Unit 4 Then and now(知识清单)英语沪教版五四学制2024八年级上册

2025-11-24
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学段 初中
学科 英语
教材版本 初中英语沪教版(五四学制)八年级上册
年级 八年级
章节 Unit 4 Then and now
类型 学案-知识清单
知识点 -
使用场景 同步教学-单元练习
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 上海市
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
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文件大小 181 KB
发布时间 2025-11-24
更新时间 2025-11-14
作者 小k君
品牌系列 上好课·上好课
审核时间 2025-11-14
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来源 学科网

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Unit 4 Then and now 单词 不常;很少;难得 ___________________ 卡车;货运汽车 ___________________ 宽的;宽阔的 ___________________ 现代的;近代的 ___________________ 停留;逗留 (时间) ___________________ 磁带;录像带 ___________________ 在 (或向)…… 内;在 (或向)…… 里 ___________________ 借;借用 ___________________ 想象;设想 ___________________ 唱片 ___________________ 公司;商业 ___________________ 除…… 之外 ___________________ 应在 (某处) ___________________ 世纪;百年 ___________________ 外国的 ___________________ 矿井;矿 ___________________ 最差的;最坏的;最糟的 ___________________工业 ___________________ 进步;进展 ___________________ (使)成长,发展,壮大 ___________________状况;状态 ___________________ 乡村;农村 ___________________ 虽然;尽管 ___________________ 大的;大规模的;大量的 ___________________浴缸;洗澡 ___________________ 教育 ___________________ 处罚;惩罚 ___________________ 燃烧;烧 ___________________ 短语 在过去 ___________________ 许多年前 ___________________ 乘飞机 / 经陆路 / 经海路 ___________________ 运输货物 ___________________ 遥远的地方 ___________________ 决定做某事 ___________________ 过去常常是 ___________________ 不再 ___________________ 立刻;马上 ___________________ 从…… 借来…… ___________________ 属于 ___________________ 除…… 之外(不包含) ___________________取得进步 ___________________ 在…… 的开始 ___________________ 距离…… 很远 ___________________ 公共交通 ___________________ 从…… 搬迁到…… ___________________ 造成;导致 ___________________ 造成;导致 ___________________ 亲自 ___________________ 和某人度过时间 ___________________ 花时间做某事 ___________________ 在某方面提供帮助 ___________________ 做家务 ___________________ 告诉某人关于某事 ___________________把…… 赋予生命 ___________________ 举办一场展览 ___________________ 句型 1. 在过去,交通运输非常缓慢和困难。 Transport _______ to be very slow and difficult in the past. 2. 许多年前,人们很少乘飞机旅行,而长途旅行要通过陆路或海路。 Many years ago, people _______ travelled by air but made long journeys by land or sea. 3. 如今,船只和飞机从遥远的地方运送来货物,然后卡车把它们运到商店和家里。 Nowadays, ships and planes transport goods from _______ places, and trucks take them to stores and homes. 4. 政府决定修建一座横跨嘉陵江的大桥。 The government decided _______ build a long bridge across the Jialing River. 5. 曾祖母,在您小时候生活是什么样子的? Great-grandma, what was it _______ when you were a child? 6. 我以前从未见过(它)。I've _______ seen one before. 7. 这不可能是真的!好像就在昨天,我才买了我的第一盒磁带! That can't be true! It _______ like only yesterday that I bought my first cassette! 8. 我的盒式磁带播放机再也不能工作了。My cassette player doesn't work _______ more. 9. 和我年轻的时候比起来,现在的科技已经这么发达了! Technology has gone so _______ since I was young! 10. 它是用来拍照的。It was _______ to take photos. 11. 在 19 世纪的英国,工业迅速增长,同时也产生了更多的就业机会。 Industry grew fast and more jobs were _______ in 19th-century Britain. 12.科技的进步使出行和通讯变得更加容易。 Progress in technology made travel and communication much . 13.尽管城市里有更多的新机会,但那里的生活条件对大多数人来说都是糟糕的。 there were more new chances in the city, living conditions there were unpleasant for most people. 14. 尽管下雨,我们还是出去散步了。Even _______ it was raining, we still went out for a walk. 15. 生活发生的巨大变化真令人惊叹!It's _______ how much life has changed! 语法 让步状语从句 一、知识点清单 知识点1:Many years ago, people seldom travelled by air but made long journeys by land or sea. 许多年前,人们很少乘飞机旅行,而是通过陆路或海路进行长途旅行。 seldom /'seldəm/adv. 不常;很少;难得 【提示】seldom 表示否定或接近否定的语气,强调某事发生的频率很低。通常放在句中如下位置:①系动词之后;②谓语动词之前;③行为动词之前、助动词或情态动词之后。 ▪例句:He is _______ ill. 他很少生病。 ▪例句:He _______ visits his grandparents. 他很少去看望他的祖父母。 ▪例句:He has _______ travelled alone. 他很少独自旅行。 ▪例句:She can _______ find time to read books. 她很少能找到时间看书。 【联想】rarely adv. 罕有;很少;不常 by air, by land, by sea:分别表示 “通过空中”“通过陆地” 和 “通过海洋” 进行旅行或运输。 例句:The package was sent _______ air to ensure it would arrive quickly. 包裹通过空中运输,以确保快速到达。 例句:The goods were transported _______ land to the neighbouring city. 货物通过陆地运输到邻近城市。 例句:The tourists travelled to the island _______ sea. 游客通过水路到岛上旅行。 【提示】如表示具体的交通方式,可使用 by plane/train/ship 等表达。 journey /'dʒɜ:ni/n. 旅行 例句:The _______ was long but interesting. 旅途很长但很有趣。 【辨析】trip, tour 与 journey ▪① trip 通常指往返的旅行。例:a business _______ 出差 ▪② tour 多指游览多地的旅游、旅行。例:a _______ of Austria 奥地利之旅 ▪③ journey 尤指长途旅行。例:a long and difficult _______ across the mountains 漫长而艰难的翻山之旅 make long journeys:(进行)长途旅行 例句:She makes long _______ to visit her family abroad every year. 她每年都会长途旅行去看望她远在海外的家人。 知识点 2:Nowadays, ships and planes transport goods from faraway places, and trucks take them to stores and homes. 如今,轮船和飞机从遥远的地方运输货物,卡车把它们运到商店和家庭。 nowadays /'naʊədeɪz/adv. 现今;现在;目前 【提示】nowadays 通常用于句首或句中,表示当前的时间或时代,强调某事在当前的情况或趋势。 ▪例句:_______, it is common to see electric cars on the road. 现在,在路上看到电动汽车是很常见的。 ▪例句:People, _______, usually send emails instead of writing letters. 如今,人们通常发送电子邮件而不是写信。 truck /trʌk/n. 卡车;货运汽车 例句:A _______ is used for carrying heavy goods. 卡车用于运输重物。 【联想】lorry n. 卡车;货运汽车 【提示】truck 表示 “卡车” 时用于美式英语或英式英语,lorry 多用于英式英语。 知识点 3:It seems like only yesterday that I bought my first cassette! 我第一次买卡带就像在昨天一样! it:在本句中为形式主语。句子真正的主语是 that I bought my first cassette。 seem like:后接名词表示 “看起来像;似乎” 的意思。 例句:It _______ like a good idea. 这听上去是个好主意。 例句:She _______ like a nice person. 她看起来是个好人。 【提示】seem like 后也可以跟从句,表示可能性。例:It _______ like it might rain later. 看起来稍后可能会下雨。 seem 的常见用法还有: ①后接形容词,用于描述某人或某事给人的印象或感觉。例:The solution _______ effective. 这个解决方案看起来很有效。 ②后接动词不定式,表示某事发生的可能性。例:It _______ to be a good day for a picnic. 看起来今天的好天气很适合野餐。 ③后接 that 引导的从句,表示印象或者可能性。例:It _______ that the solution works well. 看起来这个解决方案效果很好。 ④后接 as if/though 引导的从句,表示印象或感觉。例:He _______ as if/though he has seen this boy before. 他貌似以前见过这个男孩。 知识点 4:It is used to take photos. 它是用来拍照的。 be used to do sth:被用来⋯⋯ 【提示】be used to do sth 是被动语态的用法,强调某物的用途。要注意与 used to do sth(过去常做某事)的差别。 ▪例句:Books are _______ to gain knowledge. 我们用书来获取知识。 ▪例句:He _______ to read a lot of books. 他以前会读很多书。 take photos:拍照 例句:I like to _______ photos of nature when I go hiking. 我喜欢在徒步旅行时拍摄自然风景。 知识点 5:The lives of ordinary people also changed dramatically, both for the better and for the worse.(普通人的生活也发生了巨大的变化,有好有坏。) ordinary /ˈɔːdnri/adj. 普通的;平凡的 He is an _______ person who works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 他是一个普通人,做着朝九晚五的工作。 【辨析】ordinary 与 common ① ordinary 与 common 都可以表示 “普通的” 或 “常见的”,描述某事物没有特别之处。但 ordinary 一般只能用作定语,common 则通常没有使用位置的限制。如: Colds are quite _______ in winter. (√) 感冒在冬季常发。 Colds are quite _______ in winter. (×) 感冒在冬季常发。 She leads a _______ life/an _______ life. (√) 她过着普通人的生活。 ② common 还有 “共同的” 之意,ordinary 则没有该含义。如: They have a _______ interest in music. 他们对音乐有共同的兴趣。 dramatically /drəˈmætɪkli/adv. 突然地;巨大地;令人吃惊地 The situation changed _______ in the last ten minutes of the football game. 足球赛的最后十分钟,比赛形势发生了巨大变化。 【联想】drama n. 戏;剧;戏剧性事件;戏剧性情节 dramatic adj. 突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;戏剧的;戏剧性的 “both for the better and for the worse” 是句子的状语,修饰谓语动词 changed,说明变化的具体情况。the better 指代生活中的积极方面或改善的部分,the worse 指代生活中的消极方面或恶化的部分。这个短语强调了变化的两个方面,即:既有积极的改善,也有消极的恶化。又如: The new law has changed the way people work, both for the better and for the _______. 这项新法律改变了人们的工作方式,既有好的一面也有不好的一面。 知识点 6:The development of public transport brought new chances for travelling, carrying goods and developing businesses.(公共交通的发展为旅行、货物运输和企业发展带来了新的机会。) development /dɪˈveləpmənt/n. 发展;成长;壮大 The _______ of technology is fast and has changed the way people learn. 科技发展迅速,改变了人们的学习方式。 develop /dɪˈveləp/v.(使)成长,发展,壮大 The country is _______ quickly. 这个国家发展迅速。 【联想】developing adj. 发展中的;developed adj. 发达的;高度发展的 知识点 7:Although there were more new chances in the city, living conditions there were unpleasant for most people.(虽然城市里有更多的新机会,但对大多数人来说,那里的生活条件比较糟糕。) although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/conj. 虽然;尽管 _______ it was raining, we still went out. 虽然下雨,我们还是出去了。 【提示】although 用于引导让步状语从句。关于让步状语从句的相关知识参见本单元 Grammar in use 部分的讲解。 unpleasant /ʌnˈpleznt/adj. 令人不快的;不舒服的 The smell is _______. 这气味令人不快。 The minerals in the water made it _______ to drink. 水里的矿物质使水很难喝。 【联想】pleasant adj. 令人愉快的 知识点 8:Children from wealthy families received education and were encouraged to learn music and foreign languages.(富裕家庭的孩子接受教育,并被鼓励学习音乐和外语。) wealthy /ˈwelθi/adj. 富有的;富裕的 That region is one of the _______ in the country. 那个地区是全国最富有的地区之一。 【联想】wealth n. 财富;富有;rich adj. 富有的;肥沃的 education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/n. 教育 Lifelong learning is an important part of _______. 终身学习是教育的重要组成部分。 【联想】educate v. 教育;educator n. 教育者;教育家 be encouraged to do sth 被鼓励做某事 【提示】这是 encourage 的被动语态用法,强调被鼓励的行为,鼓励的对象在前文中已被提及。又如: Students are _______ to take part in extracurricular activities. 学生们被鼓励参加课外活动。 foreign /'fɒrən/adj. 外国的 He is a _______ student. 他是一个外国学生。 【联想】foreigner n. 外国人 foreign language 外语 Spanish is a popular _______ language in this country. 西班牙语在这个国家是一门很多人学习的外语。 【提示】“母语” 常用 mother tongue, native language, first language 等表达。 知识点 9:They worked long hours in places like factories and mines, and even the smallest mistake could result in severe punishments. 他们在工厂和矿山等地方长时间工作,即使是最小的错误也可能导致严厉的惩罚。 mine /maɪn/n. 矿井;矿 Coal comes from _______. 煤来自矿井。 【联想】miner n. 矿工 result in 造成;导致 Long screen time can _______ in poor eyesight. 长时间使用电子设备会导致视力不好。 【辨析】lead to 与 result in ①两者都可以表示 “导致” 或 “引起”,在许多情况下可以互换使用。如: A poor diet and a lack of exercise can lead to/_______ in health problems. 不良饮食和缺乏锻炼可能导致健康问题。 ②lead to 用法更灵活,可以用于表示某事物或行为导致某种结果,也可以用于表示某条路径或方向通向某个地方。result in 更强调结果的产生,通常用于更正式的书面语境。如: This path _______ to the lake. 这条小路通向湖边。 The company's poor management _______ in a great loss. 公司的管理不善导致了重大损失。 severe /sɪ'vɪə(r)/adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的 The car accident was _______. 这次车祸很严重。 【辨析】severe 与 serious ①两者都可以表示 “严重的”,常常可以互换使用。如: The economic downturn has had a _______/serious impact on the industry. 经济衰退对工业产生了严重影响。 ②severe 表示的严重程度高于 serious,它强调程度上的极端性,表示某事物达到了令人难以忍受或难以应对的程度。另外,serious 还可以用于描述人的态度或行为非常严肃或认真。如: The _______ storm caused a lot of damage. 这场严重的风暴造成了大量损失。 He is a _______ student and always studies hard. 他是一个认真学习的学生。 punish /'pʌnɪʃ/v. 处罚;惩罚 The teacher _______ the naughty boy. 老师惩罚了那个淘气的男孩。 【联想】punishment n. 惩罚;处罚 punishment /'pʌnɪʃmənt/n. 惩罚;处罚 He received a severe _______ for his mistake. 他因犯错受到了严厉的惩罚。 【联想】punish v. 处罚;惩罚 二、语法点清单 引导词 核心含义 用法要点 典型例句 _______ 虽然;尽管 可置于句首 / 句中,不与 but 连用 _______ he is young, he works hard. (虽年轻,但工作努力) _______ 虽然;尽管 语气比 though 稍强,多置于句首,不与 but 连用 _______ it rained, we still went out. (虽下雨,我们仍外出) _______ _______ 即使;尽管 表强调 “退一步假设”,语气强于 though _______ _______ he was tired, he finished his homework. (即使累,他仍完成作业) _______ _______ 即使;纵然 常表 “假设性让步”(未必真实发生) _______ _______ it snows tomorrow, we will go to school. (即使明天下雪,我们也要上学) _______ _______ + 疑问词 无论…… (什么 / 何时 / 何地 / 怎样 / 谁) 引导 “无条件让步”,疑问词不可省略 _______ _______ how difficult it is, I will try. (无论多困难,我都会尝试) 疑问词 + _______ 无论……(什么 / 何时 / 何地 / 怎样 / 谁) 用法同 “no matter + 疑问词”,可引导主语 / 宾语从句 _______ you say, I won’t change my mind. (无论你说什么,我都不改变主意) 三、写作清单 一、单元写作主题任务及解读 核心任务 围绕 “过去与现在的对比” 展开写作,可选择以下任一方向: 1. 个人成长类:描述自己 / 家人在生活、学习、兴趣等方面的过去与现在差异(如 “我的学习方式变化”“家乡的发展”); 2. 社会现象类:对比某一社会事物的变迁(如 “交通方式的改变”“通讯工具的发展”)。 任务解读 ・核心要求:运用一般过去时(描述过去)和一般现在时(描述现在) ,突出 “对比” 逻辑,使用恰当的连接词; ・写作结构:通常为 “总 - 分 - 总”—— 开头总述主题,中间分点对比具体差异,结尾总结感受 / 看法。 二、通用表达分类(可直接套用) 1. 主题单词(核心词汇) 类别 过去相关单词 现在相关单词 对比/连接类单词 生活场景 countryside(乡村)、cottage(小屋)、old-fashioned(老式的)、on foot(步行)、letter(信件) city(城市)、apartment(公寓)、modern(现代的)、by subway/car(乘地铁 / 汽车)、smartphone(智能手机) different from(与… 不同)、compared with(与… 相比)、(变化)、(发展)、_______(改善) 学习场景 paper books(纸质书)、blackboard(黑板)、in class(课堂上)、take notes by hand(手写笔记) e-books(电子书)、whiteboard(白板)、online classes(网课)、use computers(用电脑) used to(过去常常)、now(现在)、at present(目前) 情感 / 感受 difficult(困难的)、boring(无聊的)、lonely(孤独的) easy(容易的)、interesting(有趣的)、convenient(方便的) better than(比… 好)、more comfortable(更舒适的) 2. 主题句子(万能句型) (1)开头引入句 ・My life has _______ a lot since five years ago.(五年以来,我的生活发生了很大变化。) ・_______ with the past, our hometown is totally different now.(与过去相比,我们的家乡现在完全不同了。) ・There are many _______ between my study life then and now.(我的学习生活过去和现在有很多不同之处。) (2)过去情况描述句 ・I _______ to go to school on foot because my home was near.(我过去步行上学,因为我家离学校近。) ・In the past, people _______ with each other by writing letters.(过去,人们通过写信互相交流。) ・My grandparents _______ in a small cottage with a big garden.(我的祖父母过去住在带大花园的小屋裡。) (3)现在情况描述句 ・Now, I usually go to school by subway, which is faster and more _______.(现在,我通常乘地铁上学,既快又方便。) ・At present, almost everyone uses smartphones to make calls or _______ online.(目前,几乎每个人都用智能手机打电话或网上聊天。) ・We can take online classes at home when we are not able to go to _______.(当我们不能去学校时,我们可以在家上网课。) (4)对比转折句 ・I used to hate English, but now I am very _______ in it.(我过去讨厌英语,但现在我对它非常感兴趣。) ・Our houses were small and old in the past, _______ now we live in tall and modern apartments.(过去我们的房子又小又旧,而现在我们住在高大现代的公寓里。) ・Life was simple before, but it is more _______ now.(以前的生活很简单,但现在更丰富多彩了。) (5)结尾总结句 ・I think these changes are great because they make our life better and _______.(我认为这些变化很棒,因为它们让我们的生活更美好、更便捷。) ・From these changes, I realize that our society is _______ rapidly.(从这些变化中,我意识到我们的社会正在快速发展。) ・I will cherish the present life and look _______ to more wonderful changes in the future.(我会珍惜现在的生活,期待未来更多美好的变化。) 3. 主题段落(模板段落) 模板 1:个人成长类(学习方式变化) In the past, my study life was quite simple. I used to read paper books and take notes by hand in class. When I had questions, I could only ask my teachers or classmates face to face. But now, everything is _______. I often use e-books and computers to study. There are many online courses that can help me learn more _______. If I meet problems, I can search for answers on the Internet quickly. These changes make my study more efficient and _______. 模板 2:社会现象类(家乡交通变化) _______ with ten years ago, the traffic in my hometown has changed a lot. In the past, there were few buses and most people traveled by bike or on foot. The roads were narrow and it was not easy to go to other cities. Now, wide roads and new bridges have been built. We can take high-speed trains, subways or planes to travel. It only takes two hours to go to the capital city by high-speed train now, while it used to take ten hours by bus. These changes bring great _______ to people's life. 三、范文背诵(典型范例) Then and Now My hometown is a small town in the south of China. It has changed greatly over the past ten years, and I am always _______ of these changes. In the past, my hometown was a quiet place. Most people lived in small houses with red roofs. The roads were made of dirt, so when it rained, the roads became _______ and difficult to walk on. There were only a few small shops, and people could not buy many kinds of things. Children usually played games like hide-and-seek or jumping rope outside, because there were no supermarkets or amusement parks. Now, my hometown is totally _______. The dirt roads have been replaced by wide and clean asphalt roads. Many tall buildings and modern apartments have been built. There are big supermarkets, shopping malls and even a cinema in the town. People can buy all kinds of products easily and enjoy movies in their free time. The traffic is also more _______—buses run every ten minutes, and many families have their own cars. What's more, there is a beautiful park with lakes and green trees, where people can take a walk or do exercise. I love my hometown very much. The changes not only make our life more comfortable and convenient but also show the _______ of our country. I believe my hometown will become more beautiful in the future. 1 / 11 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Then and now 单词 seldom /ˈseldəm/adv. 不常;很少;难得 p. 52 truck /trʌk/n. 卡车;货运汽车 p. 52 wide /waɪd/adj. 宽的;宽阔的 p. 53 modern /ˈmɒdn/adj. 现代的;近代的 p. 53 stay /steɪ/n. 停留;逗留 (时间) p. 53 tape /teɪp/n. 磁带;录像带 p. 54 inside /ˌɪnˈsaɪd/prep. 在 (或向)…… 内;在 (或向)…… 里 p. 54 borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/v. 借;借用 p. 54 imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/v. 想象;设想 p. 54 record /ˈrekɔːd/n. 唱片 p. 55 business /ˈbɪznəs/n. 公司;商业 p. 55 except /ɪkˈsept/prep. 除…… 之外 p. 55 belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/v. 应在 (某处) p. 55 century /ˈsentʃəri/n. 世纪;百年 p. 56 foreign /ˈfɒrən/adj. 外国的 p. 57 mine /maɪn/n. 矿井;矿 p. 57 worst /wɜːst/adj. 最差的;最坏的;最糟的 p. 56 industry /ˈɪndəstri/n. 工业 p. 56 progress /ˈprəʊɡres/n. 进步;进展 p. 56 develop /dɪˈveləp/v. (使) 成长,发展,壮大 p. 56 condition /kənˈdɪʃn/n. 状况;状态 p. 56 countryside /ˈkʌntrisaɪd/n. 乡村;农村 p. 56 although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/conj. 虽然;尽管 p. 56 large /lɑːdʒ/adj. 大的;大规模的;大量的 p. 56 bath /bɑːθ/n. 浴缸;洗澡 p. 56 education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/n. 教育 p. 57 foreign /ˈfɒrən/adj. 外国的 p. 57 mine /maɪn/n. 矿井;矿 p. 57 punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/v. 处罚;惩罚 p. 57 burn /bɜːn/v. 燃烧;烧 p. 62 短语 in the past 在过去 many years ago 许多年前 by air/land/sea 乘飞机 / 经陆路 / 经海路 transport goods 运输货物 faraway places 遥远的地方 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 used to be 过去常常是 no longer 不再 right now/at once 立刻;马上 borrow...from... 从…… 借来…… belong to 属于 except for 除…… 之外(不包含) make progress 取得进步 at the beginning of 在…… 的开始 far (away) from 距离…… 很远 public transport 公共交通 move from...to... 从…… 搬迁到…… result in 造成;导致 lead to 造成;导致 in person 亲自 spend time with sb. 和某人度过时间 spend time doing sth. 花时间做某事 help with sth. 在某方面提供帮助 do the housework 做家务 tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人关于某事 bring...to life 把…… 赋予生命 hold an exhibition 举办一场展览 句型 1.Transport used to be very slow and difficult in the past. 在过去,交通运输非常缓慢和困难。 2.Many years ago, people seldom travelled by air but made long journeys by land or sea. 许多年前,人们很少乘飞机旅行,而长途旅行要通过陆路或海路。 3.Nowadays, ships and planes transport goods from faraway places, and trucks take them to stores and homes. 如今,船只和飞机从遥远的地方运送来货物,然后卡车把它们运到商店和家里。 4.The government decided to build a long bridge across the Jialing River. 政府决定修建一座横跨嘉陵江的大桥。 5.Great-grandma, what was it like when you were a child? 曾祖母,在您小时候生活是什么样子的? 6.I've never seen one before. 我以前从未见过(它)。 7.That can't be true! It seems like only yesterday that I bought my first cassette! 这不可能是真的!好像就在昨天,我才买了我的第一盒磁带! 8.My cassette player doesn't work any more. 我的盒式磁带播放机再也不能工作了。 9.Technology has gone so far since I was young! 和我年轻的时候比起来,现在的科技已经这么发达了! 10.It was used to take photos. 它是用来拍照的。 11.Industry grew fast and more jobs were created in 19th-century Britain. 在 19 世纪的英国,工业迅速增长,同时也产生了更多的就业机会。 12.Progress in technology made travel and communication much easier. 科技的进步使出行和通讯变得更加容易。 13.Although there were more new chances in the city, living conditions there were unpleasant for most people. 尽管城市里有更多的新机会,但那里的生活条件对大多数人来说都是糟糕的。 14.Even though it was raining, we still went out for a walk. 尽管下雨,我们还是出去散步了。 15.It's amazing how much life has changed! 生活发生的巨大变化真令人惊叹! 语法 让步状语从句 一、知识点清单 知识点1:Many years ago, people seldom travelled by air but made long journeys by land or sea. 许多年前,人们很少乘飞机旅行,而是通过陆路或海路进行长途旅行。 seldom /'seldəm/adv. 不常;很少;难得 【提示】seldom 表示否定或接近否定的语气,强调某事发生的频率很低。通常放在句中如下位置:①系动词之后;②谓语动词之前;③行为动词之前、助动词或情态动词之后。 ▪例句:He is seldom ill. 他很少生病。 ▪例句:He seldom visits his grandparents. 他很少去看望他的祖父母。 ▪例句:He has seldom travelled alone. 他很少独自旅行。 ▪例句:She can seldom find time to read books. 她很少能找到时间看书。 【联想】rarely adv. 罕有;很少;不常 by air, by land, by sea:分别表示 “通过空中”“通过陆地” 和 “通过海洋” 进行旅行或运输。 例句:The package was sent by air to ensure it would arrive quickly. 包裹通过空中运输,以确保快速到达。 例句:The goods were transported by land to the neighbouring city. 货物通过陆地运输到邻近城市。 例句:The tourists travelled to the island by sea. 游客通过水路到岛上旅行。 【提示】如表示具体的交通方式,可使用 by plane/train/ship 等表达。 journey /'dʒɜ:ni/n. 旅行 例句:The journey was long but interesting. 旅途很长但很有趣。 【辨析】trip, tour 与 journey ▪① trip 通常指往返的旅行。例:a business trip 出差 ▪② tour 多指游览多地的旅游、旅行。例:a tour of Austria 奥地利之旅 ▪③ journey 尤指长途旅行。例:a long and difficult journey across the mountains 漫长而艰难的翻山之旅 make long journeys:(进行)长途旅行 例句:She makes long journeys to visit her family abroad every year. 她每年都会长途旅行去看望她远在海外的家人。 知识点2:Nowadays, ships and planes transport goods from faraway places, and trucks take them to stores and homes. 如今,轮船和飞机从遥远的地方运输货物,卡车把它们运到商店和家庭。 nowadays /'naʊədeɪz/adv. 现今;现在;目前 【提示】nowadays 通常用于句首或句中,表示当前的时间或时代,强调某事在当前的情况或趋势。 ▪例句:Nowadays, it is common to see electric cars on the road. 现在,在路上看到电动汽车是很常见的。 ▪例句:People, nowadays, usually send emails instead of writing letters. 如今,人们通常发送电子邮件而不是写信。 truck /trʌk/n. 卡车;货运汽车 例句:A truck is used for carrying heavy goods. 卡车用于运输重物。 【联想】lorry n. 卡车;货运汽车 【提示】truck 表示 “卡车” 时用于美式英语或英式英语,lorry 多用于英式英语。 知识点3:It seems like only yesterday that I bought my first cassette! 我第一次买卡带就像在昨天一样! it:在本句中为形式主语。句子真正的主语是 that I bought my first cassette。 seem like:后接名词表示 “看起来像;似乎” 的意思。 例句:It seems like a good idea. 这听上去是个好主意。 例句:She seems like a nice person. 她看起来是个好人。 【提示】seem like 后也可以跟从句,表示可能性。例:It seems like it might rain later. 看起来稍后可能会下雨。 seem 的常见用法还有: ①后接形容词,用于描述某人或某事给人的印象或感觉。例:The solution seems effective. 这个解决方案看起来很有效。 ②后接动词不定式,表示某事发生的可能性。例:It seems to be a good day for a picnic. 看起来今天的好天气很适合野餐。 ③后接 that 引导的从句,表示印象或者可能性。例:It seems that the solution works well. 看起来这个解决方案效果很好。 ④后接 as if/though 引导的从句,表示印象或感觉。例:He seems as if/though he has seen this boy before. 他貌似以前见过这个男孩。 知识点4:It is used to take photos. 它是用来拍照的。 be used to do sth:被用来⋯⋯ 【提示】be used to do sth 是被动语态的用法,强调某物的用途。要注意与 used to do sth(过去常做某事)的差别。 ▪例句:Books are used to gain knowledge. 我们用书来获取知识。 ▪例句:He used to read a lot of books. 他以前会读很多书。 take photos:拍照 例句:I like to take photos of nature when I go hiking. 我喜欢在徒步旅行时拍摄自然风景。 知识点5:The lives of ordinary people also changed dramatically, both for the better and for the worse.(普通人的生活也发生了巨大的变化,有好有坏。) ordinary /ˈɔːdnri/adj. 普通的;平凡的 He is an ordinary person who works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 他是一个普通人,做着朝九晚五的工作。 【辨析】ordinary 与 common ① ordinary 与 common 都可以表示 “普通的” 或 “常见的”,描述某事物没有特别之处。但 ordinary 一般只能用作定语,common 则通常没有使用位置的限制。如: Colds are quite common in winter. (√) 感冒在冬季常发。 Colds are quite ordinary in winter. (×) 感冒在冬季常发。 She leads a common life/an ordinary life. (√) 她过着普通人的生活。 ② common 还有 “共同的” 之意,ordinary 则没有该含义。如: They have a common interest in music. 他们对音乐有共同的兴趣。 dramatically /drəˈmætɪkli/adv. 突然地;巨大地;令人吃惊地 The situation changed dramatically in the last ten minutes of the football game. 足球赛的最后十分钟,比赛形势发生了巨大变化。 【联想】drama n. 戏;剧;戏剧性事件;戏剧性情节 dramatic adj. 突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;戏剧的;戏剧性的 “both for the better and for the worse” 是句子的状语,修饰谓语动词 changed,说明变化的具体情况。the better 指代生活中的积极方面或改善的部分,the worse 指代生活中的消极方面或恶化的部分。这个短语强调了变化的两个方面,即:既有积极的改善,也有消极的恶化。又如: The new law has changed the way people work, both for the better and for the worse. 这项新法律改变了人们的工作方式,既有好的一面也有不好的一面。 知识点6:The development of public transport brought new chances for travelling, carrying goods and developing businesses.(公共交通的发展为旅行、货物运输和企业发展带来了新的机会。) development /dɪˈveləpmənt/n. 发展;成长;壮大 The development of technology is fast and has changed the way people learn. 科技发展迅速,改变了人们的学习方式。 develop /dɪˈveləp/v.(使)成长,发展,壮大 The country is developing quickly. 这个国家发展迅速。 【联想】developing adj. 发展中的;developed adj. 发达的;高度发展的 知识点7:Although there were more new chances in the city, living conditions there were unpleasant for most people.(虽然城市里有更多的新机会,但对大多数人来说,那里的生活条件比较糟糕。) although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/conj. 虽然;尽管 Although it was raining, we still went out. 虽然下雨,我们还是出去了。 【提示】although 用于引导让步状语从句。关于让步状语从句的相关知识参见本单元 Grammar in use 部分的讲解。 unpleasant /ʌnˈpleznt/adj. 令人不快的;不舒服的 The smell is unpleasant. 这气味令人不快。 The minerals in the water made it unpleasant to drink. 水里的矿物质使水很难喝。 【联想】pleasant adj. 令人愉快的 知识点8:Children from wealthy families received education and were encouraged to learn music and foreign languages.(富裕家庭的孩子接受教育,并被鼓励学习音乐和外语。) wealthy /ˈwelθi/adj. 富有的;富裕的 That region is one of the wealthiest in the country. 那个地区是全国最富有的地区之一。 【联想】wealth n. 财富;富有;rich adj. 富有的;肥沃的 education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/n. 教育 Lifelong learning is an important part of education. 终身学习是教育的重要组成部分。 【联想】educate v. 教育;educator n. 教育者;教育家 be encouraged to do sth 被鼓励做某事 【提示】这是 encourage 的被动语态用法,强调被鼓励的行为,鼓励的对象在前文中已被提及。又如: Students are encouraged to take part in extracurricular activities. 学生们被鼓励参加课外活动。 foreign /'fɒrən/adj. 外国的 He is a foreign student. 他是一个外国学生。 【联想】foreigner n. 外国人 foreign language 外语 Spanish is a popular foreign language in this country. 西班牙语在这个国家是一门很多人学习的外语。 【提示】“母语” 常用 mother tongue, native language, first language 等表达。 知识点9:They worked long hours in places like factories and mines, and even the smallest mistake could result in severe punishments. 他们在工厂和矿山等地方长时间工作,即使是最小的错误也可能导致严厉的惩罚。 mine /maɪn/n. 矿井;矿 Coal comes from mines. 煤来自矿井。 【联想】miner n. 矿工 result in 造成;导致 Long screen time can result in poor eyesight. 长时间使用电子设备会导致视力不好。 【辨析】lead to 与 result in ①两者都可以表示 “导致” 或 “引起”,在许多情况下可以互换使用。如: A poor diet and a lack of exercise can lead to/result in health problems. 不良饮食和缺乏锻炼可能导致健康问题。 ②lead to 用法更灵活,可以用于表示某事物或行为导致某种结果,也可以用于表示某条路径或方向通向某个地方。result in 更强调结果的产生,通常用于更正式的书面语境。如: This path leads to the lake. 这条小路通向湖边。 The company's poor management resulted in a great loss. 公司的管理不善导致了重大损失。 severe /sɪ'vɪə(r)/adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的 The car accident was severe. 这次车祸很严重。 【辨析】severe 与 serious ①两者都可以表示 “严重的”,常常可以互换使用。如: The economic downturn has had a severe/serious impact on the industry. 经济衰退对工业产生了严重影响。 ②severe 表示的严重程度高于 serious,它强调程度上的极端性,表示某事物达到了令人难以忍受或难以应对的程度。另外,serious 还可以用于描述人的态度或行为非常严肃或认真。如: The severe storm caused a lot of damage. 这场严重的风暴造成了大量损失。 He is a serious student and always studies hard. 他是一个认真学习的学生。 punish /'pʌnɪʃ/v. 处罚;惩罚 The teacher punished the naughty boy. 老师惩罚了那个淘气的男孩。 【联想】punishment n. 惩罚;处罚 punishment /'pʌnɪʃmənt/n. 惩罚;处罚 He received a severe punishment for his mistake. 他因犯错受到了严厉的惩罚。 【联想】punish v. 处罚;惩罚 二、语法点清单 引导词 核心含义 用法要点 典型例句 though 虽然;尽管 可置于句首 / 句中,不与 but 连用 Though he is young, he works hard. (虽年轻,但工作努力) although 虽然;尽管 语气比 though 稍强,多置于句首,不与 but 连用 Although it rained, we still went out. (虽下雨,我们仍外出) even though 即使;尽管 表强调 “退一步假设”,语气强于 though Even though he was tired, he finished his homework. (即使累,他仍完成作业) even if 即使;纵然 常表 “假设性让步”(未必真实发生) Even if it snows tomorrow, we will go to school. (即使明天下雪,我们也要上学) no matter + 疑问词(what/when/where/how/who) 无论……(什么 / 何时 / 何地 / 怎样 / 谁) 引导 “无条件让步”,疑问词不可省略 No matter how difficult it is, I will try. (无论多困难,我都会尝试) 疑问词 + ever(whatever/whenever/wherever/however/whoever) 无论……(什么 / 何时 / 何地 / 怎样 / 谁) 用法同 “no matter + 疑问词”,可引导主语 / 宾语从句 Whatever you say, I won’t change my mind. (无论你说什么,我都不改变主意) 三、写作清单 一、单元写作主题任务及解读 核心任务 围绕 “过去与现在的对比” 展开写作,可选择以下任一方向: 1.个人成长类:描述自己 / 家人在生活、学习、兴趣等方面的过去与现在差异(如 “我的学习方式变化”“家乡的发展”); 2.社会现象类:对比某一社会事物的变迁(如 “交通方式的改变”“通讯工具的发展”)。 任务解读 •核心要求:运用一般过去时(描述过去)和一般现在时(描述现在) ,突出 “对比” 逻辑,使用恰当的连接词; •写作结构:通常为 “总 - 分 - 总”—— 开头总述主题,中间分点对比具体差异,结尾总结感受 / 看法。 二、通用表达分类(可直接套用) 1. 主题单词(核心词汇) 类别 过去相关单词 现在相关单词 对比/连接类单词 生活场景 countryside(乡村)、cottage(小屋)、old-fashioned(老式的)、on foot(步行)、letter(信件) city(城市)、apartment(公寓)、modern(现代的)、by subway/car(乘地铁 / 汽车)、smartphone(智能手机) different from(与… 不同)、compared with(与… 相比)、change(变化)、develop(发展)、improve(改善) 学习场景 paper books(纸质书)、blackboard(黑板)、in class(课堂上)、take notes by hand(手写笔记) e-books(电子书)、whiteboard(白板)、online classes(网课)、use computers(用电脑) used to(过去常常)、now(现在)、at present(目前) 情感 / 感受 difficult(困难的)、boring(无聊的)、lonely(孤独的) easy(容易的)、interesting(有趣的)、convenient(方便的) better than(比… 好)、more comfortable(更舒适的) 2. 主题句子(万能句型) (1)开头引入句 •My life has changed a lot since five years ago.(五年以来,我的生活发生了很大变化。) •Compared with the past, our hometown is totally different now.(与过去相比,我们的家乡现在完全不同了。) •There are many differences between my study life then and now.(我的学习生活过去和现在有很多不同之处。) (2)过去情况描述句 •I used to go to school on foot because my home was near.(我过去步行上学,因为我家离学校近。) •In the past, people communicated with each other by writing letters.(过去,人们通过写信互相交流。) •My grandparents lived in a small cottage with a big garden.(我的祖父母过去住在带大花园的小屋裡。) (3)现在情况描述句 •Now, I usually go to school by subway, which is faster and more convenient.(现在,我通常乘地铁上学,既快又方便。) •At present, almost everyone uses smartphones to make calls or chat online.(目前,几乎每个人都用智能手机打电话或网上聊天。) •We can take online classes at home when we are not able to go to school.(当我们不能去学校时,我们可以在家上网课。) (4)对比转折句 •I used to hate English, but now I am very interested in it.(我过去讨厌英语,但现在我对它非常感兴趣。) •Our houses were small and old in the past, while now we live in tall and modern apartments.(过去我们的房子又小又旧,而现在我们住在高大现代的公寓里。) •Life was simple before, but it is more colorful now.(以前的生活很简单,但现在更丰富多彩了。) (5)结尾总结句 •I think these changes are great because they make our life better and easier.(我认为这些变化很棒,因为它们让我们的生活更美好、更便捷。) •From these changes, I realize that our society is developing rapidly.(从这些变化中,我意识到我们的社会正在快速发展。) •I will cherish the present life and look forward to more wonderful changes in the future.(我会珍惜现在的生活,期待未来更多美好的变化。) 3. 主题段落(模板段落) 模板 1:个人成长类(学习方式变化) In the past, my study life was quite simple. I used to read paper books and take notes by hand in class. When I had questions, I could only ask my teachers or classmates face to face. But now, everything is different. I often use e-books and computers to study. There are many online courses that can help me learn more knowledge. If I meet problems, I can search for answers on the Internet quickly. These changes make my study more efficient and interesting. 模板 2:社会现象类(家乡交通变化) Compared with ten years ago, the traffic in my hometown has changed a lot. In the past, there were few buses and most people traveled by bike or on foot. The roads were narrow and it was not easy to go to other cities. Now, wide roads and new bridges have been built. We can take high-speed trains, subways or planes to travel. It only takes two hours to go to the capital city by high-speed train now, while it used to take ten hours by bus. These changes bring great convenience to people's life. 三、范文背诵(典型范例) Then and Now My hometown is a small town in the south of China. It has changed greatly over the past ten years, and I am always proud of these changes. In the past, my hometown was a quiet place. Most people lived in small houses with red roofs. The roads were made of dirt, so when it rained, the roads became muddy and difficult to walk on. There were only a few small shops, and people could not buy many kinds of things. Children usually played games like hide-and-seek or jumping rope outside, because there were no supermarkets or amusement parks. Now, my hometown is totally different. The dirt roads have been replaced by wide and clean asphalt roads. Many tall buildings and modern apartments have been built. There are big supermarkets, shopping malls and even a cinema in the town. People can buy all kinds of products easily and enjoy movies in their free time. The traffic is also more convenient—buses run every ten minutes, and many families have their own cars. What's more, there is a beautiful park with lakes and green trees, where people can take a walk or do exercise. I love my hometown very much. The changes not only make our life more comfortable and convenient but also show the development of our country. I believe my hometown will become more beautiful in the future. 1 / 11 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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Unit 4 Then and now(知识清单)英语沪教版五四学制2024八年级上册
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Unit 4 Then and now(知识清单)英语沪教版五四学制2024八年级上册
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