专题02 阅读理解主旨题（阅读技巧练）2026年高考英语阅读理解突破策略及押题

专题02 主旨题 ( 策略分析 ) 高中英语阅读理解中的主旨题，主要考查对文章整体内容和核心观点的把握能力。它通常包括大意概括题和标题判断题 。 大意概括题要求归纳文章或段落的主要内容，解题关键在于浏览全文、聚焦首尾段，同时精准抓取各段落主题句，以此提炼核心信息。 标题判断题需为文章选定最恰当的标题，合格标题需满足准确、精炼、新颖的要求，既能完整涵盖文章主旨，又不能存在以偏概全或范围过于宽泛的问题。 两类题型的共同解题原则是：跳出局部细节的局限，从整体层面理解文本核心逻辑。 一、技巧思维导图 二、选项特点 正确选项特征 1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 4. 语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。 干扰项特征 1. 过于笼统 范围太大，超出文章内容。 2. 以偏概全 只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。 3. 主观臆断 与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。 三、知识详解 知识点1：中心主旨题概述 中心主旨题主要是考查考生对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的主要写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。 知识点2：中心主旨题命题形式 1.概括中心思想型（main idea）： Which of the following is mainly discussed in the last paragraph? 2.标题或主题型（topic / title / headline）： What would be the best title for this passage? 3.写作目的型（main purpose）： What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? 知识点3：中心主旨题解题方法 1. 主题句全文定位法 · 议论文或说明文：议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。 · 新闻报道： 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。 · 正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实, 次要事实,最次要事实 · 科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new research on, scientists recently reported, a study claimed 等。 · 记叙文：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。 应用信息 开头 100% 结尾 10% 故事传记 开头 10% 结尾 100% 议论说明（结论） 开头 100% 结尾 10% 议论说明（活动） 开头 100% 结尾 10% 议论说明（现象） 开头 100% 结尾 10% 议论说明（道理） 开头 90% 结尾 10% 2.高频词法（几乎每段均出现过一次或几次的词为高频词，中心主旨必须含有较多高频词） 3.选项综合分析法（深层、概括、积极、有意义） 中心主旨题解题注意事项： 1. 文章中心主旨不完全等同于文章标题。 文章的中心主旨较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明。文章的标题是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。 2.注意提示信息： A.重要关联词（But/however/in fact/above all/so/for example） B.强调句（It is ... that...） C.某些特殊符号（：或―...） D.一些宾语从句（show that/conclude that...） 3. 优先依据文章中的中心句解中心主旨题。 四、文章大意题 文章大意题 借助各段段落主题句归纳 段首；段中；段尾 借助文章主题段进行归纳 首段（新闻报道、说明文、议论文）；尾段（记叙文、议论文） 借助主题词或关键句归纳 文中出现频率较高的关键词进行归纳，多为主题词 根据位置确定主题句: 1. 主题句在文首 文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。 2. 主题句在文末 有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而形成强有力的结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。 有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。 3. 主题句在文中或隐含 主题句在段中间或隐含在文中, 让读者很难发现, 这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。 【真题典例1】 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 五、段落大意题 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意： 1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式 2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 【真题典例】2025年6月新高考2卷D篇 It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 六、最佳标题 三大方法定标题 1. 最佳标题应具备以下三大特征： ① 概括--准确而又简短; ② 针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符; ③ 题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。 三大方法： ① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； ② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项； ③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。 【真题典例】2025年6月新高考2卷C篇 When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home ( 真题 演练 ) 1. 2025年6月新高考1卷B篇 In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who’d created these people, knew their subjects so well. But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important?” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn’t strike them as important. This would have to change. As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting. For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human. 7. What does the author’s experience show? A. Teaching is learning. B. Still waters run deep. C. Knowledge is power. D. Practice makes perfect. 2. 2025年6月新高考1卷C篇 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 3. 2025年6月新高考2卷C篇 When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 4. 2025年6月新高考2卷D篇 It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 5. 2025年6月北京卷B篇 Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Everyone is the maker of their own success. B. Success favours those with a golden heart. C. Success knocks at your door only once. D. A college holds the key to success. C Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science D The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 6. 2025年1月浙江卷C A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 7. 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷B “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 8. 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 9. 2024年6月新课标全国甲卷B Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 10. 2024年6月北京卷D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality ( 押题 演练 )1. The future of space food could be simple and strange. For decades, astronauts have relied mostly on prepackaged food or the occasional grown vegetables during their visits to outer space. With missions beyond Earth’s orbit in sight, a NASA led competition is hoping to change all that and start a new era of sustainable space food. To solve the problem of feeding astronauts on long duration missions, the US space agency started the Deep Space Food Challenge in January 2022, asking companies to propose novel ways to develop sustainable foods for future missions. About 200 companies entered, which were narrowed down to 11 teams in January 2023 as part of phase 2. On November 19, NASA announced the teams that will progress into the final phase of the competition, with some winners to be announced in March, 2025. All teams had to show systems that could operate for three years and feed a crew of four on a future space mission. The proposals did not need to supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need to create a variety of nutritious foods to the astronauts. One company took an incredibly unusual approach to the task. Air Company, based in New York, designed a system that could use the carbon dioxide breathed out by astronauts in space to produce alcohol, which can then be fed to yeast (酵母) and produce “something that’s suitable for eating”. “It’s making food out of the air.” says Stafford Sheehan, co-founder and chief technology officer of Air Company, “It sounds like magic, but when you see it actually operating, it’s much more simple.” Interstellar Lab in Florida had a different approach. Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set of small capsules. Each is self-contained, with its own temperature, watering system, etc. That would allow different vegetables to be planted so that astronauts can easily grow their own food in space. While the winning ideas from the Deep Space Food Challenge won’t immediately be used by astronauts, they show what might be possible on future missions. “You’ve got to start years in advance to make sure you have the capability in place when you need it,” says Ralph Fritsche, senior project manager for space crop production at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 1．Why was the Deep Space Food Challenge launched? A．To find tasty foods for astronauts. B．To found a space food supply center. C．To develop a new source of space food. D．To attract astronauts to food exploration. 2．Which might be the requirement to become the winning company? A．Future space missions lasting three years. B．Entire diets for long-lasting space research. C．Concrete proposals involving a crew of four. D．Sustainable supply of nutritious space foods. 3．What do paragraphs 4 and 5 focus on? A．Describing future space food. B．Showing solutions from competing companies. C．Introducing the current status of space food. D．Explaining the nutritional needs of space food. 4．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．Astronauts produce more space food. B．Space explorers face a lack of nutrition. C．New types of space foods are on the way. D．Future space missions last even longer. 2. A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.     “The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains,” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University.       Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly more likely to be either relatively large or relatively small compared to body size. What was going on here? Fristoe, born in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska  state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable  with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’ s research differ from previous studies? A．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. B．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. C．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. D．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It is considered fairly intelligent. B．It has a powerful digesting system. C．It has a relatively large body size. D．It has a selective feeding habit. 3．What can be inferred about smaller brains from Botero’s words? A．They are typical of independent evolution. B．They are a result of limited budgets. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are an effective survival strategy. 4．what can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter B．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes C．Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One D．Evolutions of Brain Size in Birds 3. Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 1．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 2．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 3．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. 4. Food is key to our daily functions by fueling our activity and supporting our bodies and minds. In space, where astronauts face extreme environmental and physical changes, the need for safe, nutritious and energy- laden food is particularly vital to overall health. Space food must provide enough energy to fuel astronauts on their demanding missions, according to NASA．In microgravity (low gravity state that makes astronauts appear to be weightless) environments, proper nutrition can fight against the resulting degradation of bones and muscles. For example, vitamins D, K and C aid in synthesizing (合成) calcium into bone. Meanwhile, dietary supplements like iron, omega-3 fatty acids and B12 can make up for dietary insufficiency. After decades of nutritional studies and food technology advancements, NASA has moved focus away from supplements and dietary formulas  (配方) toward providing as many nutrients from fruits and vegetables as possible. However, it can be difficult to rely heavily on fruits and vegetables as a space food source because they don’t contain many calories. This poses an issue for spaceflight, where cargo (货物) room is precious. NASA can’t merely consider health when designing space food, though. The nutritional value of a meal only goes so far if it doesn’t appeal to astronauts. Rather, Grace Douglas, the lead scientist for NASA’s Advanced Food Technology research group, and her colleagues aim to offer astronauts several meal. options to avoid menu fatigue (疲劳). Such variety also provides psychological health benefits.“ Food becomes more important with mission duration because it’s one of the only familiar things that they have, ” Douglas says. As space organizations look ahead to. long- duration missions, it will be key to craft a sustainable food source that doesn’t require resupply missions. To achieve this, NASA scientists are studying the best ways to grow crops in microgravity. On the International Space Station, astronauts have successfully grow n a variety of leafy greens and flowers in the Vegetable Production System, known as Veggie. Eating a fresh leafy green could help astronauts feel connected with the distant green planet they call home. 1．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The importance of space food design. B．The challenges for astronauts in space. C．The general requirements for space food. D．The impact of microgravity on astronauts. 2．How do Douglas’s team enhance astronauts’ dining experience? A．They make food look appealing. B．They rearrange the menu schedule. C．They provide multiple food choices. D．They conduct taste tests on astronauts. 3．What can astronauts expect from Veggie? A．A supplement to the oxygen supply. B．Supply of psychological comfort C．Enhancement of the nutritional quality. D．An improvement in communication with Earth. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How do astronauts eat in space? B．What makes space food so special? C．What space food will we have in the future? D．How do scientists build the best diet for astronauts? 5. While conducting a workshop on creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips (回形针). I invited each group to record as many different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full swing. We often have this belief that when faced with a creative challenge, we need to generate a really good idea that will save the day. As a result, we focus on “the perfect idea” or “the best solution” without the necessity of generating lots of bad ones along the way. Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a necessary and essential part of the creative process. One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to create crappy (蹩脚的) ideas. Creativity is based on the concept of producing multiple ideas — ideas without any restrictions, definitions, or limitations. When we imagine the quality of an idea, we limit its effectiveness. When we pre-assess thoughts in advance of putting them into action, we reduce their worth or ultimate use. The impacts are shocking. There is an idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks” mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit. The solution when faced with a creative challenge: generate overmuch ideas without regard to their appropriateness or usefulness. Some of those ideas will be possibilities and some will be useless. That’s OK. Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. It’s your brain with its “pedal (踏板) to the metal”. 1．What does the author believe about the creative process? A．It must avoid taking any risks. B．It requires some perfect ideas. C．It’s limited to practical solutions. D．It should involve producing crappy ideas. 2．Why does the author mention the book Writing Down the Bones in paragraph 3? A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact. C．To prove an opinion. D．To make a prediction. 3．What impact does focusing on perfect ideas have on creativity? A．Enhancing risk-taking. B．Limiting logical thoughts. C．Destroying creative spirit. D．Encouraging diverse thinking. 4．What would be the best title for this text? A．How We Overcome Creative Blocks B．Why It’s Good to Have Crappy Ideas C．The Ways of Generating Rich Creativity D．The Importance of Increasing Writing Art 6. In a world where our digital devices have become extensions of ourselves, it’s no surprise that we often immerse (沉浸) ourselves in screens rather than engage with the world and people around us. But amidst this digital deluge (涌现的事物), something vital is being lost: the art of genuine human connection. These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward social situations or difficult emotions. Small talk often receives criticism for being empty or insignificant. Rarely does someone express a fondness for it, let alone find fulfillment in it. However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer opportunities for connection. But our aversion (厌恶) to small talk is significant. We may convince ourselves that we’re not good at it or that it’s unnecessary, but that’s simply an excuse. Yes, of course, social anxiety is real, but the only way to overcome the fears is through practice, gaining confidence by slowly taking risks, and actively engaging in conversations. So, how can we embrace small talk and harness its power? Start by paying attention to your surroundings and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level. Like any skill, small talk requires practice. Start small by initiating conversations with strangers or acquaintances and gradually work your way up to deeper connections. With each interaction, you’ll gain confidence and build the skills necessary for meaningful conversations. It may feel uncomfortable at first, but with practice, we can regain the richness of human interaction and cultivate relationships that truly nourish(滋养)the soul, build confidence, and reclaim the internal real estate that is overrun with anxious thoughts. 1．Why do people often prefer to engage with digital devices rather than the real world? A．They find it more convenient to do so. B．They are afraid of genuine relationships. C．They have little time to engage with others. D．They want to avoid face-to-face communication. 2．What does the author think of small talk? A．It is an unnecessary and hard skill. B．It takes a lot of meaningful time. C．It plays a crucial role in social interactions. D．It is difficult to master for most people. 3．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Hold. B．Employ. C．Discover. D．Overlook. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．How to Overcome Social Anxiety B．The Challenges of Modern Social Life C．Digital Devices and Human Connection D．The Power of Small Talk in Social Life 7. What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason. We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes? Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid. In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience. While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile. 1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory? A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts. B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm. C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight. D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings. 2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3? A．Better judgement on fears. B．Richer experience from failures. C．The removal of daily inconveniences. D．The harvest of a positive mindset. 3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on? A．Would-be projects. B．Real-world applications. C．Potential weaknesses. D．Practical advantages. 4．What is probably the best title of the text? A．Less Is More B．Make a Lemon Lemonade C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy D．Better Late Than Never 8. In Malcolm Gladwell’s thought — provoking book Outliers (异类), the Matthew effect (马太效应) suggests that an individual’s success is intricately tied to the timing of their birth date and the subsequent opportunities that arise. While Gladwell claims that this seemingly random factor initiates a chain of advantages leading to success, this essay seek to challenge that perception. It argues that success is an interplay of multiple factors, insisting that individual ambition, inborn talent, and family influences are equally crucial, if not more so, in shaping one’s path to success. Gladwell argues that those who possess will receive more, and those without will lose even the little they have. He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success. Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success. Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong desire to become a doctor. Stephanie’s upbringing in a modest environment with parents of limited education did not provide her with extraordinary opportunities. However, her unwavering ambition stimulated her to overcome obstacles. Her story vividly illustrates the power of ambition in fostering determination, maintaining focus, and creating opportunities independent of external advantages. While Gladwell focuses mainly on accumulative advantages, he overlooks the significant role of inborn talent in inspiring individuals to success. Natural abilities, distinct from skills acquired through training, often act as a catalyst (催化剂) for extraordinary achievement. Consider the case of Taylor, a high school freshman on a local swim team. Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. His success demonstrates that innate talent, independent of external advantages, can be a driving force in the pursuit of excellence. In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement. 1．Which example does the author use to demonstrate the power of individual ambition? A．Malcolm Gladwell’s definition of “outliers”. B．The achievements of the Medicine Hat hockey team. C．The story of Stephanie Bradley who desires to be a doctor. D．The experience of Taylor, a high-school freshman on a swim team. 2．What can we infer from the passage about Gladwell’s perspective on success? A．It has been supported by scholars in the field. B．It fully takes into account the diverse factors influencing success. C．It might overlook the significance of certain internal factors for success. D．It provides an comprehensive and accurate theory for understanding success. 3．What implication can we draw from the example of Taylor? A．Athletes without financial support can never achieve great success. B．Innate talents can fuel success even without external advantages. C．Accumulative advantages are the decisive factor for an athlete’s victory. D．High-school freshmen are more likely to shine in sports competitions. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More? B．Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers: A Groundbreaking Theory C．The Matthew Effect: Unveiling the True Secret of Success D．The Stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor: Keys to Success / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 主旨题 ( 策略分析 ) 高中英语阅读理解中的主旨题，主要考查对文章整体内容和核心观点的把握能力。它通常包括大意概括题和标题判断题 。 大意概括题要求归纳文章或段落的主要内容，解题关键在于浏览全文、聚焦首尾段，同时精准抓取各段落主题句，以此提炼核心信息。 标题判断题需为文章选定最恰当的标题，合格标题需满足准确、精炼、新颖的要求，既能完整涵盖文章主旨，又不能存在以偏概全或范围过于宽泛的问题。 两类题型的共同解题原则是：跳出局部细节的局限，从整体层面理解文本核心逻辑。 一、技巧思维导图 二、选项特点 正确选项特征 1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 4. 语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。 干扰项特征 1. 过于笼统 范围太大，超出文章内容。 2. 以偏概全 只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。 3. 主观臆断 与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。 三、知识详解 知识点1：中心主旨题概述 中心主旨题主要是考查考生对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的主要写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。 知识点2：中心主旨题命题形式 1.概括中心思想型（main idea）： Which of the following is mainly discussed in the last paragraph? 2.标题或主题型（topic / title / headline）： What would be the best title for this passage? 3.写作目的型（main purpose）： What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? 知识点3：中心主旨题解题方法 1. 主题句全文定位法 · 议论文或说明文：议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。 · 新闻报道： 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。 · 正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实, 次要事实,最次要事实 · 科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new research on, scientists recently reported, a study claimed 等。 · 记叙文：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。 应用信息 开头 100% 结尾 10% 故事传记 开头 10% 结尾 100% 议论说明（结论） 开头 100% 结尾 10% 议论说明（活动） 开头 100% 结尾 10% 议论说明（现象） 开头 100% 结尾 10% 议论说明（道理） 开头 90% 结尾 10% 2.高频词法（几乎每段均出现过一次或几次的词为高频词，中心主旨必须含有较多高频词） 3.选项综合分析法（深层、概括、积极、有意义） 中心主旨题解题注意事项： 1. 文章中心主旨不完全等同于文章标题。 文章的中心主旨较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明。文章的标题是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。 2.注意提示信息： A.重要关联词（But/however/in fact/above all/so/for example） B.强调句（It is ... that...） C.某些特殊符号（：或―...） D.一些宾语从句（show that/conclude that...） 3. 优先依据文章中的中心句解中心主旨题。 四、文章大意题 文章大意题 借助各段段落主题句归纳 段首；段中；段尾 借助文章主题段进行归纳 首段（新闻报道、说明文、议论文）；尾段（记叙文、议论文） 借助主题词或关键句归纳 文中出现频率较高的关键词进行归纳，多为主题词 根据位置确定主题句: 1. 主题句在文首 文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。 2. 主题句在文末 有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而形成强有力的结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。 有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。 3. 主题句在文中或隐含 主题句在段中间或隐含在文中, 让读者很难发现, 这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。 【真题典例1】 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【解析】第一步：锁定主题词，明确核心论述对象 文中高频出现的专有名词 “Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF)” 是核心主题词，全文所有段落均围绕其展开，先排除与 BMF 核心特征无关的选项： 选项 B（管理模式）：原文未提及 BMF 的管理体系、人员架构等内容，无对应信息。 选项 C（全球影响力）：文中仅介绍 BMF 的功能和环保属性，未涉及 “全球范围的影响”，属于无中生有。 选项 D（技术标准）：第三段提到 “云技术监控、自动化系统”，但这只是 BMF 的一个优势，并非全文聚焦的 “技术标准”（如行业规范、达标要求等），以偏概全。 第二步：结合主题句与段落逻辑，归纳核心内容 首段主题句：“Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more”，直接点出 BMF 的核心优势 —— 比农贸市场更能缩短食物运输距离。 第二段：介绍 BMF 的适用场景（家庭、医院、餐厅等），体现 “适用范围广” 的优势。 第三段：详细说明技术优势，包括云远程监控、实时数据 APP、自动化节水等，突出 “技术便捷、资源节约”。 第四段：强调环保优势，运输零排放、无需农药化学剂，契合可持续发展。 第五段：通过员工环保生活方式，侧面印证 BMF “践行环保” 的核心优势，形成呼应。 第三步：匹配选项，确定答案 各段落内容均围绕 BMF 的不同优势展开，涵盖运输、技术、环保、适用场景等维度，与选项 A “BMF 的主要优势” 完全契合。 五、段落大意题 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意： 1.根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式 2.通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 【真题典例】2025年6月新高考2卷D篇 It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 【14题详解】 核心结论：段落通过 “总述 + 举例” 的逻辑结构，明确 wastED 菜品的食材构成，答案选 C。 第一步：分析段落逻辑结构，锁定核心信息 该段采用 “总 — 分” 逻辑结构，主题句位于段首，后续内容为具体例证： 首句先否定 “菜品由垃圾制成” 的误区，接着用 “Instead” 引出核心总述：所有食材是大多数餐厅不会选用的肉类部位和农产品。 后续通过 “kale ribs（羽衣甘蓝茎）、fish collars（鱼颈肉）” 等具体例子，补充说明这些 “被忽视的食材” 具体是什么，进一步支撑首句的核心信息。 整个段落围绕 “菜品的食材来源” 展开，未涉及其他无关内容。 第二步：结合选项排除，匹配核心大意 逐一分析选项与段落核心信息的契合度： 选项 A（为何使用这些食材）：段落仅说明 “用了什么食材”，未解释使用的原因（如环保、创新等），排除。 选项 B（哪些菜品最受欢迎）：文中无 “菜品受欢迎程度” 的相关描述，属于无中生有，排除。 选项 C（这些菜品由什么制成）：与段落 “总述食材类型 + 举例具体食材” 的核心内容完全一致，符合大意概括要求，当选。 选项 D（食材从哪里购买）：段落未提及食材的采购渠道，无对应信息，排除。 第三步：验证 “暗示与逻辑” 的一致性 段落未通过情感态度暗示大意，而是直接通过 “总述观点 + 举例支撑” 的显性逻辑，明确聚焦 “食材构成”。无隐含主旨，只需提炼表层核心信息，即可确定选项 C 是唯一贴合段落内容的答案。 六、最佳标题 三大方法定标题 1. 最佳标题应具备以下三大特征： ① 概括--准确而又简短; ② 针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符; ③ 题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。 三大方法： ① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； ② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项； ③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。 【真题典例】2025年6月新高考2卷C篇 When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【11题详解】 第一步：用 “正面肯定法” 锁定核心主旨 先提炼全文核心内容，再匹配选项的概括性： 首段：以 Detrinidad 的网店成功为例，引出 “居家时间增加带动室内植物行业兴起” 的背景。 第二段：通过研究指出植物能提升生活满意度、改善心情，核心机制是降低压力激素皮质醇。 第三段：补充植物的额外益处 —— 提升学生学业表现、减少职场人士病假，本质是 “积极影响身心状态”。 第四段：鼓励人们尝试养植物，不必因养护失败自责，呼应前文的植物益处。 核心主旨：植物对人的情绪、健康、效率有显著积极作用，其中 “改善心情” 是重点强调的核心益处。 第二步：用 “反面否定法” 排除不符选项 设想各选项对应的文章内容，与原文比对排除： 选项 A（是时候更换室内植物）：原文未提及 “更换植物” 的相关建议或必要性，核心不是 “替换”，排除。 选项 C（选择室内植物的技巧）：全文未涉及 “如何选择植物” 的方法，无对应细节，排除。 选项 D（植物点亮你的家）：“点亮家居” 侧重装饰功能，而原文核心是植物对情绪、健康的内在影响，偏离主旨，排除。 第三步：研读备选项，确认精准性 对比剩余选项与主旨的契合度： 选项 B（植物改善你的情绪）：既准确概括了原文核心 —— 植物降低压力激素、提升心情的核心益处，又兼顾了 “提升学业 / 工作效率” 等延伸积极影响，符合 “概括准确、针对性强” 的标题特征。 该标题简洁明了，且 “boost your mood” 能引发读者对 “植物如何改善情绪” 的阅读兴趣，完全契合标题三大要求。 ( 真题 演练 ) 1. 2025年6月新高考1卷B篇 In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who’d created these people, knew their subjects so well. But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important?” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn’t strike them as important. This would have to change. As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting. For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human. 7. What does the author’s experience show? A. Teaching is learning. B. Still waters run deep. C. Knowledge is power. D. Practice makes perfect. 主旨题。通读全文，再根据文章最后一段中“I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However, my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human. (我走进教室时坚信写作作为一种交流方式至关重要。然而，学生们向我展示了更为重要的东西。当六月的下课铃响起时，我带着一本满是留言的年鉴离开——这些留言诉说着写作最强大的意义：它能连接人与人，让我们换位思考，教会我们身为人类的真谛)”结合全文内容可知，文章通过作者的教学经历，说明她在教导学生的同时，自己也领悟到写作的真正意义，这一过程体现了“教学相长”的理念。选项A“Teaching is learning (教学相长)”符合文中描述的作者通过教学获得的新认识。故选A。 2. 2025年6月新高考1卷C篇 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A 3. 2025年6月新高考2卷C篇 When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 4. 2025年6月新高考2卷D篇 It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 【14题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 5. 2025年6月北京卷B篇 Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Everyone is the maker of their own success. B. Success favours those with a golden heart. C. Success knocks at your door only once. D. A college holds the key to success. 【27题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者通过自己的经历表明，成功并非由大学或外界标准定义，而是源于自我认知与努力。“Everyone is the maker of their own success. (每个人都是自己成功的创造者。)” 符合题意。故选A。 C Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 D The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。 6. 2025年1月浙江卷C A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 本文介绍了“矩阵式”种植方法，倡导模仿自然设计园艺。 31. A 文章标题题。本文主要围绕“矩阵式”种植方法展开，并强调其自然与高效，符合 “The future of gardening is WILD” 这一标题，故选A项。 7. 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷B “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 【解析】 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。 【26题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 8. 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 9. 2024年6月新课标全国甲卷B Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。 【7题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 10. 2024年6月北京卷D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 ( 押题 演练 )1. The future of space food could be simple and strange. For decades, astronauts have relied mostly on prepackaged food or the occasional grown vegetables during their visits to outer space. With missions beyond Earth’s orbit in sight, a NASA led competition is hoping to change all that and start a new era of sustainable space food. To solve the problem of feeding astronauts on long duration missions, the US space agency started the Deep Space Food Challenge in January 2022, asking companies to propose novel ways to develop sustainable foods for future missions. About 200 companies entered, which were narrowed down to 11 teams in January 2023 as part of phase 2. On November 19, NASA announced the teams that will progress into the final phase of the competition, with some winners to be announced in March, 2025. All teams had to show systems that could operate for three years and feed a crew of four on a future space mission. The proposals did not need to supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need to create a variety of nutritious foods to the astronauts. One company took an incredibly unusual approach to the task. Air Company, based in New York, designed a system that could use the carbon dioxide breathed out by astronauts in space to produce alcohol, which can then be fed to yeast (酵母) and produce “something that’s suitable for eating”. “It’s making food out of the air.” says Stafford Sheehan, co-founder and chief technology officer of Air Company, “It sounds like magic, but when you see it actually operating, it’s much more simple.” Interstellar Lab in Florida had a different approach. Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set of small capsules. Each is self-contained, with its own temperature, watering system, etc. That would allow different vegetables to be planted so that astronauts can easily grow their own food in space. While the winning ideas from the Deep Space Food Challenge won’t immediately be used by astronauts, they show what might be possible on future missions. “You’ve got to start years in advance to make sure you have the capability in place when you need it,” says Ralph Fritsche, senior project manager for space crop production at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 1．Why was the Deep Space Food Challenge launched? A．To find tasty foods for astronauts. B．To found a space food supply center. C．To develop a new source of space food. D．To attract astronauts to food exploration. 2．Which might be the requirement to become the winning company? A．Future space missions lasting three years. B．Entire diets for long-lasting space research. C．Concrete proposals involving a crew of four. D．Sustainable supply of nutritious space foods. 3．What do paragraphs 4 and 5 focus on? A．Describing future space food. B．Showing solutions from competing companies. C．Introducing the current status of space food. D．Explaining the nutritional needs of space food. 4．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．Astronauts produce more space food. B．Space explorers face a lack of nutrition. C．New types of space foods are on the way. D．Future space missions last even longer. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文为说明文，主要讲述NASA启动“深空食物挑战”计划以开发可持续太空食物，并介绍参赛公司的创新解决方案。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段“To solve the problem of feeding astronauts on long duration missions, the US space agency started the Deep Space Food Challenge in January 2022, asking companies to propose novel ways to develop sustainable foods for future missions.(为了解决长期任务中宇航员的饮食问题，美国航天局于2022年1月启动了深空食品挑战赛，要求公司为未来的任务提出开发可持续食品的新方法。)”可知，该挑战旨在开发新的太空食物来源。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“All teams had to show systems that could operate for three years and feed a crew of four on a future space mission. The proposals did not need to supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need to create a variety of nutritious foods to the astronauts.(所有团队都必须展示可以运行三年的系统，并在未来的太空任务中为四名机组人员提供食物。这些提议不需要提供宇航员的全部饮食，但他们确实需要为宇航员创造各种营养食品。)”可知，获胜要求是提供可持续的营养食物供应。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“One company took an incredibly unusual approach to the task. Air Company, based in New York, designed a system that could use the carbon dioxide breathed out by astronauts in space to produce alcohol, which can then be fed to yeast (酵母) and produce “something that’s suitable for eating”. (一家公司对这项任务采取了令人难以置信的不同寻常的方法。总部位于纽约的航空公司设计了一种系统，可以利用宇航员在太空中呼出的二氧化碳来生产酒精，然后将酒精喂给酵母，生产出“适合食用的东西”。)”描述利用二氧化碳生产食物的方法，第五段“Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set of small capsules. Each is self-contained, with its own temperature, watering system, etc. That would allow different vegetables to be planted so that astronauts can easily grow their own food in space.(它的系统被称为NUCLEUS，是一组小胶囊。每个都是独立的，有自己的温度、浇水系统等。这将允许种植不同的蔬菜，这样宇航员就可以在太空中轻松种植自己的食物。)”描述NUCLEUS种植系统可知，两段均以具体案例展示参赛公司的创新方案。从而推知两段焦点是展示解决方案。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The future of space food could be simple and strange. For decades, astronauts have relied mostly on prepackaged food or the occasional grown vegetables during their visits to outer space. With missions beyond Earth’s orbit in sight, a NASA led competition is hoping to change all that and start a new era of sustainable space food.(太空食品的未来可能是简单而奇怪的。几十年来，宇航员在外太空访问期间主要依靠预包装食品或偶尔种植的蔬菜。随着地球轨道以外任务的临近，美国国家航空航天局领导的一项竞赛希望改变这一切，开启可持续太空食品的新时代。)”和最后一段“While the winning ideas from the Deep Space Food Challenge won’t immediately be used by astronauts, they show what might be possible on future missions. (虽然深太空食品挑战赛的获奖想法不会立即被宇航员使用，但它们展示了未来任务的可能性。)”可知，全文围绕NASA挑战开发新型可持续太空食物展开，强调创新方法正在推进。C项“新型太空食品即将问世”概括这一核心主题，适合用作标题。故选C。 2. A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.     “The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains,” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University.       Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly more likely to be either relatively large or relatively small compared to body size. What was going on here? Fristoe, born in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska  state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable  with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’ s research differ from previous studies? A．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. B．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. C．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. D．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It is considered fairly intelligent. B．It has a powerful digesting system. C．It has a relatively large body size. D．It has a selective feeding habit. 3．What can be inferred about smaller brains from Botero’s words? A．They are typical of independent evolution. B．They are a result of limited budgets. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are an effective survival strategy. 4．what can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter B．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes C．Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One D．Evolutions of Brain Size in Birds 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。 1． 细节理解题。根据第三段“This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.(然而，雷鸟可以以树枝和柳叶为食)”以及第五段“These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,(这些物种能够生活在容易获得但难以消化的资源上，如针叶树的针叶，甚至树枝。即使在极端的冬季条件下也可以找到这些食物，但它们是纤维质的，需要大的肠道来消化)”可推知，雷鸟有强大的消化系统。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Brains are not evolving  separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help  creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant  professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves  included, have historically believed that environmental variability  drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we  realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the  alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!”(生物学助理教授、该研究的合著者卡洛斯·波特罗说：“大脑并不是单独进化的——它们是帮助生物在生活中取得成功的更广泛适应的一部分。”“生物学家，包括我们自己，一直认为环境的变化会导致大脑体积的扩大。但当我们从更广泛的角度来看时，我们意识到其他策略也起作用——值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及让大脑变得更小！”)”可知，Botero认为更小的大脑是一种有效的生存策略。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.(一项比较2062只鸟类的全球研究发现，在高度可变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于其体型往往更大或更小。大脑较小的鸟类倾向于使用大脑较大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略)”以及下文可知，文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。由此可知，C选项Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One(脑大还是智慧大：选择一个)适合作文章标题。故选C项。 3. Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 1．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 2．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 3．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法，其成本低、耐用，未来或用于多领域存储。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. ‘Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,’ notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. ‘Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.’ (将信息输入DNA需要一个称为编码的过程。计算生物学家Karishma Matange指出：‘你的计算机以二进制格式（0和1）存储信息。编码的作用是将这些0和1转换为A、C、G和T，即可以存储信息的DNA碱基。’)”可知，数字信息是通过将二进制数据转换为DNA的四种碱基（A、C、G、T）进行存储的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”和第四段“But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. (但T-REX材料可以防潮。研究人员将其加热至75摄氏度。后来，他们通过分解涂层获得了DNA。Banal说，最好的部分是，分解的材料可以再次用于存储DNA。)”可知，T-REX方法既成本低廉，又能防潮，并且可以重复使用材料来存储DNA，因此，T-REX方法的主要优势是提供了一种经济有效的DNA存储方式。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. (Banal和他的同事们希望使用T-REX方法来保存遗传数据，甚至安全地存储将被发射到太空的生物样本。有一天，我们可能会用它来存储人们每天生成的大量数据。)”可知，DNA存储技术未来将用于保存多样化的样本。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. (科学家们一直在研究DNA来存储所有类型的数据，不仅是生物数据，还有数字数据。然而，尽管DNA是一种很好的存储材料，但它也很脆弱。)”和文章第三段“James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. ‘Plastics are durable.’ Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA.(加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的科学家James Banal和他的团队提出了一种新的方法T-REX。他的团队使用这种方法将DNA捕获在类似塑料的材料中。巴纳尔指出：‘塑料很耐用。’此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们一直在研究使用DNA来存储各种类型的数据，并介绍了DNA作为存储材料的优缺点，以及一种新的DNA存储方法T-REX的研发和应用。因此，文章的主旨大意是DNA数据存储技术的突破。故选A。 4. Food is key to our daily functions by fueling our activity and supporting our bodies and minds. In space, where astronauts face extreme environmental and physical changes, the need for safe, nutritious and energy- laden food is particularly vital to overall health. Space food must provide enough energy to fuel astronauts on their demanding missions, according to NASA．In microgravity (low gravity state that makes astronauts appear to be weightless) environments, proper nutrition can fight against the resulting degradation of bones and muscles. For example, vitamins D, K and C aid in synthesizing (合成) calcium into bone. Meanwhile, dietary supplements like iron, omega-3 fatty acids and B12 can make up for dietary insufficiency. After decades of nutritional studies and food technology advancements, NASA has moved focus away from supplements and dietary formulas  (配方) toward providing as many nutrients from fruits and vegetables as possible. However, it can be difficult to rely heavily on fruits and vegetables as a space food source because they don’t contain many calories. This poses an issue for spaceflight, where cargo (货物) room is precious. NASA can’t merely consider health when designing space food, though. The nutritional value of a meal only goes so far if it doesn’t appeal to astronauts. Rather, Grace Douglas, the lead scientist for NASA’s Advanced Food Technology research group, and her colleagues aim to offer astronauts several meal. options to avoid menu fatigue (疲劳). Such variety also provides psychological health benefits.“ Food becomes more important with mission duration because it’s one of the only familiar things that they have, ” Douglas says. As space organizations look ahead to. long- duration missions, it will be key to craft a sustainable food source that doesn’t require resupply missions. To achieve this, NASA scientists are studying the best ways to grow crops in microgravity. On the International Space Station, astronauts have successfully grow n a variety of leafy greens and flowers in the Vegetable Production System, known as Veggie. Eating a fresh leafy green could help astronauts feel connected with the distant green planet they call home. 1．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The importance of space food design. B．The challenges for astronauts in space. C．The general requirements for space food. D．The impact of microgravity on astronauts. 2．How do Douglas’s team enhance astronauts’ dining experience? A．They make food look appealing. B．They rearrange the menu schedule. C．They provide multiple food choices. D．They conduct taste tests on astronauts. 3．What can astronauts expect from Veggie? A．A supplement to the oxygen supply. B．Supply of psychological comfort C．Enhancement of the nutritional quality. D．An improvement in communication with Earth. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How do astronauts eat in space? B．What makes space food so special? C．What space food will we have in the future? D．How do scientists build the best diet for astronauts? 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了太空食品对于宇航员的重要性，包括在微重力环境下需要为宇航员提供足够能量、对抗骨骼和肌肉退化等，同时，提到了美国宇航局科学家们为宇航员打造最佳饮食所做的努力，如提供多种食物选择、研究在微重力下种植作物等，以实现为长期太空任务提供可持续食物来源的目标。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Space food must provide enough energy to fuel astronauts on their demanding missions, according to NASA. In microgravity (low gravity state that makes astronauts appear to be weightless) environments, proper nutrition can fight against the resulting degradation of bones and muscles. For example, vitamins D, K and C ai d in synthesizing(合成) calcium into bone. Meanwhile, dietary supplements like iron, omega-3 fatty acids and B12 can make up for dietary insufficiency. (美国国家航空航天局表示，太空食品必须为宇航员执行艰巨任务提供足够的能量。在微重力环境中，适当的营养可以对抗由此导致的骨骼和肌肉退化。例如，维生素D、K和C有助于将钙合成到骨骼中。同时，铁、欧米伽-3脂肪酸和B12等膳食补充剂可以弥补饮食不足。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了太空食品必须为宇航员执行艰巨任务提供足够能量，在微重力环境下，适当的营养可以对抗骨骼和肌肉的退化，还列举了一些有助于合成钙以及补充营养的物质。这些内容体现了太空食品的一般要求，即提供足够能量、对抗微重力环境带来的不良影响等。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Rather, Grace Douglas, the lead scientist for NASA’s Advanced Food Technology research group, and her colleagues aim to offer astronauts several meal. options to avoid menu fatigue(疲劳). (相反，美国国家航空航天局高级食品技术研究小组的首席科学家格蕾丝·道格拉斯和她的同事们旨在为宇航员提供多种膳食选择，以避免菜单疲劳。)”可知，Grace Douglas团队通过提供多种食物选择来增强宇航员的用餐体验。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Eating a fresh leafy green could help astronauts feel connected with the distant green planet they call home. (吃一片新鲜的绿叶蔬菜可以帮助宇航员感觉与他们称之为家的遥远的绿色星球联系在一起。)”可知，Veggie能为宇航员提供心理上的安慰。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Rather, Grace Douglas, the lead scientist for NASA’s Advanced Food Technology research group, and her colleagues aim to offer astronauts several meal. options to avoid menu fatigue(疲劳). Such variety also provides psychological health benefits. (相反，美国国家航空航天局高级食品技术研究小组的首席科学家格蕾丝·道格拉斯和她的同事们旨在为宇航员提供多种膳食选择，以避免菜单疲劳。这种多样性也提供了心理健康益处。)”及最后一段中“As space organizations look ahead to long-duration missions, it will be key to craft a sustainable food source that doesn’t require resupply missions. To achieve this, NASA scientists are studying the best ways to grow crops in microgravity. (随着太空组织展望长期任务，打造一种不需要补给任务的可持续食物来源将是关键。为了实现这一目标，美国宇航局的科学家们正在研究在微重力下种植作物的最佳方法。)”可知，科学家在努力为宇航员构建可持续的最佳饮食，D项“How do scientists build the best diet for astronauts? (科学家如何为宇航员建立最佳饮食？)”最能概括全文，故选D项。 5. While conducting a workshop on creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips (回形针). I invited each group to record as many different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full swing. We often have this belief that when faced with a creative challenge, we need to generate a really good idea that will save the day. As a result, we focus on “the perfect idea” or “the best solution” without the necessity of generating lots of bad ones along the way. Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a necessary and essential part of the creative process. One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to create crappy (蹩脚的) ideas. Creativity is based on the concept of producing multiple ideas — ideas without any restrictions, definitions, or limitations. When we imagine the quality of an idea, we limit its effectiveness. When we pre-assess thoughts in advance of putting them into action, we reduce their worth or ultimate use. The impacts are shocking. There is an idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks” mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit. The solution when faced with a creative challenge: generate overmuch ideas without regard to their appropriateness or usefulness. Some of those ideas will be possibilities and some will be useless. That’s OK. Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. It’s your brain with its “pedal (踏板) to the metal”. 1．What does the author believe about the creative process? A．It must avoid taking any risks. B．It requires some perfect ideas. C．It’s limited to practical solutions. D．It should involve producing crappy ideas. 2．Why does the author mention the book Writing Down the Bones in paragraph 3? A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact. C．To prove an opinion. D．To make a prediction. 3．What impact does focusing on perfect ideas have on creativity? A．Enhancing risk-taking. B．Limiting logical thoughts. C．Destroying creative spirit. D．Encouraging diverse thinking. 4．What would be the best title for this text? A．How We Overcome Creative Blocks B．Why It’s Good to Have Crappy Ideas C．The Ways of Generating Rich Creativity D．The Importance of Increasing Writing Art 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述蹩脚想法是创造过程的必要部分。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a necessary and essential part of the creative process. (然而，产生不可行、不切实际和毫无价值的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。)”以及最后一段“Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. (最终，要知道这一点：产生蹩脚的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。)”可知，作者认为创造过程应该包括产生蹩脚的想法。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to create crappy ideas. (然而，产生不可行、不切实际和毫无价值的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。书中最好的建议之一是，对于作家和任何试图产生创造性想法的人来说，要允许自己产生蹩脚的想法。)”可知，作者在第三段提到《Writing Down the Bones》这本书是为了证明一个观点，即允许自己产生蹩脚的想法对于激发创造力是必要的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“There is an idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks” mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit. (有一种观点认为，持续专注于只产生“好”或“完美”的想法会迫使我们陷入“不要冒任何风险”的心态，并显著降低我们的创造力。)”可知，专注于完美的想法会限制逻辑思维。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“While conducting a workshop on creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips (回形针). I invited each group to record as many different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full swing. (在开展一场关于创造力的研讨会时，我给每个小组发了一小盒回形针。我邀请每个小组在五分钟内尽可能多地记录下回形针的不同用途。显然，这些三年级的学生小组能够想出多种回答，而且这些回答的质量参差不齐。他们的创造力正蓬勃涌现。)”可知，全文围绕“蹩脚想法”在创造过程中的重要性展开，强调产生不可行、不切实际和毫无价值的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。因此，最佳标题应突出“蹩脚想法”的积极作用。故选B。 6. In a world where our digital devices have become extensions of ourselves, it’s no surprise that we often immerse (沉浸) ourselves in screens rather than engage with the world and people around us. But amidst this digital deluge (涌现的事物), something vital is being lost: the art of genuine human connection. These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward social situations or difficult emotions. Small talk often receives criticism for being empty or insignificant. Rarely does someone express a fondness for it, let alone find fulfillment in it. However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer opportunities for connection. But our aversion (厌恶) to small talk is significant. We may convince ourselves that we’re not good at it or that it’s unnecessary, but that’s simply an excuse. Yes, of course, social anxiety is real, but the only way to overcome the fears is through practice, gaining confidence by slowly taking risks, and actively engaging in conversations. So, how can we embrace small talk and harness its power? Start by paying attention to your surroundings and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level. Like any skill, small talk requires practice. Start small by initiating conversations with strangers or acquaintances and gradually work your way up to deeper connections. With each interaction, you’ll gain confidence and build the skills necessary for meaningful conversations. It may feel uncomfortable at first, but with practice, we can regain the richness of human interaction and cultivate relationships that truly nourish(滋养)the soul, build confidence, and reclaim the internal real estate that is overrun with anxious thoughts. 1．Why do people often prefer to engage with digital devices rather than the real world? A．They find it more convenient to do so. B．They are afraid of genuine relationships. C．They have little time to engage with others. D．They want to avoid face-to-face communication. 2．What does the author think of small talk? A．It is an unnecessary and hard skill. B．It takes a lot of meaningful time. C．It plays a crucial role in social interactions. D．It is difficult to master for most people. 3．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Hold. B．Employ. C．Discover. D．Overlook. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．How to Overcome Social Anxiety B．The Challenges of Modern Social Life C．Digital Devices and Human Connection D．The Power of Small Talk in Social Life 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】这是一篇议论文，文章主要围绕“闲聊的力量”这一主题展开论述，阐述了闲聊在社交生活、建立人脉以及深化人际关系中的重要作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward social situations or difficult emotions.(这些设备提供了一个方便的逃避无聊或不适的方式，让我们避免尴尬的社交场合或困难的情绪)”可知，人们更喜欢使用数字设备而不是现实世界交往，是因为使用数字设备交往更方便，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions.(然而，闲聊在社交互动中很重要)”可知，作者认为闲聊在社会交往中起着至关重要的作用，故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Start by paying attention to your surroundings and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level.(首先要注意周围的环境，并与周围的人互动。无论是评论天气还是聊一聊共同的经历，闲聊都提供了一个与他人建立基本联系的机会)”可知，作者建议积极闲聊，下文在说如何通过关注周围环境并与周围的人互动来利用闲聊的力量，故划线词所在句指“接受闲聊并利用它的力量”，harness意为“利用”，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer opportunities for connection.(然而，闲聊在社交互动中很重要。把它想象成锻炼前的热身——它帮助我们轻松地进入更深层次的对话，建立信任和理解的基础。它为评估交流是否有可能培养友谊或加深联系奠定了基础。即使是在杂货店或公共汽车站与某人的一次性交流也提供了建立联系的机会)”可知，本文主要讲述闲聊在社会生活中的作用，D项“闲聊在社交生活中的力量”最适合作为标题，故选D。 7. What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason. We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes? Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid. In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience. While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile. 1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory? A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts. B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm. C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight. D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings. 2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3? A．Better judgement on fears. B．Richer experience from failures. C．The removal of daily inconveniences. D．The harvest of a positive mindset. 3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on? A．Would-be projects. B．Real-world applications. C．Potential weaknesses. D．Practical advantages. 4．What is probably the best title of the text? A．Less Is More B．Make a Lemon Lemonade C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy D．Better Late Than Never 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是“烧焦的面包理论”，即通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将其视为有意义的转折点，同时也探讨了该理论的潜在局限性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.(而且在许多方面，烧焦面包理论可以被视为这一经典思想的现代诠释，暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小不便都出于更大的原因)”可知，烧焦面包理论暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小不便都出于更大的原因，结合第二段中的“Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.(也许这足够让你比平时晚一点出门，从而避免了一场车祸。或者这意味着你赶上了稍晚的火车，避开了一个你宁愿避开的人)”可知，错过航班后遇到未来雇主是符合该理论的案例。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. (换句话说，烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式。当我们选择以更积极的态度看待世界时，我们可以帮助减轻焦虑感，并释放对周围世界失控的恐惧)”可知，烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式，用更积极的态度看世界。由此可知，应用该理论的结果是收获积极心态。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.(虽然保持积极的心态可以走得很远，但烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点。要注意，只允许自己专注于积极的想法可能意味着你正在剥夺自己正确面对挑战或困难情绪的机会，而是专注于创造一个虚假的积极形象)”可知，烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点，进而分析了其危害，由此可知，最后一段聚焦于该理论的潜在弱点。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。结合全文内容，尤其是首段“What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.(如果每件事的发生都有其原因呢？这是一个我们都不止一次听过的理论。在许多方面，“烧焦面包理论”可以被视为这一经典思想的现代诠释，暗示我们在日常生活中遇到的每一个小麻烦都可能是出于某种更大的原因)”可知，全文围绕“烧焦的面包理论”展开，强调通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将挑战转化为机遇，同时指出其潜在的局限性。选项B“化挫折为机遇”与这一主题意义相符，最适合作为标题。故选B项。 8. In Malcolm Gladwell’s thought — provoking book Outliers (异类), the Matthew effect (马太效应) suggests that an individual’s success is intricately tied to the timing of their birth date and the subsequent opportunities that arise. While Gladwell claims that this seemingly random factor initiates a chain of advantages leading to success, this essay seek to challenge that perception. It argues that success is an interplay of multiple factors, insisting that individual ambition, inborn talent, and family influences are equally crucial, if not more so, in shaping one’s path to success. Gladwell argues that those who possess will receive more, and those without will lose even the little they have. He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success. Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success. Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong desire to become a doctor. Stephanie’s upbringing in a modest environment with parents of limited education did not provide her with extraordinary opportunities. However, her unwavering ambition stimulated her to overcome obstacles. Her story vividly illustrates the power of ambition in fostering determination, maintaining focus, and creating opportunities independent of external advantages. While Gladwell focuses mainly on accumulative advantages, he overlooks the significant role of inborn talent in inspiring individuals to success. Natural abilities, distinct from skills acquired through training, often act as a catalyst (催化剂) for extraordinary achievement. Consider the case of Taylor, a high school freshman on a local swim team. Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. His success demonstrates that innate talent, independent of external advantages, can be a driving force in the pursuit of excellence. In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement. 1．Which example does the author use to demonstrate the power of individual ambition? A．Malcolm Gladwell’s definition of “outliers”. B．The achievements of the Medicine Hat hockey team. C．The story of Stephanie Bradley who desires to be a doctor. D．The experience of Taylor, a high-school freshman on a swim team. 2．What can we infer from the passage about Gladwell’s perspective on success? A．It has been supported by scholars in the field. B．It fully takes into account the diverse factors influencing success. C．It might overlook the significance of certain internal factors for success. D．It provides an comprehensive and accurate theory for understanding success. 3．What implication can we draw from the example of Taylor? A．Athletes without financial support can never achieve great success. B．Innate talents can fuel success even without external advantages. C．Accumulative advantages are the decisive factor for an athlete’s victory. D．High-school freshmen are more likely to shine in sports competitions. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More? B．Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers: A Groundbreaking Theory C．The Matthew Effect: Unveiling the True Secret of Success D．The Stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor: Keys to Success 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成功因素，反驳了马太效应，强调个人抱负和天赋的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success. Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong desire to become a doctor. (与Gladwell的观点相反，个人抱负在决定成功方面成为一股强大的力量。抱负是驱动个体的动力，无论其年龄或出生日期如何，这些个体都会追求卓越并超越常规。一个令人信服的例子是Stephanie Bradley的故事，她是一个渴望成为医生的小女孩)”可知，作者使用Stephanie Bradley渴望成为医生的故事来展示个人野心的力量。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success. (他将这一点延伸到成功上，将其归因于隐藏的出生日期优势，但却忽视了个人抱负、天赋和家庭影响对成功的深远影响)”可知，Gladwell的成功观可能忽视了某些内部因素对成功的重要性。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. (Taylor的故事通过展示天赋战胜累积优势来挑战Gladwell的理论。尽管缺乏竞争对手的机会、训练计划和资金支持，但Taylor的天赋还是让他轻松获得了胜利)”可知，Taylor的例子表明，即使没有外部优势，天赋也能推动成功。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement. (总之，虽然Gladwell的马太效应在某些情况下有一定道理，但它过于简化了成功。Stephanie Bradley和Taylor的故事展示了个人动力和天赋如何激励个人走向成功，挑战了Gladwell提出的决定性观点。成功是多种因素的综合结果，认识到这些对于理解成就至关重要)”可知，文章主要讨论了成功的因素，反驳了Gladwell的马太效应，强调了个人野心和天赋的重要性。因此，最佳标题是“Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More? (成功：只是与出生日期有关，还是还有其他因素？)”。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $