼以及对身体形象的积极态度是实现和保持健康体重的关键)”可知，作者认为均衡饮食是实现健康体重的关键之一。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。文章开篇提及减肥成为潮流，接着阐述适当减肥有益健康，但盲目减肥会带来如营养缺失、心理障碍等负面结果，最后强调应以健康可持续的方式减肥，注重整体健康和幸福，而非仅为外表。可知文章主要探讨了减肥的意义以及如何以健康的方式实现减肥目标，强调了超越外表追求真正的健康。选项A“Weight Loss: Beyond Appearance to True Health(减肥：超越外貌追求真正的健康)”最能概括文章主旨，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。 主题04 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24学年高一上·北京市朝阳区·期末） Despite decades of research, disorders of the brain have proved especially difficult to treat. There is schizophrenia (精神分裂症), which has not seen a breakthrough for more than 60 years, since the discovery of chlorpromazine — which happened largely by chance. But the story of chlorpromazine offers a powerful lesson: originally an antihistamine (抗过敏药), it was repurposed as a medicine for schizophrenia. As a scientist who has studied schizophrenia for decades, I am convinced that we could have similar successes with other medicines already on our shelves. Because an existing drug has already passed Food and Drug Administration tests(FDA-approved), successfully repurposing it could take less than half of the estimated 13 years and significantly less than the average $2-billion to $3-billion cost of developing a single drug from nothing. The thousands of FDA-approved drugs thus represent a vast resource that can possibly be adapted to target any number of conditions. But this possibility is largely unexplored, in part because drug companies always have to restructure their Research and Development (R&D) programs to look at other diseases. There are also thousands of drugs that are not FDA-approved. When a company discontinues development of a drug, whatever researchers know is locked up in that company’s files and might as well be lost. Scientists need access (使用机会) to this information. If this information could be directed into a centralized resource, it would be great news. Researchers could employ the latest tools in bio-informatics, data science and machine learning to uncover common molecular (分子的) themes among or between diseases and promising drugs. Yet many drug companies are still unwilling to reveal anything that might put their copyrights at risk. Even academics may hesitate to share with competing laboratories. To cope with this, organizations like the FDA must develop motivations for sharing data, such as by creating legal safeguards for privacy and commercial interests. These motivations could then open the floodgates for easy-to-use, open platforms for efficiently sharing and mining data. This would not have been possible five years ago. But now is a critical moment, and we have never been closer to real breakthroughs. In my lab, we are testing certain cancer drugs that restore some of the biological processes that are disturbed in schizophrenia. We want to see if the drugs have the same restorative features in the brain cells of schizophrenia patients. This is a proof of the idea that a systematic and strategic approach to drug repurposing could actually move the needle. There is no time to waste. What we need is cooperation from drug companies and academic scientists alike — and access to the lifesaving data they hold. 1．Why does the author mention chlorpromazine in the first paragraph? A．To stress the difficulty in treating brain disorders. B．To explain medical progress could happen by luck. C．To introduce a medicine breakthrough in medical history D．To show a medicine for a certain illness can treat another disease. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Information arising from drug development can be wasted. B．The undeveloped functions of present medicines are overvalued. C．We should treasure FDA-approved drugs more than the unapproved. D．Studying existing drugs is more likely to succeed than developing new ones. 3．As for drug companies’ being unwilling to share, the author is _______. A．supportive B．negative C．understanding D．uncertain 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．New Drugs from Old B．Access to Lifesaving Data C．Between Drug Companies and Scientists. D．Before and After Medical Breakthroughs 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过一种抗组胺药物被用于治疗另一种疾病的例子说明了应该利用现有的药物来研制新的药物，这么做可以节约成本和时间，但其中存在着一些问题和挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Despite decades of research, disorders of the brain have proved especially difficult to treat. There is schizophrenia (精神分裂症), which has not seen a breakthrough for more than 60 years, since the discovery of chlorpromazine—which happened largely by chance. But the story of chlorpromazine offers a powerful lesson: originally an antihistamine (抗过敏药), it was repurposed as a medicine for schizophrenia.(尽管经过数十年的研究，大脑疾病已被证明特别难以治疗。还有精神分裂症，自从氯丙嗪的发现（很大程度上是偶然发现的）以来，已经有60多年没有突破了。但氯丙嗪的故事提供了一个强有力的教训：它最初是一种抗组胺药，后来被用作治疗精神分裂症的药物)”可推知，作者在第一段提到氯丙嗪是为了证明治疗某种疾病的药物可以治疗另一种疾病。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When a company discontinues development of a drug, whatever researchers know is locked up in that company’s files and might as well be lost.(当一家公司停止开发一种药物时，研究人员所知道的一切都被锁在该公司的文件中，可能也会丢失)”可知，药物开发产生的信息可能被浪费。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Scientists need access (使用机会) to this information. If this information could be directed into a centralized resource, it would be great news. Researchers could employ the latest tools in bio-informatics, data science and machine learning to uncover common molecular (分子的) themes among or between diseases and promising drugs. Yet many drug companies are still unwilling to reveal anything that might put their copyrights at risk. Even academics may hesitate to share with competing laboratories.(科学家需要获得这些信息。如果这些信息能够集中到一个集中的资源中，那将是一个好消息。研究人员可以利用生物信息学、数据科学和机器学习领域的最新工具，发现疾病之间或疾病之间的共同分子主题和有前途的药物。然而，许多制药公司仍然不愿透露任何可能危及其版权的信息。甚至学术界也不愿与竞争对手的实验室分享)”以及倒数第二段“To cope with this, organizations like the FDA must develop motivations for sharing data, such as by creating legal safeguards for privacy and commercial interests. These motivations could then open the floodgates for easy-to-use, open platforms for efficiently sharing and mining data.(为了应对这种情况，像FDA这样的组织必须制定共享数据的动机，例如通过建立隐私和商业利益的法律保障。这些动机可以为易于使用的开放平台打开闸门，以有效地共享和挖掘数据)”可推知，对于制药公司不愿意分享的行为，作者表示理解，所以提出建立法律保障商业利益。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As a scientist who has studied schizophrenia for decades, I am convinced that we could have similar successes with other medicines already on our shelves.(作为一名研究精神分裂症数十年的科学家，我相信，我们可以用货架上已有的其他药物取得类似的成功)”结合文章通过一种抗组胺药物被用于治疗另一种疾病的例子说明了应该利用现有的药物来研制新的药物，这么做可以节约成本和时间，但其中存在着一些问题和挑战。可知，A选项“从旧药中研制新药”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·北京市清华附中·期末） Liam Gallagher, formerly of the band Oasis, tends to stroll with a roll to his shoulders. John Wayne’s slow swagger has been linked to everything from a bent leg to small feet. Considering that walking is such an everyday function of a bipedal species, it is incredible that we find so many different ways to do it. Perhaps that’s why our gaits - and what they say about us - are so fascinating. Gait analysis has been around for years, but now it is going mainstream, using precision imaging to measure details the eye can’t perceive. “One of the biggest breakthroughs in the early days of gait recognition was realising that you can recognise someone by their silhouette,” says Patrick Connor with Stepscan Technologies in Canada. He is talking about gait energy imaging. This involves taking a series of snapshots of a person’s profile as they walk, usually from the side, and merging them into a single image, each unique to their owner. “The head’ s in the same place and the torso’ s in the same place and you get this kind of blurry limb movement,” says Connor. With its help, some systems now can identify 90 percent on enormous databases of tens of thousands of people. It is also beginning to work with less than ideal imagery. Computer scientists in Portugal showed that they could reliably recognise people walking under a downward-pointing camera solely from their shadows. This may mean drones can carry out covert gait analysis - on sunny days, at least. More conveniently, if people want to be identified, for airport security, for example, there is no need to go to the trouble of measuring silhouettes, as in gait energy imaging. Instead, someone might be asked to wear sensors that would feed back precise information about their movements. Computer scientist Maria De Marsi co at the Sapienza University of Rome uses this method to recognise people from the information sent from the accelerometer inside a standard smartphone as it jerks around in their hand or pocket as they walk. Her team has built a prototype smart door that opens when it recognises an approaching person in this way. In principle, this is much easier than, say, pausing to scan an iris or fingerprint at a checkpoint. Gait analysis may prompt thoughts of face-recognition technology but it could be even more powerful, since it can work with lower resolution pictures and is much harder to avoid than face recognition systems. But gait analysis is nowhere near as widely used as face recognition yet. This is mainly because it requires a series of sequential pictures that cover the seven stages of walking, as each leg moves and lifts. Processing these images requires serious computing heft and most gait analysis systems don’t have enough of this to work in real time, but a crucial requirement for use in law enforcement is that the systems can recognise those they want to apprehend quickly enough to give authorities a shot at detaining them. 1．The writer mentions John Wayne to show that ________. A．individuals may have unique gait patterns B．people’s gaits can help to track their health C．gait analysis has been around for a long time D．some people walk in certain ways on purpose 2．What can we learn about gait energy imaging? A．People can design their unique virtual image with its aid. B．Some systems use it to take pictures of people’s shadows. C．It produces an image showing its owner’s limb movement. D．It requires taking photos of one’s standing posture from the side. 3．Which of the following might Maria De Marsico agree with most? A．Gait energy imaging can simplify security check process. B．People’s acceptance of gait analysis decides its effectiveness. C．Gait recognition technology can have more simplified applications. D．Measuring silhouettes with simple gadgets can be achieved in the near future. 4．Compared with face-recognition technology, gait analysis ________. A．is more demanding to work in real time B．is harder to escape with clearer pictures C．has more powerful functions for the police D．processes snapshots more quickly and accurately 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了步态分析技术可以用于识别不同的人，介绍这种技术的优势以及存在的挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“John Wayne’s slow swagger has been linked to everything from a bent leg to small feet. Considering that walking is such an everyday function of a bipedal species, it is incredible that we find so many different ways to do it. Perhaps that’s why our gaits - and what they say about us - are so fascinating. (约翰·韦恩的缓慢的大摇大摆与他的腿弯曲和小脚有关。考虑到行走是两足动物的日常功能，我们找到这么多不同的方式来行走是令人难以置信的。也许这就是为什么我们的步态——以及它们对我们的描述——如此迷人。)”可知，作者提到约翰·韦恩是为了表明个人可能有独特的步态模式。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“He is talking about gait energy imaging. This involves taking a series of snapshots of a person’s profile as they walk, usually from the side, and merging them into a single image, each unique to their owner. (他说的是步态能量成像。这包括在一个人走路的时候拍摄一系列的个人资料快照，通常是从侧面拍摄，然后将它们合并成一张照片，每张照片都是主人独有的。)”可知，步态能量成像会产生显示其主人肢体运动的图像。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Computer scientist Maria De Marsi co at the Sapienza University of Rome uses this method to recognise people from the information sent from the accelerometer inside a standard smartphone as it jerks around in their hand or pocket as they walk. Her team has built a prototype smart door that opens when it recognises an approaching person in this way. In principle, this is much easier than, say, pausing to scan an iris or fingerprint at a checkpoint. (罗马Sapienza大学的计算机科学家Maria De Marsi co使用这种方法，通过标准智能手机内的加速度计发送的信息来识别人，当他们走路时，智能手机在他们手中或口袋里转动。她的团队已经制造了一扇智能门的原型，当它识别出以这种方式接近的人时，就会打开。原则上，这比在检查点停下来扫描虹膜或指纹要容易得多。)”可知，玛丽亚·德·马西科认为步态识别技术可以有更简单的应用。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Processing these images requires serious computing heft and most gait analysis systems don’t have enough of this to work in real time, but a crucial requirement for use in law enforcement is that the systems can recognise those they want to apprehend quickly enough to give authorities a shot at detaining them. (处理这些图像需要大量的计算能力，而大多数步态分析系统都没有足够的计算能力来实时工作，但在执法中使用的一个关键要求是，系统能够快速识别出他们想要逮捕的人，从而让当局有机会拘留他们。)”可知，与人脸识别技术相比，步态分析对实时工作的要求更高。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一上·北京市清华附中·期末） We are in the early 1900s, and a French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, has an ordinary accident in the laboratory: he drops a chemical bottle. Only this time, it doesn’t shatter. Benedictus delves deeper and realizes a collision solution inside the bottle, once evaporated (蒸发), holding the glass pieces together. He had unknowingly invented shatterproof glass. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, a broader question remains: are such discoveries born of luck, or were they “in the air”, waiting for someone? In the 19th century, during the international competition to decipher the molecular structure of DNA, research on anesthetizing gases, and many other cases, the general impression was that the solution was just around the corner. This phenomenon, called convergence, also occurs in biological evolution, where unrelated species develop similar adaptations due to similar environmental pressures. In scientific discovery, this convergence is explained by similar selective pressures and competing research groups. While these cases differ from typical serendipity stories — since there was a defined problem and intentional competition — they still contained elements of luck. The overall process was not purely serendipitous, but it raises the question: could all discoveries be “in the air”, waiting to be found? Let’s assume it’s true and luck just speeds up the inevitable. Scientists stand on the shoulders of predecessors. Nonetheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. No one knows how many different routes were available to arrive at the same discovery. When our minds align a procession of coincidences that have made a surprising outcome possible, we immediately conclude that a mysterious force is responsible for this succession of events. We say that it cannot be a coincidence and hence the discovery was in the air. To avoid a purposeful view of the history of science, there’s an opposing abductive argument. It’s not proof but a clue. It is no coincidence that it was the unknown scientist and not the giant who managed to see farther — that is, who opened new frontiers of knowledge. Giants’ minds were constrained by prior knowledge and so trapped within the framework of established habits, research questions, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will have seen farther because they will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge, possibly even betraying it a little. This suggests that innovators, with their receptive and prepared minds, are more likely to encounter serendipitous discoveries — those that are unexpected and not bound by conventional thinking. Therefore, the most impactful scientific discoveries, both past and future, are likely to be the result of serendipity, emerging from unforeseen circumstances that defy the predictable paths of research. 1．The underlined word “serendipity” in Paragraph 1 probably means ________. A．laboratory accidents B．fortunate finds C．scientific predictions D．planned experiments 2．What can be inferred about scientific discoveries in Paragraph 2? A．Competition can quicken scientific breakthroughs. B．Scientific discoveries are the result of cooperative efforts. C．Progress in science requires clear and fixed research goals. D．Similar pressures often lead to similar scientific discoveries. 3．Which of the following writing techniques does the author use to support the argument? ①referring to scientific knowledge    ②appealing to emotions    ③ giving examples ④citing ideas from authorities    ⑤using comparison and contrast A．①②⑤ B．②③④ C．①③⑤ D．①④⑤ 4．It is implied in this passage that ________. A．scientists always remain hopeful for the best B．chances favor those with open and ready minds C．good luck plays the most crucial role in innovation D．scientific progress builds upon the knowledge of forerunners 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了一些科学发现是运气还是必然结果的问题，文章通过引用一些科学发现的例子以及知识来论证这一点。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“He had unknowingly invented shatterproof glass.(他在不知不觉中发明了防碎玻璃)”可知，上文提到爱德华·本尼迪克图斯在不知不觉中发明了防碎玻璃，说明这是一次幸运的发现。故划线词意思是“幸运的发现”。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“This phenomenon, called convergence, also occurs in biological evolution, where unrelated species develop similar adaptations due to similar environmental pressures. In scientific discovery, this convergence is explained by similar selective pressures and competing research groups.(这种被称为趋同的现象也发生在生物进化中，即不相关的物种由于相似的环境压力而发展出相似的适应能力。在科学发现中，这种趋同可以用相似的选择压力和相互竞争的研究小组来解释)”可知，相似的压力常常导致相似的科学发现。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“We are in the early 1900s, and a French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, has an ordinary accident in the laboratory: he drops a chemical bottle. Only this time, it doesn’t shatter. Benedictus delves deeper and realizes a collision solution inside the bottle, once evaporated (蒸发), holding the glass pieces together. He had unknowingly invented shatterproof glass.(20世纪初，法国化学家爱德华·本尼迪克图斯在实验室里发生了一起普通的事故：他掉了一个化学瓶。只是这次，它没有打散。本尼迪克图斯深入研究，在瓶子里发现了一种碰撞解决方案，一旦蒸发，就把玻璃碎片固定在一起。他在不知不觉中发明了防碎玻璃)”可知，运用了举例子的手法；根据第二段“This phenomenon, called convergence, also occurs in biological evolution, where unrelated species develop similar adaptations due to similar environmental pressures. In scientific discovery, this convergence is explained by similar selective pressures and competing research groups.(这种被称为趋同的现象也发生在生物进化中，即不相关的物种由于相似的环境压力而发展出相似的适应能力)”可知，引用了科学知识；根据第三段“Nonetheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther.(然而，在某些时候，在适当的情况下，是那些不知名的科学家，而不是巨人，设法看得更远一些)”以及最后一段“The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will have seen farther because they will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge, possibly even betraying it a little.(另一方面，新的、不知名的科学家将会看得更远，因为他们将以这样或那样的方式打破既定知识的枷锁，甚至可能有点背叛它)”可知运用了比较和对比的方法，故作者通过引用科学知识、举例子以及运用比较和对比来支持论点，故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This suggests that innovators, with their receptive and prepared minds, are more likely to encounter serendipitous discoveries — those that are unexpected and not bound by conventional thinking.(这表明，具有接受能力和准备能力的创新者更有可能遇到意外的发现——那些意想不到的、不受传统思维束缚的发现)”可知，机会青睐那些思想开放和准备好的人。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一上·北京市通州区·期末） Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin (荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, affects the sexes differently. “Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status (地位),” said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous (先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy (嫉妒). Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants (参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂). After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on body language. The results suggested that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better. Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves (证明) that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish (区分) different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors that are mainly hormonal.” 1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text? A．Body language. B．Social status. C．Oxytocin. D．Placebo. 2．What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment? A．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences. B．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success. C．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love. D．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way. 3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment? A．To test people’s understanding of body language. B．To know people’s different abilities to answer questions. C．To know the differences between friendship and competition. D．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. 4．The writer develops the text by . A．describing his own experiences B．explaining people s behaviors C．discussing research experiments D．distinguishing sexual differences 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了催生素对于男性社交和女性社交的不同影响， 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素）.Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.(研究人员发现，这一切都与荷尔蒙催生素有关。虽然被称为爱情荷尔蒙，但它对两性的影响不同)”由此可知，荷尔蒙催生素导致男人和女人行为不同。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“But in a previous(先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy(嫉妒).(但在之前的一项实验中，瑞安教授发现，在诸如嫉妒等负面社会互动中，这种激素也会在我们体内释放)”由此可知，当我们对别人的成功感到不高兴时，我们的身体会产生催生素。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.(结果表明，在使用催生素治疗后，男性正确识别竞争关系的能力有所提高，但女性正确识别友谊的能力有所提高)”和最后一段“Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.(瑞安教授这样总结道：“我们的实验证明，催生素激素可以提高人们更好地区分不同社交互动的能)”由此可知，瑞安教授进行最近的实验是为了测试催生素对识别社交互动能力的影响。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段 “But in a previous(先前的) experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy(嫉妒).(但在之前的一项实验中，瑞安教授发现，在嫉妒等消极的社会交往中，这种激素也会在我们体内释放出来)”根据第五段“Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.(进一步的研究表明，男性体内的催产素提高了识别竞争关系的能力，而女性体内的催产素则提高了识别友谊的能力)”根据最后一段“Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves(证明    ) that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’ s abilities to better distinguish(区分) different social interactions. (瑞恩)教授因此得出结论：“我们的实验证明，催产素可以提高人们更好地区分不同社会互动的能力”)”可知，文章主要通过讨论多个实验（Ryan之前的实验、最近的实验）来展开，因此选项C“讨论研究实验”正确。故选C项。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高一上·北京市昌平区·期末） For years, scientists have believed that the only way oxygen could be created in the ocean was through photosynthesis (光合作用). That’s how plants turn  sunlight into energy while also producing oxygen. Huge amounts of oxygen get produced in the sunlight of the upper ocean, but scientists expected that on the dark ocean bottom, oxygen levels would drop as animals used the water’s oxygen for energy. But in 2013, Andrew Sweetman, a scientist who studies the ocean floor, began to notice something strange. When he measured the oxygen in the water above the ocean floor, he found that the levels of oxygen were rising. That didn’t make sense. Dr. Sweetman thought his equipment wasn’t working. In 2021, he used a different method to measure the oxygen levels. The new measurements also showed oxygen levels rising. That’s when he realized something unusual was going on. Somehow, oxygen was being created on the dark ocean floor. Dr. Sweetman noticed that some small rock-like objects called “polymetallic nodules (多金属结核)”, which form naturally on the ocean floor over millions of years may be responsible for creating the “dark oxygen”. To learn more about how the oxygen was being created, Dr. Sweetman collected some of the nodules and the ocean floor around them and took them back to the laboratory to study. At first, they thought that tiny living things called microbes might be creating the oxygen. Then they thought that the nodules might be giving off the oxygen somehow. But neither idea was right. Finally, Dr. Sweetman began to wonder if the nodules were somehow acting like batteries (电池), and producing electricity. The idea made sense. After all, when electricity is passed through salt water, it separates the water into hydrogen and oxygen in a process called “electrolysis”. Working with scientists at Northwestern University, Dr. Sweetman discovered that the nodules produce a small amount of electricity. When the nodules are close together, they create enough electricity to produce the oxygen that Dr. Sweetman had found. The discovery raises more concerns about deep-sea mining. These nodules are exactly what many mining companies are hoping to collect. The nodules are full of important metals. Dr. Sweetman believes that mining groups should think carefully about the new discovery before they start mining. The scientists say that the nodules may be important to the way the deep sea works. They are afraid that deep-sea mining could destroy the nodules and the environment around them. 1．What did Andrew Sweetman find strange? A．Photosynthesis is not the only way to create oxygen. B．The levels of oxygen of the upper ocean fell sharply. C．His equipment used to measure oxygen didn’t function. D．Oxygen levels on the ocean floor increase unexpectedly. 2．Paragraph 3 and 4 are mainly about how Dr. Sweetman ______. A．found where “dark oxygen” comes from B．conducted his experiment on “dark oxygen” C．discovered that nodules can produce electricity D．proved the oxygen can be created on ocean floor 3．As for deep-sea mining, Dr. Sweetman is ______. A．hopeful B．disappointed C．worried D．cheerful 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家Andrew Sweetman对深海氧气水平意外上升的研究发现以及这一发现对深海采矿的潜在影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“But in 2013, Andrew Sweetman, a scientist who studies the ocean floor, began to notice something strange. When he measured the oxygen in the water above the ocean floor, he found that the levels of oxygen were rising. That didn’t make sense.(但在2013年，研究海底的科学家Andrew Sweetman开始注意到一些奇怪的现象。当他测量海底上方水中的氧气时，他发现氧气含量在上升。这说不通。)”可知，Andrew Sweetman发现奇怪的事情是海底的氧气水平意外增加。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Dr. Sweetman noticed that some small rock-like objects called ‘polymetallic nodules’, which form naturally on the ocean floor over millions of years, may be responsible for creating the ‘dark oxygen’.(Sweetman博士注意到，一些被称为‘多金属结核’的小石头状物体，它们在数百万年的时间里自然形成在海底，可能是产生‘暗氧’的原因。)”和第四段“Finally, Dr. Sweetman began to wonder if the nodules were somehow acting like batteries, and producing electricity. The idea made sense. After all, when electricity is passed through salt water, it separates the water into hydrogen and oxygen in a process called ‘electrolysis’. Working with scientists at Northwestern University, Dr. Sweetman discovered that the nodules produce a small amount of electricity. When the nodules are close together, they create enough electricity to produce the oxygen that Dr. Sweetman had found.(最后，Sweetman博士开始想，这些结节是否在某种程度上像电池一样，产生电。这个想法是有道理的。毕竟，当电流通过盐水时，它会将水分解成氢和氧，这个过程被称为‘电解’。Sweetman博士与西北大学的科学家合作，发现这些结节会产生少量的电。当这些结节靠得很近时，它们会产生足够的电来产生Sweetman博士发现的氧气。)”可知，第三段和第四段主要是关于Dr. Sweetman如何发现“暗氧”的来源。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“They are afraid that deep-sea mining could destroy the nodules and the environment around them.(他们担心深海采矿可能会破坏这些结核和它们周围的环境。)”可推测出，至于深海采矿，Dr. Sweetman是担心的。故选C。 Passage 6 （24-25学年高一上·北京市海淀区·期末） In 2022, an advanced AI language model took the world by storm with its impressive capabilities. Yet hidden within its design lies a key breakthrough responsible for sending AI rocketing these past few years — and possibly a limitation that could see it crashing back to Earth. At its core, the AI model relies on a “transformer” approach. When the model is given a string of words, it makes links between the words it has already been fed, “transforming” the whole input into a new output. That design achieved huge success when given enough computing power and data, leading to the surprising jump in apparent reasoning and language capabilities behind today’s AI tools. What’s more, using ever greater levels of computing power and data seems to continually improve a transformer’s performance. This “scaling law” is why AI companies have predicted that their models will get better and better. Outside observers are doubtful, however. Some researchers question whether this all-important scaling law can continue to be unimpeded, especially as most of the available data to train the models on has already been gathered on the Internet. Even if transformers continue to follow this scaling law, there could still be a fundamental (根本的) problem with their design. They lack an internal memory, which is central to how human intelligence works. Unlike humans, who can remember past information and build on it naturally, transformers don’t have this capability. As a result, transformers must repeatedly look back at data they have already seen. Processing and producing long text can therefore require enormous computational resources as the AI scans back and forth. Researchers hope to solve this problem with other neural network architectures, such as a model called extended long short-term memory (xLSTM), which produces comparable results to transformers while being much more efficient and able to remember past states. But a deeper problem with both transformers and their alternatives is whether they are “Turing complete”, which means they are able to run any algorithm (算法) or compute anything that any other computer can. Take a basic problem: adding two numbers. Since transformers learn from their training data, they are good at adding numbers they’ve met many times, but may $