专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，四川专用）高二英语上学期

专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川泸县五中・期末） Jim Thorpe is one of the greatest athletes of all time. He had amazing athletic abilities and was well-known during his lifetime, yet that did not make Thorpe a stranger to adversity. Thorpe was an American Indian from Oklahoma who developed his extraordinary athletic skills in his youth through hard labor. It was also in his youth that he learned to endure hardship brought upon by racial prejudice. Many would say his childhood was not easy. He grew up poor and at age 9 his twin brother passed away and a few years later he lost both of his parents. But that did not stop him from doing what he loved and pursuing his dreams. Nothing seemed to stop him, not even stolen shoes. Just hours before Thorpe was going to compete in the 1912 Olympics, somebody stole his shoes. Thorpe improvised (临时拼凑) by getting shoes out of the garbage. The shoes were two different sizes. He wore an extra pair of socks on one foot to even them out. He still went on to win two gold medals—winning each event he competed in except for one, the javelin (标枪). The javelin was the only event he didn’t win, probably because he had never competed in that event before. It is interesting to note that Thorpe had tried to throw the javelin once before in the Olympic trials. At the time, he didn’t know that he could throw it with a running start. He threw it standing still and was placed second. At the Olympics，he also took part in the decathlon (十项全能运动). He finished first in two events, third in four events, and fourth in two more. Thorpe ended up finishing third in the world. He was undoubtedly a dominating force that couldn’t be stopped and just kept on going. I think Paul Dughi said it best, “It’s hard to imagine now that pro athletes get paid millions of dollars just to wear a particular brand of shoes. For Jim Thorpe, it didn’t matter what kind he wore.” 1．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 mean? A．The adversity Thorpe met with led to his success. B．Thorpe’s success was no guarantee of a better life. C．Thorpe’s career brought him both gains and losses. D．Thorpe suffered many hardships despite his success. 2．Why did Thorpe wear more socks on one foot? A．To prevent the foot from injury. B．To make the shoe fit the foot. C．To stop the shoe from being stolen. D．To show his problem-solving skills. 3．What most likely led to Thorpe’s failure to win the javelin? A．Loss of his own sports shoes. B．A casual attitude towards the event. C．Lack of experience in the event. D．A shortage of talent for the event. 4．Which of the following words can best describe Jim Thorpe? A．Loyal and enthusiastic. B．Genuine and creative. C．Tough and strong-minded. D．Selfless and good-tempered. Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川泸县二中・期末） It’s one of the ultimate tests of willpower: you’ve been wandering around the market for hours and you’re tired and hungry. Then you catch a smell of something fragrant (香的) and delicious, probably fried and almost certainly fattening. Junk food companies are well aware that the smell of their product sets off a desire in your brain and that you’ll pay for that later. It is a response that has been researched, and you’d better believe your favorite fast-food chains have marketing teams that are using that research to their advantage. Let’s take a closer look at this process. Have you ever noticed that whatever indulgent food (放纵型食品) catches your attention tends to be most appealing just after you first smell it? A couple of minutes later you are standing in line, and it isn’t quite inviting as it was just moments ago, but now you’ve invested time, so you trust your first feeling to treat yourself. But a recent statement says that this is actually the right moment to walk away. Dipayan Biswas, a marketing professor, found there is a direct connection between how long a person is exposed to indulgent food smells and choosing healthier foods. “The results of a series of experiments show that extended exposure of more than two minutes to junk food smells leads to fewer purchases of unhealthy foods compared with no smell or a non-junk-food-related smell,” reads the summary of his study. What appears to be going on here is that the brain doesn’t necessarily distinguish between a pleasurable smell and a pleasant taste. “Extended exposure to an indulgent food smell brings pleasure in the mind, which in turn reduces the desire for actual consumption of indulgent foods,” he explains. So next time you feel you don’t have the willpower to resist cookies, smell all that sweetness for just a minute or two. To your brain it’s the same as actually eating cookies, and the purchase desire would decrease. 5．What can we learn about junk food smells from the first paragraph? A．They can make a difference in marketing. B．They hardly affect people’s food choices. C．They are unlikely to fool wise customers. D．They finally decrease people’s purchase desire. 6．What does the second paragraph basically serve as? A．An argument. B．An example. C．A comparison. D．A comment. 7．Which statement will Biswas probably agree with? A．The brain can’t tell where sensory pleasure is from. B．The senses of taste and smell are closely linked. C．The influence of food smells changes over time. D．The behavior of smelling food doesn’t equal eating it. 8．Which of the following could the best title for the text? A．Train Your Brain to Resist Junk Food B．Watch Out for Tricky Marketing Tools C．Food Addiction Is Never About Willpower D．Smelling Junk Food Longer Can Keep You Off It Passage 3 （23-24 高二上・四川宜宾叙州二中・期末） A new device is helping those who are blind to see. Jason Esterhuizen lost his eyesight after a car accident. He never thought he would be able to see light or movement again. But now with the movement of a switch, his world suddenly grew brighter. He says, “I still can’t put it into words. I mean from being able to see absolutely nothing, it’s completely black, to all of a sudden seeing a little light move around.“ It is not full or normal sight, but Esterhuizen can move about in the world around him. Dr Nader Pouratian says, “ Being able to tell where a doorway is, being able to tell where the sidewalk begins or ends or where the crosswalk is, are all extremely meaningful events that can help these people regain some form of independence.” The new technology-called Orion-uses several parts. One is a small device placed in the brain. The other parts are a video camera on sunglasses and a processing device that can be carried in a person’s clothes. When the user points the camera, a signal goes to the processor (处理器)and then back to the glasses. The glasses then communicate wirelessly with the device in the brain. The information causes a pattern to develop in the part of the brain. The pattern helps users detect (识别 ) movement and shapes of light. And it all happens in seconds. Pouratian says this technology is a first. “We basically have the video camera and the video processing unit performing the functions of what the eye normally does, ” he adds. Esterhuizen says that now he can do everyday activities around his home that he once could not. “Crossing the road is much easier and much safer for me because I can look down and just follow the white line that’s painted on the road.” The researchers believe that one day this technology could help people who have lost their vision because of illnesses like glaucoma(青光眼)or diabetes. It may also help those with poor vision or who were born blind. 9．How does the new device help the blind to become independent? A．To tell them their surroundings. B．To show them its instructions. C．To use sound to communicate with them. D．To give them full sight. 10．What do we know about Orion? A．It needs sunglasses with network. B．It totally depends on the camera. C．It can function almost in real time. D．It sends a pattern of light in hours. 11．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．The technology will cure all diseases. B．The technology still has some space to improve. C．Those with poor vision will recover immediately. D．Those with poor vision will go blind once more. 12．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．A New Device Improves Your Eyesight B．Technology Is Changing the Modern Life C．Blind Men Are Given the Chance to See D．You Will Get Independence with Orion Passage 4 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州泸化中学・期末） When you leave retirement planning too late, it may be difficult to start putting aside adequate funds in the years when you have other financial commitments. The Central Provident Fund (CPF) Board conducted a Facebook contest (apps.facebook.com/areyoureadysg) last year, collecting stories and anecdotes others have to share on their difficulties in managing their finances, relating to cash flow, housing, healthcare and retirement. Thankfully, there is now an easy way to start with the latest CPF Board initiative, Are You Ready(AYR). Launched in 2011, AYR is designed to encourage Singaporeans to kick-start their financial and retirement planning. Through tools, talks and games, AYR provides an informative and interactive way for Singaporeans to understand the importance of retirement planning; and take an active role in working towards it. AYR revolves around 4 checklists built upon 4 key messages: Managing your cash flow A basic step in financial planning, this puts you in a better position to consider other aspects of retirement planning and adequacy. Buying a house within your means. This theme focuses on helping Singaporeans understand the principles of prudence and affordability in making their most expensive financial commitment. Taking charge of healthcare costs Singaporeans need to plan ahead to be financially and physically prepared for health uncertainties. Securing your retirement Increasing life expectancy means putting a financial plan in place as early as possible; to be financially independent in old age. 13．The purpose of Are You Ready initiative is to ___________. A．stimulate the interaction among Singaporeans. B．provide an incentive to contribute more in work C．inspire Singaporeans to jump off in retirement planning. D．familiarize Singaporeans with the financial system 14．Which of the following might the author most agree with? A．The effort to buy a house made people hold off on buying other items. B．With people living longer, people have to save more money for retirement. C．Health issue turns out to be the biggest consideration in retirement. D．Retirement requires people withdraw excessive income to maintain flexibility. 15．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Are You Ready-Hand-on Approaches B．Real-life Stories -Pressing Financial Burdens C．A Light for Singaporeans-Early Retirement D．Let It Go-Retirement Planning Passage 5 （24-25 高二上・四川眉山仁寿一中北校区・期末） A rare genetic skin condition has been corrected for the first time using a gene therapy that is applied to the skin. About 1 in 800,000 children in the US are born with a severe condition called recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (不良性大疱性表皮松解症 RDEB) that makes their skin extremely weak and likely to be torn and blister (长水疱). “It is very painful,” says Vincenzo Mascoli, 22, who travelled from Italy to the US to have the gene therapy. He had open wounds all over his body, including one covering his entire back that had been there since he was 2 years old. “Sometimes I also get blisters in my eyes and have to keep my eyes closed, and sometimes I get blisters in my throat that make it difficult to eat,” he says. Mascoli and other people with the condition have weak skin because they have an improper version of a collagen (胶原) gene called COL7A1. That means their skin can’t produce the collagen proteins needed to give it structure and strength. Peter Marinkovich at Stanford University in California and his colleagues developed a way to insert normal COL7A1 genes into the skin of such individuals so they can start producing collagen properly. “All it does is go into the cell and deliver the gene,” says Marinkovich. The gene therapy was then incorporated into a gel (凝胶) so it could be applied to the skin. It was tested in a late-stage clinical experiment in the US involving 31 children and adults with RDEB, including Mascoli. The treatment was repeated weekly until the wounds closed. After three months, 71% of the wounds treated with the gene therapy had completely healed, compared with 20% of those who had the ineffective gel applied, and there were no serious side effects. A US company called Krystal Biotech has partnered with Marinkovich and his colleagues to develop the gene therapy and will apply in the next few months for approval to make it available to more patients in the US. 16．What do we know about RDEB? A．It is a serious skin disease on children. B．It brings unbearable pain to the patients. C．It makes patients’ skin weak but seldom blister. D．About 800,000 children in the US suffer from it. 17．Why do the patients with RDEB have weak skin? A．They don’t have the gene called COL7A1. B．They don’t deal with the wounds properly. C．Genes on them fail to provide right proteins. D．They have serious side effects after treatments. 18．What do we know about the new therapy? A．It was developed by Krystal Biotech. B．It has proved highly effective on all patients. C．It will be applied to patients in a larger scale. D．It has positive effects on patients immediately. 19．What is this text probably taken from? A．A biography. B．A course plan. C．A mathematics paper. D．A science magazine. Passage 6 （24-25 高二上・四川眉山仁寿一中北校区・期末） In spite of the title, How to Grow Old, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject. My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal (母亲方面的) grandfather, it is true, died in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty. Of remote ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off. My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to women’s higher education. She was the co-founders of Girton College. She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his sorrow and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. “Good gracious,” she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a miserable existence!” “Madre snaturale (奇怪的母亲),” he replied. But as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe. After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m. in reading popular science. I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old. This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical (统计学的) fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable shortness of your future. 20．What do we know about author’s maternal grandmother? A．She was a strange and cruel mother. B．She set up Girton College with others. C．Her husband died when he was young. D．She had 72 children and grandchildren. 21．Why did the grandmother asked the gentleman? A．Because she wanted to teach him a lesson. B．Because she preferred cooking and talking. C．Because she wanted show off her freedom. D．Because she wondered why he was so sad. 22．What is the proper way to remain young according to the author? A．To maintain wide interests and active participation. B．To remember how many years you have lived so far. C．To stay up reading from midnight to 3 a. m. every day. D．To raise as many children as you can and cherish them. 23．What is the writing style of the passage? A．Romantic. B．Imaginative. C．Humorous. D．Ironic. 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州天府中学・期末） On a windy day, 40 middle-school students stand by the Harlem River in New York City. Their teacher, Mr. White, pulls a metal cage out of the river. Inside are clusters of oysters (牡蛎). The last time they were here, the oysters were babies. The students’ job is to measure how much the oysters have grown and test the river water for pollutants. They will report their findings to researchers at the Billion Oyster Project (BOP). Why work so hard? To make the city’s waterways healthy again. Oysters are important for the underwater community they share with plants, fish, and other life. So they are also called a keystone species. If a keystone species disappears, other plants and animals may die out. That’s exactly what happened 100 years ago in New York Harbor. Before then, lots of oysters lived here. The oysters were delicious — maybe too delicious. By the early 1900s, people were eating them faster than they could grow. The oysters were in trouble for another reason. Pollution was pouring into the waters of the growing city, and few types of animals could live in it. Since the 1970s, new laws have helped reduce toxic(有毒的) waste. Some fish started to swim through again. But oysters were still missing — until recently. The BOP began in 2014 to help bring oysters back to New York Harbor. So far, students and volunteers have placed about 25,000,000 oysters into the harbor. “The oysters definitely look much bigger now,” says a student named Kelly. Taking turns, the kids measure all the oysters, then compare notes. The biggest oyster is over 2 inches long, much bigger than a healthy size for its age. As more oysters grow, the water should become clearer. Also, other animals should move in. Finally, the students put the oysters back in the cage. Mr. White lowers it into the river. When the oysters are big enough, they will be moved to the middle of the harbor. For today, everyone agrees: the future is looking bright for New York Harbor. 1．Why are oysters called a keystone species? A．They grow quickly. B．They are delicious. C．They support underwater life. D．They are able to resist pollution. 2．What was the problem with oysters over a century ago? A．A period of disappearance. B．Over- consumption by people. C．Lack of clean and safe habitat. D．Competition with other species. 3．What’s the goal of the Billion Oyster Project? A．To grow more oysters. B．To collect useful data. C．To protect water plants. D．To restore waterways. 4．What may be the future outlook for New York Harbor? A．Promising. B．Uncertain. C．Disappointing. D．Unchanged. Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川泸县二中・期末） People are already paying more and more for food due to global warming — and rising temperatures will drive food prices a lot higher in the next decade. According to a study by the European Central Bank, by 2035, higher temperatures alone will be pushing up worldwide food prices by between 0.9% and 3.2% every single year. To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021. By looking for associations between food prices and factors such as the average monthly temperature, temperature changes, and measures of drought and extreme rainfall, they found a strong link between the average temperature and the food prices a month or so later. In regions north of 40 degrees, like the latitude (纬度) of New York City and Beijing, warmer-than-average temperatures during winter led to falling food prices. But above-average temperatures increased food prices in summer and at all times in the rest of the world. “The study didn’t look at why prices rose, but the likely explanation is that extreme heat is reducing yields,” Kotz says. “Crops may be drying out on the vine when they should be being harvested.” Factors such as extreme rainfall had less impact on food prices than average temperatures. This may be because flooding tends to be localized, while above-average temperatures can be very widespread. Other studies have reached similar conclusions. Kotz’s team then went further by investigating how food prices could change based on average temperature rises in climate model prediction. In the worst situation, global food inflation (食品通胀) due to climate change goes over 4% per year by 2060. “We need to be aware of the fact that climate change brings huge new challenges for food security,” says Kotz. “Warming-fuelled extreme weather is increasingly affecting food production around the world. If farmers don’t adapt their practices to better cope with rising temperatures, the losses will become more serious.” 5．What does the study focus on? A．The factors in the rising living costs. B．The impact of climate change on food prices. C．The effects of natural disasters on food production. D．The comparison of food prices in different regions. 6．How did researchers reach their conclusions? A．By analyzing a mass of data. B．By referring to previous studies. C．By tracking some cities for years. D．By conducting a survey among farmers. 7．What is the main reason for the rising food prices according to Kotz? A．Frequent rainfall. B．Extreme high temperature. C．The increasing demand for crops. D．The restrictions of trade policies. 8．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．To investigate how food prices change. B．To predict the loss caused by the heat wave. C．To urge farmers to adjust their practices. D．To clarify the situation of global food inflation. Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川绵阳三台中学・期末） "What kind of rubbish are you?" This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has become a special "greeting" among people over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations （条例〉that are required to follow and expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss （投放）it into specific public dustbins. They must do so at specified times, when monitors are present to ensure correct trash-tossing and to ask the nature of one's rubbish. Individuals who fail to follow the regulations face the possibility of fines and worse. They could be punished with fines of up to 200 yuan （ $ 29）. For those who repeat to go against them, the government can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to get bank loans or even buy train tickets. Shanghai government is responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tons of garbage a year, more than London's annual output, which is rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift （筛选）through the waste, picking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are annoyed by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or harmful, the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules concerning food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bins, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. What they complain most is the short periods for dropping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out； no one wants to look bad. 9．What do we know about the trash-sorting regulations in Shanghai? A．They are the first of their kind. B．They are tied to one's bank account. C．They have the highest fines. D．They're aided by monitors. 10．Why has Shanghai introduced the trash-sorting regulations? A．There are fewer and fewer trash pickers. B．It aims to build a new recycling system. C．It faces more and more serious garbage problems. D．People throw the rubbish here and there. 11．What makes the residents upset most about the regulations? A．Limited time for tossing the trash. B．Confusing distinction among the categories of trash. C．Being fined due to improper behavior. D．Being watched by monitors when throwing the garbage. 12．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Good Way of Trash-sorting B．A New Era of Garbage Classification C．A Great Time in Dealing with Litter D．An Effective Solution to Rubbish Problem Passage 4 （24-25 高二上・四川宜宾三中・期末） Tasked with photographing one of the world’s most precious big cats, you go deep into the jungle of Southeast Asia and set up a camera trap. Back at base camp, you look through the images it captures, identifying monkeys, otters and finally, what you have been searching for: the mysterious clouded leopard. All this, without having to leave the comfort of your own home. A new mobile game, turns one of the largest-ever wildlife camera trap studies into a playable experience. The idea is that by letting players take on the role of a researcher in a real scientific study, the game helps people to better understand wildlife conservation science. The game is based on an ongoing, decade-long camera trap study by professor David Macdonald and his team at the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at the University of Oxford. The hope is that games can provide new ways for people to engage with endangered animals. “If you don’t have any encounter or experience with elements of nature, then what motivation can you have to take a personal interest in it?” says Macdonald. “ I think that detail of understanding brings a great investment in wanting to see a good outcome.” It uses real photographs from the study and allow players to identify species within this rapidly worsening environment. “ Of course, everyone loves attractive photography but there’s something just incredibly raw and real about capturing these animals’ moments,” says Macdonald. “I would like to think that engagement with this game will lead to a feeling of value, which will affect how they think about nature,” says Macdonald. “So, in that sense, we’d like to be part of a revolution on how people view the role of humanity, alongside the wider environment.” 13．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To present a finding. B．To lead to the topic. C．To advertise a game. D．To demonstrate photographing in the wild. 14．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The reason for using real photographs in the game. B．The present situation of the natural environment. C．The way of making the photos more appealing. D．The original source of the real photographs. 15．Which of the following is NOT the benefits of the mobile game? A．It popularizes the knowledge about the science of wildlife protection. B．It offers new methods for developing links with endangered species. C．It influences people to reflect on more about man and nature. D．It raises funds for the future research into wildlife. 16．What is Macdonald’s attitude towards the mobile game? A．Doubtful B．Disapproving C．Positive D．Indifferent Passage 5 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州三校联盟） For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation. About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers. They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape — from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north. Part of the success was human’s ability to hunt large animals. With clever hunting techniques and specially built weapons, they perfected the art of killing even the most dangerous mammals. But unfortunately, the great success of our ancestors came at the expense of the other large mammals. It is well-known that numerous large species went extinct during the time of worldwide colonization by modern humans. Now, new research from Aarhus University reveals that those large mammals that survived also experienced a dramatic decline. By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago. This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study. “We’ve studied the evolution of large mammalian populations over the past 750,000 years. For the first 700,000 years, the populations were fairly stable. But 50,000 years ago, the populations fell dramatically and never recovered,” he says, and continues: “For the past 800,000 years, the globe has fluctuated (波动) between ice ages and interglacial periods about every 100,000 years. If the climate was the cause, we should see greater fluctuations when the climate changed 50,000 years earlier.But we don’t. Humans are, therefore, the most likely explanation.” 17．What do the underlined words “the success” mean in Paragraph 3? A．The evolution of large mammals. B．The prosperity of various habitats. C．The achievement of human migration. D．The progress in hunting techniques. 18．According to Svenning, what happened 50,000 years ago? A．Populations of large mammals significantly dropped. B．Living conditions of large mammals remained stable. C．Global climate dramatically changed. D．A large number of glaciers suddenly melt. 19．What’s used as a clue of the research according to the last two paragraphs? A．Species. B．Place. C．Time. D．Climate. 20．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Climate Impact on Animals B．Changes of Prehistoric Environment C．Evolution of Large Mammal Populations D．Human Influence on Giant Mammals Passage 6 （24-25 高二上・四川资阳安岳中学・期末） Culture, by which scientists mean that animals learn from each other to overcome problems, seems to be increasingly common across the animal kingdom. Alice Bridges, a behavioral ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University in England, wondered whether insects like bumblebees might have a capacity for it, too. To study culture in bumblebees in the lab, she built a puzzle box out of Petri dishes (培养皿) with a reward of super sweet sugar water at the bottom of it. Bridges cut a small hole in the lid to create a spinning top that can be turned by pushing the red dot clockwise or the blue dot counter-clockwise. Then, she trained some bees to push the red dot to get the sugar water and others to push the blue dot. Next, Bridges put these trained bees into different colonies (群体) along with the puzzle boxes. It wasn’t all fun and games, however, and the experiment ultimately played itself out. In colonies where the tutor bee had originally learned to push the red dot, the other bees in the colony usually pushed the red dot. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue dot, their fellow bees tended to do the same. In the control colonies where there were no tutors, the bees sometimes learned how to open the boxes, but never as efficiently or reliably. The conclusion is that bumblebees can pass on certain behaviors. However, because bumblebee colonies collapse before winter, there’s little chance a tradition could get passed down from generation to generation. So, Bridges is planning future work on insects whose colonies last for years, like stingless bees. That truth, summarizes Whiten, a cognitive zoologist at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, is that all we have discovered about animal culture means that human culture, once thought unique, did not emerge ‘out of the blue’ but has obviously built on deep evolutionary foundations.” 21．How was Alice Bridges’ study conducted? A．By analyzing the data. B．By observing the tutor bees. C．By studying the previous experiment. D．By comparing the results in different groups. 22．What does the phrase “play itself out” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Come to an end. B．Cause confusion. C．Reach a conclusion. D．Become entertaining. 23．Why is Alice Bridges turning to insects like stingless bees for future work? A．Because they may pass down traditions across generations. B．Because they may have more complex cultural behaviors. C．Because they may be easier to observe in the lab. D．Because they may learn more efficiently. 24．What can we infer from the passage? A．Alice Bridges discovered a new species of bees. B．Animals’ learning behaviors suggest a form of culture. C．Bumblebees have the ability to solve complex puzzles. D．Culture on evolutionary foundations is unique to human. 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川资阳安岳中学・期末） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to understand as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a businessperson rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, eventually, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation (管理), will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 1．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C．It is intended for AI professionals. D．It provides step-by-step instructions. 2．What does Campbell strongly recommend people to do about AI development? A．Observe existing regulations on it. B．Reconsider expert opinions about it. C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D．Learn from previous experience to slow it down. 3．How does the author introduce AI by Design? A．By comparing it with other similar works. B．By sharing reviews of experts and readers. C．By giving examples of dangers posed by AI. D．By summarizing the main idea and main points. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To honor an outstanding AI expert. C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To raise awareness of the risks of AI. Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川自贡一中・期末） When parents discover their children have lied to them for the first time, it can often come as a shock to find their little treasures are capable of such a trick. But new research has suggested many parents may not even notice many of the lies their children tell them. Psychologists have discovered that most parents are over-confident in their children's honesty and this may impair their ability to discover a lie. The findings may help to explain why some parents seem to be willing to let their children get away with(未受惩罚) almost anything even in the face of the evidence. They say parents suffer from a“truth bias(偏见)” with their own youngsters, but when faced with lies from other people's children, they have less difficulty telling if a statement is true or not. Dr Angela Evans, a psychologist at Brock University in Canada, said,“The close relationship that parents share with their own children may lead to parents failing to detect their children's lies. Parents' truth bias may result in parents being less doubtful about their children, allowing them to successfully cheat them.”Most children are thought to start lying as early as two years old but start telling more believable lies at around the age of four years old. Learning how to lie is considered as a key part of cognitive(认知的) and social development in children. But many parents are shocked when their children start lying to them. In their study, Dr Evans and her colleagues filmed 108 children aged between 8 and 16 as they performed a test after being asked not to look at the answers. They were then asked afterwards if they had looked, with 50 truthfully denying looking, 49 lying about looking and 9 admitting to looking. Videos of those denying looking were then shown to 152 parents of children aged 8 to 16, 80 of whom had children who had taken part in the test. The researchers found that the parents were less able to spot lies told by their own children than by other people's children. 5．What does the underlined word“impair”in Paragraph 2 mean? A．show B．develop C．damage D．recognize 6．When lying to their parents, children can't be easily found because ________. A．their parents pretend not to see the lies B．their parents aren't prepared for the lies C．they are very good at hiding their lies D．they know how to lie to their parents 7．What does Dr Evans want to find about children's lying? A．What makes parents lose trust in their children B．What causes children to tell lies to their parents C．What makes parents fail to see their children's lies D．What affects children's relations with their parents 8．What can be inferred from Dr Evans's study in the last two paragraphs? A．Parents tend to protect their own children B．Lying is a part of children's development C．Children aged 8 to 16 are very likely to tell lies D．Parents can judge lies told by children of others more easily Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川绵阳南山中学・期末） In the early 1990s, my friend Jay was working for IBM and made a good salary.Later, Jay declined an offer from an interesting but small organization because of the low pay.He has regretted it ever since.That small company was Microsoft. Regret is a reaction to a disappointing event in your life, such as a choice you made that can't be changed, or something you said that you can't take back.It's a heavy and negative emotion connected to pity, sorrow and helplessness and can last for minutes, days, years or even a lifetime.Regret can increase your stress and throw off the balance of immune (免疫) systems. Fortunately, regret can be overcome through interventions.As a psychologist at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, I conducted a research on stressful emotions.In the research, we found people would experience regret for action or inaction.The action-related regrets, although painful, stimulate people to learn from their mistakes and move on.But the regret related to the inaction is more likely to lead to depression and anxiety.Avoiding or denying regret only can increase negative feelings and extend the time people suffer with them.Rather than stay stuck, people can manage these emotions in four steps:First, accept the fact that you are feeling them; determine why you are feeling them; allow yourself to learn from them; and finally, release them and move forward. In Jay's case, at first he pushed away his feelings of regret.He continued to struggle with thoughts of what he missed.He did not change until he approached and explored his feelings of regret.Eventually he accepted the fact and reminded himself of his rationale at the time- he failed to recognize the potential of Microsoft.On making future decisions,Jay recognized the importance of obtaining information about opportunities and challenged himself to learn about the big players in the field.Doing so allowed him to move on and ultimately forgive himself. 9．What does Paragraph 2 mainly focus on about regret? A．Its condition. B．Its definition. C．Its variation. D．Its consequence. 10．What does the finding of the research indicate? A．Regret can disappear itself. B．Intervention increases pains. C．Avoidance may relieve stress. D．Acceptance helps manage regret. 11．What does the underlined word“rationale”in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Reason. B．Puzzle. C．Concern. D．Emotion. 12．Why is Jay's experience mentioned? A．To attract more attention to mental diseases. B．To raise awareness of psychological health. C．To demonstrate negative effects of regret. D．To justify the approach to tackling regret. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州泸州高中・期末） People thoughtlessly make other people into social media content. If you want to explain this problem, you only draw more attention to something that shouldn’t be happening in the first place. On a regular basis, a photo or a video will be posted on some social media in which a totally ordinary person doing a totally ordinary thing is removed from all context. And if you look at the numbers on the post, you’ll find that the post has been viewed by a million people. This is a predictable result of everybody having a camera with them at all times. Who hasn’t wished they had a camera to document the amazing “small person walking huge dog” moment they enjoyed? Curiosity happens, and surprise happens. But if you are purely using someone as a curiosity, why dont’t you say, “Can I take your picture?” Deep down you know the person might not want you to. Should we walk around with our head down, ignoring the world of amusing strangeness around us? Of course not. We’re far enough into the “practically everybody has a camera” age that we know how it goes, and how we just never know when our small post will become a big deal. To preserve privacy, you can put digital stickers over somebody’s face. You can also offer descriptions in different ways instead of showing photos. Bear in mind: Standing there with your phone out taking a picture of people who are innocently eating lunch might seem strange to some people, And one of them might also have a phone. 1．What is the predictable result of easy camera access? A．People become more interested in others. B．People are more likely to enjoy amusing events. C．Amazing situations can be recorded without worry. D．Posts of ordinary people can unexpectedly become hot. 2．Why might people not ask strangers for permission before taking photos? A．They want natural shots. B．They are afraid of being refused. C．They intend to surprise strangers. D．They’re unwilling to bother strangers. 3．What does the author suggest we do to protect privacy in online photos? A．Cover faces with digital stickers. B．Ask for permission before posting. C．Post photos with rich descriptions. D．Pay no attention to what happens around. 4．What attitude does the author probably hold to taking photos of people eating in public? A．Objective. B．Unconcerned. C．Favorable. D．Disapproval. Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川成都邛崃一中・期末） In valleys with thick plants, different-sized round and square buildings with faded yellow clay walls and wooden roofs, tulou lie in mountainous villages in Longyan, Fujian Province. There are more than 23,000 tulou in Yongding, which became well-known after 46 were given World Heritage status by UNESCO in 2008. “The structures were awarded because they are exceptional examples of a building of tradition and function demonstrating a particular type of communal (共有的) living and defensive organization, and, in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment, an outstanding example of human settlement,” UNESCO said. The giant multi-storied tulou were built with wood and mud walls. Constructed from the 15th to 20th centuries, these massive communal homes were sited based on feng shui principles, which claim to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their environment. Tulou are also purposefully resting amid tea, tobacco, rice plantations and abundant forests of pine and bamboo. Throughout history, tulou residents have mostly been Hakka — migrants in southern China. Population pressures created conflict between the Hakka and their neighbors, so they built their homes to double as defending. The buildings are mainly four or five stories high. The first floor serves as the kitchen, the second is used for grain storage and the upper floors act as living areas. The structures are mainly symmetrical (对称的), and their defensive features include ironclad gates, escape tunnels, narrow openings for weapons under the dark-tiled roofs, and a water well. For their defensive function, only rooms on the third floor and higher have windows, which are very small. With sufficient food, the residents could survive in the event of a lengthy conflict. Communal living is integrity to these villages, where the closed wall design boosts social interaction. Residents gather in the courtyard for ceremonies such as ancestor worship and weddings. Tulou is such an extraordinary piece of architecture, living up to the title given by UNESCO. 5．What do we know about tulou? A．Over 23,000 tulou were given World Heritage status. B．Among 23,000 tulou, only 46 became famous globally. C．Tulou is the most outstanding Chinese human settlement. D．They’re exceptional buildings of tradition and function. 6．What is most important for residents during a long period of conflict? A．Enough food. B．Escape tunnels. C．Small windows. D．Defensive weapons. 7．What is probably the author’s attitude to the protection of tulou? A．Unconcerned. B．Favorable. C．Negative. D．Unclear. 8．Which of the following could be the best title for the text? A．Tulou: Given the World Heritage Status by UNESCO in 2008 B．Tulou: a Special Chinese Structure Combining Living and Defending C．Tulou: Different-Sized Round and Square Buildings D．Tulou: in Harmony with Their Environments Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州三校联盟） Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary-looking man in rimless glasses and a conservative business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet(单簧管) like no one before or since. This made Benny Goodman a unique individual. Other Americans who have stood out from the flock include Joe DiMaggio, Beverly Sill, Ernest Hemingway and Jonas Salk. They, like Benny Goodman, were recognized and honored for no other reason than excellence. It is doing something better than other people that makes us unique. Yet a surprising number of people still see individuality as a surface thing. They wear garish clothes, dye their hair strange colors and decorate their skin with tattoos to make some kind of social statement. But an ordinary guy who has dyed his hair purple or orange is nothing more than the same person with a funny-looking head. The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work––these people are the very soul of capitalism. Charles Kettering didn’t like the idea of cranking a car to make it start, so he invented the electric starter. Henry Ford figured out the assembly-line technique and made it possible to mass-produce automobiles, and Elisha Otis, inventor of the elevator, indirectly created the city sky-line. These people understood that individualism means working at the top of one’s capacity. The ones with the purple hair and the funky jewelry are just along for the ride, trying to be “different” and not knowing how to go about it. The student who earns straight A’s on his report card has grasped the idea and has found the real meaning of individuality. So has the youngster who has designed his own spaceship, who gives piano recitals, who paints pictures of the world around him. Benny Goodman understood it too. This is why he was at his best, blowing his clarinet, in a blue suit and black shoes. 9．The author mentions the appearance of Benny Goodman to _________. A．show what a talented musician should look like B．introduce an important figure in the musical world C．contrast with his talent in music performance D．indicate that he can’t stand out from the flock 10．The author would most probably agree that _________. A．an individualist tends to seek difference both in character and appearance B．the essence of individualism lies in pursuing excellence to the full C．being different in appearance is the very first step to being individual D．those who strive to win the recognition of others are real individualists 11．According to the passage, which individual’s actions may not truly embody the essence of individualism? A．A scientist who conducts research solely advancing knowledge for the greater good rather than for personal recognition. B．A social media influencer who conforms to popular opinions to maintain a large following. C．An artist who creates unique works but fail to gain fame and recognition from others. D．An entrepreneur who prioritizes ethical considerations over profit in his business practices. 12．For the main thread, the article is organized by way of __________. A．specific to general B．cause and effect C．examples and conclusion D．comparison and contrast 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川自贡一中・期末） For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation. About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers. They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape — from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north. Part of the success was human’s ability to hunt large animals. With clever hunting techniques and specially built weapons, they perfected the art of killing even the most dangerous mammals. But unfortunately, the great success of our ancestors came at the expense of the other large mammals. It is well-known that numerous large species went extinct during the time of worldwide colonization by modern humans. Now, new research from Aarhus University reveals that those large mammals that survived also experienced a dramatic decline. By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago. This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study. “We’ve studied the evolution of large mammalian populations over the past 750,000 years. For the first 700,000 years, the populations were fairly stable. But 50,000 years ago, the populations fell dramatically and never recovered,” he says, and continues: “For the past 800,000 years, the globe has fluctuated (波动) between ice ages and interglacial periods about every 100,000 years. If the climate was the cause, we should see greater fluctuations when the climate changed 50,000 years earlier.But we don’t. Humans are, therefore, the most likely explanation.” 1．What do the underlined words “the success” mean in Paragraph 3? A．The evolution of large mammals. B．The prosperity of various habitats. C．The achievement of human migration. D．The progress in hunting techniques. 2．According to Svenning, what happened 50,000 years ago? A．Populations of large mammals significantly dropped. B．Living conditions of large mammals remained stable. C．Global climate dramatically changed. D．A large number of glaciers suddenly melt. 3．What’s used as a clue of the research according to the last two paragraphs? A．Species. B．Place. C．Time. D．Climate. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Climate Impact on Animals B．Changes of Prehistoric Environment C．Evolution of Large Mammal Populations D．Human Influence on Giant Mammals Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州泸州高中・期末） The next time you are tempted to order takeout or buy food and drinks on the go, you might want to hold off. The results of a major new study may be enough to startle you to adjust your consumption habits, as they reveal significant amounts of global plastic litter linked to takeout food products. The study analyzed 12 million pieces of litter collected from oceans and rivers, shorelines, the sea floor, and open waters. Researchers found that 80% of items were plastic, and nearly half (44%) was related to takeout food and drinks—specifically, single-use bags, plastic bottles, food containers, and food wrappers. Other items included plastic caps and lids and disposable cutting tools. Lead study author Dr. Carmen Morales said, “I was shocked to find out that bags, bottles, food containers and cutting tools together with wrappers account for almost half of the human-made objects on a global scale.” Deserted fishing nets and ropes were another problem researchers noted, although more so in the open ocean, not along or near shorelines. Based on their analysis, the researchers made three suggestions: First, replace takeout food and drink containers with materials that are more readily biodegradable; Second, introduce bans on avoidable plastics; Third, use deposit refund schemes to incentivize reusable products. Until that day comes, however, it’s up to us as consumers to change the way we choose products in order to avoid unnecessary plastic packaging—and there is a better time to get started than now, as Plastic-Free July kicks off. If you have not yet heard of it, Plastic-Free July is an annual month-long challenge to reduce one’s use of single-use plastic and to discover alternatives to purchasing, consuming and transporting food (among other items). Keeping this new study in mind, here are some practical suggestions for reducing takeout-related single-use plastics in one’s day-to-day life. 5．What does the underlined word “startle” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Stop. B．Prohibit. C．Stimulate. D．Promise. 6．How do the researchers conduct the study? A．By analyzing the data. B．By performing experiments. C．By doing questionnaires. D．By comparing the impact. 7．What may be talked about in the following paragraph? A．Ways to buy reusable products. B．Things we should do properly. C．Further study made by researchers. D．The impact of Plastic-Free July. 8．What may be the best title for the text? A．Ordering Takeout Has Become a Trend B．Thrown Wastes Do Harm to the Ocean C．We Should Form Right Consumption Habits D．Plastic Waste from Takeout Is a Big Problem Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川眉山仁寿一中北校区・期末） Mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains are showing remarkable adaptability by adjusting their activity patterns, according to a new study. The study, led by University of California Davis researcher Ellie Bolas, tracked 22 mountain lions in the region. The findings show that mountain lions living in areas with higher human presence are becoming more nocturnal(夜行性) to minimize interactions with humans. This is different from those living far away from people, who still hunt and play at sunrise and sunset like they used to. This behavioral adaptation allows these large wild animals to successfully coexist in one of the world’s largest urban(城市) areas. The study identified interesting differences in activity patterns. Female mountain lions showed more activity during daylight hours to stay away from male lions that might threaten their babies. The most nocturnal behavior was observed in two male lions living in areas with high human activity and development. These behavioral changes demonstrate the cats’ natural tendency to avoid human contact rather than become habituated to people. Seth Riley, branch chief for wildlife at Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, notes that these adaptations reflect subtle(微妙的) ways humans impact wildlife beyond direct threats like the vehicle hitting them. The research team recommends that humans also adapt their own behavior to support coexistence. They suggest people should be more careful while driving at night and be aware that dawn and dusk remain active periods for mountain lion movement. “This flexibility we see in mountain lion activity is what allows us to share these natural areas together. Mountain lions are doing the work so that coexistence can happen,” explains Bolas. The study highlights the need for continued human effort in conservation. As Bolas notes, “Coexistence is happening, and it’s in large part because of what mountain lions are doing.” 9．Which best describes the activity patterns of mountain lions in remote locations? A．Nocturnal. B．Traditional. C．Changeable. D．Controllable. 10．Why are female mountain lions more active during the daytime? A．To hunt more effectively for babies. B．To enjoy competing with others. C．To avoid encounters with male lions. D．To deal with urban development. 11．What do the researchers advise us to do for mountain lions? A．Get to know their active periods. B．Try to drive in the daytime carefully. C．Reduce human activity in urban areas. D．Relocate them to the undeveloped areas. 12．What is Bolas’ attitude to mountain lions’ being nocturnal? A．Worried. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Admiring. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川泸县五中・期末） Jim Thorpe is one of the greatest athletes of all time. He had amazing athletic abilities and was well-known during his lifetime, yet that did not make Thorpe a stranger to adversity. Thorpe was an American Indian from Oklahoma who developed his extraordinary athletic skills in his youth through hard labor. It was also in his youth that he learned to endure hardship brought upon by racial prejudice. Many would say his childhood was not easy. He grew up poor and at age 9 his twin brother passed away and a few years later he lost both of his parents. But that did not stop him from doing what he loved and pursuing his dreams. Nothing seemed to stop him, not even stolen shoes. Just hours before Thorpe was going to compete in the 1912 Olympics, somebody stole his shoes. Thorpe improvised (临时拼凑) by getting shoes out of the garbage. The shoes were two different sizes. He wore an extra pair of socks on one foot to even them out. He still went on to win two gold medals—winning each event he competed in except for one, the javelin (标枪). The javelin was the only event he didn’t win, probably because he had never competed in that event before. It is interesting to note that Thorpe had tried to throw the javelin once before in the Olympic trials. At the time, he didn’t know that he could throw it with a running start. He threw it standing still and was placed second. At the Olympics，he also took part in the decathlon (十项全能运动). He finished first in two events, third in four events, and fourth in two more. Thorpe ended up finishing third in the world. He was undoubtedly a dominating force that couldn’t be stopped and just kept on going. I think Paul Dughi said it best, “It’s hard to imagine now that pro athletes get paid millions of dollars just to wear a particular brand of shoes. For Jim Thorpe, it didn’t matter what kind he wore.” 1．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 mean? A．The adversity Thorpe met with led to his success. B．Thorpe’s success was no guarantee of a better life. C．Thorpe’s career brought him both gains and losses. D．Thorpe suffered many hardships despite his success. 2．Why did Thorpe wear more socks on one foot? A．To prevent the foot from injury. B．To make the shoe fit the foot. C．To stop the shoe from being stolen. D．To show his problem-solving skills. 3．What most likely led to Thorpe’s failure to win the javelin? A．Loss of his own sports shoes. B．A casual attitude towards the event. C．Lack of experience in the event. D．A shortage of talent for the event. 4．Which of the following words can best describe Jim Thorpe? A．Loyal and enthusiastic. B．Genuine and creative. C．Tough and strong-minded. D．Selfless and good-tempered. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了运动员Jim Thorpe的个人经历以及成就。 1．句意猜测题。根据划线词上文“Jim Thorpe is one of the greatest athletes of all time. He had amazing athletic abilities and was well-known during his lifetime, yet”第二段“Thorpe was an American Indian from Oklahoma who developed his extraordinary athletic skills in his youth through hard labor. It was also in his youth that he learned to endure hardship brought upon by racial prejudice. Many would say his childhood was not easy. He grew up poor and at age 9 his twin brother passed away and a few years later he lost both of his parents.(索普是来自俄克拉荷马州的美国印第安人，他在年轻时通过艰苦的劳动培养了非凡的运动技能。也是在他年轻的时候，他学会了忍受种族偏见带来的苦难。很多人会说他的童年并不容易。他在贫困中长大，9岁时他的双胞胎兄弟去世了，几年后他失去了双亲)”可知，第一段提到吉姆·索普是有史以来最伟大的运动员之一。他有惊人的运动能力，一生都很出名，but表示转折，结合第二段叙述了索普所经历的苦难，说明尽管他取得了成功，但是也遭受了许多苦难。故划线句意思是“索普尽管取得了成功，但却遭受了许多苦难”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Thorpe improvised (临时拼凑) by getting shoes out of the garbage. The shoes were two different sizes. He wore an extra pair of socks on one foot to even them out.(索普临时从垃圾堆里找鞋子。这双鞋有两种不同的尺码。他在一只脚上多穿了一双袜子，以使脚均衡)”可知，索普一只脚上穿的袜子更多是为了使鞋合脚。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The javelin was the only event he didn’t win, probably because he had never competed in that event before.(标枪是他唯一没有获胜的项目，可能是因为他以前从未参加过这个项目的比赛)”可知，缺乏经验最有可能导致索普未能赢得标枪比赛。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“But that did not stop him from doing what he loved and pursuing his dreams. Nothing seemed to stop him, not even stolen shoes.(但这并没有阻止他做自己喜欢的事情，追求自己的梦想。似乎没有什么能阻止他，即使是鞋子被偷)”以及倒数第二段“He was undoubtedly a dominating force that couldn’t be stopped and just kept on going.(毫无疑问，他是一股不可阻挡的统治力量，他一直在前进)”可推知，吉姆·索普坚韧且意志坚强。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川泸县二中・期末） It’s one of the ultimate tests of willpower: you’ve been wandering around the market for hours and you’re tired and hungry. Then you catch a smell of something fragrant (香的) and delicious, probably fried and almost certainly fattening. Junk food companies are well aware that the smell of their product sets off a desire in your brain and that you’ll pay for that later. It is a response that has been researched, and you’d better believe your favorite fast-food chains have marketing teams that are using that research to their advantage. Let’s take a closer look at this process. Have you ever noticed that whatever indulgent food (放纵型食品) catches your attention tends to be most appealing just after you first smell it? A couple of minutes later you are standing in line, and it isn’t quite inviting as it was just moments ago, but now you’ve invested time, so you trust your first feeling to treat yourself. But a recent statement says that this is actually the right moment to walk away. Dipayan Biswas, a marketing professor, found there is a direct connection between how long a person is exposed to indulgent food smells and choosing healthier foods. “The results of a series of experiments show that extended exposure of more than two minutes to junk food smells leads to fewer purchases of unhealthy foods compared with no smell or a non-junk-food-related smell,” reads the summary of his study. What appears to be going on here is that the brain doesn’t necessarily distinguish between a pleasurable smell and a pleasant taste. “Extended exposure to an indulgent food smell brings pleasure in the mind, which in turn reduces the desire for actual consumption of indulgent foods,” he explains. So next time you feel you don’t have the willpower to resist cookies, smell all that sweetness for just a minute or two. To your brain it’s the same as actually eating cookies, and the purchase desire would decrease. 5．What can we learn about junk food smells from the first paragraph? A．They can make a difference in marketing. B．They hardly affect people’s food choices. C．They are unlikely to fool wise customers. D．They finally decrease people’s purchase desire. 6．What does the second paragraph basically serve as? A．An argument. B．An example. C．A comparison. D．A comment. 7．Which statement will Biswas probably agree with? A．The brain can’t tell where sensory pleasure is from. B．The senses of taste and smell are closely linked. C．The influence of food smells changes over time. D．The behavior of smelling food doesn’t equal eating it. 8．Which of the following could the best title for the text? A．Train Your Brain to Resist Junk Food B．Watch Out for Tricky Marketing Tools C．Food Addiction Is Never About Willpower D．Smelling Junk Food Longer Can Keep You Off It 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．C 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要说明长时间闻垃圾食品的气味会降低消费者的购买欲望。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“It is a response that has been researched, and you’d better believe your favorite fast-food chains have marketing teams that are using that research to their advantage.”（这种反应已经被研究，你最好相信你最喜欢的快餐连锁店的营销团队利用该研究为自身谋利。）可知，垃圾食品公司知道他们产品的气味会激起人们的购买欲望，在营销中也会利用这一特点谋利。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段首句“Let’s take a closer look at this process.”（让我们仔细看看这个过程。）并结合下文内容可知，本段以人们的切身经历为例，具体说明垃圾食品的气味对人们的购买行为产生的影响。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据第三段中最后一句“The results of a series of experiments show that extended exposure of more than two minutes to junk food smells leads to fewer purchases of unhealthy foods”（一系列的实验结果表明，闻垃圾食品的气味超过两分钟会导致对不健康食品的购买欲降低）可知，Biswas 发现闻垃圾食品的气味的时间变长，人们购买的欲望就降低，即：食物气味的影响会随着时间变长而改变，故选C。 8．主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句“Extended exposure to an indulgent food smell brings pleasure in the mind, which in turn reduces the desire for actual consumption of indulgent foods”（延长闻放纵型食品的时长会给大脑带来满足，这种满足感会降低购买该种产品的欲望。）并结合上文实验结果可知，本文主要介绍的是长时间闻垃圾食品的气味会降低消费者的购买欲望。故选D。 Passage 3 （23-24 高二上・四川宜宾叙州二中・期末） A new device is helping those who are blind to see. Jason Esterhuizen lost his eyesight after a car accident. He never thought he would be able to see light or movement again. But now with the movement of a switch, his world suddenly grew brighter. He says, “I still can’t put it into words. I mean from being able to see absolutely nothing, it’s completely black, to all of a sudden seeing a little light move around.“ It is not full or normal sight, but Esterhuizen can move about in the world around him. Dr Nader Pouratian says, “ Being able to tell where a doorway is, being able to tell where the sidewalk begins or ends or where the crosswalk is, are all extremely meaningful events that can help these people regain some form of independence.” The new technology-called Orion-uses several parts. One is a small device placed in the brain. The other parts are a video camera on sunglasses and a processing device that can be carried in a person’s clothes. When the user points the camera, a signal goes to the processor (处理器)and then back to the glasses. The glasses then communicate wirelessly with the device in the brain. The information causes a pattern to develop in the part of the brain. The pattern helps users detect (识别 ) movement and shapes of light. And it all happens in seconds. Pouratian says this technology is a first. “We basically have the video camera and the video processing unit performing the functions of what the eye normally does, ” he adds. Esterhuizen says that now he can do everyday activities around his home that he once could not. “Crossing the road is much easier and much safer for me because I can look down and just follow the white line that’s painted on the road.” The researchers believe that one day this technology could help people who have lost their vision because of illnesses like glaucoma(青光眼)or diabetes. It may also help those with poor vision or who were born blind. 9．How does the new device help the blind to become independent? A．To tell them their surroundings. B．To show them its instructions. C．To use sound to communicate with them. D．To give them full sight. 10．What do we know about Orion? A．It needs sunglasses with network. B．It totally depends on the camera. C．It can function almost in real time. D．It sends a pattern of light in hours. 11．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．The technology will cure all diseases. B．The technology still has some space to improve. C．Those with poor vision will recover immediately. D．Those with poor vision will go blind once more. 12．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．A New Device Improves Your Eyesight B．Technology Is Changing the Modern Life C．Blind Men Are Given the Chance to See D．You Will Get Independence with Orion 【答案】9．A 10．C 11．B 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的技术，该技术能够帮助失明的人重见光明。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Dr Nader Pouratian says, “ Being able to tell where a doorway is, being able to tell where the sidewalk begins or ends or where the crosswalk is, are all extremely meaningful events that can help these people regain some form of independence.”(Nader Pouratian博士说：“能够分辨出门口在哪里，能够分辨出人行道的起点和终点，以及人行横道在哪里，这些都是非常有意义的事情，可以帮助这些人重新获得某种形式的独立。”)”可知，新设备让盲人获得独立的方式是该设备能够告知盲人周边的环境。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The pattern helps users detect (识别 ) movement and shapes of light. And it all happens in seconds.(该模式帮助用户识别光的运动和形状。这一切都在几秒钟内发生。)”可知，Orion的功能几乎是实时发生的。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers believe that one day this technology could help people who have lost their vision because of illnesses like glaucoma(青光眼)or diabetes. It may also help those with poor vision or who were born blind. (研究人员相信，有一天这项技术可以帮助那些因青光眼或糖尿病等疾病而失明的人。它也可以帮助那些视力差或天生失明的人。)”可知，这项技术还需进一步改进，并最终能够帮助那些因青光眼或糖尿病等疾病而失明的人，甚至可以帮助那些视力差或天生失明的人。故选B。 12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A new device is helping those who are blind to see.(一种新设备正在帮助盲人重见光明。)”以及最后一段“The researchers believe that one day this technology could help people who have lost their vision because of illnesses like glaucoma(青光眼)or diabetes. It may also help those with poor vision or who were born blind. (研究人员相信，有一天这项技术可以帮助那些因青光眼或糖尿病等疾病而失明的人。它也可以帮助那些视力差或天生失明的人。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了一种新的技术，该技术能够让那些失明的人重见光明。所以“Blind Men Are Given the Chance to See(盲人有了看见的机会)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州泸化中学・期末） When you leave retirement planning too late, it may be difficult to start putting aside adequate funds in the years when you have other financial commitments. The Central Provident Fund (CPF) Board conducted a Facebook contest (apps.facebook.com/areyoureadysg) last year, collecting stories and anecdotes others have to share on their difficulties in managing their finances, relating to cash flow, housing, healthcare and retirement. Thankfully, there is now an easy way to start with the latest CPF Board initiative, Are You Ready(AYR). Launched in 2011, AYR is designed to encourage Singaporeans to kick-start their financial and retirement planning. Through tools, talks and games, AYR provides an informative and interactive way for Singaporeans to understand the importance of retirement planning; and take an active role in working towards it. AYR revolves around 4 checklists built upon 4 key messages: Managing your cash flow A basic step in financial planning, this puts you in a better position to consider other aspects of retirement planning and adequacy. Buying a house within your means. This theme focuses on helping Singaporeans understand the principles of prudence and affordability in making their most expensive financial commitment. Taking charge of healthcare costs Singaporeans need to plan ahead to be financially and physically prepared for health uncertainties. Securing your retirement Increasing life expectancy means putting a financial plan in place as early as possible; to be financially independent in old age. 13．The purpose of Are You Ready initiative is to ___________. A．stimulate the interaction among Singaporeans. B．provide an incentive to contribute more in work C．inspire Singaporeans to jump off in retirement planning. D．familiarize Singaporeans with the financial system 14．Which of the following might the author most agree with? A．The effort to buy a house made people hold off on buying other items. B．With people living longer, people have to save more money for retirement. C．Health issue turns out to be the biggest consideration in retirement. D．Retirement requires people withdraw excessive income to maintain flexibility. 15．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Are You Ready-Hand-on Approaches B．Real-life Stories -Pressing Financial Burdens C．A Light for Singaporeans-Early Retirement D．Let It Go-Retirement Planning 【答案】13．C 14．B 15．A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个名为Are You Ready的项目，旨在鼓励新加坡人开始他们的理财和退休计划。通过工具、谈话和游戏，AYR为新加坡人提供了一种信息和互动的方式，让他们了解退休计划的重要性，并在这方面发挥积极作用。文章还说明了AYR围绕4条关键信息构建的4个清单。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中Launched in 2011, AYR is designed to encourage Singaporeans to kick-start their financial and retirement planning.可知AYR成立于2011年，旨在鼓励新加坡人开始他们的理财和退休计划。由此可知，“Are You Ready”活动的目的是鼓励新加坡人在退休计划方面有所突破。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据文章最后一句Increasing life expectancy means putting a financial plan in place as early as possible; to be financially independent in old age.可知提高预期寿命意味着尽早制定一个财务计划；在老年时保持财务独立。结合选项可推知，B选项“随着人们寿命的延长，人们不得不为退休存更多的钱”符合作者的观点。故选B。 15．主旨大意题。根据第三段中Launched in 2011, AYR is designed to encourage Singaporeans to kick-start their financial and retirement planning.可知AYR成立于2011年，旨在鼓励新加坡人开始他们的理财和退休计划。结合文章主要内容为介绍了一个名为Are You Ready的项目，旨在鼓励新加坡人开始他们的理财和退休计划。通过工具、谈话和游戏，AYR为新加坡人提供了一种信息和互动的方式，让他们了解退休计划的重要性，并在这方面发挥积极作用。文章还说明了AYR围绕4条关键信息构建的4个清单。故A选项“Are You Ready——一个开始着手的方法”符合文章标题。故选A。 【点睛】态度、观点及感受类推理判断题。高考阅读理解题中有些题目考查考生对文章作者的思想、人物性格倾向等方面的理解。对于判断情感态度类题目，考生需要分析段落大意、作者的思路，理解了文章的段落大意、中心思想后，才能判断出作者的情感态度。学会辨别清楚文章的体裁。如第二小题，根据文章最后一句Increasing life expectancy means putting a financial plan in place as early as possible; to be financially independent in old age.可知提高预期寿命意味着尽早制定一个财务计划；在老年时保持财务独立。结合选项可推知，B选项“随着人们寿命的延长，人们不得不为退休存更多的钱”符合作者的观点。故选B。 Passage 5 （24-25 高二上・四川眉山仁寿一中北校区・期末） A rare genetic skin condition has been corrected for the first time using a gene therapy that is applied to the skin. About 1 in 800,000 children in the US are born with a severe condition called recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (不良性大疱性表皮松解症 RDEB) that makes their skin extremely weak and likely to be torn and blister (长水疱). “It is very painful,” says Vincenzo Mascoli, 22, who travelled from Italy to the US to have the gene therapy. He had open wounds all over his body, including one covering his entire back that had been there since he was 2 years old. “Sometimes I also get blisters in my eyes and have to keep my eyes closed, and sometimes I get blisters in my throat that make it difficult to eat,” he says. Mascoli and other people with the condition have weak skin because they have an improper version of a collagen (胶原) gene called COL7A1. That means their skin can’t produce the collagen proteins needed to give it structure and strength. Peter Marinkovich at Stanford University in California and his colleagues developed a way to insert normal COL7A1 genes into the skin of such individuals so they can start producing collagen properly. “All it does is go into the cell and deliver the gene,” says Marinkovich. The gene therapy was then incorporated into a gel (凝胶) so it could be applied to the skin. It was tested in a late-stage clinical experiment in the US involving 31 children and adults with RDEB, including Mascoli. The treatment was repeated weekly until the wounds closed. After three months, 71% of the wounds treated with the gene therapy had completely healed, compared with 20% of those who had the ineffective gel applied, and there were no serious side effects. A US company called Krystal Biotech has partnered with Marinkovich and his colleagues to develop the gene therapy and will apply in the next few months for approval to make it available to more patients in the US. 16．What do we know about RDEB? A．It is a serious skin disease on children. B．It brings unbearable pain to the patients. C．It makes patients’ skin weak but seldom blister. D．About 800,000 children in the US suffer from it. 17．Why do the patients with RDEB have weak skin? A．They don’t have the gene called COL7A1. B．They don’t deal with the wounds properly. C．Genes on them fail to provide right proteins. D．They have serious side effects after treatments. 18．What do we know about the new therapy? A．It was developed by Krystal Biotech. B．It has proved highly effective on all patients. C．It will be applied to patients in a larger scale. D．It has positive effects on patients immediately. 19．What is this text probably taken from? A．A biography. B．A course plan. C．A mathematics paper. D．A science magazine. 【答案】16．B 17．C 18．C 19．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种罕见的遗传性皮肤病有了治疗方法，通过应用于皮肤的基因疗法，此类病患者迎来了福音，还介绍了其治疗原理和前景等内容。 16．细节理解题。由第二段中“About 1 in 800,000 children in the US are born with a severe condition called recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (不良性大疱性表皮松解症 RDEB) that makes their skin extremely weak and likely to be torn and blister (长水疱). (在美国，大约每80万名儿童中就有1人天生患有一种名为不良性大疱性表皮松解症（RDEB）的严重疾病，这种疾病会使他们的皮肤极度虚弱，很可能会引起撕裂和长水疱)”和第三段中不良性大疱性表皮松解症（RDEB）患者Vincenzo Mascoli的话“It is very painful (这非常痛苦)”及“Sometimes I also get blisters in my eyes and have to keep my eyes closed, and sometimes I get blisters in my throat that make it difficult to eat (有时我的眼睛也会起水疱，不得不闭上眼睛，有时我的喉咙也会起水疱，很难进食)”可知，RDEB给病人带来难以忍受的疼痛。故选B项。 17．细节理解题。由第三段中“Mascoli and other people with the condition have weak skin because they have an improper version of a collagen (胶原) gene called COL7A1. That means their skin can’t produce the collagen proteins needed to give it structure and strength. (Mascoli和其他患有这种疾病的人皮肤脆弱，因为他们的胶原蛋白基因COL7A1版本不正确。这意味着他们的皮肤无法产生赋予其结构和强度所需的胶原蛋白质)”可知，RDEB患者的皮肤比较虚弱，是因为他们身上的胶原蛋白基因COL7A1版本不正确，无法为人体提供正确的蛋白质。故选C项。 18．细节理解题。由最后一段“A US company called Krystal Biotech has partnered with Marinkovich and his colleagues to develop the gene therapy and will apply in the next few months for approval to make it available to more patients in the US. (一家名为Krystal Biotech的美国公司已与Marinkovich及其同事合作开发该基因疗法，并将在未来几个月内申请批准，以便在美国向更多患者提供该疗法)”可知，这种新疗法将更大规模地应用于患者。故选C项。 19．推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第一段“A rare genetic skin condition has been corrected for the first time using a gene therapy that is applied to the skin.(一种罕见的遗传性皮肤状况首次通过应用于皮肤的基因疗法得到了纠正)”可知，文章介绍了一种罕见的遗传性皮肤病有了治疗方法，通过应用于皮肤的基因疗法，此类病患者迎来了福音，还介绍了其治疗原理和前景等内容；文章内容与科学研究相关，由此推知文章应选自“一本科学杂志”。故选D项。 Passage 6 （24-25 高二上・四川眉山仁寿一中北校区・期末） In spite of the title, How to Grow Old, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject. My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal (母亲方面的) grandfather, it is true, died in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty. Of remote ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off. My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to women’s higher education. She was the co-founders of Girton College. She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his sorrow and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. “Good gracious,” she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a miserable existence!” “Madre snaturale (奇怪的母亲),” he replied. But as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe. After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m. in reading popular science. I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old. This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical (统计学的) fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable shortness of your future. 20．What do we know about author’s maternal grandmother? A．She was a strange and cruel mother. B．She set up Girton College with others. C．Her husband died when he was young. D．She had 72 children and grandchildren. 21．Why did the grandmother asked the gentleman? A．Because she wanted to teach him a lesson. B．Because she preferred cooking and talking. C．Because she wanted show off her freedom. D．Because she wondered why he was so sad. 22．What is the proper way to remain young according to the author? A．To maintain wide interests and active participation. B．To remember how many years you have lived so far. C．To stay up reading from midnight to 3 a. m. every day. D．To raise as many children as you can and cherish them. 23．What is the writing style of the passage? A．Romantic. B．Imaginative. C．Humorous. D．Ironic. 【答案】20．B 21．D 22．A 23．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章中作者结合自己的家庭背景，就“如何不变老”提出了一些建议。 20．细节理解题。由第二段中“My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to women’s higher education. She was the co-founders of Girton College. (我的外祖母在有了九个幸存的孩子后，一成为寡妇就投身于女子高等教育。她是格顿学院的联合创始人)”可知，作者的外祖母和其他人一起建立了格顿学院。故选B项。 21．细节理解题。由第二段中“She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his sorrow and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. (她曾经讲述过她是如何在意大利遇到一位看起来很悲伤的老先生的。她问他悲伤的原因，他说他刚和两个孙子分手)”可知，外祖母问这位先生，是因为她想知道他为什么那么伤心。故选D项。 22．细节理解题。由最后一段中“This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical (统计学的) fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable shortness of your future. (我认为，这是保持年轻的正确方法。如果你有广泛而敏锐的兴趣和活动，在这些兴趣和活动中你仍然可以发挥作用，你就没有理由仅仅考虑你已经活了多少年的统计事实，更不用说你未来可能会很短暂了)”可知，作者认为保持年轻的正确方法是保持广泛兴趣并积极参与。故选A项。 23．推理判断题。由第一段中“My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. (我的第一个建议是仔细选择你的祖先。尽管我的父母都英年早逝，但在这方面，我的其他祖先做得很好)”和“Of remote ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off. (在遥远的祖先中，我只发现一个活得不长的人，他死于一种现在很罕见的疾病，那就是被砍头)”及全文可推断，作者这篇文章的写作风格是幽默的（Humorous）。故选C项。 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州天府中学・期末） On a windy day, 40 middle-school students stand by the Harlem River in New York City. Their teacher, Mr. White, pulls a metal cage out of the river. Inside are clusters of oysters (牡蛎). The last time they were here, the oysters were babies. The students’ job is to measure how much the oysters have grown and test the river water for pollutants. They will report their findings to researchers at the Billion Oyster Project (BOP). Why work so hard? To make the city’s waterways healthy again. Oysters are important for the underwater community they share with plants, fish, and other life. So they are also called a keystone species. If a keystone species disappears, other plants and animals may die out. That’s exactly what happened 100 years ago in New York Harbor. Before then, lots of oysters lived here. The oysters were delicious — maybe too delicious. By the early 1900s, people were eating them faster than they could grow. The oysters were in trouble for another reason. Pollution was pouring into the waters of the growing city, and few types of animals could live in it. Since the 1970s, new laws have helped reduce toxic(有毒的) waste. Some fish started to swim through again. But oysters were still missing — until recently. The BOP began in 2014 to help bring oysters back to New York Harbor. So far, students and volunteers have placed about 25,000,000 oysters into the harbor. “The oysters definitely look much bigger now,” says a student named Kelly. Taking turns, the kids measure all the oysters, then compare notes. The biggest oyster is over 2 inches long, much bigger than a healthy size for its age. As more oysters grow, the water should become clearer. Also, other animals should move in. Finally, the students put the oysters back in the cage. Mr. White lowers it into the river. When the oysters are big enough, they will be moved to the middle of the harbor. For today, everyone agrees: the future is looking bright for New York Harbor. 1．Why are oysters called a keystone species? A．They grow quickly. B．They are delicious. C．They support underwater life. D．They are able to resist pollution. 2．What was the problem with oysters over a century ago? A．A period of disappearance. B．Over- consumption by people. C．Lack of clean and safe habitat. D．Competition with other species. 3．What’s the goal of the Billion Oyster Project? A．To grow more oysters. B．To collect useful data. C．To protect water plants. D．To restore waterways. 4．What may be the future outlook for New York Harbor? A．Promising. B．Uncertain. C．Disappointing. D．Unchanged. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主题为人与自然，介绍了纽约市的港湾里重新出现的牡蛎对重建健康的海底生态系统的帮助。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Oysters are important for the underwater community they share with plants, fish, and other life. So they are also called a keystone species. (牡蛎对它们与植物、鱼类和其他生物共享的水下群落至关重要。因此，它们也被称为关键物种)”可知，牡蛎被称为关键物种是因为它们支持水下的生态。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The oysters were delicious— maybe too delicious. By the early 1900s, people were eating them faster than they could grow.( 牡蛎很好吃——也许太好吃了。到20世纪初，人们吃它们的速度超过了它们的生长速度)可知，牡蛎深受食客的喜爱而被过度捕捞。故选 B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The BOP began in 2014 to help bring oysters back to New York Harbor.(该BOP项目始于2014年，目的是帮助将牡蛎带回纽约港)”以及第六段“As more oysters grow, the water should become clearer.(随着越来越多的牡蛎生长，水应该会变得更清澈)”可知，Billion Oyster Project的目标是修复水道。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For today, everyone agrees: the future is looking bright for New York Harbor.(今天，每个人都同意：纽约港的未来是光明的)”可知，纽约港未来是光明的。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川泸县二中・期末） People are already paying more and more for food due to global warming — and rising temperatures will drive food prices a lot higher in the next decade. According to a study by the European Central Bank, by 2035, higher temperatures alone will be pushing up worldwide food prices by between 0.9% and 3.2% every single year. To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021. By looking for associations between food prices and factors such as the average monthly temperature, temperature changes, and measures of drought and extreme rainfall, they found a strong link between the average temperature and the food prices a month or so later. In regions north of 40 degrees, like the latitude (纬度) of New York City and Beijing, warmer-than-average temperatures during winter led to falling food prices. But above-average temperatures increased food prices in summer and at all times in the rest of the world. “The study didn’t look at why prices rose, but the likely explanation is that extreme heat is reducing yields,” Kotz says. “Crops may be drying out on the vine when they should be being harvested.” Factors such as extreme rainfall had less impact on food prices than average temperatures. This may be because flooding tends to be localized, while above-average temperatures can be very widespread. Other studies have reached similar conclusions. Kotz’s team then went further by investigating how food prices could change based on average temperature rises in climate model prediction. In the worst situation, global food inflation (食品通胀) due to climate change goes over 4% per year by 2060. “We need to be aware of the fact that climate change brings huge new challenges for food security,” says Kotz. “Warming-fuelled extreme weather is increasingly affecting food production around the world. If farmers don’t adapt their practices to better cope with rising temperatures, the losses will become more serious.” 5．What does the study focus on? A．The factors in the rising living costs. B．The impact of climate change on food prices. C．The effects of natural disasters on food production. D．The comparison of food prices in different regions. 6．How did researchers reach their conclusions? A．By analyzing a mass of data. B．By referring to previous studies. C．By tracking some cities for years. D．By conducting a survey among farmers. 7．What is the main reason for the rising food prices according to Kotz? A．Frequent rainfall. B．Extreme high temperature. C．The increasing demand for crops. D．The restrictions of trade policies. 8．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．To investigate how food prices change. B．To predict the loss caused by the heat wave. C．To urge farmers to adjust their practices. D．To clarify the situation of global food inflation. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．B 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了全球变暖导致气温上升对食品价格的影响。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021. (为了弄清楚这是如何影响食品价格的，波茨坦气候影响研究所的马克西米利安·科茨和他的同事们研究了1996年至2021年间121个国家的月度价格和天气状况数据)”可知，研究重点是气候变化对食品价格的影响。故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段 “Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021.”(波茨坦气候影响研究所的马克西米利安・科茨和他的同事们研究了 1996 年至 2021 年间 121 个国家的月度价格和天气状况数据)”可知，研究人员是通过分析大量数据得出结论的。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段“The study didn’t look at why prices rose, but the likely explanation is that extreme heat is reducing yields,” Kotz says. (科茨说：“这项研究没有探讨价格上涨的原因，但可能的解释是，极端高温正在降低产量”)”可知，科茨认为食品价格上涨的主要原因是极端高温。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “If farmers don’t adapt their practices to better cope with rising temperatures, the losses will become more serious.(如果农民不调整他们的做法以更好地应对不断上升的气温，损失将会更加严重)”可推知，作者在最后一段意在敦促农民调整他们的做法。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川绵阳三台中学・期末） "What kind of rubbish are you?" This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has become a special "greeting" among people over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations （条例〉that are required to follow and expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss （投放）it into specific public dustbins. They must do so at specified times, when monitors are present to ensure correct trash-tossing and to ask the nature of one's rubbish. Individuals who fail to follow the regulations face the possibility of fines and worse. They could be punished with fines of up to 200 yuan （ $ 29）. For those who repeat to go against them, the government can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to get bank loans or even buy train tickets. Shanghai government is responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tons of garbage a year, more than London's annual output, which is rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift （筛选）through the waste, picking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are annoyed by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or harmful, the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules concerning food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bins, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. What they complain most is the short periods for dropping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out； no one wants to look bad. 9．What do we know about the trash-sorting regulations in Shanghai? A．They are the first of their kind. B．They are tied to one's bank account. C．They have the highest fines. D．They're aided by monitors. 10．Why has Shanghai introduced the trash-sorting regulations? A．There are fewer and fewer trash pickers. B．It aims to build a new recycling system. C．It faces more and more serious garbage problems. D．People throw the rubbish here and there. 11．What makes the residents upset most about the regulations? A．Limited time for tossing the trash. B．Confusing distinction among the categories of trash. C．Being fined due to improper behavior. D．Being watched by monitors when throwing the garbage. 12．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Good Way of Trash-sorting B．A New Era of Garbage Classification C．A Great Time in Dealing with Litter D．An Effective Solution to Rubbish Problem 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．A 12．B 【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要说明了7月1日上海市出台的垃圾分类规定，有望成为我国的一个典范。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“They must do so at specified times, when monitors are present to ensure correct trash-tossing and to ask the nature of one's rubbish.”和最后一段Along with the monitors at the bins, 他们必须在规定的时间这样做，当监督员在场，以确保正确的垃圾投掷和问一个人的垃圾性质。可知他们扔垃圾有人监督。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Shanghai government is responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tons of garbage a year, more than London's annual output, which is rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system.The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up.” 上海市政府正在应对一个明显的环境问题。它每年产生900万吨垃圾，比伦敦的年产量还多，并且缺乏回收系统。所以上海出台垃圾分类规定是因为它面临着越来越严重的垃圾问题。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“What they complain most is the short periods for dropping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening.” 他们抱怨最多的是垃圾投放的时间很短，通常是早晚两个小时。可知扔垃圾的时间规定让居民们最不满。故选A项。 12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中“On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected tobe used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate kinds and put it into specific publicbins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance and to inquire into the nature of one's rubbish.”7月1日，该市出台了严格的垃圾分类规定,有望成为我国的一个典范。居民必须将他们的垃圾分成四类,并将其放入特定的公共垃圾箱。他们必须在规定的时间这样做，当监督员在场时,以确保遵守和调查一个人的垃圾的性质。以及文章主要内容围绕着上海垃圾分类规定标志着一个垃圾分类的新时代的开始而展开，B项“A New Era of Garbage Classification。”垃圾分类的新时代符合主旨。故选B项。 Passage 4 （24-25 高二上・四川宜宾三中・期末） Tasked with photographing one of the world’s most precious big cats, you go deep into the jungle of Southeast Asia and set up a camera trap. Back at base camp, you look through the images it captures, identifying monkeys, otters and finally, what you have been searching for: the mysterious clouded leopard. All this, without having to leave the comfort of your own home. A new mobile game, turns one of the largest-ever wildlife camera trap studies into a playable experience. The idea is that by letting players take on the role of a researcher in a real scientific study, the game helps people to better understand wildlife conservation science. The game is based on an ongoing, decade-long camera trap study by professor David Macdonald and his team at the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at the University of Oxford. The hope is that games can provide new ways for people to engage with endangered animals. “If you don’t have any encounter or experience with elements of nature, then what motivation can you have to take a personal interest in it?” says Macdonald. “ I think that detail of understanding brings a great investment in wanting to see a good outcome.” It uses real photographs from the study and allow players to identify species within this rapidly worsening environment. “ Of course, everyone loves attractive photography but there’s something just incredibly raw and real about capturing these animals’ moments,” says Macdonald. “I would like to think that engagement with this game will lead to a feeling of value, which will affect how they think about nature,” says Macdonald. “So, in that sense, we’d like to be part of a revolution on how people view the role of humanity, alongside the wider environment.” 13．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To present a finding. B．To lead to the topic. C．To advertise a game. D．To demonstrate photographing in the wild. 14．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The reason for using real photographs in the game. B．The present situation of the natural environment. C．The way of making the photos more appealing. D．The original source of the real photographs. 15．Which of the following is NOT the benefits of the mobile game? A．It popularizes the knowledge about the science of wildlife protection. B．It offers new methods for developing links with endangered species. C．It influences people to reflect on more about man and nature. D．It raises funds for the future research into wildlife. 16．What is Macdonald’s attitude towards the mobile game? A．Doubtful B．Disapproving C．Positive D．Indifferent 【答案】13．B 14．A 15．D 16．C 【导语】本文是一片说明文。讲述了为了拍摄大型猫科动物设置摄像机陷阱。而一款新型的手游将最大的野生动物摄像机陷阱研究变成一款可以玩的游戏。 13．推理判断题。第一段讲述了在丛林中设置相机陷阱拍摄猫科动物的真实情形——拍摄者先要深入丛林之中架设好相机。但在第二段开头“All this, without having to leave the comfort of your own home. (所有这一切，无需离开舒适的家。)”及“The idea is that by letting players take on the role of a researcher in a real scientific study, the game helps people to better understand wildlife conservation science. (这个想法是，通过让玩家在真正的科学研究中扮演研究人员的角色，游戏可以帮助人们更好地了解野生动物保护科学。)”可知第一段的目的在于引出话题，从而展开对游戏的介绍。故答案为B。 14．主旨大意题。根据第四段开头“It uses real photographs from the study and allow players to identify species within this rapidly worsening environment. (它使用研究中的真实照片，并允许玩家在这个迅速恶化的环境中识别物种。)”以及“Of course, everyone loves attractive photography but there’s something just incredibly raw and real about capturing these animals’ moments. (当然，每个人都喜欢有吸引力的摄影，但捕捉这些动物的时刻有一些令人难以置信的原始和真实的东西)”可知，本段主要讲游戏中使用真实照片的原因。故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The idea is that by letting players take on the role of a researcher in a real scientific study, the game helps people to better understand wildlife conservation science. (这个想法是，通过让玩家在真正的科学研究中扮演研究人员的角色，游戏可以帮助人们更好地了解野生动物保护科学。)”，第三段中“The hope is that games can provide new ways for people to engage with endangered animals. (希望游戏可以为人们提供与濒危动物互动的新方式。)”，以及最后一段“I would like to think that engagement with this game will lead to a feeling of value, which will affect how they think about nature, says Macdonald. So, in that sense, we’d like to be part of a revolution on how people view the role of humanity, alongside the wider environment. (我认为参与这个游戏会带来一种价值感，这将影响他们对自然的看法，麦克唐纳说。因此，从这个意义上说，我们希望成为一场关于人们如何看待人类角色以及更广泛环境的革命的一部分。)”可知，通过这款游戏从玩家那里筹集野生动物研究资金在文中并未提到，故选D。 16．判断推理题。根据文章最后一段中“I would like to think that engagement with this game will lead to a feeling of value, which will affect how they think about nature, (我想参与这个游戏会带来一种价值感，这将影响他们对自然的看法，)”及“So, in that sense, we’d like to be part of a revolution on how people view the role of humanity, alongside the wider environment. (所以，从这个意义上说，我们希望成为一场关于人们如何看待人类角色的革命的一部分，以及更广泛的环境。)”可知，Macdonald对这款手游是持肯定支持的态度，故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州三校联盟） For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation. About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers. They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape — from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north. Part of the success was human’s ability to hunt large animals. With clever hunting techniques and specially built weapons, they perfected the art of killing even the most dangerous mammals. But unfortunately, the great success of our ancestors came at the expense of the other large mammals. It is well-known that numerous large species went extinct during the time of worldwide colonization by modern humans. Now, new research from Aarhus University reveals that those large mammals that survived also experienced a dramatic decline. By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago. This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study. “We’ve studied the evolution of large mammalian populations over the past 750,000 years. For the first 700,000 years, the populations were fairly stable. But 50,000 years ago, the populations fell dramatically and never recovered,” he says, and continues: “For the past 800,000 years, the globe has fluctuated (波动) between ice ages and interglacial periods about every 100,000 years. If the climate was the cause, we should see greater fluctuations when the climate changed 50,000 years earlier.But we don’t. Humans are, therefore, the most likely explanation.” 17．What do the underlined words “the success” mean in Paragraph 3? A．The evolution of large mammals. B．The prosperity of various habitats. C．The achievement of human migration. D．The progress in hunting techniques. 18．According to Svenning, what happened 50,000 years ago? A．Populations of large mammals significantly dropped. B．Living conditions of large mammals remained stable. C．Global climate dramatically changed. D．A large number of glaciers suddenly melt. 19．What’s used as a clue of the research according to the last two paragraphs? A．Species. B．Place. C．Time. D．Climate. 20．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Climate Impact on Animals B．Changes of Prehistoric Environment C．Evolution of Large Mammal Populations D．Human Influence on Giant Mammals 【答案】17．C 18．A 19．C 20．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要谈论了，科学家多年来一直在辩论是人类还是气候导致了过去几千年大型哺乳动物数量急剧下降的问题。但Aarhus大学的一项新研究证实了气候不可能是解释的原因。 17．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers.They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape—from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north.(大约10万年前，第一批现代人类大量迁徙出非洲。它们非常善于适应新的栖息地，几乎定居在从沙漠到丛林再到遥远北方冰冷的针叶林的每一种景观中。)”以及第三段“With clever hunting techniques and specially built weapons, they perfected the art of killing even the most dangerous mammals. (成功的一部分是人类狩猎大型动物的能力。凭借巧妙的狩猎技术和特制的武器，他们甚至完善了杀死最危险哺乳动物的艺术。)”可知，此处划线词the success指的是上文提到的人们迁徙的成就。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago.This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere(ECONOVO)at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study.(通过研究139种现存大型哺乳动物的DNA，科学家们已经能够证明，大约5万年前，几乎所有物种的丰度都急剧下降。这是奥胡斯大学丹麦国家研究基金会新生物圈生态动力学中心（ECONOVO）教授兼负责人、该研究的发起人Jens Christian Svenning的说法。)”可知，大约5万年前，大型哺乳动物的数量显著减少。故选A。 19．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago.This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere(ECONOVO)at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study.(通过研究139种现存大型哺乳动物的DNA，科学家们已经能够证明，大约5万年前，几乎所有物种的丰度都急剧下降。这是奥胡斯大学丹麦国家研究基金会新生物圈生态动力学中心（ECONOVO）教授兼负责人、该研究的发起人Jens Christian Svenning的说法。)”以及最后一段““We’ve studied the evolution of large mammalian populations over the past 750,000 years.For the first 700,000 years, the populations were fairly stable.But 50,000 years ago, the populations fell dramatically and never recovered,” he says, and continues: “For the past 800,000 years, the globe has fluctuated(波动)between ice ages and interglacial periods about every 100,000 years.If the climate was the cause, we should see greater fluctuations when the climate changed 50,000 years earlier. But we don’t. Humans are, therefore, the most likely explanation.”(“我们研究了过去75万年中大型哺乳动物种群的进化。在最初的70万年里，种群数量相当稳定。但在5万年前，种群数量急剧下降，再也没有恢复，”他说，并继续说道“在过去的80万年里，全球大约每10万年就在冰河时期和间冰期之间波动一次。如果气候是原因，我们应该会在5万年前气候变化时看到更大的波动。但我们没有。因此，人类是最有可能的解释。”)”可知，研究的线索为时间。故选C。 20．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation.(科学家多年来一直在辩论是人类还是气候导致了过去几千年大型哺乳动物数量急剧下降的问题。但Aarhus大学的一项新研究证实了气候不可能是解释的原因。)”以及对文章的理解可知，本文说明了科学家多年来一直在辩论是人类还是气候导致了过去几千年大型哺乳动物数量急剧下降的问题。但Aarhus大学的一项新研究证实了气候不可能是解释的原因。故D项“人类对巨型哺乳动物的影响”符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 6 （24-25 高二上・四川资阳安岳中学・期末） Culture, by which scientists mean that animals learn from each other to overcome problems, seems to be increasingly common across the animal kingdom. Alice Bridges, a behavioral ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University in England, wondered whether insects like bumblebees might have a capacity for it, too. To study culture in bumblebees in the lab, she built a puzzle box out of Petri dishes (培养皿) with a reward of super sweet sugar water at the bottom of it. Bridges cut a small hole in the lid to create a spinning top that can be turned by pushing the red dot clockwise or the blue dot counter-clockwise. Then, she trained some bees to push the red dot to get the sugar water and others to push the blue dot. Next, Bridges put these trained bees into different colonies (群体) along with the puzzle boxes. It wasn’t all fun and games, however, and the experiment ultimately played itself out. In colonies where the tutor bee had originally learned to push the red dot, the other bees in the colony usually pushed the red dot. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue dot, their fellow bees tended to do the same. In the control colonies where there were no tutors, the bees sometimes learned how to open the boxes, but never as efficiently or reliably. The conclusion is that bumblebees can pass on certain behaviors. However, because bumblebee colonies collapse before winter, there’s little chance a tradition could get passed down from generation to generation. So, Bridges is planning future work on insects whose colonies last for years, like stingless bees. That truth, summarizes Whiten, a cognitive zoologist at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, is that all we have discovered about animal culture means that human culture, once thought unique, did not emerge ‘out of the blue’ but has obviously built on deep evolutionary foundations.” 21．How was Alice Bridges’ study conducted? A．By analyzing the data. B．By observing the tutor bees. C．By studying the previous experiment. D．By comparing the results in different groups. 22．What does the phrase “play itself out” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Come to an end. B．Cause confusion. C．Reach a conclusion. D．Become entertaining. 23．Why is Alice Bridges turning to insects like stingless bees for future work? A．Because they may pass down traditions across generations. B．Because they may have more complex cultural behaviors. C．Because they may be easier to observe in the lab. D．Because they may learn more efficiently. 24．What can we infer from the passage? A．Alice Bridges discovered a new species of bees. B．Animals’ learning behaviors suggest a form of culture. C．Bumblebees have the ability to solve complex puzzles. D．Culture on evolutionary foundations is unique to human. 【答案】21．D 22．C 23．A 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。科学家们认为的动物之间互相学习以克服问题的这种文化，似乎在整个动物王国中越来越普遍。英国安格利亚鲁斯金大学的行为生态学家爱丽丝·布里奇斯通过研究表明，大黄蜂是可以传递某些行为的，这是一种文化形式。 21．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Then, she trained some bees to push the red dot to get the sugar water and others to push the blue dot. Next, Bridges put these trained bees into different colonies (群体) along with the puzzle boxes.(然后，她训练一些蜜蜂推动红点来获取糖水，另一些蜜蜂则推动蓝点。接下来，布里奇斯将这些训练有素的蜜蜂与拼图盒一起放入不同的群体中)”可推知，艾丽丝·布里奇斯的研究是通过比较不同组的结果而进行的。故选D。 22．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Then, she trained some bees to push the red dot to get the sugar water and others to push the blue dot. Next, Bridges put these trained bees into different colonies (群体) along with the puzzle boxes.(然后，她训练一些大黄蜂推动红点来获取糖水，另一些大黄蜂则推动蓝点。接下来，布里奇斯将这些训练有素的黄蜂与拼图盒一起放入不同的群体中)”和第三段中“In colonies where the tutor bee had originally learned to push the red dot, the other bees in the colony usually pushed the red dot. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue dot, their fellow bees tended to do the same.(在辅导蜂最初学会推动红点的蜂群中，蜂群中的其他黄蜂通常会推动红点。在辅导蜂被训练推动蓝点的蜂群中，它们的同伴蜂也倾向于做同样的事情)”可知，艾丽丝·布里奇斯训练一些大黄蜂推动红点，一些黄蜂推动蓝点，结果是被训练推红点的黄蜂推动红点，被训练推蓝点的黄蜂推动蓝点，这说明实验不仅仅是为了游戏和娱乐，实验最终是成功的，得出了一个结论，由此可推知，画线短语意为“得出结论”，故选C。 23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The conclusion is that bumblebees can pass on certain behaviors. However, because bumblebee colonies collapse before winter, there’s little chance a tradition could get passed down from generation to generation. So, Bridges is planning future work on insects whose colonies last for years, like stingless bees.(结论是大黄蜂可以传递某些行为。然而，由于大黄蜂群在冬季之前就崩溃了，因此这一传统几乎不可能代代相传。因此，布里奇斯正在计划未来对那些群落能持续多年的昆虫进行研究，比如无刺蜜蜂)”可知，爱丽丝·布里奇斯在未来的工作中会转向无刺蜜蜂等昆虫，这是因为这些昆虫可能会将传统代代相传。故选A。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Culture, by which scientists mean that animals learn from each other to overcome problems, seems to be increasingly common across the animal kingdom. Alice Bridges, a behavioral ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University in England, wondered whether insects like bumblebees might have a capacity for it, too.(文化，科学家们指的是动物互相学习以克服问题，似乎在整个动物王国中越来越普遍。英国安格利亚鲁斯金大学的行为生态学家爱丽丝·布里奇斯想知道大黄蜂等昆虫是否也有这种能力。)”和倒数第二段中“The conclusion is that bumblebees can pass on certain behaviors. (结论是大黄蜂可以传递某些行为)”可知，爱丽丝·布里奇斯的实验表明大黄蜂之间相互学习，互相传递某种行为，这是一种文化形式，由此可推知，动物的学习行为暗示了一种文化形式。故选B。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川资阳安岳中学・期末） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to understand as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a businessperson rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, eventually, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation (管理), will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 1．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C．It is intended for AI professionals. D．It provides step-by-step instructions. 2．What does Campbell strongly recommend people to do about AI development? A．Observe existing regulations on it. B．Reconsider expert opinions about it. C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D．Learn from previous experience to slow it down. 3．How does the author introduce AI by Design? A．By comparing it with other similar works. B．By sharing reviews of experts and readers. C．By giving examples of dangers posed by AI. D．By summarizing the main idea and main points. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To honor an outstanding AI expert. C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To raise awareness of the risks of AI. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，从商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to understand as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. (在错误的人手中，这样一本书可能会被证明像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但谢天谢地，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，结合下文的“She writes from the practical angle of a businessperson rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, eventually, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(她从一个商人而非学者的实际角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，最终会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。)”可知，她从实际的角度写的该书，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，由此可推测它采用了朴实的写作风格。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险。)”以及倒数第二段中的“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation (管理), will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败。)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据首段中的“This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).(卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战。)”以及第二段中的“She writes from the practical angle of a businessperson rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, eventually, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(她从一个商人而非学者的实际角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，最终会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。)”可知，作者总结了该书的作者使用了更朴实的方式写的这本书籍，结合第三段中的“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.(她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险。)”以及第四段中的“Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.(坎贝尔的观点是唤醒那些负责人工智能的人——科技公司和世界领导人——这样他们就能与目前正在开发人工智能的所有专家站在同一战线上。)”可知，作者总结了该书作者对人工智能的观点，由此可推断，作者是通过总结和概括该书的主要思想和要点介绍该书的。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据首段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战。)”以及尾段中的“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书。)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川自贡一中・期末） When parents discover their children have lied to them for the first time, it can often come as a shock to find their little treasures are capable of such a trick. But new research has suggested many parents may not even notice many of the lies their children tell them. Psychologists have discovered that most parents are over-confident in their children's honesty and this may impair their ability to discover a lie. The findings may help to explain why some parents seem to be willing to let their children get away with(未受惩罚) almost anything even in the face of the evidence. They say parents suffer from a“truth bias(偏见)” with their own youngsters, but when faced with lies from other people's children, they have less difficulty telling if a statement is true or not. Dr Angela Evans, a psychologist at Brock University in Canada, said,“The close relationship that parents share with their own children may lead to parents failing to detect their children's lies. Parents' truth bias may result in parents being less doubtful about their children, allowing them to successfully cheat them.”Most children are thought to start lying as early as two years old but start telling more believable lies at around the age of four years old. Learning how to lie is considered as a key part of cognitive(认知的) and social development in children. But many parents are shocked when their children start lying to them. In their study, Dr Evans and her colleagues filmed 108 children aged between 8 and 16 as they performed a test after being asked not to look at the answers. They were then asked afterwards if they had looked, with 50 truthfully denying looking, 49 lying about looking and 9 admitting to looking. Videos of those denying looking were then shown to 152 parents of children aged 8 to 16, 80 of whom had children who had taken part in the test. The researchers found that the parents were less able to spot lies told by their own children than by other people's children. 5．What does the underlined word“impair”in Paragraph 2 mean? A．show B．develop C．damage D．recognize 6．When lying to their parents, children can't be easily found because ________. A．their parents pretend not to see the lies B．their parents aren't prepared for the lies C．they are very good at hiding their lies D．they know how to lie to their parents 7．What does Dr Evans want to find about children's lying? A．What makes parents lose trust in their children B．What causes children to tell lies to their parents C．What makes parents fail to see their children's lies D．What affects children's relations with their parents 8．What can be inferred from Dr Evans's study in the last two paragraphs? A．Parents tend to protect their own children B．Lying is a part of children's development C．Children aged 8 to 16 are very likely to tell lies D．Parents can judge lies told by children of others more easily 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．C 8．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述父母对孩子的诚实过于自信，和自己孩子的亲密关系而无法察觉孩子的谎言，所以当发现孩子说谎时感到震惊，并对此原因进行了研究和说明。 5．词句猜测题。根据第一段“But new research has suggested many parents may not even notice many of the lies their children tell them.（但新的研究表明，许多父母甚至可能没有注意到他们的孩子对他们说的许多谎言）” 以及这个单词的上半句“Psychologists have discovered that most parents are over-confident in their children's honesty（心理学家发现，大多数父母对孩子的诚实过于自信）”由此可知父母可能会忽视自己的孩子说谎，由此推断“this may impair their ability to discover a lie. ”意为这可能会破坏或者削弱父母发现孩子说谎的能力，故猜测impair意为“削弱，破坏”， A. show展示；B. develop开发；C. damage损坏；D. recognize认出，故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“Psychologists have discovered that most parents are over-confident in their children's honesty and this may impair their ability to discover a lie. The findings may help to explain why some parents seem to be willing to let their children get away with(未受惩罚) almost anything even in the face of the evidence.（心理学家发现，大多数父母对孩子的诚实过于自信，这可能会削弱他们发现谎言的能力。这些发现可能有助于解释为什么一些父母似乎愿意让他们的孩子侥幸逃脱，即使面对证据。）”和第四段“The close relationship that parents share with their own children may lead to parents failing to detect their children's lies. （父母与孩子之间的亲密关系可能会导致父母无法察觉孩子的谎言）”等内容可知父母对孩子过于自信，不愿意接受孩子说谎的事实，父母和孩子关系亲密，一般无法察觉孩子的谎言，即他们对孩子说谎的事实没有做好心理准备。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段“Dr Angela Evans, a psychologist at Brock University in Canada, said, “The close relationship that parents share with their own children may lead to parents failing to detect their children's lies. Parents' truth bias may result in parents being less doubtful about their children, allowing them to successfully cheat them.”（ 加拿大布鲁克大学的心理学家安吉拉·埃文斯博士说:“父母与孩子之间的亲密关系可能会导致父母无法察觉孩子的谎言。父母的真相偏见可能会导致父母减少对孩子的怀疑，从而让他们成功地欺骗孩子。”）”可知，他想要发现父母不能成功识别孩子谎言的原因，故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Videos of those denying looking were then shown to 152 parents of children aged 8 to 16, 80 of whom had children who had taken part in the test. The researchers found that the parents were less able to spot lies told by their own children than by other people's children.（随后，研究人员将那些否认自己偷看的孩子的视频展示给152名8岁至16岁孩子的父母看，其中的80人的孩子也参加了测试。研究人员发现，父母辨别自己孩子的谎言的能力不如辨别别人孩子的谎言的能力）”可推断，父母判断别人的孩子说谎比判断自己孩子说谎更容易，故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川绵阳南山中学・期末） In the early 1990s, my friend Jay was working for IBM and made a good salary.Later, Jay declined an offer from an interesting but small organization because of the low pay.He has regretted it ever since.That small company was Microsoft. Regret is a reaction to a disappointing event in your life, such as a choice you made that can't be changed, or something you said that you can't take back.It's a heavy and negative emotion connected to pity, sorrow and helplessness and can last for minutes, days, years or even a lifetime.Regret can increase your stress and throw off the balance of immune (免疫) systems. Fortunately, regret can be overcome through interventions.As a psychologist at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, I conducted a research on stressful emotions.In the research, we found people would experience regret for action or inaction.The action-related regrets, although painful, stimulate people to learn from their mistakes and move on.But the regret related to the inaction is more likely to lead to depression and anxiety.Avoiding or denying regret only can increase negative feelings and extend the time people suffer with them.Rather than stay stuck, people can manage these emotions in four steps:First, accept the fact that you are feeling them; determine why you are feeling them; allow yourself to learn from them; and finally, release them and move forward. In Jay's case, at first he pushed away his feelings of regret.He continued to struggle with thoughts of what he missed.He did not change until he approached and explored his feelings of regret.Eventually he accepted the fact and reminded himself of his rationale at the time- he failed to recognize the potential of Microsoft.On making future decisions,Jay recognized the importance of obtaining information about opportunities and challenged himself to learn about the big players in the field.Doing so allowed him to move on and ultimately forgive himself. 9．What does Paragraph 2 mainly focus on about regret? A．Its condition. B．Its definition. C．Its variation. D．Its consequence. 10．What does the finding of the research indicate? A．Regret can disappear itself. B．Intervention increases pains. C．Avoidance may relieve stress. D．Acceptance helps manage regret. 11．What does the underlined word“rationale”in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Reason. B．Puzzle. C．Concern. D．Emotion. 12．Why is Jay's experience mentioned? A．To attract more attention to mental diseases. B．To raise awareness of psychological health. C．To demonstrate negative effects of regret. D．To justify the approach to tackling regret. 【答案】9．B 10．D 11．A 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“遗憾”的定义，并通过Jay的经历来说明处理“遗憾”的方法。 9．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Regret is a reaction to a disappointing event in your life…(遗憾是对生活中令人失望的事件的反应 )”及“It's a heavy and negative emotion connected to pity, sorrow and helplessness and can last for minutes, days, years or even a lifetime.(这是一种沉重而消极的情绪，与怜悯、悲伤和无助有关，可以持续几分钟、几天、几年甚至一辈子。)”可知，这一段主要在介绍什么是遗憾。B选项“定义”符合文意，故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Rather than stay stuck, people can manage these emotions in four steps: First, accept the fact that you are feeling them; determine why you are feeling them; allow yourself to learn from them; and finally, release them and move forward.(与其停滞不前，人们可以用四个步骤来管理这些情绪：首先，接受你正在感受它们的事实；确定你为什么会有这种感觉；允许自己向他们学习；最后，放开他们，继续前进。)”可知，接受有助于管理遗憾。故选D。 11．词义猜测题。根据第四段的破折号，以及其后“he failed to recognize the potential of Microsoft.(他没有认识到微软的潜力。)”可知，这一句是在解释Jay拒绝微软并且遗憾的原因，故选A。 12．推理判断题。根据第四段“In Jay's case, at first he pushed away his feelings of regret…Eventually he accepted the fact and reminded himself of his rationale at the time. On making future decisions, Jay recognized the importance of obtaining information about opportunities and challenged himself to learn about the big players in the field. Doing so allowed him to move on and ultimately forgive himself.(在杰伦的例子中，起初他推开了自己的后悔感……最终他接受了事实，并提醒自己当时的理由……在制定未来决策时，Jay认识到获取机会信息的重要性，并挑战自己去了解该领域的大公司。这样做可以让他继续前进，最终原谅自己。)”可知，这一段主要是通过Jay的经历，来说明处理“遗憾”的方法是正确的。故选D。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州泸州高中・期末） People thoughtlessly make other people into social media content. If you want to explain this problem, you only draw more attention to something that shouldn’t be happening in the first place. On a regular basis, a photo or a video will be posted on some social media in which a totally ordinary person doing a totally ordinary thing is removed from all context. And if you look at the numbers on the post, you’ll find that the post has been viewed by a million people. This is a predictable result of everybody having a camera with them at all times. Who hasn’t wished they had a camera to document the amazing “small person walking huge dog” moment they enjoyed? Curiosity happens, and surprise happens. But if you are purely using someone as a curiosity, why dont’t you say, “Can I take your picture?” Deep down you know the person might not want you to. Should we walk around with our head down, ignoring the world of amusing strangeness around us? Of course not. We’re far enough into the “practically everybody has a camera” age that we know how it goes, and how we just never know when our small post will become a big deal. To preserve privacy, you can put digital stickers over somebody’s face. You can also offer descriptions in different ways instead of showing photos. Bear in mind: Standing there with your phone out taking a picture of people who are innocently eating lunch might seem strange to some people, And one of them might also have a phone. 1．What is the predictable result of easy camera access? A．People become more interested in others. B．People are more likely to enjoy amusing events. C．Amazing situations can be recorded without worry. D．Posts of ordinary people can unexpectedly become hot. 2．Why might people not ask strangers for permission before taking photos? A．They want natural shots. B．They are afraid of being refused. C．They intend to surprise strangers. D．They’re unwilling to bother strangers. 3．What does the author suggest we do to protect privacy in online photos? A．Cover faces with digital stickers. B．Ask for permission before posting. C．Post photos with rich descriptions. D．Pay no attention to what happens around. 4．What attitude does the author probably hold to taking photos of people eating in public? A．Objective. B．Unconcerned. C．Favorable. D．Disapproval. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们会轻率地把别人变成社交媒体的内容这一现象。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“On a regular basis, a photo or a video will be posted on some social media in which a totally ordinary person doing a totally ordinary thing is removed from all context. And if you look at the numbers on the post, you’ll find that the post has been viewed by a million people.(在一些社交媒体上，经常会发布一张照片或一段视频，其中一个完全普通的人在做一件完全普通的事情。如果你看一下帖子上的数字，你会发现这篇帖子已经被100万人浏览了)”可知，摄像头容易进入的可预见结果是普通人的帖子会出人意料地火起来。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“But if you are purely using someone as a curiosity, why don’t you say, “Can I take your picture?” Deep down you know the person might not want you to.(但如果你纯粹是出于好奇而利用某人，你为什么不说：“我能给你拍张照吗？”在内心深处，你知道这个人可能不希望你这么做)”可知，人们在拍照前不征求陌生人的同意是因为害怕被拒绝。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“To preserve privacy, you can put digital stickers over somebody’s face.(为了保护隐私，你可以把数字贴纸贴在某人的脸上)”可知，作者建议我们用数码贴纸遮住脸保护网上照片的隐私。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bear in mind: Standing there with your phone out taking a picture of people who are innocently eating lunch might seem strange to some people, And one of them might also have a phone.(记住：站在那里拿着你的手机给那些无辜吃午饭的人拍照，对一些人来说可能会很奇怪，而且其中一个可能也有手机)”可知，作者对拍摄人们在公共场合吃饭的照片持反对态度。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川成都邛崃一中・期末） In valleys with thick plants, different-sized round and square buildings with faded yellow clay walls and wooden roofs, tulou lie in mountainous villages in Longyan, Fujian Province. There are more than 23,000 tulou in Yongding, which became well-known after 46 were given World Heritage status by UNESCO in 2008. “The structures were awarded because they are exceptional examples of a building of tradition and function demonstrating a particular type of communal (共有的) living and defensive organization, and, in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment, an outstanding example of human settlement,” UNESCO said. The giant multi-storied tulou were built with wood and mud walls. Constructed from the 15th to 20th centuries, these massive communal homes were sited based on feng shui principles, which claim to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their environment. Tulou are also purposefully resting amid tea, tobacco, rice plantations and abundant forests of pine and bamboo. Throughout history, tulou residents have mostly been Hakka — migrants in southern China. Population pressures created conflict between the Hakka and their neighbors, so they built their homes to double as defending. The buildings are mainly four or five stories high. The first floor serves as the kitchen, the second is used for grain storage and the upper floors act as living areas. The structures are mainly symmetrical (对称的), and their defensive features include ironclad gates, escape tunnels, narrow openings for weapons under the dark-tiled roofs, and a water well. For their defensive function, only rooms on the third floor and higher have windows, which are very small. With sufficient food, the residents could survive in the event of a lengthy conflict. Communal living is integrity to these villages, where the closed wall design boosts social interaction. Residents gather in the courtyard for ceremonies such as ancestor worship and weddings. Tulou is such an extraordinary piece of architecture, living up to the title given by UNESCO. 5．What do we know about tulou? A．Over 23,000 tulou were given World Heritage status. B．Among 23,000 tulou, only 46 became famous globally. C．Tulou is the most outstanding Chinese human settlement. D．They’re exceptional buildings of tradition and function. 6．What is most important for residents during a long period of conflict? A．Enough food. B．Escape tunnels. C．Small windows. D．Defensive weapons. 7．What is probably the author’s attitude to the protection of tulou? A．Unconcerned. B．Favorable. C．Negative. D．Unclear. 8．Which of the following could be the best title for the text? A．Tulou: Given the World Heritage Status by UNESCO in 2008 B．Tulou: a Special Chinese Structure Combining Living and Defending C．Tulou: Different-Sized Round and Square Buildings D．Tulou: in Harmony with Their Environments 【答案】5．D 6．A 7．B 8．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的土楼建筑，介绍了其建造特点、功能等。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中““The structures were awarded because they are exceptional examples of a building of tradition and function demonstrating a particular type of communal (共有的) living and defensive organization, and, in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment, an outstanding example of human settlement,” UNESCO said.(联合国教科文组织表示：“这些建筑之所以获奖，是因为它们是传统和功能建筑的杰出典范，展示了一种特殊类型的社区生活和防御组织，而且就其与环境的和谐关系而言，它们是人类住区的杰出典范。”)”可知，土楼是传统和功能建筑的杰出典范。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“With sufficient food, the residents could survive in the event of a lengthy conflict.(有了充足的食物，居民可以在发生长期冲突时生存下来)”可知，在长期的冲突中，居民最重要的是足够的食物。故选A。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Tulou is such an extraordinary piece of architecture, living up to the title given by UNESCO.(土楼是一座非凡的建筑，不负联合国教科文组织授予的称号)”可推知，作者对土楼保护的态度是支持的。故选B。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中““The structures were awarded because they are exceptional examples of a building of tradition and function demonstrating a particular type of communal (共有的) living and defensive organization, and, in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment, an outstanding example of human settlement,” UNESCO said.(联合国教科文组织表示：“这些建筑之所以获奖，是因为它们是传统和功能建筑的杰出典范，展示了一种特殊类型的社区生活和防御组织，而且就其与环境的和谐关系而言，它们是人类住区的杰出典范。”)”以及全文可知，本文主要介绍了中国的土楼建筑，介绍了其建造特点、功能等。由此可知，“土楼：中国特色的居住与防御相结合的建筑”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州三校联盟） Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary-looking man in rimless glasses and a conservative business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet(单簧管) like no one before or since. This made Benny Goodman a unique individual. Other Americans who have stood out from the flock include Joe DiMaggio, Beverly Sill, Ernest Hemingway and Jonas Salk. They, like Benny Goodman, were recognized and honored for no other reason than excellence. It is doing something better than other people that makes us unique. Yet a surprising number of people still see individuality as a surface thing. They wear garish clothes, dye their hair strange colors and decorate their skin with tattoos to make some kind of social statement. But an ordinary guy who has dyed his hair purple or orange is nothing more than the same person with a funny-looking head. The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work––these people are the very soul of capitalism. Charles Kettering didn’t like the idea of cranking a car to make it start, so he invented the electric starter. Henry Ford figured out the assembly-line technique and made it possible to mass-produce automobiles, and Elisha Otis, inventor of the elevator, indirectly created the city sky-line. These people understood that individualism means working at the top of one’s capacity. The ones with the purple hair and the funky jewelry are just along for the ride, trying to be “different” and not knowing how to go about it. The student who earns straight A’s on his report card has grasped the idea and has found the real meaning of individuality. So has the youngster who has designed his own spaceship, who gives piano recitals, who paints pictures of the world around him. Benny Goodman understood it too. This is why he was at his best, blowing his clarinet, in a blue suit and black shoes. 9．The author mentions the appearance of Benny Goodman to _________. A．show what a talented musician should look like B．introduce an important figure in the musical world C．contrast with his talent in music performance D．indicate that he can’t stand out from the flock 10．The author would most probably agree that _________. A．an individualist tends to seek difference both in character and appearance B．the essence of individualism lies in pursuing excellence to the full C．being different in appearance is the very first step to being individual D．those who strive to win the recognition of others are real individualists 11．According to the passage, which individual’s actions may not truly embody the essence of individualism? A．A scientist who conducts research solely advancing knowledge for the greater good rather than for personal recognition. B．A social media influencer who conforms to popular opinions to maintain a large following. C．An artist who creates unique works but fail to gain fame and recognition from others. D．An entrepreneur who prioritizes ethical considerations over profit in his business practices. 12．For the main thread, the article is organized by way of __________. A．specific to general B．cause and effect C．examples and conclusion D．comparison and contrast 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．B 12．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了什么是个人主义，个人主义有什么特点。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary-looking man in rimless glasses and a conservative business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet(单簧管) like no one before or since. This made Benny Goodman a unique individual. (那些有幸观看本尼·古德曼工作的人看到的是一个相当普通的人，戴着无框眼镜，穿着保守的西装;但他们也看到了一个能演奏单簧管的人，在这之前和之后都没有人能做到。这使本尼·古德曼成为一个独特的个体。)”可知，作者提到本尼·古德曼的外表与他在音乐表演方面的天赋形成对比。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work—these people are the very soul of capitalism. (个性的全部目的就是追求卓越。那些发明创造，即兴发挥，比别人更了解一个主题，并采取无效的东西，并使其发挥作用的人-这些人是资本主义的灵魂。)”可知，作者可能同意个人主义的本质在于追求卓越。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Charles Kettering didn’t like the idea of cranking a car to make it start, so he invented the electric starter. Henry Ford figured out the assembly-line technique and made it possible to mass-produce automobiles, and Elisha Otis, inventor of the elevator, indirectly created the city sky-line. These people understood that individualism means working at the top of one’s capacity. (查尔斯·凯特林不喜欢用曲棍发动汽车，所以他发明了电动启动器。亨利·福特发明了装配线技术，使大规模生产汽车成为可能，而电梯的发明者伊莱沙·奥蒂斯间接地创造了城市的天际线。这些人明白，个人主义意味着尽自己最大的努力工作。)”可知，一个符合大众观点保持大量追随者的社交媒体影响者不能真正体现个人主义的本质。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary-looking man in rimless glasses and a conservative business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet(单簧管) like no one before or since. This made Benny Goodman a unique individual. (那些有幸观看本尼·古德曼工作的人看到的是一个相当普通的人，戴着无框眼镜，穿着保守的西装;但他们也看到了一个能演奏单簧管的人，在这之前和之后都没有人能做到。这使本尼·古德曼成为一个独特的个体。)”和第三段“It is doing something better than other people that makes us unique. Yet a surprising number of people still see individuality as a surface thing. They wear garish clothes, dye their hair strange colors and decorate their skin with tattoos to make some kind of social statement. But an ordinary guy who has dyed his hair purple or orange is nothing more than the same person with a funny-looking head. (比别人做得更好让我们与众不同。然而，令人惊讶的是，仍有相当多的人认为个性只是表面现象。他们穿着花哨的衣服，把头发染成奇怪的颜色，用纹身装饰自己的皮肤，以表达某种社会声明。但是一个把头发染成紫色或橙色的普通人只不过是一个长着滑稽脑袋的人。)”可知，本文主要采用比较和对比的方式进行组织。故选D。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25 高二上・四川自贡一中・期末） For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation. About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers. They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape — from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north. Part of the success was human’s ability to hunt large animals. With clever hunting techniques and specially built weapons, they perfected the art of killing even the most dangerous mammals. But unfortunately, the great success of our ancestors came at the expense of the other large mammals. It is well-known that numerous large species went extinct during the time of worldwide colonization by modern humans. Now, new research from Aarhus University reveals that those large mammals that survived also experienced a dramatic decline. By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago. This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study. “We’ve studied the evolution of large mammalian populations over the past 750,000 years. For the first 700,000 years, the populations were fairly stable. But 50,000 years ago, the populations fell dramatically and never recovered,” he says, and continues: “For the past 800,000 years, the globe has fluctuated (波动) between ice ages and interglacial periods about every 100,000 years. If the climate was the cause, we should see greater fluctuations when the climate changed 50,000 years earlier.But we don’t. Humans are, therefore, the most likely explanation.” 1．What do the underlined words “the success” mean in Paragraph 3? A．The evolution of large mammals. B．The prosperity of various habitats. C．The achievement of human migration. D．The progress in hunting techniques. 2．According to Svenning, what happened 50,000 years ago? A．Populations of large mammals significantly dropped. B．Living conditions of large mammals remained stable. C．Global climate dramatically changed. D．A large number of glaciers suddenly melt. 3．What’s used as a clue of the research according to the last two paragraphs? A．Species. B．Place. C．Time. D．Climate. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Climate Impact on Animals B．Changes of Prehistoric Environment C．Evolution of Large Mammal Populations D．Human Influence on Giant Mammals 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要谈论了，科学家多年来一直在辩论是人类还是气候导致了过去几千年大型哺乳动物数量急剧下降的问题。但Aarhus大学的一项新研究证实了气候不可能是解释的原因。 1．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers.They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape—from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north.(大约10万年前，第一批现代人类大量迁徙出非洲。它们非常善于适应新的栖息地，几乎定居在从沙漠到丛林再到遥远北方冰冷的针叶林的每一种景观中。)”以及第三段“With clever hunting techniques and specially built weapons, they perfected the art of killing even the most dangerous mammals. (成功的一部分是人类狩猎大型动物的能力。凭借巧妙的狩猎技术和特制的武器，他们甚至完善了杀死最危险哺乳动物的艺术。)”可知，此处划线词the success指的是上文提到的人们迁徙的成就。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago.This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere(ECONOVO)at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study.(通过研究139种现存大型哺乳动物的DNA，科学家们已经能够证明，大约5万年前，几乎所有物种的丰度都急剧下降。这是奥胡斯大学丹麦国家研究基金会新生物圈生态动力学中心（ECONOVO）教授兼负责人、该研究的发起人Jens Christian Svenning的说法。)”可知，大约5万年前，大型哺乳动物的数量显著减少。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“By studying the DNA of 139 living species of large mammals, scientists have been able to show that the abundances of almost all species fell dramatically about 50,000 years ago.This is according to Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor and head of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere(ECONOVO)at Aarhus University and the initiator of the study.(通过研究139种现存大型哺乳动物的DNA，科学家们已经能够证明，大约5万年前，几乎所有物种的丰度都急剧下降。这是奥胡斯大学丹麦国家研究基金会新生物圈生态动力学中心（ECONOVO）教授兼负责人、该研究的发起人Jens Christian Svenning的说法。)”以及最后一段““We’ve studied the evolution of large mammalian populations over the past 750,000 years.For the first 700,000 years, the populations were fairly stable.But 50,000 years ago, the populations fell dramatically and never recovered,” he says, and continues: “For the past 800,000 years, the globe has fluctuated(波动)between ice ages and interglacial periods about every 100,000 years.If the climate was the cause, we should see greater fluctuations when the climate changed 50,000 years earlier. But we don’t. Humans are, therefore, the most likely explanation.”(“我们研究了过去75万年中大型哺乳动物种群的进化。在最初的70万年里，种群数量相当稳定。但在5万年前，种群数量急剧下降，再也没有恢复，”他说，并继续说道“在过去的80万年里，全球大约每10万年就在冰河时期和间冰期之间波动一次。如果气候是原因，我们应该会在5万年前气候变化时看到更大的波动。但我们没有。因此，人类是最有可能的解释。”)”可知，研究的线索为时间。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation.(科学家多年来一直在辩论是人类还是气候导致了过去几千年大型哺乳动物数量急剧下降的问题。但Aarhus大学的一项新研究证实了气候不可能是解释的原因。)”以及对文章的理解可知，本文说明了科学家多年来一直在辩论是人类还是气候导致了过去几千年大型哺乳动物数量急剧下降的问题。但Aarhus大学的一项新研究证实了气候不可能是解释的原因。故D项“人类对巨型哺乳动物的影响”符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25 高二上・四川泸州泸州高中・期末） The next time you are tempted to order takeout or buy food and drinks on the go, you might want to hold off. The results of a major new study may be enough to startle you to adjust your consumption habits, as they reveal significant amounts of global plastic litter linked to takeout food products. The study analyzed 12 million pieces of litter collected from oceans and rivers, shorelines, the sea floor, and open waters. Researchers found that 80% of items were plastic, and nearly half (44%) was related to takeout food and drinks—specifically, single-use bags, plastic bottles, food containers, and food wrappers. Other items included plastic caps and lids and disposable cutting tools. Lead study author Dr. Carmen Morales said, “I was shocked to find out that bags, bottles, food containers and cutting tools together with wrappers account for almost half of the human-made objects on a global scale.” Deserted fishing nets and ropes were another problem researchers noted, although more so in the open ocean, not along or near shorelines. Based on their analysis, the researchers made three suggestions: First, replace takeout food and drink containers with materials that are more readily biodegradable; Second, introduce bans on avoidable plastics; Third, use deposit refund schemes to incentivize reusable products. Until that day comes, however, it’s up to us as consumers to change the way we choose products in order to avoid unnecessary plastic packaging—and there is a better time to get started than now, as Plastic-Free July kicks off. If you have not yet heard of it, Plastic-Free July is an annual month-long challenge to reduce one’s use of single-use plastic and to discover alternatives to purchasing, consuming and transporting food (among other items). Keeping this new study in mind, here are some practical suggestions for reducing takeout-related single-use plastics in one’s day-to-day life. 5．What does the underlined word “startle” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Stop. B．Prohibit. C．Stimulate. D．Promise. 6．How do the researchers conduct the study? A．By analyzing the data. B．By performing experiments. C．By doing questionnaires. D．By comparing the impact. 7．What may be talked about in the following paragraph? A．Ways to buy reusable products. B．Things we should do properly. C．Further study made by researchers. D．The impact of Plastic-Free July. 8．What may be the best title for the text? A．Ordering Takeout Has Become a Trend B．Thrown Wastes Do Harm to the Ocean C．We Should Form Right Consumption Habits D．Plastic Waste from Takeout Is a Big Problem 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．B 8．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了一项研究表明外卖塑料包装成为一个大问题，然后给出了一些建议，呼吁我们立刻行动起来保护环境。 5．词义猜测题。根据第一段划线词所在句子“The results of a major new study may be enough to startle you to adjust your consumption habits, as they reveal significant amounts of global plastic litter linked to takeout food products.”（一项新的重大研究结果可能足以startle你来调整你的消费习惯，因为它们揭示了大量与外卖食品相关的全球塑料垃圾。），可知新的研究结果足以激发你去调整你的消费习惯。C选项Stimulate (促进，激发，刺激)符合题意。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段第一二句“The study analyzed 12 million pieces of litter collected from oceans and rivers, shorelines, the sea floor, and open waters. Researchers found that 80% of items were plastic, and nearly half (44%) was related to takeout food and drinks—specifically, single-use bags, plastic bottles, food containers, and food wrappers. Other items included plastic caps and lids and disposable cutting tools.”（这项研究分析了从海洋、河流、海岸线、海底和开阔水域收集的1200万件垃圾。研究人员发现80%的物品是塑料的，近一半（44%）与外卖食品和饮料有关，特别是一次性包装袋、塑料瓶、食品容器和食品包装。其他物品包括塑料盖和盖子以及一次性切割工具。），可知研究者们是通过分析数据来进行研究的。故选A。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Keeping this new study in mind, here are some practical suggestions for reducing takeout-related single-use plastics in one’s day-to-day life.”（记住这项新的研究，以下是一些减少日常生活中与外卖相关的一次性塑料的实用建议。），可知接下来的内容应该是如何去做来减少和外卖一次性塑料包装，也就是我们应该做的正确的事情。故选B。 8．主旨大意题。通读整篇文章，前两段讲述了外卖包装的一次性塑料包装给我们带来了很大的问题，后面两段提出了三项建议，呼吁我们马上行动起来，在我们的日常生活中减少外卖相关的一次性塑料包装。可知D选项（外卖产生的塑料垃圾是一个大问题）作为标题最合适。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25 高二上・四川眉山仁寿一中北校区・期末） Mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains are showing remarkable adaptability by adjusting their activity patterns, according to a new study. The study, led by University of California Davis researcher Ellie Bolas, tracked 22 mountain lions in the region. The findings show that mountain lions living in areas with higher human presence are becoming more nocturnal(夜行性) to minimize interactions with humans. This is different from those living far away from people, who still hunt and play at sunrise and sunset like they used to. This behavioral adaptation allows these large wild animals to successfully coexist in one of the world’s largest urban(城市) areas. The study identified interesting differences in activity patterns. Female mountain lions showed more activity during daylight hours to stay away from male lions that might threaten their babies. The most nocturnal behavior was observed in two male lions living in areas with high human activity and development. These behavioral changes demonstrate the cats’ natural tendency to avoid human contact rather than become habituated to people. Seth Riley, branch chief for wildlife at Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, notes that these adaptations reflect subtle(微妙的) ways humans impact wildlife beyond direct threats like the vehicle hitting them. The research team recommends that humans also adapt their own behavior to support coexistence. They suggest people should be more careful while driving at night and be aware that dawn and dusk remain active periods for mountain lion movement. “This flexibility we see in mountain lion activity is what allows us to share these natural areas together. Mountain lions are doing the work so that coexistence can happen,” explains Bolas. The study highlights the need for continued human effort in conservation. As Bolas notes, “Coexistence is happening, and it’s in large part because of what mountain lions are doing.” 9．Which best describes the activity patterns of mountain lions in remote locations? A．Nocturnal. B．Traditional. C．Changeable. D．Controllable. 10．Why are female mountain lions more active during the daytime? A．To hunt more effectively for babies. B．To enjoy competing with others. C．To avoid encounters with male lions. D．To deal with urban development. 11．What do the researchers advise us to do for mountain lions? A．Get to know their active periods. B．Try to drive in the daytime carefully. C．Reduce human activity in urban areas. D．Relocate them to the undeveloped areas. 12．What is Bolas’ attitude to mountain lions’ being nocturnal? A．Worried. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Admiring. 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．A 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新研究发现，圣莫尼卡山脉的美洲狮通过调整活动模式来适应环境，尤其是那些生活在人类活动频繁区域的美洲狮变得更加夜行性，以减少与人类的接触，同时研究还指出了雌性美洲狮和雄性美洲狮活动模式的差异，并强调了人类应采取措施与美洲狮共存。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“This is different from those living far away from people, who still hunt and play at sunrise and sunset like they used to.(这与那些远离人类的(美洲狮)不同，它们仍然像过去一样在日出和日落时狩猎和玩耍)”可知，偏远地区的美洲狮活动模式是传统的，故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Female mountain lions showed more activity during daylight hours to stay away from male lions that might threaten their babies.(雌性美洲狮在白天更加活跃，以避开可能威胁其幼崽的雄性美洲狮)”可知，雌性美洲狮在白天更活跃是为了避免与雄性美洲狮相遇，故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“They suggest people should be more careful while driving at night and be aware that dawn and dusk remain active periods for mountain lion movement.(他们建议人们在夜间开车时应该更加小心，并意识到黎明和黄昏仍然是美洲狮活动的活跃时期)”可知，研究人员建议我们了解美洲狮的活跃期，故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This flexibility we see in mountain lion activity is what allows us to share these natural areas together. Mountain lions are doing the work so that coexistence can happen(我们看到的美洲狮活动的这种灵活性，使得我们能够共同分享这些自然区域。美洲狮正在努力做到这一点，从而实现人类与它们的共存)”可知，美洲狮活动的灵活性，使得我们能够共同分享这些自然区域，可推理出Bolas对美洲狮的夜行性持钦佩态度，故选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $