专题06 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期末真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语上学期

专题06 阅读理解（说明文+议论文） 主题01 人与社会——社会服务与人际交往 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the new season, a contagious (有感染力的) urge to dust off cobwebs and toss out clutter emerges. Spring cleaning, a deep cleanse of one’s home, is a tradition rooted in societies worldwide, with its origin traced back to ancient times. It also holds symbolic significance. Viewed as a fresh start, the tradition symbolizes the transition from the dormant winter season to the vibrant growth of spring. By purging (清除) the home of accumulated debris and organizing its contents, individuals create a cleaner living environment and a sense of mental clarity and freshness. “With each sweep of the broom and polish of the surface, we honor a tradition that transcends time, uniting us with generations past in a shared pursuit of renewal and rejuvenation (恢复活力),” says Danielle Patten, director of creative programs and collections at the Museum of the Home in London. Human behavior is greatly influenced by the cycles of nature. In the colder months, we have less energy to spare for chores such as deep cleaning. We’re not being lazy; limited daylight triggers the hormone melatonin (褪黑素), which makes us sleepy. “Melatonin causes us to feel less inclined to refresh our space. When the seasons start to shift, feelings of sluggishness reduce, and we regain energy and feel inspired to deep clean our living environments,” says author and psychotherapist Eloise Skinner. “When we refresh our environments, we can feel a sense of new beginning, or a renewed sense of drive and ambition.” Studies have also shown that cleaning can be therapeutic, as seen by the new generation of “cleanfluencers” taking social media by storm. Millions of people watch them scour filthy homes and share cleaning hacks. “When we’re cleaning, we often have to be present to the task at hand, and this can bring us into the present moment, causing us to feel more aware, engaged and observant. The repetitive nature can also be soothing,” Skinner says. Before the Chinese New Year, it’s common to cleanse the home of bad luck and misfortune in China. Known as “sweeping the dust,” cleaning makes way for the new year’s good luck and prosperity, says Patten. While the concept of spring cleaning predates modern technology, advancements such as electricity and household appliances have influenced its practice. For example, before electric lights, people relied on fire from burning coal, oil, and wood to light and heat homes, which would leave behind a substantial amount of soot (煤灰). Windows were kept securely closed to prevent a deadly draft from entering. Come spring, it was pragmatic to open the windows to air out stuffy homes, remove grime, and repair any damages that occurred during the winter months. Inventions such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and cleaning agents have made the process more efficient and convenient, allowing for deeper and more thorough cleaning of living spaces. 1．What does the word “sluggishness” in paragraph 5 most likely mean? A．Excitement. B．Tiredness. C．Determination. D．Activity. 2．What does the passage imply about the link between cleaning and mental well-being? A．Cleaning rituals are more effective than professional therapy for reducing stress. B．The repetitive nature of cleaning can promote mindfulness and engagement. C．People who deep clean are less likely to experience seasonal affective disorder. D．Social media “cleanfluencers” rely on mental health studies to increase their followers. 3．What can be inferred about the evolution of spring cleaning from the passage? A．The practice became widespread due to advancements in household appliances. B．The invention of electric lights eliminated the need for spring cleaning. C．Modern cleaning techniques have completely replaced traditional customs. D．The symbolic meaning of spring cleaning has diminished over time. 4．What is the author’s primary purpose of writing this passage? A．To encourage readers to adopt spring cleaning habits. B．To provide a historical and cultural perspective on spring cleaning. C．To compare traditional and modern spring cleaning practices. D．To explore how spring cleaning can benefit mental health. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市交通大学附属中学·期末） Technology is never a neutral tool for achieving human ends. Technological innovations reshape people as they use these innovations to control their environment. Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity. While the term AI brings about anxieties about killer robots or catastrophic levels of unemployment, there are other, deeper implications. As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human? Central to the problem is a person’s capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications. Aristotle argued that the capacity for making practical judgments depends on regularly making them on habit and practice. We see the emergence of machines as substitute judges in a variety of everyday contexts as a potential threat to people learning how to effectively exercise judgment themselves. In the workplace, managers routinely make decisions about who to hire or fire and which loan to approve, to name a few. These are areas where algorithmic (算法的) prescription is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will. Recommendation engines, which are increasingly prevalent intermediaries in people’s consumption of culture, may serve to constrain choice and minimize luck. By presenting consumers with algorithmically selected choices of what to watch, read, stream and visit next, companies are replacing human taste with machine taste. In one sense, this is helpful. After all, machines can survey a wider range of choices than any individual is likely to have the time or energy to do on their own. At the same time, though, this selection is optimizing for what people are likely to prefer based on what they’ve preferred in the past. We think there is some risk that people’s options will be constrained by their past in a new and unanticipated way. As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly predictable. The predictions are going to get better and better, and they will ultimately make common experiences more efficient and pleasant. Algorithms could soon-if they don’t already-have a better idea about which show you’d like to watch next and which job candidate you should hire than you do. One day, humans may even find a way for machines to make these decisions without some of the biases that humans typically display. But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant. As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us. 1．What do we learn about the deeper implications of AI? A．It is causing great levels of unemployment. B．It is doing physical harm to human operators. C．It is altering moral judgments. D．It is reshaping humanity. 2．What is the consequence of algorithmic prescription replacing human judgment? A．People lose the chance to cultivate the ability to make practical judgments. B．People are prevented from participating in making major decisions in the workplace. C．Managers no longer have the chance to decide which loan to approve. D．Managers do not need to take the trouble to determine who to hire or fire. 3．What is likely to happen to larger parts of our daily life as machine learning algorithms improve? A．They will turn out to be more extensive. B．They will repeat our past experience. C．They can be vastly anticipated. D．They may become more commonly found. 4．Why does the author say the creatures living in the more and more Al-mediated world will become increasingly unlike us? A．They will have lost the most significant human element of being intelligent. B．They will no longer possess the human characteristic of being unpredictable. C．They will not be able to understand themselves as we can do today. D．They will be deprived of what their predecessors were proud of about themselves. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海市格致中学·期末） In the old days — say, the 1980s — if you bought a piece of technology, a paperback user guide came with it. It was the manufacturer’s one big chance to explain its engineers’ thinking to you, to communicate what the designers and marketers had in mind. Supplying documentation seemed, at the time, like a good idea all around. Mastery made customers happy, and happy customers meant repeat sales. But there were other forces at play. Printing and binding took time and money — and customers didn’t seem to be reading user manuals. Over time, therefore, physical manuals began disappearing from our hardware and software boxes. Maybe you’d get a Quick Start leaflet, but the rest was online. Online, you can search for certain terms, find topics faster and post questions for other people. Online communities and answer sites sprang up. Mini tutorials on the Internet began showing you how to perform a task. And it’s all free. Meanwhile the kind of technologies we use has changed. “People increasingly spend time in apps and social sites that have a fairly simple interface (界面),” Tim O’Reilly told me. (He’s founder of O’Reilly Media, which publishes my own how-to books. )You don’t need a manual to use Google. That was the beginning of the end for physical manuals. In principle, the death of professionally prepared support materials shouldn’t be any cause for concern. It’s just another big change caused by the Internet, another in the list of casualties, such as printed encyclopedias, newspaper classified ads and music on discs. In reality, though, none of the tech industry’s teaching channels, whether physical or online, is universal and effective. To this day, it’s astonishing how little we know about our phones, computers and software. A Microsoft product manager once told me that most feature requests the company gets for Microsoft Office are, in fact, already features of Microsoft Office. Hardware and software makers still operate with their traditional business model: Every year or so they sell us a new version, whose appeal is supposed to be more features. And so, as time goes by, our devices and apps become more and more complex — but access to documentation remains limited and incomplete. In the fantasy version of our world, designers would make our tech products simple enough, their important features obvious enough, for the masses to figure out on their own. Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done. 1．The word “casualties” (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to___________. A．causes B．manuals C．industries D．victims 2．Why did the author mention what a Microsoft product manager once told him? A．To criticize the lack of access that we have to complete documentation. B．To reveal the traditional business model that software makers operate with. C．To emphasize that it is a pity that physical manuals are no longer available. D．To illustrate that people actually know little about the tech products they use. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Tech companies’ teaching channels are shrinking as time goes by. B．There is little chance that tech products will soon be simple enough. C．Printed manuals worked better than online versions. D．Consumers of the 1980s loved to read user manuals. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．What Happened to User Manuals? B．How Did Physical Manuals Prosper? C．How Simple Will Our Tech Products Be? D．What Change Has the Internet Brought About? 主题02 人与自我——做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市建平中学·期末） To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example seems oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to achieve his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a screaming is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 1．According to the passage, to teach a child to learn something, parents should ________. A．view from the child’s perspective B．simplify each action shown to the child C．follow the theory of imitation D．set a good example for the child to copy 2．Which of the following situation will lead a child to seek for a model? A．The child comes up with a solution to an issue. B．The child is blamed by parents for his/her wrongdoing. C．The child encounters a professional who can get the right result. D．The child is in trouble and cannot figure out an approach. 3．It can be inferred that children usually imitate people ________. A．whose talent and skill are extraordinary B．whose actions are consistent with theirs C．whom they want to be shaped into D．who enjoy a high social status 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The reason for parenting by imitation. B．The factors determining children’s imitation. C．The significance of learning by imitation. D．The way children choose models. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·上海市交通大学附属中学·期末） We are all explorers. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of what makes us human. Indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species. Long before the first caveman sat beside the fire and grunted news that there were plenty of wildebeest (羚羊) out there, our ancestors had learned the value of sending out pioneers to investigate the unknown. This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor navigate the subways of New York. Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed — different from the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely “well-travelled”, even; and perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing out. That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown are being tested each day. Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognize because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones. The traveller “who has for weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and irrelevant alien crawling laboriously over a country in which he has no roots and no background, suddenly encounters his other self, a relatively solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain people”. Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the “greatest living explorer”, said, “An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before — and also done something scientifically useful.” Chris Bonington, a leading mountaineer, felt exploration was to be found in the act of physically touching the unknown: “You have to have gone somewhere new.” Then Robin Hanbury Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called “tribal” peoples, said, “A traveller simply records information about some far-off world, and reports back; but an explorer changes the world.” Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us, told me, “If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.” To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery. Each definition is slightly different and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the present. And so on. They each set their own particular criteria the common factor in their approach being that they all had, unlike many of us who simply enjoy travel o discovering new things, both a very definite objective from the outset and also a desire to record their findings. 1．The writer refers to visitors to New York to illustrate the point that A．exploration is an inner element of being human. B．most people are not enthusiastic about exploring. C．exploration fails to lead to surprising results. D．most people find exploration frustrating. 2．According to the passage, what is the writer’s view of explorers? A．Their discoveries have brought both benefits and disadvantages. B．Their main value is in teaching others. C．They act on an urge that is common to everyone. D．They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others. 3．The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that A．Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration. B．Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration. C．Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states. D．Hardy’s aim was to show the attraction of isolation. 4．When discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that A．people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests. B．certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration. C．the generally accepted definition has changed over time. D．historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海市晋元高级中学·期末） When we experience something painful, our brain produces natural painkillers that are chemically similar to powerful drugs such as morphine. Now research suggests these natural painkillers, also called endogenous opioids, play another role: helping regulate the body’s energy. Lauri Nummenmaa, a brain-imaging scientist at the University of Turku in Finland and his colleagues measured endogenous opioid release in the brains of 10 healthy men. The subjects were injected with a radioactive substance that binds to opioid receptors, making it possible to visualize the receptors’ activity using positron-emission tomography (正电子放射断层造影术). The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.” Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience. “I would’ve expected the opposite result,” says Paul Burghardt, an investigator at Wayne State University, who was not involved in the work. After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating. Nummenmma, too, was surprised. His group earlier research showed that obese (肥胖的) people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss. “Maybe when people overeat, endogenous opioids released in the brain constantly attack the receptors, so they decrease in number, ” he says. Why more opioids flooded the brain after the goo versus the pizza remains a mystery, but then researchers guess that faster digestion of the liquid meal may have produced more of the chemicals at the time of the scan, 15 minutes after eating. The new results may indicate that opioids play a wider role in energy metabolism (新陈代谢) than scientists previously thought. One possibility is that the opioid system is activated by the satisfaction of a full stomach and refreshed energy, Nummenmma says. “If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure. ” 1．What does Paul Burghardt mean by “the opposite result” (in paragraph 4)? A．The body’s energy balance plays an unexpectedly important role in killing pain. B．The more you enjoy your meal, the more the endogenous opioids are released. C．It is the nutrition rather than the taste that give people the pleasure of eating. D．Dissatisfying meals call for brains to produce more natural painkillers. 2．What did Numnenmna’s group find in their earlier research? A．How many opioid receptors people have in their brain is related to their weight. B．Overeating is a major problem people have if they have fewer opioid receptors. C．Faster digestion can help the body to absorb more endogenous opioid. D．The goo is more effective in activating people’s opioid release. 3．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A．people need to eat less to keep their body’s energy in good balance B．opioids are released when there is an imbalance in the body’s energy C．eating can repair a person’s opioid system as long as there is sensory pleasure D．conditions that activate opioid release should be rechecked to confirm the findings 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The absence of sensory pleasure affects how well opioids work. B．Natural painkillers work better than powerful drugs like morphine. C．The brain releases feel-good chemicals even after unpleasant meals. D．Pain plays the same role as pleasure in giving people a good appetite. 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市行知中学·期末） As explorers of the wild, penguins often wander around. Normally, these ice-cold explorations are pretty short-lived. But one emperor penguin, now named Gus, alone and hungry, recently landed on a beach in Australia, more than 2,000 miles away from its native Antarctica. In the bird world, rare migrations such as these are referred to as vagrancies (流浪), says Casey Youngflesh, an associate professor at Clemson University. Living in the coldest place on Earth, emperor penguins, which can grow up to 45 inches tall and live between 15 and 20 years, typically live in groups with populations that can range from a few hundred to thousands of members. But even large population isn’t a guarantee of survival, and penguins survived due to several unique adaptations. Thick feathers protect penguins from Antarctica’s cold temperatures and high winds, and substantial (大量的) fat stores allow them to survive with little or no food for long periods. These animals are also remarkable swimmers, capable of diving to depths of over 450 meters. These characteristics could certainly have helped this male penguin make the journey to Australia, says Youngflesh. Determining what exactly caused the penguin to end up in Australia is another matter, as some experts suggest that he could have been blown off course by a storm and gotten lost or had some of its other navigational senses disturbed in some way. Despite how infrequently penguins land on Australia, Gus’s case may indicate how quickly the Antarctic environment is changing and how local species are affected. Emperor penguins, for example, depend on stable sea ice to reproduce, but as climate change increasingly causes ice shelves to melt, the species is expected to undergo rapid population decline in the next few decades. Vast environmental changes and less food sources mean that some animals must search farther for food and shelter than they otherwise would. To that end, while this unusual event isn’t currently indication of a larger pattern, experts should take note as animal vagrancy can expand in the future, says Youngflesh. 1．What can we learn about emperor penguins? A．They rarely explore the wild. B．They tend to live in communities. C．They migrate to Australia for food. D．They live longer than other animals. 2．Which feature enabled Gus to survive during the journey? A．Its waterproof feathers. B．Its considerable fat stores. C．Its disturbed navigational senses. D．Its adaptation to animal vagrancy. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Animal vagrancies are likely to increase in frequency. B．A large pattern of penguins wandering alone is formed. C．Environmental changes may speed penguins’ extinction. D．Human interference is needed to bring this penguin back. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The climate change intensifies in Antarctica B．A penguin successfully survived the elements C．A male penguin ended up on distant Australia D．Animal vagrancy draws attention from experts Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市徐汇区·期末） For many years, ships that wanted to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific or from the Pacific to the Atlantic had to sail around South America. The trip took weeks and was very dangerous. To make the route shorter and safter, it was decided to build a canal (运河). Panama was chosen because it is the narrowest country in the Americas. The French started building the canal as early as 1880, but their attempt failed after 21,900 people died of diseases and accidents. The Americans finally completed the project, and the Panama Canal opened in 1914. When the Panama Canal opened in 1914, ships were able to make the trip between oceans in approximately 10 hours. The locks in the canal have been called one of the seven wonders of the modern world. The 48-mile-long Panama Canal was dug through the country of Panama. To pass between oceans, ships must actually go up. In fact, to travel through the canal, ships are raised 85 feet above sea level and then lowered again. A ship enters the canal and sails to the first series of locks. Each lock is a huge compartment(分隔的空间) made of concrete walls and metal doors at each end. When one set of doors opens, the ship enters the lock. The doors close, and water flows into the lock, raising the ship until the water level equals the level in the next lock. At that time, the doors open to allow the ship to move into the next lock. When the doors close, the same process continues to raise the ship again. On either end of the canal, three sets of locks raise and lower ships. After the third lock, the ship enters Gatun Lake, sails about 23 miles, and begins its descent through the series of locks. To lower the ship, the locks work in reverse, allowing water to flow out of the lock until the water level is the same as the next lock. In this way, the ship reaches sea level and moves out into the ocean. Over one million ships have passed through the Panama Canal since it opened. It has proven to be very important to world trade. In 2016, the canal was expanded to allow wider ships to pass through it, proving it will be a vital part of the world for many years to come. 1．Which of the following is the correct order of the events? ① The ship enters a lock. ② Water flows into the lock to raise the water level. ③ The doors close. ④ The doors open and the ship move out. A．④③②① B．③①②④ C．①③②④ D．③②④① 2．We can infer from the article that the Panama Canal ______. A．is the narrowest canal in the world B．was easy to construct C．is an important link in global shipping D．will be closed in the near future 3．Which word in paragraph 4 probably means “a journey downward”? A．reverse B．series C．process D．descent 4．According to the passage, the Panama Canal was built ______. A．to shorten the trip between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans B．to raise and lower the water level in the locks C．so that ships could travel to Panama from other countries D．so that people could enjoy the beautiful view of Gatun Lake Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海市致远高级中学·期末） More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predators, which arrived with European settlers, still threaten native wildlife — and are too plentiful on the mainland to eliminate, as has been achieved on some small islands which were previously filled with them. But Alexandra Ross of the University of New South Wales thinks she has come up with a different way to deal with the problem. As she writes in a paper in the Journal of Applied Ecology, she is giving feline (猫科的) — awareness lessons to wild animals involved in re-introduction programs, in order to try to make them cat-conscious. Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. This will, however, put the forced migrants back in the sights of the cats that caused the problem in the first place. Training the migrants while they are in captivity, using stuffed models and the sorts of sounds made by cats, has proved expensive and ineffective. Ms Ross therefore wondered whether putting them in large natural enclosures with a scattering of predators might serve as a form of training camp to prepare them for introduction into their new, cat-ridden homes. She tested this idea on a type of bandicoot (袋狸) that superficially resembles a rabbit. She and her colleagues raised two hundred bandicoots in a huge enclosure that also contained five wild cats. As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats. She left the animals to get on with life for two years, which, given that bandicoots breed four times a year and live for around eight years, was a considerable period for them. After some predation (扑食) and probably some learning, she abstracted 21 bandicoots from each enclosure, attached radio transmitters to them and released them into a third enclosure that had ten hungry cats in it. She then monitored what happened next. The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40 days, ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones. One particular behavioral difference she noticed was that bandicoots brought up in a predator-free environment were much more likely to sleep alone than were those brought up around cats. And when cats are around, sleeping alone is dangerous. How well bandicoots that have undergone this extreme training will survive in the wild remains to be seen. But Ms Ross has at least provided reason for hope. 1．What can be learned from the first paragraph? A．The feline-awareness lessons have proved ineffective. B．There are too many wild cats to be killed in Australia. C．Different ways have been tried to hunt and kill wildlife. D．Native wildlife has been threatened by a growing population of wild cats. 2．The forced migrants in the second paragraph refer to ________. A．Australian mammals restricted to certain areas B．The wild cats tracking down the mammals C．Wild animals involved in the program D．The predators captured by the animal trainers 3．Which of the following is TRUE about the first two enclosures? A．They were both closely monitored. B．They had 200 bandicoots in total. C．They had similar natural environment. D．They both had wild cats in them. 4．What was the finding of Ms Ross’ research project? A．Untrained bandicoots failed to identify cats. B．Training bandicoots prepared them to fight cats. C．Sleeping alone in the wild was dangerous. D．Bandicoots could be trained to avoid predators. 主题01 人与社会——社会文化、科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·上海市闵行区六校联考·期末） Saved or Stolen? The British Museum has a well-earned reputation as an “encyclopaedic” museum, with a global story told through eight million objects. Inside, a wide-ranging collection includes everything from prehistoric pottery to precious handmade jewellery from India and Ming Dynasty vases from China. The museum helps us understand how events that happened at different times and in different places were connected, and how they influenced each other. Indeed, this was the vision of its founder, Sir Hans Sloane, who tried setting up cross-cultural comparisons in his original collection in 1753. As you walk around the British Museum today, it’s clear that Sloane’s broad-minded vision is very much alive and well. What’s less clear is how the museum acquired many of the objects on display and whether they should remain there. The collection has an obvious political dimension: while some objects have a well-documented history, others were added during Britain’s colonial period, so it’s possible they were stolen from famous archaeological sites or acquired in the war. Imagine having an important national monument from your country kept permanently in another country. How would you feel? Would you try to get the country to return it? It’s not surprising that many countries have gone on to ask for their treasures back. However; where they should be kept is a question that is still heatedly debated. The Rosetta Stone is a well-known exhibit that illustrates this problem. Carved in 196BCE, the stone was the key to unlocking the language of the ancient Egyptians. It was first discovered in 1799 near the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta) by soldiers in Napoleon’s army, but on Napoleon’s defeat in 1801, it became the property of the British. Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired in a similar way, but unsurprisingly, the British Museum is reluctant to let the Rosetta Stone go. It argues that more people see the Stone in London than they would in Cairo, the location is more secure and the exhibit is a critical part of its global collection. The Egyptian government has other ideas and is trying to persuade the museum to return it. They claim that it’s important for their nation’s history and identity, and that many Egyptians can’t afford to go to London to see it. But the British Museum won’t let the Rosetta Stone go, even as a loan, as they fear it won’t be returned. The British Museum is a place dedicated to international understanding, and the advantages of an encyclopaedic museum are clear to see: “We need to explore common ground, how people perceive their relationship to each other...and (to) see human history as an ongoing joint project,” explains MacGregor, former director of the British Museum. But this attempt to bring different cultures together has been self-defeating, ultimately having the opposite effect: taking treasures from other countries has resulted in never-ending international arguments and frosty relations with foreign governments. So as you admire the breathtaking objects on display at the museum, think about their heritage. Remember to ask yourself: Does the end justify the means? Is taking an object for a museum different from theft? And shouldn’t important objects be exhibited where they were originally made? 1．Which of the following words is similar in meaning to “encyclopaedic” (paragraph 1) ? A．being famous for its modern exhibitions. B．focusing only on ancient artifacts. C．containing a wide range of knowledge or information. D．owned by a private collector for personal use. 2．Why does the British Museum refuse to return the Rosetta Stone to Egypt? A．Because Egypt lacks the financial resources to protect it. B．Because more visitors can see it in London and its location is safer. C．Because the stone was legally purchased during colonial times. D．Because the Egyptian government has not formally requested its return. 3．The author’s attitude toward the British Museum’s argument is ______. A．strongly supportive B．completely neutral C．slightly skeptical D．openly against 4．What can be inferred about the “encyclopaedic museum” vision? A．It ignores the historical context of artifact acquisition. B．It successfully promotes global cultural harmony. C．It intentionally worsen international tensions. D．It prioritizes scientific research over national heritage. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市延安中学·期末） Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the common pracice. According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child doctor, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into Western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement parallel to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years, to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the Western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This sudden shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to mothers’ exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote. By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old, and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that Western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.” 1．According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to the practice of ________. A．having childcare among community members. B．assigning babies to specific adult caregivers. C．teaching parenting skills to older children. D．carrying infants around by their parents. 2．The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ________. A．an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication. B．an approach to integrating alloparenting into Western society. C．the conventional parenting style in Western culture. D．the differences between Western and African ways of living. 3．According to Paragraph 4, what impact does the “intensive mothering narrative” have? A．It reduces parenting pressure. B．It enhances family relationships. C．It results in the child-centered family. D．It departs from the course of evolution. 4．According to Paragraph 6, what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK? A．They tend to fall short of official requirements. B．They have difficulty finding good caregivers. C．They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio. D．They should try to prevent parental depression. 5．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Instructive Teaching: A Plan for Anxious Parents. B．For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherers. C．Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children. D．Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe. 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市延安中学·期末） When you step on an escalator, do you stand to one side to let others pass? When someone in the room fans himself with a piece of paper, do you open a window? If you ask someone to hang out with you and they stare at you blankly, do you withdraw the invitation? If you don’t do any of these things, I have some unfortunate news: you cannot “read the air.” Knowing the unspoken rules governing social life requires a comprehensive understanding of your environment, whatever its setting. It’s a skill that’s valuable anywhere in the world, but in Japan, it is elevated to another level. Reading the air — “kuuki o yomu” in Japanese — is a constant exercise. Misreading the air can blow business deals or ruin relationship. Rochelle Kopp, who runs cross-cultural training firm Japan Intercultural Consulting, says that while all nations have varying degrees of indirect communication, in Japan the phenomenon is more prominent in society. For example, if you’re speaking loudly in an otherwise silent train car or talking to a client who has long since lost interest, you risk being labeled KY. It’s a pejorative (贬义的) Japanese slang term that stands for “kuuki ga yomenai,” or “unable to read the air.” A big part of “reading the air” is picking up on non-verbal cues. David Matsumoto, a psychology professor at San Francisco State University, studies micro expressions: tiny involuntary facial expressions that can give away a person’s true emotions. When, for example, a client at work says they’re happy with the job you’re doing, a very subtle lip twitch or eyebrow raise could mean they’re not telling you the truth. Noticing micro expressions, along with other non-verbal communication, is important in any situation, no matter where you are. “Silence is one non-verbal cue. So is shifting of posture. A social smile could be yet another cue,” says Matsumoto. “All of these are part of the non-verbal package that contributes to that contextual meaning.” Matsumoto runs Humintell, a company that provides workshops on how to get better at reading micro expressions and other non-verbal signals. Others provide such services, too; in Tokyo’s Toranomon business district, researcher Kenji Shimizu runs the Institute for Science and Being Sensitive to the Situation. Unlike Matsumoto, Shimizu teaches people how to master micro expressions. Shimizu uses a system developed by U. S. psychologist Paul Ekman, who coined the term and describes the subtle facial changes as “involuntary emotional leakage.” “If you notice someone’s disgust wrinkling around the nose — or anger-brows lowering, eyes widening, lips pressing — and yet those expressions are masked by smiles, you may want to figure out their actual thoughts,” Shimizu says, “and ask them what they really want you to do.” 1．Which of the following is Not the example of “reading the air”? A．When your partner sneezes, you take out a tissue and offer it to him. B．When your boss is about to leave, you hold the door open for him. C．If you invite a friend to a party, he declines in a low voice, so you withdraw the invitation. D．If you assign a task to a coworker, his eyebrows are lowering, so you encourage him. 2．According to the passage, what is the most important contribution factor to “reading the air”? A．Words and physical activities. B．Micro expressions and non-verbal cues. C．Cross-cultural understanding and communication. D．Voluntary facial expressions and emotional leakage. 3．What can you infer from the passage, based on what you have read? A．“Reading the air” is a skill necessary and popular in some parts of the world such as Japan. B．David Matsumoto not only demonstrates the importance of reading the air, but also offers tips to have a good command of it. C．If you take notice of the micro expressions and interpret them in a correct way, it will be easy to figure out people’s real thought. D．Words and actions can be reliable in most cases and help us to make sound judgment. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市建平中学·期末） Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana where each child is cared of by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings (婴儿背带) is considered the norm. According to Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. Dr. Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement similar to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This sudden shift to an “intensive mothering narrative” which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote. By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between care givers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’ s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts sharply to nursery setting in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力缺陷多动障碍). Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.” 1．According to the passage, alloparenting refers to________. A．sharing childcare among community members B．teaching parenting skills to older children C．carrying infants anywhere their parents go D．engaging all the family members in childcare 2．The scheme in Germany is used to ________. A．encourage an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication B．illustrate an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society C．introduce the conventional parenting style in western culture D．highlight the differences between western and African ways of living 3．What can be inferred about the nurseries in the UK? A．They tend to fall short of official requirements. B．They have difficulty finding enough caregivers. C．They need to improve their carer-to-child ratio. D．They should try to prevent parental depression. 4．Which of the following would be the best title? A．Instructive Teaching: A Dilemma for Anxious Parents B．For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherers C．Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children D．Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe 主题03 人与自然——自然探索与生态环保 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市徐汇区·期末） You may have seen white-faced capuchin monkeys (卷尾猴) before, whether at a zoo or in a popular movie. These medium-sized monkeys are found in Central America and northern South America. They have a mostly black-haired body and white hair on their face and shoulders. The cap of black fur on their head resembles the hoods(兜帽) that Capuchin monks in Italy wore, and that’s where the name came from. Another fascinating feature of these monkeys is their long tail, which acts like a third hand. Capuchin monkeys use their tail to hang on to tree branches to support their body weight while looking for food. While they eat fruit and nuts, they also enjoy insects, frogs, and lizards. Since they spread various fruit seeds through their feces(粪便) and eat insects that are harmful to trees, they contribute a lot to the preservations of forests. Capuchin monkeys are very social and live in groups of 20 members or so. A group of capuchins is known as a troop or a barrel. Troops are mainly made up of females, who remain in the same troop their whole lives, while males change troops about every four years. Communication and social activities play a significant role among monkeys in a troop because they help form social bonds. A curious example is “hand sniffing,” where the monkeys stick their fingers in front of each other’s nose. Outside the forests, capuchin monkeys are not only used by humans for their acting abilities. These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. Therefore, the white-faced capuchin can be important assistants and companions for some disabled people. 1．How did white-faced capuchin monkeys get their name? A．They appeared in popular films with Capuchin monks. B．Their fur crowns look like the hoods of Capuchin monks. C．They are found in regions where Capuchin monks live. D．They used to be kept by Capuchin monks as pets. 2．According to the passage, what contribution do white-faced capuchins make to forests? A．They help keep the trees healthy. B．They make forest soil more fertile. C．They reduce the risk of forest fires. D．They eat plants that damage forests. 3．Which of the following aspect is NOT mentioned in the passage? A．Diet. B．Behavior. C．Threats. D．Appearance. 4．Why are white-faced capuchin monkeys used as human helpers? A．They are very friendly and loyal to humans. B．They are strong enough to carry heavy things. C．They are smart and can perform different tasks. D．They are good at making faces and acting. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市松江区·期末） Nothing compares with the joy of coming home to a lovely pet. Besides keeping one company, pets may also decrease stress, improve heart health, and even help children with their social skills. Over the past 10 years, researchers have been looking at what the possible effects are. Animals can offer comfort and support. Dogs are especially good at this. They’re sometimes brought into hospitals or nursing homes. Ann Berger, a researcher at the NIH Clinical Center, teaches the patients with serious diseases about mindfulness to help decrease stress and manage pain. “Mindfulness includes attention, awareness, etc.,” Berger says, “all those are things that animals bring to the table. People kind of have to learn it, while animals do this innately.” Researchers are also studying the safety of bringing animals into hospital settings because animals may bring people more germs (病菌). A current study is looking at the safety of bringing dogs to visit children with a certain kind of illness. Scientists will be testing the children’s hands to see if there are dangerous levels of germs brought by the dog after the visit. Dogs may also help in the classroom. One study found that dogs can help children with ADHD, a disease related to attention. Researchers divided children with ADHD into two groups. The first group of kids read to dogs once a week for 30 minutes. The second group read to toys like dogs. After 12 weeks, kids who read to the real animals showed better social skills. They also had fewer behavioral problems. “Animals can become a way of building a bridge for the social communication,” says Griffin, a child development expert at NIH. He adds that researchers are trying to better understand these effects and whom they might help. While pets may bring many health advantages, an animal may not work for everyone. Recent studies suggest that living with pets at an early age may help protect young children from developing allergies (过敏), but for people who are allergic to certain animals, having pets in the home can do more harm than good. Researchers will continue to explore the many effects of having a pet. They are trying to find out what’s working, what’s not working, and what’s safe. 1．When the author says “animals do this innately” in paragraph 2, he probably means ______. A．animals learn from humans to do this B．animals teach people to stop doing it C．animals are born to be able to do this D．animals learn to do this as humans do 2．What does the study about dogs in the classroom tell us? A．Reading to real dogs could help kids improve behavior. B．Researchers brought dogs there to attract kids’ attention. C．Dogs have poorer social skills than the kids with ADHD． D．Toy dogs work as well as real dogs in accompanying kids. 3．What can we learn about the researchers in the passage? A．They still have a long way to go in exploring pets’ effect. B．They don’t doubt the safety of using animals in hospitals. C．Berger helps patients to gain the ability to cure themselves. D．Griffin doesn’t agree that dogs improve children’s reading. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Pets’ Various Work B．The Power of Pets C．Pets as Assistants in School D．Patients’ Call for Pets / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解（说明文+议论文） 主题01 人与社会——社会服务与人际交往 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the new season, a contagious (有感染力的) urge to dust off cobwebs and toss out clutter emerges. Spring cleaning, a deep cleanse of one’s home, is a tradition rooted in societies worldwide, with its origin traced back to ancient times. It also holds symbolic significance. Viewed as a fresh start, the tradition symbolizes the transition from the dormant winter season to the vibrant growth of spring. By purging (清除) the home of accumulated debris and organizing its contents, individuals create a cleaner living environment and a sense of mental clarity and freshness. “With each sweep of the broom and polish of the surface, we honor a tradition that transcends time, uniting us with generations past in a shared pursuit of renewal and rejuvenation (恢复活力),” says Danielle Patten, director of creative programs and collections at the Museum of the Home in London. Human behavior is greatly influenced by the cycles of nature. In the colder months, we have less energy to spare for chores such as deep cleaning. We’re not being lazy; limited daylight triggers the hormone melatonin (褪黑素), which makes us sleepy. “Melatonin causes us to feel less inclined to refresh our space. When the seasons start to shift, feelings of sluggishness reduce, and we regain energy and feel inspired to deep clean our living environments,” says author and psychotherapist Eloise Skinner. “When we refresh our environments, we can feel a sense of new beginning, or a renewed sense of drive and ambition.” Studies have also shown that cleaning can be therapeutic, as seen by the new generation of “cleanfluencers” taking social media by storm. Millions of people watch them scour filthy homes and share cleaning hacks. “When we’re cleaning, we often have to be present to the task at hand, and this can bring us into the present moment, causing us to feel more aware, engaged and observant. The repetitive nature can also be soothing,” Skinner says. Before the Chinese New Year, it’s common to cleanse the home of bad luck and misfortune in China. Known as “sweeping the dust,” cleaning makes way for the new year’s good luck and prosperity, says Patten. While the concept of spring cleaning predates modern technology, advancements such as electricity and household appliances have influenced its practice. For example, before electric lights, people relied on fire from burning coal, oil, and wood to light and heat homes, which would leave behind a substantial amount of soot (煤灰). Windows were kept securely closed to prevent a deadly draft from entering. Come spring, it was pragmatic to open the windows to air out stuffy homes, remove grime, and repair any damages that occurred during the winter months. Inventions such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and cleaning agents have made the process more efficient and convenient, allowing for deeper and more thorough cleaning of living spaces. 1．What does the word “sluggishness” in paragraph 5 most likely mean? A．Excitement. B．Tiredness. C．Determination. D．Activity. 2．What does the passage imply about the link between cleaning and mental well-being? A．Cleaning rituals are more effective than professional therapy for reducing stress. B．The repetitive nature of cleaning can promote mindfulness and engagement. C．People who deep clean are less likely to experience seasonal affective disorder. D．Social media “cleanfluencers” rely on mental health studies to increase their followers. 3．What can be inferred about the evolution of spring cleaning from the passage? A．The practice became widespread due to advancements in household appliances. B．The invention of electric lights eliminated the need for spring cleaning. C．Modern cleaning techniques have completely replaced traditional customs. D．The symbolic meaning of spring cleaning has diminished over time. 4．What is the author’s primary purpose of writing this passage? A．To encourage readers to adopt spring cleaning habits. B．To provide a historical and cultural perspective on spring cleaning. C．To compare traditional and modern spring cleaning practices. D．To explore how spring cleaning can benefit mental health. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇明文。短文主要从历史、文化以及对人心理影响等方面介绍春季大扫除这一传统习俗，阐述其象征意义，分析人类行为受自然周期影响与春季大扫除的关联，探讨清洁对心理健康的益处，还提及现代科技对春季大扫除方式的影响。 1．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Melatonin causes us to feel less inclined to refresh our space. When the seasons start to shift, feelings of sluggishness reduce, and we regain energy and feel inspired to deep clean our living environments (褪黑素会让我们不太想整理我们的空间。当季节开始变化时，____感会减轻，我们会恢复精力，并受到启发去深度清洁我们的生活环境）”可知，褪黑素使人不想打扫，季节变化，这种感觉减轻后人们才恢复精力打扫，所以“sluggishness”应与精力不足、疲惫有关。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“When we’re cleaning, we often have to be present to the task at hand, and this can bring us into the present moment, causing us to feel more aware, engaged and observant. The repetitive nature can also be soothing (当我们清洁时，我们常常必须专注于手头的任务，这能让我们活在当下，使我们感觉更警觉、投入和善于观察。清洁的重复性也能起到舒缓作用）”可知，清洁的重复性可以促进专注和投入，对心理健康有益。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“While the concept of spring cleaning predates modern technology, advancements such as electricity and household appliances have influenced its practice. (尽管春季大扫除这一概念早于现代科技出现，但诸如电力和家用电器等方面的进步已经对大扫除的具体实施产生了影响。”以及最后一段“Inventions such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and cleaning agents have made the process more efficient and convenient, allowing for deeper and more thorough cleaning of living spaces. (吸尘器、洗衣机和清洁剂等发明使这个过程更加高效和方便，能够对生活空间进行更深入、更彻底的清洁。)”可知，家用电器的进步使春季大扫除变得更高效便捷，从而使这一做法更广泛传播。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。文章开篇介绍春季大扫除是全球范围内的传统，可追溯到古代，接着阐述其象征意义，还提到自然周期对人类清洁行为的影响、清洁对心理健康的益处以及现代科技对春季大扫除的影响，从历史和文化等多个角度对春季大扫除进行介绍。所以短文的目的是提供关于春季大扫除的历史和文化视角。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市交通大学附属中学·期末） Technology is never a neutral tool for achieving human ends. Technological innovations reshape people as they use these innovations to control their environment. Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity. While the term AI brings about anxieties about killer robots or catastrophic levels of unemployment, there are other, deeper implications. As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human? Central to the problem is a person’s capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications. Aristotle argued that the capacity for making practical judgments depends on regularly making them on habit and practice. We see the emergence of machines as substitute judges in a variety of everyday contexts as a potential threat to people learning how to effectively exercise judgment themselves. In the workplace, managers routinely make decisions about who to hire or fire and which loan to approve, to name a few. These are areas where algorithmic (算法的) prescription is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will. Recommendation engines, which are increasingly prevalent intermediaries in people’s consumption of culture, may serve to constrain choice and minimize luck. By presenting consumers with algorithmically selected choices of what to watch, read, stream and visit next, companies are replacing human taste with machine taste. In one sense, this is helpful. After all, machines can survey a wider range of choices than any individual is likely to have the time or energy to do on their own. At the same time, though, this selection is optimizing for what people are likely to prefer based on what they’ve preferred in the past. We think there is some risk that people’s options will be constrained by their past in a new and unanticipated way. As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly predictable. The predictions are going to get better and better, and they will ultimately make common experiences more efficient and pleasant. Algorithms could soon-if they don’t already-have a better idea about which show you’d like to watch next and which job candidate you should hire than you do. One day, humans may even find a way for machines to make these decisions without some of the biases that humans typically display. But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant. As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us. 1．What do we learn about the deeper implications of AI? A．It is causing great levels of unemployment. B．It is doing physical harm to human operators. C．It is altering moral judgments. D．It is reshaping humanity. 2．What is the consequence of algorithmic prescription replacing human judgment? A．People lose the chance to cultivate the ability to make practical judgments. B．People are prevented from participating in making major decisions in the workplace. C．Managers no longer have the chance to decide which loan to approve. D．Managers do not need to take the trouble to determine who to hire or fire. 3．What is likely to happen to larger parts of our daily life as machine learning algorithms improve? A．They will turn out to be more extensive. B．They will repeat our past experience. C．They can be vastly anticipated. D．They may become more commonly found. 4．Why does the author say the creatures living in the more and more Al-mediated world will become increasingly unlike us? A．They will have lost the most significant human element of being intelligent. B．They will no longer possess the human characteristic of being unpredictable. C．They will not be able to understand themselves as we can do today. D．They will be deprived of what their predecessors were proud of about themselves. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了人工智能如何重塑人类，影响人类的判断和选择能力，让人类丧失其不可预测性，变得不再像自己。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity. (例如，人工智能正在改变人类)”和第二段中“As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human? Central to the problem is a person’s capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications. (随着人工智能越来越多地塑造人类体验，这将如何改变作为人类的意义？问题的核心是一个人做出选择的能力，尤其是具有道德含义的判断)”可推知，人工智能的深层含义是它正在改变人类的意义，即重塑人类。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These are areas where algorithmic (算法的) prescription is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will. (在这些领域，算法正在取代人类的判断，因此，那些本有机会在这些领域发展实践判断的人将不再有机会)”可知，算法替代人类判断会导致人们失去培养实践判断能力的机会。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第七段“As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly predictable.(随着机器学习算法的改进和更广泛数据集的训练，日常生活中的大部分都可能变得完全可预测)”可知，我们的日常生活的很大部分可能变得可以广泛预测。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant. As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us. (但在某种程度上，不可预测性是人们理解自己的一部分，也是人们喜欢自己的一部分，人类正在失去一些重要的东西。随着它们变得越来越可预测，生活在日益以人工智能为媒介的世界中的生物将变得越来越不像我们)”可推知，不可预测性是人类的重要特性，而人工智能可能会导致这种不可预测性的丧失。由此推知，作者认为生活在越来越以人工智能为媒介的世界里的生物将越来越不像我们。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海市格致中学·期末） In the old days — say, the 1980s — if you bought a piece of technology, a paperback user guide came with it. It was the manufacturer’s one big chance to explain its engineers’ thinking to you, to communicate what the designers and marketers had in mind. Supplying documentation seemed, at the time, like a good idea all around. Mastery made customers happy, and happy customers meant repeat sales. But there were other forces at play. Printing and binding took time and money — and customers didn’t seem to be reading user manuals. Over time, therefore, physical manuals began disappearing from our hardware and software boxes. Maybe you’d get a Quick Start leaflet, but the rest was online. Online, you can search for certain terms, find topics faster and post questions for other people. Online communities and answer sites sprang up. Mini tutorials on the Internet began showing you how to perform a task. And it’s all free. Meanwhile the kind of technologies we use has changed. “People increasingly spend time in apps and social sites that have a fairly simple interface (界面),” Tim O’Reilly told me. (He’s founder of O’Reilly Media, which publishes my own how-to books. )You don’t need a manual to use Google. That was the beginning of the end for physical manuals. In principle, the death of professionally prepared support materials shouldn’t be any cause for concern. It’s just another big change caused by the Internet, another in the list of casualties, such as printed encyclopedias, newspaper classified ads and music on discs. In reality, though, none of the tech industry’s teaching channels, whether physical or online, is universal and effective. To this day, it’s astonishing how little we know about our phones, computers and software. A Microsoft product manager once told me that most feature requests the company gets for Microsoft Office are, in fact, already features of Microsoft Office. Hardware and software makers still operate with their traditional business model: Every year or so they sell us a new version, whose appeal is supposed to be more features. And so, as time goes by, our devices and apps become more and more complex — but access to documentation remains limited and incomplete. In the fantasy version of our world, designers would make our tech products simple enough, their important features obvious enough, for the masses to figure out on their own. Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done. 1．The word “casualties” (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to___________. A．causes B．manuals C．industries D．victims 2．Why did the author mention what a Microsoft product manager once told him? A．To criticize the lack of access that we have to complete documentation. B．To reveal the traditional business model that software makers operate with. C．To emphasize that it is a pity that physical manuals are no longer available. D．To illustrate that people actually know little about the tech products they use. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Tech companies’ teaching channels are shrinking as time goes by. B．There is little chance that tech products will soon be simple enough. C．Printed manuals worked better than online versions. D．Consumers of the 1980s loved to read user manuals. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．What Happened to User Manuals? B．How Did Physical Manuals Prosper? C．How Simple Will Our Tech Products Be? D．What Change Has the Internet Brought About? 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕用户手册展开，阐述其发展历程与影响。往昔购买科技产品会配备纸质手册，用于传达设计理念、促进销售，却因成本及用户阅读习惯问题，逐渐被在线资料替代，同时产品界面简化也减少对手册依赖。但当下，无论是纸质还是在线教学渠道都难以有效帮助用户了解产品。制造商不断推出复杂新产品，却缺乏完整说明，致使用户需求与产品实际功能间信息鸿沟渐大，尽管理想是产品简单易用，但目前尚未达成。 1．词义猜测题。根据第六段中“In principle, the death of professionally prepared support materials shouldn’t be any cause for concern.( 原则上，专业准备的支持材料的死亡不应该引起任何担忧)”以及划线单词句中“It’s just another big change caused by the Internet, another in the list of casualties, such as printed encyclopedias, newspaper classified ads and music on discs.( 这不过是互联网带来的又一个巨大变化，是印刷版百科全书、报纸分类广告和光盘音乐等诸多casualties中的又一个)”可知，printed encyclopedias（纸质百科全书）、newspaper classified ads（报纸分类广告）和music on discs（光盘音乐）都因互联网而受到影响，这里的casualties该指的是受互联网影响而受损或消失的事物，即“受害者，牺牲品”，与D选项“victims(受害者)”意思最接近。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第七段“To this day, it’s astonishing how little we know about our phones, computers and software. A Microsoft product manager once told me that most feature requests the company gets for Microsoft Office are, in fact, already features of Microsoft Office.( 直到今天，我们对自己的手机、电脑和软件所知甚少，令人惊讶。一位微软的产品经理曾经告诉我，公司收到的关于微软Office的大多数功能要求实际上已经是微软Office的功能了)”可知，很多用户向微软提出的功能需求，其实在微软办公软件中已经存在，这说明人们对自己使用的科技产品了解甚少，作者提及此事是为了阐述这一点。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In the fantasy version of our world, designers would make our tech products simple enough. their important features obvious enough, for the masses to figure out on their own. Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done.( 在我们幻想的世界里，设计师会让我们的科技产品足够简单。它们的重要特征足够明显，大众可以自己弄清楚。在那之前，我们想要的功能和已经完成的工程工作之间的信息差距将会越来越大)”可知，使科技产品足够简单只是一种幻想，在那之前，人们想要的功能和已完成的工程工作之间的信息差距会越来越大。由此可推断出科技产品短期内不太可能变得足够简单。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意，以及第一段中“In the old days—say, the 1980s—if you bought a piece of technology, a paperback user guide came with it.( 在过去，比如20世纪80年代，如果你买了一项技术，就会附带一本平装本的用户指南)”和第三段“Over time, therefore, physical manuals began disappearing from our hardware and software boxes. Maybe you’d get a Quick Start leaflet, but the rest was online.( 因此，随着时间的推移，物理手册开始从我们的硬件和软件盒中消失。也许你会得到一份快速入门的传单，但其余的都在网上)”可知，文章开篇讲述过去购买科技产品会附带纸质用户手册，接着阐述随着时间推移，纸质手册逐渐消失的原因，以及现在无论是纸质还是在线的技术支持资料都存在不足，围绕用户手册展开讨论，A选项“What Happened to User Manuals?（用户手册怎么了？）”能很好地概括文章内容，作为标题最合适。故选A项。 主题02 人与自我——做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市建平中学·期末） To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example seems oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to achieve his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a screaming is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 1．According to the passage, to teach a child to learn something, parents should ________. A．view from the child’s perspective B．simplify each action shown to the child C．follow the theory of imitation D．set a good example for the child to copy 2．Which of the following situation will lead a child to seek for a model? A．The child comes up with a solution to an issue. B．The child is blamed by parents for his/her wrongdoing. C．The child encounters a professional who can get the right result. D．The child is in trouble and cannot figure out an approach. 3．It can be inferred that children usually imitate people ________. A．whose talent and skill are extraordinary B．whose actions are consistent with theirs C．whom they want to be shaped into D．who enjoy a high social status 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The reason for parenting by imitation. B．The factors determining children’s imitation. C．The significance of learning by imitation. D．The way children choose models. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨儿童模仿学习的复杂性，分析儿童寻求模仿对象的场景、选择模仿对象的依据及社会评价对其模仿行为的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.(从孩子的角度来看。他处于一个新的情境中，没有现成的应对方法。他在寻求一种能达到特定目的的应对方式。如果他对这种情境没有现成的应对方法，也无法推理出该做什么，他就会观察一个似乎能得到正确结果的榜样。孩子会寻找一个能指导他该做什么的权威人士或专家。)”可知，要教孩子学习，家长应从孩子的角度出发，理解其在新情境中对榜样的需求，而非单纯设定榜样。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result.(他处于一个新的情境中，没有现成的应对方法。他在寻求一种能达到特定目的的应对方式。如果他对这种情境没有现成的应对方法，也无法推理出该做什么，他就会观察一个似乎能得到正确结果的榜样。)”可知，当孩子陷入困境且无法想出解决方法时，会寻求榜样。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players.(他会模仿那些看起来值得成为的人，而不是那些他希望避免拥有其社会地位的人。如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴手，他会观察并努力模仿有能力的演奏者的技巧。)”可知，儿童通常模仿那些他们希望成为的人。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段指出“儿童模仿并非简单的‘有样学样’”，第二段分析“儿童在无应对方法时会寻求榜样”，第三段说明“社会评价会影响儿童的模仿行为”，第四、五段阐述“儿童会选择值得成为的人作为模仿对象”，结合全文内容可知，文章围绕“决定儿童模仿行为的多种因素”展开。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一上·上海市交通大学附属中学·期末） We are all explorers. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of what makes us human. Indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species. Long before the first caveman sat beside the fire and grunted news that there were plenty of wildebeest (羚羊) out there, our ancestors had learned the value of sending out pioneers to investigate the unknown. This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor navigate the subways of New York. Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed — different from the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely “well-travelled”, even; and perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing out. That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown are being tested each day. Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognize because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones. The traveller “who has for weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and irrelevant alien crawling laboriously over a country in which he has no roots and no background, suddenly encounters his other self, a relatively solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain people”. Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the “greatest living explorer”, said, “An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before — and also done something scientifically useful.” Chris Bonington, a leading mountaineer, felt exploration was to be found in the act of physically touching the unknown: “You have to have gone somewhere new.” Then Robin Hanbury Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called “tribal” peoples, said, “A traveller simply records information about some far-off world, and reports back; but an explorer changes the world.” Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us, told me, “If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.” To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery. Each definition is slightly different and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the present. And so on. They each set their own particular criteria the common factor in their approach being that they all had, unlike many of us who simply enjoy travel o discovering new things, both a very definite objective from the outset and also a desire to record their findings. 1．The writer refers to visitors to New York to illustrate the point that A．exploration is an inner element of being human. B．most people are not enthusiastic about exploring. C．exploration fails to lead to surprising results. D．most people find exploration frustrating. 2．According to the passage, what is the writer’s view of explorers? A．Their discoveries have brought both benefits and disadvantages. B．Their main value is in teaching others. C．They act on an urge that is common to everyone. D．They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others. 3．The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that A．Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration. B．Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration. C．Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states. D．Hardy’s aim was to show the attraction of isolation. 4．When discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that A．people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests. B．certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration. C．the generally accepted definition has changed over time. D．historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了探索是人类的本能，不同职业的人对“探索”有不同定义，且往往与自身职业相关。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borne, and a visitor navigate the subways of New York.(我们这种探索的天性无疑帮助我们人类遍布全球，就像如今它无疑帮助最后的游牧民族彭南人在婆罗洲资源枯竭的森林中生存下来，也帮助游客在纽约的地铁中穿梭一样)”可知，前文提出探索是人类的天性，然后列举了游牧民族彭南人在婆罗洲资源枯竭的森林中生存下来和游客在纽约的地铁中穿梭两个例子。由此推知，作者提及游客在纽约的地铁中穿梭是为了证明探索是人类的天性。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown are being tested each day.(然而，这并不能改变一个事实：即使在今天，我们所有人都有这种探索的本能；而且在各种职业中——无论是艺术家、海洋生物学家还是天文学家——每天都在挑战未知的边界)”可知，所有人都有探索的本能，各种职业的人每天都在挑战未知的边界。由此推知，作者认为探险家的行为冲动是每个人都具有的。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognize because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses.(Thomas Hardy将他的一些小说背景设定在埃格敦荒原，一个虚构的未开垦地区，并利用这片风景来暗示他笔下人物的欲望和恐惧。他在探究我们都能理解的事情，因为这些是人类共有的。这无疑是一种探索行为，进入作者选择的遥远世界。)”可知，埃格敦荒原是一个虚构的未开垦地区，象征着他笔下人物的欲望和恐惧，表明Hardy的目的是探究人们的情感状态，这也是一种探索。由此可知，作者提到哈代对荒原的描述是为了表明哈代旨在研究人类的情感状态。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Each definition is slightly different and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting edge scientist would say it was of the present.(每个定义都略有不同，并且往往反映了每个先驱者的努力领域。无论我问谁都是如此：著名的历史学家会说探索是过去的事情，前沿的科学家会说探索是当下的事情)”可知，不同的人对探索有不同的定义，作者认为不同领域的人会根据自己的职业兴趣定义探索的含义。由此可知，作者认为人们倾向于将探索与自己的职业兴趣联系起来。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海市晋元高级中学·期末） When we experience something painful, our brain produces natural painkillers that are chemically similar to powerful drugs such as morphine. Now research suggests these natural painkillers, also called endogenous opioids, play another role: helping regulate the body’s energy. Lauri Nummenmaa, a brain-imaging scientist at the University of Turku in Finland and his colleagues measured endogenous opioid release in the brains of 10 healthy men. The subjects were injected with a radioactive substance that binds to opioid receptors, making it possible to visualize the receptors’ activity using positron-emission tomography (正电子放射断层造影术). The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.” Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience. “I would’ve expected the opposite result,” says Paul Burghardt, an investigator at Wayne State University, who was not involved in the work. After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating. Nummenmma, too, was surprised. His group earlier research showed that obese (肥胖的) people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss. “Maybe when people overeat, endogenous opioids released in the brain constantly attack the receptors, so they decrease in number, ” he says. Why more opioids flooded the brain after the goo versus the pizza remains a mystery, but then researchers guess that faster digestion of the liquid meal may have produced more of the chemicals at the time of the scan, 15 minutes after eating. The new results may indicate that opioids play a wider role in energy metabolism (新陈代谢) than scientists previously thought. One possibility is that the opioid system is activated by the satisfaction of a full stomach and refreshed energy, Nummenmma says. “If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure. ” 1．What does Paul Burghardt mean by “the opposite result” (in paragraph 4)? A．The body’s energy balance plays an unexpectedly important role in killing pain. B．The more you enjoy your meal, the more the endogenous opioids are released. C．It is the nutrition rather than the taste that give people the pleasure of eating. D．Dissatisfying meals call for brains to produce more natural painkillers. 2．What did Numnenmna’s group find in their earlier research? A．How many opioid receptors people have in their brain is related to their weight. B．Overeating is a major problem people have if they have fewer opioid receptors. C．Faster digestion can help the body to absorb more endogenous opioid. D．The goo is more effective in activating people’s opioid release. 3．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A．people need to eat less to keep their body’s energy in good balance B．opioids are released when there is an imbalance in the body’s energy C．eating can repair a person’s opioid system as long as there is sensory pleasure D．conditions that activate opioid release should be rechecked to confirm the findings 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The absence of sensory pleasure affects how well opioids work. B．Natural painkillers work better than powerful drugs like morphine. C．The brain releases feel-good chemicals even after unpleasant meals. D．Pain plays the same role as pleasure in giving people a good appetite. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了大脑会产生天然的止痛药，这些天然止痛药，也被称为内源性阿片类药物，最新的研究发现即使吃了不那么好吃的东西，大脑也会释放这种物质。解释了研究开展的经过以及发现。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience.(研究人员在今年早些时候的《神经科学杂志》上报告说，尽管受试者认为披萨比营养黏液更美味，但阿片类药物的释放似乎与他们对这顿饭的享受无关)”以及第四段“After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating.(毕竟，之前的人类和动物研究让研究人员相信，内源性阿片类药物有助于传递进食的乐趣)”可知，新的研究发现阿片类药物的释放似乎与他们对这顿饭的享受无关，而之前的研究发现的是内源性阿片类药物有助于传递进食的乐趣，故推测保罗·伯格哈特所说的“相反的结果”意思是你吃得越尽兴，内源性阿片类物质就释放得越多。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“His group earlier research showed that obese (肥胖的) people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss.(他的研究小组早期的研究表明，肥胖者大脑中的阿片受体较少，但这种受体水平会随着体重减轻而恢复)”可知，努曼纳的团队在他们早期的研究中发现人的大脑中有多少阿片受体与体重有关。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段““If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure.”(他解释说：“如果你退后一步，看看激活阿片类药物释放的条件——疼痛、进食、快乐——它们都与体内平衡有关。最有趣的是，即使在没有感官愉悦的情况下，吃东西也能激活该系统。”)”可知，阿片类药物在身体能量不平衡时被释放。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.”(研究发现，在男性吃了一顿满意的披萨后，他们的大脑中出现了天然止痛药。令人惊讶的是，在他们吃了Nummenmaa称之为“营养黏液”的液体餐后，他们的大脑释放了更多的内源性阿片类物质，这种食物远没有那么令人愉快，但营养成分相似)”结合文章主要说明了大脑会产生天然的止痛药，这些天然止痛药，也被称为内源性阿片类药物，最新的研究发现即使吃了不那么好吃的东西，大脑也会释放这种物质。解释了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的主旨是即使在不愉快的用餐后，大脑也会释放让人感觉良好的化学物质。故选C。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市行知中学·期末） As explorers of the wild, penguins often wander around. Normally, these ice-cold explorations are pretty short-lived. But one emperor penguin, now named Gus, alone and hungry, recently landed on a beach in Australia, more than 2,000 miles away from its native Antarctica. In the bird world, rare migrations such as these are referred to as vagrancies (流浪), says Casey Youngflesh, an associate professor at Clemson University. Living in the coldest place on Earth, emperor penguins, which can grow up to 45 inches tall and live between 15 and 20 years, typically live in groups with populations that can range from a few hundred to thousands of members. But even large population isn’t a guarantee of survival, and penguins survived due to several unique adaptations. Thick feathers protect penguins from Antarctica’s cold temperatures and high winds, and substantial (大量的) fat stores allow them to survive with little or no food for long periods. These animals are also remarkable swimmers, capable of diving to depths of over 450 meters. These characteristics could certainly have helped this male penguin make the journey to Australia, says Youngflesh. Determining what exactly caused the penguin to end up in Australia is another matter, as some experts suggest that he could have been blown off course by a storm and gotten lost or had some of its other navigational senses disturbed in some way. Despite how infrequently penguins land on Australia, Gus’s case may indicate how quickly the Antarctic environment is changing and how local species are affected. Emperor penguins, for example, depend on stable sea ice to reproduce, but as climate change increasingly causes ice shelves to melt, the species is expected to undergo rapid population decline in the next few decades. Vast environmental changes and less food sources mean that some animals must search farther for food and shelter than they otherwise would. To that end, while this unusual event isn’t currently indication of a larger pattern, experts should take note as animal vagrancy can expand in the future, says Youngflesh. 1．What can we learn about emperor penguins? A．They rarely explore the wild. B．They tend to live in communities. C．They migrate to Australia for food. D．They live longer than other animals. 2．Which feature enabled Gus to survive during the journey? A．Its waterproof feathers. B．Its considerable fat stores. C．Its disturbed navigational senses. D．Its adaptation to animal vagrancy. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Animal vagrancies are likely to increase in frequency. B．A large pattern of penguins wandering alone is formed. C．Environmental changes may speed penguins’ extinction. D．Human interference is needed to bring this penguin back. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The climate change intensifies in Antarctica B．A penguin successfully survived the elements C．A male penguin ended up on distant Australia D．Animal vagrancy draws attention from experts 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一只雄性帝企鹅意外出现在澳大利亚，引发对动物流浪和南极环境变化的关注。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Living in the coldest place on Earth, emperor penguins, which can grow up to 45 inches tall and live between 15 and 20 years, typically live in groups with populations that can range from a few hundred to thousands of members. (帝企鹅生活在地球上最寒冷的地方，可以长到45英寸高，寿命在15到20年之间，通常生活在几百到几千只的群体中。)”可知，帝企鹅倾向于群居。故选B。 2．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Thick feathers protect penguins from Antarctica’s cold temperatures and high winds, and substantial (大量的) fat stores allow them to survive with little or no food for long periods. These animals are also remarkable swimmers, capable of diving to depths of over 450 meters. These characteristics could certainly have helped this male penguin make the journey to Australia, says Youngflesh. (厚厚的羽毛保护企鹅免受南极的低温和大风的影响，大量的脂肪储存使它们能够在很少或没有食物的情况下长时间生存。这些动物也是了不起的游泳者，能够潜水到450米深的地方。“这些特征肯定有助于这只雄性企鹅来到澳大利亚，”Youngflesh说。)”可知，使Gus在旅途中存活下来的特征是它体内大量的脂肪储备。故选B。 3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“To that end, while this unusual event isn’t currently indication of a larger pattern, experts should take note as animal vagrancy can expand in the future, says Youngflesh. (为此，Youngflesh说，虽然这一不寻常的事件目前还没有表明一个更大的模式，但专家们应该注意到，因为动物流浪在未来可能会扩大。)”可知，动物流浪的频率可能会增加。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“As explorers of the wild, penguins often wander around. Normally, these ice-cold explorations are pretty short-lived. But one emperor penguin, now named Gus, alone and hungry, recently landed on a beach in Australia, more than 2,000 miles away from its native Antarctica. (作为野外探险家，企鹅经常四处游荡。通常，这些冰冷的探索是相当短暂的。但最近，一只名叫Gus的帝企鹅独自一只饥饿地降落在澳大利亚的一个海滩上，距离它的家乡南极洲2000多英里。)”可知，文章主要讲述了一只名叫Gus的雄性帝企鹅独自出现在遥远的澳大利亚。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市徐汇区·期末） For many years, ships that wanted to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific or from the Pacific to the Atlantic had to sail around South America. The trip took weeks and was very dangerous. To make the route shorter and safter, it was decided to build a canal (运河). Panama was chosen because it is the narrowest country in the Americas. The French started building the canal as early as 1880, but their attempt failed after 21,900 people died of diseases and accidents. The Americans finally completed the project, and the Panama Canal opened in 1914. When the Panama Canal opened in 1914, ships were able to make the trip between oceans in approximately 10 hours. The locks in the canal have been called one of the seven wonders of the modern world. The 48-mile-long Panama Canal was dug through the country of Panama. To pass between oceans, ships must actually go up. In fact, to travel through the canal, ships are raised 85 feet above sea level and then lowered again. A ship enters the canal and sails to the first series of locks. Each lock is a huge compartment(分隔的空间) made of concrete walls and metal doors at each end. When one set of doors opens, the ship enters the lock. The doors close, and water flows into the lock, raising the ship until the water level equals the level in the next lock. At that time, the doors open to allow the ship to move into the next lock. When the doors close, the same process continues to raise the ship again. On either end of the canal, three sets of locks raise and lower ships. After the third lock, the ship enters Gatun Lake, sails about 23 miles, and begins its descent through the series of locks. To lower the ship, the locks work in reverse, allowing water to flow out of the lock until the water level is the same as the next lock. In this way, the ship reaches sea level and moves out into the ocean. Over one million ships have passed through the Panama Canal since it opened. It has proven to be very important to world trade. In 2016, the canal was expanded to allow wider ships to pass through it, proving it will be a vital part of the world for many years to come. 1．Which of the following is the correct order of the events? ① The ship enters a lock. ② Water flows into the lock to raise the water level. ③ The doors close. ④ The doors open and the ship move out. A．④③②① B．③①②④ C．①③②④ D．③②④① 2．We can infer from the article that the Panama Canal ______. A．is the narrowest canal in the world B．was easy to construct C．is an important link in global shipping D．will be closed in the near future 3．Which word in paragraph 4 probably means “a journey downward”? A．reverse B．series C．process D．descent 4．According to the passage, the Panama Canal was built ______. A．to shorten the trip between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans B．to raise and lower the water level in the locks C．so that ships could travel to Panama from other countries D．so that people could enjoy the beautiful view of Gatun Lake 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了修建巴拿马运河的原因，船只怎样通过巴拿马运河以及巴拿马运河的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“A ship enters the canal and sails to the first series of locks. Each lock is a huge compartment(分隔的空间) made of concrete walls and metal doors at each end. When one set of doors opens, the ship enters the lock. The doors close, and water flows into the lock, raising the ship until the water level equals the level in the next lock. At that time, the doors open to allow the ship to move into the next lock. (一艘船进入运河，驶向第一组船闸。每个船闸都是一个巨大的隔间，由混凝土墙和两端的金属门组成。当一扇门打开时，船就进入了船闸。门关上了，水流入船闸，使船升高，直到水位与下一个船闸的水位相等。这时，船门打开，允许船只进入下一个船闸。)”可知应是船先进入船闸，然后门关上，水流入船闸，使船升高，最后门打开，船开走，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Over one million ships have passed through the Panama Canal since it opened. It has proven to be very important to world trade. In 2016, the canal was expanded to allow wider ships to pass through it, proving it will be a vital part of the world for many years to come. (自巴拿马运河开通以来，已有100多万艘船只通过。事实证明，它对世界贸易非常重要。2016年，运河进行了扩建，允许更宽的船只通过，这证明了它在未来许多年里仍将是世界的重要组成部分。)”可推断巴拿马运河是全球航运的重要环节，故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据题干中的“a journey downward (向下的旅程)”，可知应该在原文中找到向下，下降的单词。再结合第四段最后两句“After the third lock, the ship enters Gatun Lake, sails about 23 miles, and begins its descent through the series of locks. To lower the ship, the locks work in reverse, allowing water to flow out of the lock until the water level is the same as the next lock. In this way, the ship reaches sea level and moves out into the ocean. (经过第三个水闸后，船进入加通湖，航行约23英里，并开始通过一系列水闸下降。为了降低船身，船闸会反向工作，让水从船闸流出，直到水位与下一个船闸相同。通过这种方式，船到达海平面并驶进海洋。)”可知水闸下降来降低船身向下运行，所以decent和“a journey downward”同义，故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“For many years, ships that wanted to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific or from the Pacific to the Atlantic had to sail around South America. The trip took weeks and was very dangerous. (多年来，想要从大西洋到太平洋或从太平洋到大西洋的船只必须绕过南美洲。这次旅行花了几个星期，而且非常危险。)”和第二段“To make the route shorter and safter, it was decided to build a canal (运河). (为了使这条路线更短、更安全，人们决定修建一条运河。)”可知巴拿马运河的建造缩短了大西洋和太平洋之间的航程。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海市致远高级中学·期末） More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predators, which arrived with European settlers, still threaten native wildlife — and are too plentiful on the mainland to eliminate, as has been achieved on some small islands which were previously filled with them. But Alexandra Ross of the University of New South Wales thinks she has come up with a different way to deal with the problem. As she writes in a paper in the Journal of Applied Ecology, she is giving feline (猫科的) — awareness lessons to wild animals involved in re-introduction programs, in order to try to make them cat-conscious. Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. This will, however, put the forced migrants back in the sights of the cats that caused the problem in the first place. Training the migrants while they are in captivity, using stuffed models and the sorts of sounds made by cats, has proved expensive and ineffective. Ms Ross therefore wondered whether putting them in large natural enclosures with a scattering of predators might serve as a form of training camp to prepare them for introduction into their new, cat-ridden homes. She tested this idea on a type of bandicoot (袋狸) that superficially resembles a rabbit. She and her colleagues raised two hundred bandicoots in a huge enclosure that also contained five wild cats. As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats. She left the animals to get on with life for two years, which, given that bandicoots breed four times a year and live for around eight years, was a considerable period for them. After some predation (扑食) and probably some learning, she abstracted 21 bandicoots from each enclosure, attached radio transmitters to them and released them into a third enclosure that had ten hungry cats in it. She then monitored what happened next. The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40 days, ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones. One particular behavioral difference she noticed was that bandicoots brought up in a predator-free environment were much more likely to sleep alone than were those brought up around cats. And when cats are around, sleeping alone is dangerous. How well bandicoots that have undergone this extreme training will survive in the wild remains to be seen. But Ms Ross has at least provided reason for hope. 1．What can be learned from the first paragraph? A．The feline-awareness lessons have proved ineffective. B．There are too many wild cats to be killed in Australia. C．Different ways have been tried to hunt and kill wildlife. D．Native wildlife has been threatened by a growing population of wild cats. 2．The forced migrants in the second paragraph refer to ________. A．Australian mammals restricted to certain areas B．The wild cats tracking down the mammals C．Wild animals involved in the program D．The predators captured by the animal trainers 3．Which of the following is TRUE about the first two enclosures? A．They were both closely monitored. B．They had 200 bandicoots in total. C．They had similar natural environment. D．They both had wild cats in them. 4．What was the finding of Ms Ross’ research project? A．Untrained bandicoots failed to identify cats. B．Training bandicoots prepared them to fight cats. C．Sleeping alone in the wild was dangerous. D．Bandicoots could be trained to avoid predators. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文阐述了二十多种澳大利亚哺乳动物已经被野猫灭绝了，并且，野猫还在威胁着当地哺乳动物的生命。新南威尔士大学的Alexandra Ross经过试验发现，哺乳动物可以通过接受训练来躲避捕食者。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predators, which arrived with European settlers, still threaten native wildlife — and are too plentiful on the mainland to eliminate, as has been achieved on some small islands which were previously filled with them. (超过20种澳大利亚稀有哺乳动物被野猫杀死。这些随着欧洲殖民者而来的捕食者，仍然威胁着当地的野生动物——而且在大陆上数量太多，无法消灭，就像在一些以前充满了它们的小岛屿上一样)”可知，超过二十种澳大利亚稀有哺乳动物被野猫杀死，并且这些野猫仍然威胁着当地的野生动物，它们数量太多，杀之不尽。故选D项。 2．短语猜测题。根据第二段第一、二句“Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. This will, however, put the forced migrants back in the sights of the cats that caused the problem in the first place. (许多澳大利亚哺乳动物虽然还没有灭绝，但被限制在没有猫的栖息地内。然而，这将使这些forced migrants 重新回到猫科动物的视线中，这些猫科动物最初造成了这个问题)”可知，forced migrants指的是第一句中所说的一些澳大利亚哺乳动物，它们虽然没有灭绝、但是被限制在没有猫的栖息地；由此可知，划线词forced migrants指的是被限制在无猫地区的澳大利亚哺乳动物。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“She and her colleagues raised two hundred bandicoots in a huge enclosure that also contained five wild cats. As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats.(她和她的同事在一个巨大的围栏里养了200只袋狸，里面还有5只野猫。作为对照，她在一个类似的圈地里饲养了几乎相同的种群，但没有猫)”可知，作为对照，第二个围栏和第一个围栏有相似的自然环境，只是里面没有野猫。因此，前两个围栏有相似的自然环境。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40days, ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones. One particular behavioral difference she noticed was that bandicoots brought up in a predator-free environment were much more likely to sleep alone than were those brought up around cats. And when cats are around, sleeping alone is dangerous.(结果是训练奏效了。在接下来的40天里，10只未经训练的动物被猫吃掉，但只有4只经过训练的动物被猫吃掉。她注意到的一个特别的行为差异是，在没有捕食者的环境中长大的袋狸比在有猫的环境中长大的袋狸更有可能独自睡觉。当有猫在的时候，独自睡觉是很危险的)”可知，实验发现，与没有经过训练的袋狸比起来，训练过的袋狸更有可能躲避被夜猫吃掉，由此可知，袋狸可以被训练避开捕食者。故选D项。 主题01 人与社会——社会文化、科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一上·上海市闵行区六校联考·期末） Saved or Stolen? The British Museum has a well-earned reputation as an “encyclopaedic” museum, with a global story told through eight million objects. Inside, a wide-ranging collection includes everything from prehistoric pottery to precious handmade jewellery from India and Ming Dynasty vases from China. The museum helps us understand how events that happened at different times and in different places were connected, and how they influenced each other. Indeed, this was the vision of its founder, Sir Hans Sloane, who tried setting up cross-cultural comparisons in his original collection in 1753. As you walk around the British Museum today, it’s clear that Sloane’s broad-minded vision is very much alive and well. What’s less clear is how the museum acquired many of the objects on display and whether they should remain there. The collection has an obvious political dimension: while some objects have a well-documented history, others were added during Britain’s colonial period, so it’s possible they were stolen from famous archaeological sites or acquired in the war. Imagine having an important national monument from your country kept permanently in another country. How would you feel? Would you try to get the country to return it? It’s not surprising that many countries have gone on to ask for their treasures back. However; where they should be kept is a question that is still heatedly debated. The Rosetta Stone is a well-known exhibit that illustrates this problem. Carved in 196BCE, the stone was the key to unlocking the language of the ancient Egyptians. It was first discovered in 1799 near the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta) by soldiers in Napoleon’s army, but on Napoleon’s defeat in 1801, it became the property of the British. Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired in a similar way, but unsurprisingly, the British Museum is reluctant to let the Rosetta Stone go. It argues that more people see the Stone in London than they would in Cairo, the location is more secure and the exhibit is a critical part of its global collection. The Egyptian government has other ideas and is trying to persuade the museum to return it. They claim that it’s important for their nation’s history and identity, and that many Egyptians can’t afford to go to London to see it. But the British Museum won’t let the Rosetta Stone go, even as a loan, as they fear it won’t be returned. The British Museum is a place dedicated to international understanding, and the advantages of an encyclopaedic museum are clear to see: “We need to explore common ground, how people perceive their relationship to each other...and (to) see human history as an ongoing joint project,” explains MacGregor, former director of the British Museum. But this attempt to bring different cultures together has been self-defeating, ultimately having the opposite effect: taking treasures from other countries has resulted in never-ending international arguments and frosty relations with foreign governments. So as you admire the breathtaking objects on display at the museum, think about their heritage. Remember to ask yourself: Does the end justify the means? Is taking an object for a museum different from theft? And shouldn’t important objects be exhibited where they were originally made? 1．Which of the following words is similar in meaning to “encyclopaedic” (paragraph 1) ? A．being famous for its modern exhibitions. B．focusing only on ancient artifacts. C．containing a wide range of knowledge or information. D．owned by a private collector for personal use. 2．Why does the British Museum refuse to return the Rosetta Stone to Egypt? A．Because Egypt lacks the financial resources to protect it. B．Because more visitors can see it in London and its location is safer. C．Because the stone was legally purchased during colonial times. D．Because the Egyptian government has not formally requested its return. 3．The author’s attitude toward the British Museum’s argument is ______. A．strongly supportive B．completely neutral C．slightly skeptical D．openly against 4．What can be inferred about the “encyclopaedic museum” vision? A．It ignores the historical context of artifact acquisition. B．It successfully promotes global cultural harmony. C．It intentionally worsen international tensions. D．It prioritizes scientific research over national heritage. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕大英博物馆展品来源及归属问题展开讨论，以罗塞塔石碑为例，指出该馆拒绝归还他国文物引发争议，质疑其做法的合理性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“The British Museum has a well-earned reputation as an “encyclopaedic” museum, with a global story told through eight million objects. Inside, a wide ranging collection includes everything from prehistoric pottery to precious handmade jewellery from India and Ming Dynasty vases from China. (大英博物馆作为一座“encyclopaedic”博物馆实至名归，馆藏八百万件文物向世人述说着全球文明的故事。其浩瀚馆藏包罗万象，从史前陶器到印度手工精制珠宝，再到中国明代瓷器，无不尽收其中)”可知，大英博物馆的藏品范围广泛，涵盖了不同时期和不同地区的物品，包罗万象。所以“encyclopaedic”意思应是包含广泛的知识或信息，与C项“containing a wide range of knowledge or information”意思相近。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired in a similar way, but unsurprisingly, the British Museum is reluctant to let the Rosetta Stone go. It argues that more people see the Stone in London than they would in Cairo, the location is more secure and the exhibit is a critical part of its global collection. (博物馆的许多宝藏都是以类似的方式获得的，但不出所料，大英博物馆不愿让罗塞塔石碑离开。它辩称，在伦敦看到这块石头的人比在开罗看到的人更多，存放地点更安全，而且该展品是其全球藏品的重要组成部分)”可知，大英博物馆拒绝将罗塞塔石碑归还给埃及是因为在伦敦有更多人能看到它，且存放地点更安全。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But this attempt to bring different cultures together has been self-defeating, ultimately having the opposite effect: taking treasures from other countries has resulted in never ending international arguments and frosty relations with foreign governments. (但这种将不同文化汇聚在一起的尝试适得其反，最终产生了相反的效果：从其他国家拿走珍宝导致了无休止的国际争论和与外国政府的冷淡关系)”可知，作者认为大英博物馆拿走他国珍宝的行为带来了负面结果，说明作者对大英博物馆拒绝归还文物的理由是公开反对的。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“What’s less clear is how the museum acquired many of the objects on display and whether they should remain there. The collection has an obvious political dimension: while some objects have a well-documented history, others were added during Britain’s colonial period, so it’s possible they were stolen from famous archaeological sites or acquired in the war. (不太清楚的是，博物馆是如何获得许多展出物品的，以及这些物品是否应该继续留在那里。这些藏品具有明显的政治层面：虽然有些物品有详细的历史记录，但其他一些是在英国殖民时期增加的，所以它们有可能是从著名的考古遗址被盗走或在战争中获得的)”可知，大英博物馆所谓的“百科全书式博物馆”愿景忽略了文物获取的历史背景。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市延安中学·期末） Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the common pracice. According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child doctor, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into Western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement parallel to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years, to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the Western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This sudden shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to mothers’ exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote. By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old, and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that Western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.” 1．According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to the practice of ________. A．having childcare among community members. B．assigning babies to specific adult caregivers. C．teaching parenting skills to older children. D．carrying infants around by their parents. 2．The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ________. A．an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication. B．an approach to integrating alloparenting into Western society. C．the conventional parenting style in Western culture. D．the differences between Western and African ways of living. 3．According to Paragraph 4, what impact does the “intensive mothering narrative” have? A．It reduces parenting pressure. B．It enhances family relationships. C．It results in the child-centered family. D．It departs from the course of evolution. 4．According to Paragraph 6, what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK? A．They tend to fall short of official requirements. B．They have difficulty finding good caregivers. C．They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio. D．They should try to prevent parental depression. 5．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Instructive Teaching: A Plan for Anxious Parents. B．For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherers. C．Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children. D．Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现，从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿技巧可能是培养更满足的孩子的关键，“异亲抚育”做法可减少焦虑，而西方的核心家庭模式是有危害的，西方应借鉴融入这些做法，促进孩子的健康与发展。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. (这个想法是基于对社区的研究，比如博茨瓦纳的Kung，那里的每个孩子都由许多成年人照顾)”和第二段“According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. (剑桥大学的进化人类学家Nikhil Chaudhary博士表示，这些被称为异亲抚育的做法可以减少孩子和父母的焦虑)”可知，“异亲抚育”指的是社区成员共同照顾孩子的做法。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child doctor, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into Western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement parallel to alloparenting. (儿童医生Annie Swanepoel博士认为，有一些方法可以将它们融入西方生活。在德国，一项计划将养老院与托儿所配对。居民帮助照看孩子，这是一种类似于异亲抚育的安排)”可知，此处先提到有办法将“异亲抚育”做法融入西方生活，然后介绍德国的将养老院和托儿所配对的计划，该计划类似于异亲抚育。由此推知，提到德国的计划是为了说明将“异亲抚育”融入西方社会的一种方法。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the Western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This sudden shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. (在《儿童心理学和精神病学杂志》上发表的一篇论文中，研究人员说，西方的核心家庭是最近的发明，打破了进化史。这种突然转向“密集型育儿叙事”，即母亲应该独自照顾孩子，的做法很可能是有害的)”可知，“密集型育儿叙事”的转变背离了进化历程。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. (Chaudhary说，与人类进化史上的大多数时期相比，父母现在从家庭和社会网络中得到的育儿支持更少了，但引入额外的照顾者可以减轻压力和抑郁，这可能对孩子的健康产生“连锁”效益。一个出生在狩猎采集社会的婴儿可能有超过10个照顾者——这与英国托儿所的规定形成鲜明对比，英国规定每4个两到三岁的孩子有1个照顾者)”可知，为当前的育儿模式引入更多的照顾者是有益的，与狩猎采集社会中婴儿照顾者的数量相比，英国托儿所规定的数量相差悬殊。由此可知，这里暗示英国托儿所应该提高照顾者与孩子的比例。故选C项。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. (研究人员表示，从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿技巧可能是培养出更满足的孩子的关键)”可知，文章开篇提出从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿建议可能是养育更满足的孩子的关键，接着围绕狩猎采集者的育儿方式，即异亲抚育，以及西方育儿方式的对比展开，建议西方可以从狩猎采集者那里学习育儿经验。因此，B项“为了更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学习”能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市延安中学·期末） When you step on an escalator, do you stand to one side to let others pass? When someone in the room fans himself with a piece of paper, do you open a window? If you ask someone to hang out with you and they stare at you blankly, do you withdraw the invitation? If you don’t do any of these things, I have some unfortunate news: you cannot “read the air.” Knowing the unspoken rules governing social life requires a comprehensive understanding of your environment, whatever its setting. It’s a skill that’s valuable anywhere in the world, but in Japan, it is elevated to another level. Reading the air — “kuuki o yomu” in Japanese — is a constant exercise. Misreading the air can blow business deals or ruin relationship. Rochelle Kopp, who runs cross-cultural training firm Japan Intercultural Consulting, says that while all nations have varying degrees of indirect communication, in Japan the phenomenon is more prominent in society. For example, if you’re speaking loudly in an otherwise silent train car or talking to a client who has long since lost interest, you risk being labeled KY. It’s a pejorative (贬义的) Japanese slang term that stands for “kuuki ga yomenai,” or “unable to read the air.” A big part of “reading the air” is picking up on non-verbal cues. David Matsumoto, a psychology professor at San Francisco State University, studies micro expressions: tiny involuntary facial expressions that can give away a person’s true emotions. When, for example, a client at work says they’re happy with the job you’re doing, a very subtle lip twitch or eyebrow raise could mean they’re not telling you the truth. Noticing micro expressions, along with other non-verbal communication, is important in any situation, no matter where you are. “Silence is one non-verbal cue. So is shifting of posture. A social smile could be yet another cue,” says Matsumoto. “All of these are part of the non-verbal package that contributes to that contextual meaning.” Matsumoto runs Humintell, a company that provides workshops on how to get better at reading micro expressions and other non-verbal signals. Others provide such services, too; in Tokyo’s Toranomon business district, researcher Kenji Shimizu runs the Institute for Science and Being Sensitive to the Situation. Unlike Matsumoto, Shimizu teaches people how to master micro expressions. Shimizu uses a system developed by U. S. psychologist Paul Ekman, who coined the term and describes the subtle facial changes as “involuntary emotional leakage.” “If you notice someone’s disgust wrinkling around the nose — or anger-brows lowering, eyes widening, lips pressing — and yet those expressions are masked by smiles, you may want to figure out their actual thoughts,” Shimizu says, “and ask them what they really want you to do.” 1．Which of the following is Not the example of “reading the air”? A．When your partner sneezes, you take out a tissue and offer it to him. B．When your boss is about to leave, you hold the door open for him. C．If you invite a friend to a party, he declines in a low voice, so you withdraw the invitation. D．If you assign a task to a coworker, his eyebrows are lowering, so you encourage him. 2．According to the passage, what is the most important contribution factor to “reading the air”? A．Words and physical activities. B．Micro expressions and non-verbal cues. C．Cross-cultural understanding and communication. D．Voluntary facial expressions and emotional leakage. 3．What can you infer from the passage, based on what you have read? A．“Reading the air” is a skill necessary and popular in some parts of the world such as Japan. B．David Matsumoto not only demonstrates the importance of reading the air, but also offers tips to have a good command of it. C．If you take notice of the micro expressions and interpret them in a correct way, it will be easy to figure out people’s real thought. D．Words and actions can be reliable in most cases and help us to make sound judgment. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“reading the air(长眼神，会看情景)”这一社交技能，即通过观察和理解环境中的非语言线索来察觉他人的情绪和意图，这在日本等文化背景下尤为重要。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“When you step on an escalator, do you stand to one side to let others pass? When someone in the room fans himself with a piece of paper, do you open a window? If you ask someone to hang out with you and they stare at you blankly, do you withdraw the invitation? (当你踏上自动扶梯时，你会站在一边让别人通过吗?当房间里有人用纸扇风时，你会打开窗户吗?如果你邀请某人和你一起出去玩，而他们却茫然地盯着你，你会撤回邀请吗?)”和第二段“If you don’t do any of these things, I have some unfortunate news: you cannot ‘read the air.’(如果你不做这些事情，我有一些不幸的消息：你不能“reading the air”)”可推知，“reading the air”指的是通过观察和理解环境中的非语言线索来察觉周围人的感受并作出相应的反应，而C选项“If you invite a friend to a party, he declines in a low voice, so you withdraw the invitation.(如果你邀请朋友参加聚会，他低声拒绝，所以你撤回邀请)”中朋友直接用语言拒绝了，我们无需观察和理解环境中的非语言线索就能作出反应，因此不属于“reading the air”的范畴。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段中“A big part of ‘reading the air’ is picking up on non-verbal cues. (“察言观色”的很大一部分是捕捉非语言线索)”和“...studies micro expressions: tiny involuntary facial expressions that can give away a person’s true emotions. (研究微表情：微小的、不自主的面部表情，可以透露一个人真实的情绪)”可知，“reading the air”最重要的是微表情和非语言线索。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“When, for example, a client at work says they’re happy with the job you’re doing, a very subtle lip twitch or eyebrow raise could mean they’re not telling you the truth. Noticing micro expressions, along with other non-verbal communication, is important in any situation, no matter where you are. (例如，当工作中的客户说他们对你正在做的工作很满意时，非常微妙的嘴唇抽搐或眉毛上扬可能意味着他们并没有说实话。在任何情况下，注意微表情以及其他非语言交流都是很重要的，无论你在哪里)”可推知，如果你能注意到微表情并正确解读，就很容易了解人们的真实想法。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市建平中学·期末） Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana where each child is cared of by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings (婴儿背带) is considered the norm. According to Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. Dr. Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement similar to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. This sudden shift to an “intensive mothering narrative” which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote. By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between care givers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’ s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts sharply to nursery setting in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (注意力缺陷多动障碍). Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.” 1．According to the passage, alloparenting refers to________. A．sharing childcare among community members B．teaching parenting skills to older children C．carrying infants anywhere their parents go D．engaging all the family members in childcare 2．The scheme in Germany is used to ________. A．encourage an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication B．illustrate an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society C．introduce the conventional parenting style in western culture D．highlight the differences between western and African ways of living 3．What can be inferred about the nurseries in the UK? A．They tend to fall short of official requirements. B．They have difficulty finding enough caregivers. C．They need to improve their carer-to-child ratio. D．They should try to prevent parental depression. 4．Which of the following would be the best title? A．Instructive Teaching: A Dilemma for Anxious Parents B．For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherers C．Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely Children D．Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍非洲采猎社会的“异亲育儿”亲职模式探讨如何改进现代西方社会的育儿方式，借鉴异亲育儿方式能够降低育儿焦虑、提高儿童和家长的幸福感。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana where each child is cared of by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings (婴儿背带) is considered the norm.(这个想法是基于对社区的研究，比如博茨瓦纳的Kung，那里的每个孩子都由许多成年人照顾。四岁的Kung儿童会帮助照顾更小的孩子，baby-wearing，即用婴儿背带把婴儿随身抱着，被认为是常态。)”以及第五段第一句“By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care.(相比之下，在狩猎采集社会中，除了父母之外的其他成年人可以提供孩子近一半的照顾。)”可知，alloparenting指的是社区成员共同照顾孩子。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Dr. Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement similar to alloparenting.(儿童精神病学家Annie Swanepoel博士认为，有办法将它们融入西方生活。在德国，一个方案将养老院与幼儿园配对。居民们帮忙照顾孩子，这是一种类似于异亲育儿的安排。)”可知，德国的这个方案是用来举例说明如何将异亲育儿融入西方社会的。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts sharply to nursery setting in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.(在狩猎采集社会中出生的婴儿可能有10多个照顾者——这与英国幼儿园的设置形成了鲜明对比，英国规定，2至3岁的儿童，看护者与儿童的比例为1:4。)”可推知，英国的幼儿园需要改进看护者与儿童的比例。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more children, researchers have suggested.(研究人员提出，从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿技巧可能是养育更多孩子的关键。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿方式——异亲育儿，并指出这种方式可能对家庭和孩子都有好处。因此，B项“为了更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学习”最符合文章主旨。故选B项。 主题03 人与自然——自然探索与生态环保 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·上海市徐汇区·期末） You may have seen white-faced capuchin monkeys (卷尾猴) before, whether at a zoo or in a popular movie. These medium-sized monkeys are found in Central America and northern South America. They have a mostly black-haired body and white hair on their face and shoulders. The cap of black fur on their head resembles the hoods(兜帽) that Capuchin monks in Italy wore, and that’s where the name came from. Another fascinating feature of these monkeys is their long tail, which acts like a third hand. Capuchin monkeys use their tail to hang on to tree branches to support their body weight while looking for food. While they eat fruit and nuts, they also enjoy insects, frogs, and lizards. Since they spread various fruit seeds through their feces(粪便) and eat insects that are harmful to trees, they contribute a lot to the preservations of forests. Capuchin monkeys are very social and live in groups of 20 members or so. A group of capuchins is known as a troop or a barrel. Troops are mainly made up of females, who remain in the same troop their whole lives, while males change troops about every four years. Communication and social activities play a significant role among monkeys in a troop because they help form social bonds. A curious example is “hand sniffing,” where the monkeys stick their fingers in front of each other’s nose. Outside the forests, capuchin monkeys are not only used by humans for their acting abilities. These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. Therefore, the white-faced capuchin can be important assistants and companions for some disabled people. 1．How did white-faced capuchin monkeys get their name? A．They appeared in popular films with Capuchin monks. B．Their fur crowns look like the hoods of Capuchin monks. C．They are found in regions where Capuchin monks live. D．They used to be kept by Capuchin monks as pets. 2．According to the passage, what contribution do white-faced capuchins make to forests? A．They help keep the trees healthy. B．They make forest soil more fertile. C．They reduce the risk of forest fires. D．They eat plants that damage forests. 3．Which of the following aspect is NOT mentioned in the passage? A．Diet. B．Behavior. C．Threats. D．Appearance. 4．Why are white-faced capuchin monkeys used as human helpers? A．They are very friendly and loyal to humans. B．They are strong enough to carry heavy things. C．They are smart and can perform different tasks. D．They are good at making faces and acting. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了白脸卷尾猴这种动物的特征、习性等情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The cap of black fur on their head resembles the hoods(兜帽) that Capuchin monks in Italy wore, and that’s where the name came from.(他们头上的黑色毛皮帽类似于意大利卷尾猴僧侣戴的兜帽，这就是这个名字的由来)”可知，白脸卷尾猴的名字由来是因为它们的毛皮王冠看起来像卷尾猴僧侣的兜帽。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Since they spread various fruit seeds through their feces(粪便) and eat insects that are harmful to trees, they contribute a lot to the preservations of forests.(由于它们通过粪便传播各种水果种子，并吃对树木有害的昆虫，它们对保护森林做出了很大贡献)”可知，白面卷尾猴对森林的贡献是帮助保持树木健康。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“They have a mostly black-haired body and white hair on their face and shoulders.(他们的身体大多是黑色的毛发，脸上和肩膀上有白色的毛发)”提到了外貌；第二段“While they eat fruit and nuts, they also enjoy insects, frogs, and lizards.(虽然它们吃水果和坚果，但它们也喜欢昆虫、青蛙和蜥蜴)”提到了饮食；最后一段“These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. (这些聪明的动物有细小的手指，具有精细的运动技能。通过训练，它们可以完成许多残疾人无法完成的任务，比如翻页或捡起掉在地上的东西)”提到了行为。可知，文章中没有提到威胁。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. Therefore, the white-faced capuchin can be important assistants and companions for some disabled people.(这些聪明的动物有细小的手指，具有精细的运动技能。通过训练，它们可以完成许多残疾人无法完成的任务，比如翻页或捡起掉在地上的东西。因此，白面卷尾猴可以成为一些残疾人的重要助手和同伴)”可知，白脸卷尾猴被用作人类的帮手因为他们很聪明，可以执行不同的任务。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·上海市松江区·期末） Nothing compares with the joy of coming home to a lovely pet. Besides keeping one company, pets may also decrease stress, improve heart health, and even help children with their social skills. Over the past 10 years, researchers have been looking at what the possible effects are. Animals can offer comfort and support. Dogs are especially good at this. They’re sometimes brought into hospitals or nursing homes. Ann Berger, a researcher at the NIH Clinical Center, teaches the patients with serious diseases about mindfulness to help decrease stress and manage pain. “Mindfulness includes attention, awareness, etc.,” Berger says, “all those are things that animals bring to the table. People kind of have to learn it, while animals do this innately.” Researchers are also studying the safety of bringing animals into hospital settings because animals may bring people more germs (病菌). A current study is looking at the safety of bringing dogs to visit children with a certain kind of illness. Scientists will be testing the children’s hands to see if there are dangerous levels of germs brought by the dog after the visit. Dogs may also help in the classroom. One study found that dogs can help children with ADHD, a disease related to attention. Researchers divided children with ADHD into two groups. The first group of kids read to dogs once a week for 30 minutes. The second group read to toys like dogs. After 12 weeks, kids who read to the real animals showed better social skills. They also had fewer behavioral problems. “Animals can become a way of building a bridge for the social communication,” says Griffin, a child development expert at NIH. He adds that researchers are trying to better understand these effects and whom they might help. While pets may bring many health advantages, an animal may not work for everyone. Recent studies suggest that living with pets at an early age may help protect young children from developing allergies (过敏), but for people who are allergic to certain animals, having pets in the home can do more harm than good. Researchers will continue to explore the many effects of having a pet. They are trying to find out what’s working, what’s not working, and what’s safe. 1．When the author says “animals do this innately” in paragraph 2, he probably means ______. A．animals learn from humans to do this B．animals teach people to stop doing it C．animals are born to be able to do this D．animals learn to do this as humans do 2．What does the study about dogs in the classroom tell us? A．Reading to real dogs could help kids improve behavior. B．Researchers brought dogs there to attract kids’ attention. C．Dogs have poorer social skills than the kids with ADHD． D．Toy dogs work as well as real dogs in accompanying kids. 3．What can we learn about the researchers in the passage? A．They still have a long way to go in exploring pets’ effect. B．They don’t doubt the safety of using animals in hospitals. C．Berger helps patients to gain the ability to cure themselves. D．Griffin doesn’t agree that dogs improve children’s reading. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Pets’ Various Work B．The Power of Pets C．Pets as Assistants in School D．Patients’ Call for Pets 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是新闻报道。文章主要介绍一项研究表明，养宠物对人们有许多的好处。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“People kind of have to learn it, while animals do this innately. (人们必须去学，而动物animals do this innately。)”可知，这里用while引导并列句，上下文是对比的关系。上文提到人类要学了才会，而动物应该是天生就会，所以animals do this innately的意思应该是“天生就是这样做的”，和选项C意思一致。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“After 12 weeks, kids who read to the real animals showed better social skills. They also had fewer behavioral problems. (12周后，给真正的动物读书的孩子们表现出了更好的社交能力。他们的行为问题也较少。)”可知，给真正的狗狗读书可以帮助孩子们改善行为。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchers will continue to explore the many effects of having a pet. They are trying to find out what’s working, what’s not working, and what’s safe. (研究人员将继续探索养宠物的许多影响。他们试图找出什么有效，什么无效，什么是安全的。)”可知，在探索宠物的影响方面，他们还有很长的路要走。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nothing compares with the joy of coming home to a lovely pet. Besides keeping one company, pets may also decrease stress, improve heart health, and even help children with their social skills. Over the past 10 years, researchers have been looking at what the possible effects are. (没有什么比得上回家有一只可爱的宠物带来的快乐了。除了陪伴，宠物还可以减轻压力，改善心脏健康，甚至帮助孩子掌握社交技能。在过去的10年里，研究人员一直在研究可能的影响。)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍宠物对人们的影响。所以，用B项“The Power of Pets”作为本文题目，与文章主题相符合。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $