专题08 概要写作（期末真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语上学期

专题08 概要写作 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 Functions of a Speech The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2, 000 years ago. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past years, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reuniting different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people's hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible protection. Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna's speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. It's not only in world meetings where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh. Great speaking ability is not something we're born with. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 How to Develop Healthy Digital Habits In today’s digital world, teenagers spend increasing amounts of time on screens, which can negatively impact their physical and mental health. Developing healthy digital habits is essential for maintaining balance in life. The first step is to set clear boundaries for screen time. Experts recommend taking regular breaks using the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Turning off notifications during study time helps maintain concentration. Establishing “screen-free” zones, especially in bedrooms, can significantly improve sleep quality. Another important aspect is being mindful of online content. Following educational or inspirational accounts rather than those promoting unrealistic standards can boost mental well-being. Students should also schedule offline activities like sports, reading, or face-to-face socializing to maintain a healthy balance between virtual and real-world interactions. Parents and schools play a crucial role in modeling and teaching digital wellness. Open discussions about responsible technology use, cyberbullying prevention, and critical thinking about online information should be encouraged. Teachers can incorporate digital literacy into their curriculum to help students navigate the online world safely. By carrying out these strategies, teenagers can enjoy technology’s benefits while avoiding its risks. Healthy digital habits formed during school years will serve students well throughout their lives in our increasingly connected world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 Tired of walling in end loss lines to pay for what you have bought? Angry at wasting time in traffic jams only to find no parking spaces when you eventually arrive at the store? If this is you, then online shopping is the answer to your dreams of trouble-free shopping. However, online shopping brings its own challenges. Here are a few things to remember when browsing various websites. The claim made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe way to make purchases. The evidence challenges this. In any case, you only have to be the victim of fraud (诈骗) once to experience all the problems that come with this form of stealing. Another problem is the appearance of Items in reality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen. This might not be a problem if you are buying washing up powder but could be a major disappointment when that beautiful blue dress you ordered turns up in green. Some even argue that online shopping indirectly causes global warning. Yes, your car can stay parked but how are online goods delivered? Often by some large vans pouring out carbon monoxide and adding to our already desperate traffic problems. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 Giving Money to Families with Kids Can Relieve Child Poverty Nearly 1 in 5 American children is officially poor. That’s roughly 15 million kids. But the number living with a significant deprivation——insufficient food, seriously overcrowded housing or a lack of access to medical care due to cost-is actually much higher. According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3. A mountain of evidence now shows that poverty can lead to cognitive (认知的) and emotional damage in children. Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. A growing number of academics believe there is a solution: the government should give monthly cash allowances, without conditions, to every family with kids. When Michael Harrington’s classic book, The Other America, called attention to America’s general poverty rate of about 25% in 1962, Washington developed social programs that brought the rate down sharply. Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough: 1 in 3 children does not receive the full benefits of these programs because their parents do not qualify for them. A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. Money can buy food, heat, coats, eye-glasses and regular doctors’ visits, including transportation, and help pay for childcare. It can also help reduce family stress and help parents provide a psychologically nourishing environment for learning and social development. Studies demonstrate children’s improved educational performance when families are simply given more money. For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. Such a policy would be a humane, practical, efficient victory for a nation too willing to neglect its poor. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 What You Should Know about Chilies What can be both red or green, round or sharp, big or small, and more importantly, loved or hated by someone? Yes, the answer is chilies. Many of us in China enjoy adding chilies to our food, but did you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-old US man recently ended up in hospital after eating a Carolina Reaper, the spiciest chili in the world. After taking just a single bite of one, the man suffered from “thunderclap” headaches in the following few days, reported BBC News. In fact, reports of stomachache and headache caused by eating spicy food are not something unusual. But if chilies are harmful, why is it that human beings are the only animals to eat this vegetable? According to the website Huanqiu, about 600 million Chinese people-almost half of the national population—are chili eaters. So what makes people love chilies so much? The human body reacts to the burning sensation that comes from eating chilies by releasing endorphins, natural chemicals that “produce a sense of happiness”. And the benefits go even further than just personal enjoyment. A survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences found that the mortality rate (死亡率) of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10 percent lower than those who eat it less than once a week. The number decreased to 14 percent for those who eat spicy food six to seven times a week. And another study done by the University of Vermont came to a similar conclusion. “The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to improve health and reduce death risk at an early age.” Capsaicin (辣椒素) has anti-cancer properties and the ability to increase our metabolism. So, don’t worry if you love spicy food. It seems that chilies are actually good for us-except for the Carolina Reaper, perhaps. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 Decision fatigue Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices. Psychologists have found that, even though we generally like having choices, having to make too many decisions in a short amount of time may lead us to make decisions that are less than ideal. Many of us would probably guess that we’d be happier with more options (选择). However, researchers have found that this isn’t necessarily true—in some cases, we actually seem to do better when we have a more limited set of options. In one research paper, psychologists looked at the consequences of being given either many or few choices of jams. The researchers found that participants who had seen the display with more choices were much less likely to actually buy a jar of jam, compared to participants who saw the more limited display—suggesting that having too many choices may not be a good thing for consumers. While choosing jams may seem like a relatively small choice, it turns out that people who have to make too many decisions may make poor decisions—or even put off making a decision. Luckily, researchers have found that decision fatigue does not often happen; instead, choice overload (过量) seems to occur when the decisions we have to make are especially difficult. But if it really occurs, what can we do about it? One way to avoid decision fatigue can be to streamline (使成流线型) the choices we make and find habits and routines that work for us—instead of making new choices each day. The principle here is to limit how much of our day is spent making choices that aren’t personally important to us. Other suggestions for managing decision fatigue include making key decisions earlier in the day and knowing when you might need to take a nap and revisit a problem with fresh eyes. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 If someone you know asks you nosy（爱管闲事的）questions, then you are not obliged to answer if you don’t want to. Here it is more important that you have some polite brush-off（拒绝）, but it is still not rude for you to refuse. If you think they shouldn’t have asked the question like “How much money do you earn?”， then I strongly recommend looking very shocked and saying “I can’t believe you just asked me that!” and either leaving them to get out of it or moving on yourself to another subject. If they try to press you by saying “I was just interested…” Then you can keep the shocked look and say “I’m not telling you that with as much emphasis as you like on the‘you’.” But what if the question isn’t quite so unforgivable? Then you need a more smiling response: “I can’t possibly tell you that” or “I’m not telling anyone that” or “Wouldn’t you like to know?” But you must stand firm, because otherwise they’ll never learn and will keep expecting you to tell them your innermost secrets. There is certainly never any need to tell your secrets just because someone else told theirs. There are questions that seem perfectly reasonable— “Are you planning to move?” , “Are you going to go back to work?” , “Are you going on holiday this year?”—but if answered truthfully might lead to unexpected revelations of something bad. Here you are free to tell white lies and say “We don’t know/haven’t decided yet/haven’t really thought about it”. Looking vague and changing the subject is the key here. If the question was reasonable, then it’s polite to embarrass the asker as little as possible—they were probably only making conversation in the first place. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 When you hear the final whistle One of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire. But even harder is finding the answer to the question “What am I going to do with the rest of my life?” Some sportspeople go on playing too long. Perhaps they just can’t stand life without the “high” of playing professional sport. Michael Jordan, the greatest basketball player of all time retired three times. He retired once from the Chicago Bulls, made a successful comeback with the Bulls, then retired again. His second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired forever at the age of 38. Jordan said, “There will never be anything I do that will fulfill me as much as competing did.” Others can’t resist the chance of one last “pay day”. Muhammad Ali needed the money, but his comeback fight, at the age of 39, against Trevor Berbick, was one of the saddest spectacles in modern sport. After losing to Berbick, Ali retired permanently. Three years later he developed Parkinson’s disease. For some people, the pain of retirement never leaves them. As Jimmy Greaves, an ex-England international footballer said, “I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their career is over.” Many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression, alcohol, or drugs. But for the lucky few, retirement can mean a successful new career. Franz Beckenbauer is a classical example of a footballer who won everything with his club, Bayern Muaich. After retiring he became a successful coach with Bayern and finally president of the club. John McEnroe, the infamous “bad boy” of tennis, is now a highly respected and highly paid TV commentator. But sadly, for most sportspeople these cases are the exceptions. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 概要写作 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 Functions of a Speech The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2, 000 years ago. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past years, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reuniting different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people's hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible protection. Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna's speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. It's not only in world meetings where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh. Great speaking ability is not something we're born with. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. First, speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions. Second, not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. What’s more, a mourning speech can be comforting. On a personal level, it is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a speech. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章以“演讲的功能”为题，主要介绍了演讲的说服或激励功能，以及告知、赞美、娱乐，和简单地介绍某人或某事以及接受某事的功能。 【详解】1 要点摘录①The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. ②Persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. ③A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. ④A speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. ⑤A personal speech will be needed to move people or make them laugh. 2.缜密构思 将1、4、5要点进行简化重组,2、3要点合并。 3.遣词造句 On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions. Not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. A mourning speech can be comforting. It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech. 【点睛】[高分句型1] On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. 运用了部分倒装且概括性强。 [高分句型2]：Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions.用by + doing sth.作方式状语。 [高分句型3]：It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech.用一个复杂的主从复合句概括倒数第二段内容。其中that引导主语从句、且从句中运用了虚拟语气。 Passage 2 How to Develop Healthy Digital Habits In today’s digital world, teenagers spend increasing amounts of time on screens, which can negatively impact their physical and mental health. Developing healthy digital habits is essential for maintaining balance in life. The first step is to set clear boundaries for screen time. Experts recommend taking regular breaks using the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Turning off notifications during study time helps maintain concentration. Establishing “screen-free” zones, especially in bedrooms, can significantly improve sleep quality. Another important aspect is being mindful of online content. Following educational or inspirational accounts rather than those promoting unrealistic standards can boost mental well-being. Students should also schedule offline activities like sports, reading, or face-to-face socializing to maintain a healthy balance between virtual and real-world interactions. Parents and schools play a crucial role in modeling and teaching digital wellness. Open discussions about responsible technology use, cyberbullying prevention, and critical thinking about online information should be encouraged. Teachers can incorporate digital literacy into their curriculum to help students navigate the online world safely. By carrying out these strategies, teenagers can enjoy technology’s benefits while avoiding its risks. Healthy digital habits formed during school years will serve students well throughout their lives in our increasingly connected world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage discusses the importance of developing healthy digital habits for teenagers. Key strategies include setting screen time limits, creating screen-free zones, choosing positive online content, and balancing online activities with offline ones. Parents and schools should promote digital wellness through education and open discussions. These habits help teens enjoy technology safely while maintaining physical and mental health. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章论述了培养青少年健康数字习惯的重要性。关键策略包括设定屏幕使用时间限制、创建无屏幕区域、选择积极的网络内容以及平衡线上活动与线下活动。家长和学校应当通过教育和开放的交流来促进数字健康。这些习惯有助于青少年安全地使用技术，同时保持身心健康。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Developing healthy digital habits is essential for maintaining balance in life. ②The first step is to set clear boundaries for screen time. Establishing “screen-free” zones, especially in bedrooms, can significantly improve sleep quality. Another important aspect is being mindful of online content. Students should also schedule offline activities like sports, reading, or face-to-face socializing to maintain a healthy balance between virtual and real-world interactions. ③Parents and schools play a crucial role in modeling and teaching digital wellness. ④By carrying out these strategies, teenagers can enjoy technology’s benefits while avoiding its risks. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The passage discusses the importance of developing healthy digital habits for teenagers. Key strategies include setting screen time limits, creating screen-free zones, choosing positive online content, and balancing online activities with offline ones. Parents and schools should promote digital wellness through education and open discussions. These habits help teens enjoy technology safely while maintaining physical and mental health. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The passage discusses the importance of developing healthy digital habits for teenagers.运用动名词作宾语原文第一段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] These habits help teens enjoy technology safely while maintaining physical and mental health.运用了状语从句的省略对最后一段进行了概括。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 Tired of walling in end loss lines to pay for what you have bought? Angry at wasting time in traffic jams only to find no parking spaces when you eventually arrive at the store? If this is you, then online shopping is the answer to your dreams of trouble-free shopping. However, online shopping brings its own challenges. Here are a few things to remember when browsing various websites. The claim made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe way to make purchases. The evidence challenges this. In any case, you only have to be the victim of fraud (诈骗) once to experience all the problems that come with this form of stealing. Another problem is the appearance of Items in reality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen. This might not be a problem if you are buying washing up powder but could be a major disappointment when that beautiful blue dress you ordered turns up in green. Some even argue that online shopping indirectly causes global warning. Yes, your car can stay parked but how are online goods delivered? Often by some large vans pouring out carbon monoxide and adding to our already desperate traffic problems. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Online shopping can free you of the trouble you meet when buying things in store. However, it has challenges. Firstly, you should bear in mind that you must use sites which deserve trusting. Secondly, you shouldn’t believe all the descriptions because they may be untrue. Lastly, you should know although the delivery may be late, it may cause global warming. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了网购的优势及需要注意的几个问题。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①However, online shopping brings its own challenges. ②The claim made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe way to make purchases. The evidence challenges this. ③Another problem is the appearance of Items in reality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen.   ④Some even argue that online shopping indirectly causes global warning.   2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 First of all, you should remember that you must use trustworthy websites. Secondly, you should not believe all the descriptions, because they may not be true. Finally, you should know that while delivery may be late, this could contribute to global warming. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Online shopping can free you of the trouble you meet when buying things in store.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句以及从句的省略用法） [高分句型2] Firstly, you should bear in mind that you must use sites which deserve trusting.（运用了that引导的宾语从句以及which引导的定语从句） Passage 2 Giving Money to Families with Kids Can Relieve Child Poverty Nearly 1 in 5 American children is officially poor. That’s roughly 15 million kids. But the number living with a significant deprivation——insufficient food, seriously overcrowded housing or a lack of access to medical care due to cost-is actually much higher. According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3. A mountain of evidence now shows that poverty can lead to cognitive (认知的) and emotional damage in children. Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. A growing number of academics believe there is a solution: the government should give monthly cash allowances, without conditions, to every family with kids. When Michael Harrington’s classic book, The Other America, called attention to America’s general poverty rate of about 25% in 1962, Washington developed social programs that brought the rate down sharply. Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough: 1 in 3 children does not receive the full benefits of these programs because their parents do not qualify for them. A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. Money can buy food, heat, coats, eye-glasses and regular doctors’ visits, including transportation, and help pay for childcare. It can also help reduce family stress and help parents provide a psychologically nourishing environment for learning and social development. Studies demonstrate children’s improved educational performance when families are simply given more money. For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. Such a policy would be a humane, practical, efficient victory for a nation too willing to neglect its poor. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The latest studies show that more than 30%of children live with a significant deprivation, which is too bad to ignore. Government have made policies to relieve child poverty, which is not enough due to some reasons. Given more money, families in poverty can improve their standard of living and provide them with education. It is only a little money that can make a big difference. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，最新的研究表明，在美国超过30%的儿童生活在严重贫困中。政府需要进一步采取措施，许多学者认为给有孩子的家庭发放补贴可以缓解儿童贫困。 【详解】1 要点摘录①According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3. ②Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. ③Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough. ④A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. ⑤For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. 2.缜密构思将1、2点一起整合，然后将其余3点分别概括。 3.遣词造句 The latest studies show that more than 30%of children live with a significant deprivation, which is too bad to ignore. Government have made policies to relieve child poverty, which is not enough due to some reasons. Given more money, families in poverty can improve their standard of living and provide them with education. It is only a little money that can make a big difference. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The latest studies show that more than 30%of children live with a significant deprivation, which is too bad to ignore.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句非常高级。 [高分句型2]：It is only a little money that can make a big difference.用强调句对最后一段进行了概括，表达比较高级。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 What You Should Know about Chilies What can be both red or green, round or sharp, big or small, and more importantly, loved or hated by someone? Yes, the answer is chilies. Many of us in China enjoy adding chilies to our food, but did you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-old US man recently ended up in hospital after eating a Carolina Reaper, the spiciest chili in the world. After taking just a single bite of one, the man suffered from “thunderclap” headaches in the following few days, reported BBC News. In fact, reports of stomachache and headache caused by eating spicy food are not something unusual. But if chilies are harmful, why is it that human beings are the only animals to eat this vegetable? According to the website Huanqiu, about 600 million Chinese people-almost half of the national population—are chili eaters. So what makes people love chilies so much? The human body reacts to the burning sensation that comes from eating chilies by releasing endorphins, natural chemicals that “produce a sense of happiness”. And the benefits go even further than just personal enjoyment. A survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences found that the mortality rate (死亡率) of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10 percent lower than those who eat it less than once a week. The number decreased to 14 percent for those who eat spicy food six to seven times a week. And another study done by the University of Vermont came to a similar conclusion. “The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to improve health and reduce death risk at an early age.” Capsaicin (辣椒素) has anti-cancer properties and the ability to increase our metabolism. So, don’t worry if you love spicy food. It seems that chilies are actually good for us-except for the Carolina Reaper, perhaps. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Chilies, loved by many but potentially harmful, are popular in China. Despite cases like a US man suffering headaches after eating the Carolina Reaper, studies show that eating spicy food can lower mortality rates and improve health due to capsaicin’s benefits. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，辣椒在中国很受欢迎，虽然受到许多人的喜爱，但却有潜在的危害。尽管有美国人吃了卡罗莱纳死神后头痛的案例，但研究表明，由于辣椒素的好处，吃辛辣食物可以降低死亡率，改善健康。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Many of us in China enjoy adding chilies to our food, but did you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? ②A 34-year-old US man recently ended up in hospital after eating a Carolina Reaper, the spiciest chili in the world. The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to improve health and reduce death risk at an early age. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句 Chilies, loved by many but potentially harmful, are popular in China. Despite cases like a US man suffering headaches after eating the Carolina Reaper, studies show that eating spicy food can lower mortality rates and improve health due to capsaicin’s benefits. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Chilies, loved by many but potentially harmful, are popular in China.(运用过去分词表示被动关系对原文第二段进行了概括) [高分句型2] Despite cases like a US man suffering headaches after eating the Carolina Reaper, studies show that eating spicy food can lower mortality rates and improve health due to capsaicin’s benefits.(用that引导宾语从句对第四段和第五段进行了概括) 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. 【答案】Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children’s future success. To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties, praise children for trying harder than usual, and create opportunities by doing with kids together a fun activity needing time and efforts, gradually encouraging children’s persistence. 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，坚持，即在困难中不断尝试的能力，有助于孩子们未来的成功。要培养毅力，家长可以做毅力的榜样，不断向孩子展示自己在困难中不断努力，表扬孩子比平时更努力，和孩子一起做一个需要时间和努力的有趣的活动，创造机会，逐渐鼓励孩子的毅力。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①As parents, we need to help children build towards future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. ②The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. ③When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. ④That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children's future success. To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties, praise children for trying harder than usual, and create opportunities by doing with kids together a fun activity needing time and efforts, gradually encouraging children's persistence. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children’s future success.运用不定式作后置定语对原文第一段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties…用不定式作目的状语对第三段进行了概括。 Passage 2 Decision fatigue Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices. Psychologists have found that, even though we generally like having choices, having to make too many decisions in a short amount of time may lead us to make decisions that are less than ideal. Many of us would probably guess that we’d be happier with more options (选择). However, researchers have found that this isn’t necessarily true—in some cases, we actually seem to do better when we have a more limited set of options. In one research paper, psychologists looked at the consequences of being given either many or few choices of jams. The researchers found that participants who had seen the display with more choices were much less likely to actually buy a jar of jam, compared to participants who saw the more limited display—suggesting that having too many choices may not be a good thing for consumers. While choosing jams may seem like a relatively small choice, it turns out that people who have to make too many decisions may make poor decisions—or even put off making a decision. Luckily, researchers have found that decision fatigue does not often happen; instead, choice overload (过量) seems to occur when the decisions we have to make are especially difficult. But if it really occurs, what can we do about it? One way to avoid decision fatigue can be to streamline (使成流线型) the choices we make and find habits and routines that work for us—instead of making new choices each day. The principle here is to limit how much of our day is spent making choices that aren’t personally important to us. Other suggestions for managing decision fatigue include making key decisions earlier in the day and knowing when you might need to take a nap and revisit a problem with fresh eyes. 【答案】When you have to make a lot of choices, you’ll suffer from decision fatigue. Contrary to people’s common knowledge, facing too many choices can lead to poor decisions. However, decision fatigue usually happens just when we have to make too many difficult decisions. To avoid it, streamlining choices and making earlier decisions are recommended. (54 words) 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍说，人们会对要做很多的决定而感到疲劳，所以，要避免这样的情况发生，我们应该使决定成流线型并且提前做决定。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices. ②Many of us would probably guess that we’d be happier with more options (选择). However, researchers have found that this isn’t necessarily true—in some cases, we actually seem to do better when we have a more limited set of options. ③While choosing jams may seem like a relatively small choice, it turns out that people who have to make too many decisions may make poor decisions—or even put off making a decision. ④Luckily, researchers have found that decision fatigue does not often happen; instead, choice overload (过量) seems to occur when the decisions we have to make are especially difficult. ⑤But if it really occurs, what can we do about it? One way to avoid decision fatigue can be to streamline (使成流线型) the choices we make and find habits and routines that work for us—instead of making new choices each day. Other suggestions for managing decision fatigue include making key decisions earlier in the day and knowing when you might need to take a nap and revisit a problem with fresh eyes. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 When you have to make a lot of choices, you’ll suffer from decision fatigue. Contrary to people’s common knowledge, facing too many choices can lead to poor decisions. However, decision fatigue usually happens just when we have to make too many difficult decisions. To avoid it, streamlining choices and making earlier decisions are recommended. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices.运用一个主从复合句把第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中when引导的时间状语从句表达高级。 【高分句型2】To avoid it, streamlining choices and making earlier decisions are recommended. 运用了不定式作目的状语概括了第四段内容。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 If someone you know asks you nosy（爱管闲事的）questions, then you are not obliged to answer if you don’t want to. Here it is more important that you have some polite brush-off（拒绝）, but it is still not rude for you to refuse. If you think they shouldn’t have asked the question like “How much money do you earn?”， then I strongly recommend looking very shocked and saying “I can’t believe you just asked me that!” and either leaving them to get out of it or moving on yourself to another subject. If they try to press you by saying “I was just interested…” Then you can keep the shocked look and say “I’m not telling you that with as much emphasis as you like on the‘you’.” But what if the question isn’t quite so unforgivable? Then you need a more smiling response: “I can’t possibly tell you that” or “I’m not telling anyone that” or “Wouldn’t you like to know?” But you must stand firm, because otherwise they’ll never learn and will keep expecting you to tell them your innermost secrets. There is certainly never any need to tell your secrets just because someone else told theirs. There are questions that seem perfectly reasonable— “Are you planning to move?” , “Are you going to go back to work?” , “Are you going on holiday this year?”—but if answered truthfully might lead to unexpected revelations of something bad. Here you are free to tell white lies and say “We don’t know/haven’t decided yet/haven’t really thought about it”. Looking vague and changing the subject is the key here. If the question was reasonable, then it’s polite to embarrass the asker as little as possible—they were probably only making conversation in the first place. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】If asked nosy questions, you can ignore them politely or refuse to answer them.（要点1）For unforgivable questions, you can strongly express your unwillingness to answer them.（要点2）For not-so-unforgivable questions, you must be firm to say you cannot answer them.（要点3）For reasonable questions which may reveal something bad, you can tell white lies or give vague answer.（要点4） 【分析】这是一篇概要写作。文章主要就面对那些该管闲事的问题的提供了一些处理方法。 【详解】通读全文，我们可以从一下四方面对文章进行概括：1.如果你被问到一些爱管闲事的问题，你可以礼貌地忽略它们或者拒绝回答它们。2.对于不可原谅的问题，你可以明确表示不愿意回答。3.对于不那么不可原谅的问题，你必须坚定地说你不能回答。4.对于那些可能会揭露坏事的合理的问题，你可以善意地说谎或给出含糊的回答。 在写作时要特别注意下面几点： （1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。 （2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。 （3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。 （4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。 （5）看是否符合规定的词数要求。 Passage 2 When you hear the final whistle One of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire. But even harder is finding the answer to the question “What am I going to do with the rest of my life?” Some sportspeople go on playing too long. Perhaps they just can’t stand life without the “high” of playing professional sport. Michael Jordan, the greatest basketball player of all time retired three times. He retired once from the Chicago Bulls, made a successful comeback with the Bulls, then retired again. His second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired forever at the age of 38. Jordan said, “There will never be anything I do that will fulfill me as much as competing did.” Others can’t resist the chance of one last “pay day”. Muhammad Ali needed the money, but his comeback fight, at the age of 39, against Trevor Berbick, was one of the saddest spectacles in modern sport. After losing to Berbick, Ali retired permanently. Three years later he developed Parkinson’s disease. For some people, the pain of retirement never leaves them. As Jimmy Greaves, an ex-England international footballer said, “I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their career is over.” Many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression, alcohol, or drugs. But for the lucky few, retirement can mean a successful new career. Franz Beckenbauer is a classical example of a footballer who won everything with his club, Bayern Muaich. After retiring he became a successful coach with Bayern and finally president of the club. John McEnroe, the infamous “bad boy” of tennis, is now a highly respected and highly paid TV commentator. But sadly, for most sportspeople these cases are the exceptions. 【答案】For sportsmen, knowing what to do after retirement is harder than deciding when to retire. Some play so long that they have trouble adjusting to life after retirement, while the need for money keeps others stay. For some, the pain of retirement is with them for the rest of life, while for others, retirement means a successful new career. 【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括对运动员来说知道退役后做什么比决定何时退役更难，一些人难退役是因为他们难以适应退役后的生活，另一些则是需要钱；对一些人来说，退役的痛苦伴随整个余生，而对另一些人来说则意味着一个新的成功的生涯，注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。 【详解】1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。 2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。 3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。 4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $