Unit 7 The natural world.Reading·Grammar·Word power（语法讲解+词汇突破+分层精练）-2025-2026学年译林版英语八年级上册

Unit 7 The natural world.（Reading·Grammar·Word power） （语法讲解+词汇突破+分层精练） 目 录 一、语法讲解Ⅰ：动词与句子结构（2） 2 （一）双宾语结构（S + V + IO + DO） 2 （二）宾语补足语结构（S + V + O + C） 3 （三）双宾语 vs. 宾语补足语的核心区别 3 （四）中考题型练习题 4 二、语法讲解Ⅱ：连词and,but,or和so的用法 5 （一）and（表示并列关系）） 5 （二）but（表示转折关系） 5 （三）or（表示选择或否定并列） 6 （四）so（表示因果关系） 6 （五）四连词的功能对比 6 （六）顺口溜 7 （七）中考题型练习题 7 三、词汇拓展：后缀ly的用法 8 （一）形容词 → 副词（主要功能） 8 （二）名词 → 形容词 8 （三）形容词 + ly 仍为形容词（特殊词） 8 （四）特殊情况 9 （五）中考题型练习题 9 四、分层精练 10 （二）单项选择 10 （三）单词拼写 13 （四）完成句子 15 （五）阅读理解（2篇） 17 一、语法讲解Ⅰ：动词与句子结构（2） （一）双宾语结构（S + V + IO + DO） 1. 概念 双宾语由间接宾语（人）和直接宾语（物）构成： 间接宾语（IO）：动作的接受者（回答“给谁/为谁”），通常是人。 直接宾语（DO）：动作的直接对象（回答“什么”），通常是物。 结构公式： 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 例句： She gave me（间宾） a book（直宾）. Mum cooked us（间宾） dinner（直宾）。 2. 常接双宾语的动词分类 以下动词需按语义分类记忆，是中考高频考点： 动词类型 常见动词 例句 给予类 give, pass, send He passed her the salt. 制作/购买类 buy, make, cook Dad bought me a gift. 告知类 tell, teach, show She told us a story. 3. 结构转换规则 双宾语可转换为“直宾 + to/for + 间宾”结构，需注意介词选择： 用to：强调动作“指向”某人（give, send, tell等）。 She gave a book to me. 用for：强调动作“为”某人做（buy, make, cook等）。 Mum cooked dinner for us。 4. 被动语态转换 双宾语有两种被动形式（中考易错点）： 间接宾语作主语： I was given a book (by her). 直接宾语作主语： A book was given to me (by her)。 （二）宾语补足语结构（S + V + O + C） 1. 概念 宾语补足语（OC）：补充说明宾语的状态、身份或动作，与宾语存在逻辑主谓/主表关系。 结构公式： 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 例句： We call him（宾） Lily（补）. （him = Lily） The news made her（宾） sad（补）。 2. 宾补的形式 宾补可由多种成分充当，需结合动词搭配记忆： 词性 例句 逻辑关系 名词 They elected him chairman. him = chairman 形容词 Keep the window open. window is open 不定式（省to） Let me try again. me try again 分词 I saw a girl crying. girl was crying 3.常接宾补的动词分类 动词类型 常见动词 考点提示 使役动词 let, make, have 接不定式作宾补时省略to 感官动词 see, watch, hear, feel 接不定式（表完整动作）或分词（表进行） 认知动词 call, find, name, think 宾补说明宾语属性 （三）双宾语 vs. 宾语补足语的核心区别 这是中考语法难点，需从逻辑关系和成分性质区分： 双宾语：两个宾语独立（人≠物），无逻辑关联。 I sent her（间宾） a letter（直宾）. （her ≠ letter） 宾补：宾补与宾语有逻辑关联（宾语=宾补）。 We named the dog（宾） Lucky（补）. （dog = Lucky）。 辨析口诀： 双宾两人物独立，宾补主谓紧相连。 转换to/for双宾现，宾补删去句难全。 （四）中考题型练习题 A.单项选择 1. The teacher told ________ an interesting story. A. we　　　B. us　　　C. our　　　D. ourselves 【答案】B 【详解】tell接双宾语，空格处需间接宾语（人），用宾格us。 2. Mom made the room ________ for the party. A. clean　　　B. to clean　　　C. cleaning　　　D. cleaned 【答案】A 【详解】make接宾补，形容词clean说明宾语the room的状态。 3. They called their daughter ________. A. Lily　　　B. to Lily　　　C. for Lily　　　D. with Lily 【答案】A 【详解】call接宾补，名词Lily与daughter是同一人。 4. Could you pass ________ the salt? A. me to　　　B. for me　　　C. me　　　D. to me 【答案】C 【详解】双宾语结构，me为间宾；若用to me则需置于直宾后（pass the salt to me）。 5. We watched the boys ________ basketball. A. played　　　B. to play　　　C. play　　　D. are playing 【答案】C 【详解】感官动词watch接省略to的不定式作宾补，表完整动作。 B.句型转换 6. She gave me a gift. （改为同义句） → She gave a gift ________. 【答案】to me 【详解】双宾语结构可转换为“直宾 + to + 间宾”。 7. They consider him a hero. （对划线部分提问） → ________ do they consider him? 【答案】What 【详解】宾补a hero说明宾语身份，提问用What。 C.句子结构分析 8. My father bought a new bike for me. → 结构：________ 【答案】S + V + DO + for + IO 【详解】bought是及物动词，a new bike为直宾，for me为间宾后置。 9. I found the book interesting. → 宾补成分：________ 【答案】interesting（形容词） 【详解】interesting补充说明宾语the book的状态。 D.改错题 10. The teacher asked them don’t talk in class. 【答案】don’t → not to 【详解】ask接宾补需用不定式，否定形式为ask sb. not to do。 二、语法讲解Ⅱ：连词and,but,or和so的用法 （一）and（表示并列关系） 功能：连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子，译为“和”“并且”。 规则： 连接三个及以上词语时，and 置于末项前（例：eggs, meat, rice, and milk）。 在否定句中，并列成分需用 or 替代 and（例：I can’t sing or dance）。 例句： Lucy and I go to school five days a week. （连接并列主语） You must look after yourself and keep healthy. （连接并列谓语） （二） but（表示转折关系） 功能：连接意思相反或对立的成分，译为“但是”“然而”。 规则： 不可与 though/although 连用（例：✗ Though he is young, but he is experienced.）。 例句： The room was small but comfortable. （连接形容词表转折） Mary likes classical music, but her husband likes rock. （连接分句） （三） or（表示选择或否定并列） 功能： 疑问句或肯定句中表选择（“或者”）； 否定句中替代 and（“也不”）； 用于“祈使句 + or”表“否则”。 例句： Do you prefer tea or coffee? （选择疑问句） Drive slowly, or you may crash. （“否则”用法） （四） so（表示因果关系） 功能：连接两个简单句，表“因此”，强调结果。 规则： 不可与 because 连用（例：✓ She was ill, so she stayed home. / ✗ Because she was ill, so...）。 特殊句型： So + 助动词 + 主语：表“也”（例：I like apples, and so does she.）。 So + 主语 + 助动词：表“确实”（例：—He studies hard. —So he does.）。 例句： It rained heavily, so the match was canceled. （因果连接） （五）四连词的功能对比 连词 关系 例句场景 and 并列 动作延续（sing and dance） but 转折 优缺点对比（small but cozy） or 选择/否定 二选一/否定并列 so 因果 前因后果（rain→cancel） （六） 顺口溜 “and 并列 but 转，or 选或否 so 因果连；否定句中 or 替 and，so/because 不共存！” （七）中考题型练习题 单项选择 1. —I like action movies, ______ my sister prefers cartoons. —That’s why we never watch together! A. and B. but C. or D. so 2. Hurry up, ______ you’ll miss the school bus! A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. He doesn’t eat meat ______ fish because he is vegetarian. A. and B. but C. or D. so 4. She finished her homework early, ______ she went to play basketball. A. and B. but C. or D. so 5. —Can you play the piano ______ the violin? —Only the piano. A. and B. but C. or D. so 6. The story is long, ______ it’s easy to read. A. and B. but C. or D. so 7. ______ time passed, the child grew taller. A. And B. But C. As D. So 8. —Tom won the game. —______ he did! I saw his medal. A. And B. But C. Or D. So 9. I was doing my homework ______ the phone rang. A. when B. while C. as D. so 10. We must protect the environment, ______ we’ll lose our home. A. and B. but C. or D. so 【答案】1. B； 2. C； 3. C；4. D；5. C；6. B； 7. C； 8. D； 9. A； 10. C； 【详解】1. （转折关系，两人喜好相反） ； 2.（“or”表“否则”，符合“祈使句+or”结构）； 3.（否定句中并列成分用“or”）； 4. （“so”连接因果：作业完成早→去打篮球）； 5. （选择疑问句用“or”） ； 6. （转折：故事长但易读）； 7. （“as”表“随着”，非并列连词，但为常见干扰项） ； 8. （“So he did!”表“确实如此”，赞同对方话）； 9. （“when”强调短动作发生，长动作被打断）； 10. （“or”表“否则”，环境破坏→失去家园）； 三、词汇拓展：后缀ly的用法 （一）形容词 → 副词（主要功能） 规则：在形容词后直接加 ly 例：quick → quickly（快速地）, careful → carefully（仔细地） 特殊拼写规则： 以 y 结尾的形容词 → 变 y 为 i 加 ly 例：happy → happily（快乐地）, easy → easily（容易地） 以 le 结尾的形容词 → 去 e 加 y 例：simple → simply（简单地）, gentle → gently（温柔地） 以 ic 结尾的形容词 → 加 ally 例：basic → basically（基本上）, heroic → heroically（英勇地） （二）名词 → 形容词 规则：部分名词加 ly 构成形容词，表示“具有……特征的” 例：friend → friendly（友好的）, month → monthly（每月的） 注意：此类词不可再变副词（如不能说 friendlily） （三）形容词 + ly 仍为形容词（特殊词） 部分以 ly 结尾的词本身是形容词，无副词形式： 例：lovely（可爱的）, lonely（孤独的）, lively（活泼的）, ugly（丑陋的） （四）特殊情况 词义改变： hard（形容词：努力；副词：努力地）→ hardly（副词：几乎不） late（形容词/副词：迟到）→ lately（副词：最近） 同形词： daily（形容词/副词：每日的/地）, weekly（每周的/地） 不规则变化： good（形容词）→ well（副词） true（形容词）→ truly（副词） 去 e 加 ly： whole → wholly（完全地）, due → duly（适当地） （五）中考题型练习题 1.She speaks English ______ (fluent) than I do. 2.The children played ______ (happy) in the park. 3.This is a ______ (month) magazine. 4.He looked at me ______ (angry) and left. 5.The story sounds ______ (true), but it’s not. 6.She smiled ______ (friendly) at the guests. 7.We must drive ______ (careful) on icy roads. 8.The old man lives ______ (lonely) in the village. 9.The meeting is held ______ (year) in December. 10.He ______ (hard) studies these days for the exam. 【答案】1.more fluently；2.happily；3.monthly；4.angrily；5.untrue；6.in a friendly way；7.carefully；8.alone；9.yearly；10.hardly； 【详解】1.空格修饰动词 "speaks"，需用副词；形容词 "fluent" 变副词为 "fluently"，因句中有 "than" 表比较级，用 "more fluently"。 2.修饰动词 "played" 用副词；"happy" 以 y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 ly → happily。 3.空格修饰名词 "magazine"，用形容词；名词 "month" → 形容词 "monthly"（每月的）。 4.修饰动词 "looked" 用副词；"angry" 以 y 结尾 → 变 y 为 i 加 ly → angrily。 5.空格在系动词 "sounds" 后作表语，需形容词；根据句意“故事听起来不真实”，填反义词 untrue（不真实的）。 6."friendly" 是形容词，无副词形式！需用短语 "in a friendly way" 表达“友好地”。 7.修饰动词 "drive" 用副词；"careful" 直接加 ly → carefully。 8."lonely" 是形容词（孤独的），不可作副词！修饰动词 "lives" 用副词 "alone"（独自地）。 9.修饰动词 "is held" 用副词；名词 "year" → 副词 "yearly"（每年地）。 10.句意为“他最近几乎不学习”，需用否定副词 "hardly"（几乎不）。注意：hard（努力）→ hardly（几乎不）词义改变！ 四、分层精练 （一）单项选择 1．Which of the sentences has the same structure as “We find the film interesting.”? A．He looks tired. B．What did she give you? C．Music makes me happy. D．The boy fell from his bike just now. 【答案】C 【详解】句意：以下哪个句子的结构与“We find the film interesting.”相同？ 考查句子结构。He looks tired.是“主语+系动词+表语”结构；What did she give you?，特殊疑问句，是“主语+谓语+双宾”结构；Music makes me happy.是“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”结构；The boy fell from his bike just now.是“主语+谓语+宾语+状语”结构。We find the film interesting.是“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”结构，所以C项正确。故选C。 2．Which of the following sentences has the structure of :S+V+IO+DO? A．Autumn leaves turn brown. B．Sandy’s mum gave her a new computer. C．I found him very interesting. D．Tommy does his homework every day. 【答案】B 【详解】句意：下面哪个句子的结构是主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语？ 考查句子结构。Autumn leaves turn brown是主语+连系动词+表语结构；Sandy’s mum gave her a new computer是主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语结构；I found him very interesting是主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语结构；Tommy does his homework every day是主语+谓语+宾语结构。故选B。 3．The structure of the sentence “The students call the little cat Mimi.” is ________. A．S+V+P B．S+V+ O C．S+V+IO+DO D．S+V+ DO +OC 【答案】D 【详解】句意：“The students call the little cat Mimi.”这个句子的结构是主语+谓语+直接宾语+宾语补足语。 考查句子结构。根据“The students call the little cat Mimi.”可知，The students作主语(S)，call作谓语(V)，the little cat是直接宾语(DO)，Mimi是宾语补足语(OC)。故选D。 4．简单句 He gave me a gift.是下面哪种结构________。 A．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+O（宾语） B．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+P（表语） C．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+IO（间接宾语）+DO（直接宾语） D．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+O（宾语）+OC（宾语补足语） 【答案】C 【详解】句意：简单句 He gave me a gift.的结构为：S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+IO（间接宾语）+DO（直接宾语）。 考查基本句型。分析句子He gave me a gift.可知，He为主语，gave为谓语动词；me指人，为间接宾语；a gift指物，为直接宾语。故选C。 5．Which of the following sentences has the same structure as “The teacher gave the students an interesting project”? A．The students had fun in the playground. B．The classroom is bigger than before. C．The students saw the leaves falling. D．The librarian showed a picture to the children. 【答案】D 【详解】句意：下面哪个句子与“The teacher gave the students an interesting project”的结构相同？ 考查句子结构。The students had fun in the playground.主谓宾；The classroom is bigger than before.主系表；The students saw the leaves falling.主谓宾+宾补；The librarian showed a picture to the children.主谓+直宾+to+间宾。“The teacher gave the students an interesting project”的结构是“主谓+间宾+直宾”，所以选项D的句子与其结构相同，均为双宾语结构。故选D。 6．Which of the following is the same sentence structure as “I saw him reading a book.”? A．You have a very nice sister. B．The news made me happy. C．My grandpa gave me a red packet. D．He likes playing the piano. 【答案】B 【详解】句意：以下哪个句子结构与“我看见他在看书”相同？ 考查句子结构。You have a very nice sister.“主+谓+宾”结构；The news made me happy.“主+谓+宾+宾补”结构；My grandpa gave me a red packet.“主+谓+双宾”结构；He likes playing the piano.“主+谓+宾”结构。题干中“I saw him reading a book.”为“主+谓+宾+宾补”结构。故选B。 7．Which has the same sentence structure as “The news made all of us excited.”? A．Children like flying kites. B．It often rains in spring. C．We can see people make snowmen. D．Autumn leaves turn brown. 【答案】C 【详解】句意：哪个句子结构与“这个消息让我们都很兴奋”相同？ 考查句子结构。Children like flying kites.句子结构为主+谓+宾；It often rains in spring.句子结构为主+谓+时间状语；We can see people make snowmen.句子结构为主+谓+宾+宾补；Autumn leaves turn brown.‌句子结构为主+系+表。The news made all of us excited.句子结构为主+谓+宾+宾补。故选C。 8．The sentence structure of “My mum cooked me a nice meal yesterday.” is________. A．S+V+O B．S+V+P C．S+V+DO+OC D．S+V+IO+DO 【答案】D 【详解】句意：“My mum cooked me a nice meal yesterday.”的句子结构是“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”。 考查句子结构。分析句子可知，my mum是主语S，cooked是谓语V，me是间接宾语IO，a nice meal是直接宾语DO，所以句子结构是S+V+IO+DO。故选D。 9．What is the sentence structure of “Eddie is watching Hobo work.”? A．S+V+O B．S+V+IO+DO C．S+V+P D．S+V+DO+OC 【答案】D 【详解】句意：“埃迪正在看着霍波干活”这句话的句子结构是什么？ 考查基本句型。该句型结构为“主语+谓语+直接宾语+宾语补足语”，表示“埃迪正在看霍波工作”。其中，Eddie为主语（S）；is watching为谓语（V）；Hobo为直接宾语（DO）；work为宾语补足语（OC）。故选D。 10．You can keep my dictionary as long as you want. Don’t forget to ________ it to me after you buy a new one. A．lend B．take C．return D．borrow 【答案】C 【详解】句意为：只要你想，你可以一直保留我的 字典。你买了新字典后，别忘了把它还给我。 考查动词辨析。lend借给；take拿；return归还；borrow借。根据“Don’t forget to...it to me after you buy a new one.”以及选项可知，应选return，表示别忘了把它还给我。return sth to sb“把某物归还给某人”。故选C。 （二）单词拼写 11．We must (行动) right now because we don’t have enough time. 【答案】act 【详解】句意：我们现在必须马上行动，因为我们没有足够的时间了。“行动”的英文表达为act，must是情态动词，其后要接动词原形。故填act。 12．Bad air can the environment and is to the health of living creatures. (harm) 【答案】 harm harmful 【详解】句意：糟糕的空气会危害环境，并对生物的健康有害。第一个空位于情态动词can后，填动词原形。harm“伤害”，动词；第二个空位于is后，修饰Bad air，填形容词作表语，harm的形容词为harmful“有害的”。故填harm；harmful。 13．Tree roots can cause (损害) to roads. 【答案】damage 【详解】句意：树根会对道路造成损坏。“损害”damage，不可数名词，此处作宾语。故填damage。 14．He connected the [ˈsɪstəm] to the computer last night. 【答案】system 【详解】句意：昨晚他把系统连接到电脑上。根据音标[ˈsɪstəm]提示可知，其英文为system，为名词。故填system。 15．Rainforests (是……的家园) many animals and plants. 【答案】 are home to 【详解】句意：雨林是许多动物和植物的家园。home to“……的家园”，句子为一般现在时，缺少谓语，主语是Rainforests，用be动词are。故填are；home；to。 16．Thousands died in the war, (include) many women and children. 【答案】including 【详解】句意：成千上万的人在战争中丧生，其中包括许多妇女和儿童。根据“Thousands…many women and children.”可知，丧生的人中包括许多妇女和儿童，用介词including，故填including。 17．My sister cried and I looked at her (sad). 【答案】sadly 【详解】句意：我妹妹哭了，我悲伤地看着她。sad“悲伤的”，形容词。根据“looked at her”可知，此处用副词修饰动词“looked”，sad的副词为sadly，意为“悲伤地”，故填sadly。 18．This is our school library. Let me show you . 【答案】around 【详解】句意：这是我们学校的图书馆。让我带你参观一下。show sb around ...“带领某人参观……”。故填around。 19．We are taking steps to (预防) air pollution. 【答案】prevent 【详解】句意：我们正在采取措施预防空气污染。prevent“预防”。由于to后接动词原形构成不定式表目的，故填prevent。 20．I am sure she didn’t want to do you any (伤害). 【答案】harm 【详解】句意：我确定她不想对你造成任何伤害。harm“伤害”。harm是不可数名词，故填harm。 21．Don’t eat too much sugar because it (造成) tooth problem. 【答案】causes 【详解】句意：不要吃太多的糖，因为它会造成牙齿问题。“造成”是cause，及物动词，在because引导的原因状语从句中作谓语，主句是一般现在时，从句也用一般现在时，从句主语it是第三人称单数，谓语动词cause用第三人称单数形式causes。故填causes。 （三）完成句子 22．You can eat the food here. You can take it home.（合并成一句） You can eat the food here you can take it home. 【答案】or 【详解】句意：你可以在这里吃这些食物。你可以把它带回家。合并为一句后句意为“你可在这里吃这些食物，或者把它带回家。”前后两个分句表达的事情不能同时进行，只能做一个，需要选择一个表示选择关系的连词，“or”符合语境。故填or。 23．①Lily found a very good book in a bookshop. ②It was too expensive for her to buy. 请用连词将①、②句连成一句话，符合逻辑即可。 【答案】Lily found a very good book in a bookshop but it was too expensive for her to buy. 【详解】句意：①莉莉在书店里找到了一本很好的书。②太贵了，她买不起。题干意思表示转折，可以用并列连词but连接表示转折意思的句子。故填Lily found a very good book in a bookshop but it was too expensive for her to buy. 24．Paul likes milk. He doesn’t like bread. （合并为一句） Paul likes milk, he doesn’t like bread. 【答案】but 【详解】句意：保罗喜欢牛奶。他不喜欢面包。根据所给两个句子可知，前后句是转折关系，用转折连词but。故填but。 25．We’re taking the plane. It’s a long way. (用  so  连接句子) 【答案】It’s a long way so we’re taking the plane. 【详解】句意：这是很长的旅程, 所以我们坐飞机去。 so表示“因此”，so引导结果状语从句。前后两句是因果关系,“it’s a long way”是原因，“we’re taking the plane”是结果。可变成It’s a long way so we’re taking the plane.故答案为It’s a long way so we’re taking the plane. 26．My mother loves to watch TV. She doesn’t love to play sports.(合并为一句） My mother loves to watch TV doesn’t love to play sports. 【答案】 but she 【详解】句意：我妈妈喜欢看电视。她不喜欢做运动。两个句子的合意为“我妈妈喜欢看电视，不喜欢做运动”，属于转折关系的并列句。but但是，表转折。结合句意可知，故答案为(1) but    (2) she。 27．I get up at six o'clock. I have breakfast at half past six.(合并句子) 【答案】I get up at six o'clock and have breakfast at half past six. 【详解】句意：我六点起床。我六点半吃早饭。可以把这个句子变为并列句，用连词and连接，表承接，主语都是I，把后一个主语省略，故填I get up at six o'clock and have breakfast at half past six. 28．The white T-shirt matches the black trousers. The red T-shirt matches the black trousers, too.  (合并为一句) the white T-shirt and the red T-shirt the black trousers. 【答案】 Both match 【详解】句意：白色T恤搭配黑色裤子。红色的T恤和黑色裤子也很相配。分析原句可知两句都为简单句，且时态都为一般现在时；再根据新句中“and”，可知新句是由两个简单句构成的并列复合句；根据原句间逻辑关系，可知应用“Both…and…”来表达，主语是“the white T-shirt and the red T-shirt”，谓语动词应用动词原形。故填Both；match。 29．Liu Li likes ice cream. I don’t like ice cream. Liu Li likes ice cream, I don’t like it. 【答案】but 【详解】句意：刘丽喜欢冰激凌。我不喜欢冰激凌。原句是两个简单句，要改写为一个复合句。根据前句和后句的对比，可知此处表示转折关系，but“但是”，表示转折关系，故填but。 30．She likes fruit. She doesn’t like vegetables.（合并成一句话） 【答案】She likes fruit but she doesn’t like vegetables. 【详解】句意：她喜欢水果。她不喜欢蔬菜。两句存在转折关系，合并为一句话时用but连接。故填She likes fruit but she doesn’t like vegetables. 31．Jackson can play tennis. Peter can’t play tennis. (用but合并为一句话) 【答案】Jackson can play tennis, but Peter can’t. 【详解】句意：杰克逊会打网球。彼得不会打网球。根据题干，but连接两个并列分句，表示转折关系，两个句子都是一般现在时，主语分别为Jackson和Peter，中间用but连接，可以省略第二个play tennis使得句子更加简洁。故填Jackson can play tennis, but Peter can’t. （四）阅读理解 （A） 根据短文内容，从短文后的A ~ F选项中，选出5个适当的选项补全短文。 Deserts are the driest places on the earth. Very little rain falls there and few plants can grow. About one-fifth of the land on Earth is desert. 32 Cold deserts are dry and cold. They are found in freezing areas around the North and South Poles (两极). 33 Hot deserts are dry and hot in the day. But they can be very cold at night. Some hot deserts are sandy. 34 It is the Sahara in North Africa. Desert plants Not many plants can live in the desert. 35 Some desert plants have very long roots to reach water underground. The roots of a kind of plant of North America may go down 50 meters to reach water. A cactus keeps water in its thick stem. Desert animals Few animals live in the desert. Most of them sleep during the day and only come out at night when it is cooler. The best-known desert animal is the camel (骆驼). A camel can go a long time without water. 36 Then, when the camel finds water, it can drink 115 L or more in a few minutes. A．Kinds of desert B．Hot areas of desert C．What’s the world’s largest hot desert? D．The ground of cold deserts is always covered with ice and snow. E．It can lose about one-third of the weight of its body and still live. F．Those that do live there have changed themselves to fit the dry conditions. 【答案】32．A 33．D 34．C 35．F 36．E 【导语】本文介绍沙漠的种类、植物、动物及相关特性。 32．根据文章下文分别介绍了“Cold deserts”和“Hot deserts”可知，这是在介绍沙漠的种类。A选项“沙漠的种类”能够统领下文关于不同种类沙漠的描述。故选A。 33．根据文章前文提到“Cold deserts are dry and cold. They are found in freezing areas around the North and South Poles.”可知，寒漠又干又冷。它们位于北极和南极周围的寒冷地区。D选项“寒漠的地面总是覆盖着冰雪”进一步描述了寒漠的地面特征，与上文对寒漠的介绍相承接。故选D。 34．根据文章前问提到“Some hot deserts are sandy.”可知，一些热漠是沙质的；后面说“It is the Sahara in North Africa.”，它是北非的撒哈拉沙漠。C选项“世界上最大的热沙漠是什么？”引出了对世界上最大热漠——撒哈拉沙漠的介绍，符合上下文逻辑。故选C。 35．根据文章前文说“Not many plants can live in the desert.”可知，没有很多植物能在沙漠中生存。F选项“那些确实生活在那里的植物已经改变自身以适应干燥的环境”顺承上文，解释了能在沙漠中生存的植物的特点。故选F。 36．根据文章前文说“A camel can go a long time without water.”可知，骆驼可以长时间不喝水。E选项“它可以失去大约自身三分之一的体重仍然存活”进一步说明了骆驼在缺水情况下的生存能力，与下文“Then, when the camel finds water, it can drink 115 L or more in a few minutes.（然后，当骆驼找到水时，它可以在几分钟内喝下115升或更多的水）”相衔接。故选E。 （B） Have you considered what to do if you were lost in the wild? Well, trees can offer great help for survival (幸存). First, trees can help you find water. Willows (柳树) often grow near water sources. Their presence is a sign that you can try digging near these trees to find water. Baobabs (猴面包树) in Africa store large amounts of water in their thick trunks. In an emergency, you can make a small hole in the trunk and get some water to drink. Food is another important thing that trees provide. Besides apples and bananas on the trees, acorns (橡实) from oak trees can be made into food, too. You just need to take away the bitter part. The inner bark of some trees like pine trees can save you from hunger when there’s nothing else to eat. When night comes and you need a place to sleep, trees can help with that. Using some long strong branches, you can make a shelter (庇护所) by leaning them against a standing tree. Then cover it with leaves or grass or smaller branches to protect you from the wind and rain. Moreover, branches can be made into tools. Sharpening a straight branch makes a spear (矛) for hunting small animals or keeping dangerous animals away. Finally, trees can help you find your way. In the Northern Hemisphere, moss (苔藓) typically grows on the north side of trees, and the south-facing branches grow better because they get more sunlight. So, next time you’re in the wild, remember how helpful trees can be! 37．According to the passage, what can you do to get water if you are thirsty in the wild? A．Dig near willow trees. B．Make holes in oak trees. C．Search for pine trees. D．Look for long branches. 38．How do you make a shelter using trees? A．Build a wall by using long roots. B．Lean branches against a standing tree. C．Put fallen trees on top of each other. D．Dig out a space inside a large tree. 39．Why do the south-facing branches grow better in the Northern Hemisphere? A．Because they are closer to the ground. B．Because they have more leaves. C．Because they get more sunlight. D．Because they are protected by moss. 40．How does the writer organize this passage? A．By giving real-life examples in time order. B．By listing different ways trees help in the wild. C．By comparing different types of wild trees. D．By telling a story about survival in the wild. 41．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．How to Bring Back the Natural Beauty. B．Unusual Tree Species Were Discovered. C．Learn to Treat Trees in a Kind Way. D．Trees Help with Survival in the Wild. 【答案】37．A 38．B 39．C 40．B 41．D 【导语】本文讲述了在野外迷路时，树木可从找水、提供食物、建庇护所、做工具、辨方向等方面，助力生存，要记住树木的帮助。 37．细节理解题。根据“Willows (柳树) often grow near water sources. Their presence is a sign that you can try digging near these trees to find water.”可知，在野外口渴时可在柳树附近挖掘找水。故选A。 38．细节理解题。根据“Using some long strong branches, you can make a shelter (庇护所) by leaning them against a standing tree.”可知，搭建庇护所的方式是把树枝靠在直立的树上。故选B。 39．细节理解题。根据“In the Northern Hemisphere, moss (苔藓) typically grows on the north side of trees, and the south-facing branches grow better because they get more sunlight”可知，朝南树枝长得好是因为阳光更充足。故选C。 40．细节理解题。文章分别从找水、获取食物、搭建庇护所、制作工具、找路等方面列举树木在野外对生存的帮助，是通过列举树木在野外帮助生存的不同方式来组织内容的。故选B。 41．最佳标题题。文章主要讲了在野外迷路时，树木在生存方面找水、食物、庇护所等能提供的帮助，“树木助力野外生存能”概括主旨。故选D。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 7 The natural world.（Reading·Grammar·Word power） （语法讲解+词汇突破+分层精练） 目 录 一、语法讲解Ⅰ：动词与句子结构（2） 2 （一）双宾语结构（S + V + IO + DO） 2 （二）宾语补足语结构（S + V + O + C） 3 （三）双宾语 vs. 宾语补足语的核心区别 3 （四）中考题型练习题 4 二、语法讲解Ⅱ：连词and,but,or和so的用法 5 （一）and（表示并列关系）） 5 （二）but（表示转折关系） 5 （三）or（表示选择或否定并列） 5 （四）so（表示因果关系） 5 （五）四连词的功能对比 6 （六）顺口溜 6 （七）中考题型练习题 6 三、词汇拓展：后缀ly的用法 7 （一）形容词 → 副词（主要功能） 7 （二）名词 → 形容词 7 （三）形容词 + ly 仍为形容词（特殊词） 7 （四）特殊情况 8 （五）中考题型练习题 8 四、分层精练 8 （二）单项选择 8 （三）单词拼写 10 （四）完成句子 10 （五）阅读理解（2篇） 11 一、语法讲解Ⅰ：动词与句子结构（2） （一）双宾语结构（S + V + IO + DO） 1. 概念 双宾语由间接宾语（人）和直接宾语（物）构成： 间接宾语（IO）：动作的接受者（回答“给谁/为谁”），通常是人。 直接宾语（DO）：动作的直接对象（回答“什么”），通常是物。 结构公式： 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 例句： She gave me（间宾） a book（直宾）. Mum cooked us（间宾） dinner（直宾）。 2. 常接双宾语的动词分类 以下动词需按语义分类记忆，是中考高频考点： 动词类型 常见动词 例句 给予类 give, pass, send He passed her the salt. 制作/购买类 buy, make, cook Dad bought me a gift. 告知类 tell, teach, show She told us a story. 3. 结构转换规则 双宾语可转换为“直宾 + to/for + 间宾”结构，需注意介词选择： 用to：强调动作“指向”某人（give, send, tell等）。 She gave a book to me. 用for：强调动作“为”某人做（buy, make, cook等）。 Mum cooked dinner for us。 4. 被动语态转换 双宾语有两种被动形式（中考易错点）： 间接宾语作主语： I was given a book (by her). 直接宾语作主语： A book was given to me (by her)。 （二）宾语补足语结构（S + V + O + C） 1. 概念 宾语补足语（OC）：补充说明宾语的状态、身份或动作，与宾语存在逻辑主谓/主表关系。 结构公式： 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 例句： We call him（宾） Lily（补）. （him = Lily） The news made her（宾） sad（补）。 2. 宾补的形式 宾补可由多种成分充当，需结合动词搭配记忆： 词性 例句 逻辑关系 名词 They elected him chairman. him = chairman 形容词 Keep the window open. window is open 不定式（省to） Let me try again. me try again 分词 I saw a girl crying. girl was crying 3.常接宾补的动词分类 动词类型 常见动词 考点提示 使役动词 let, make, have 接不定式作宾补时省略to 感官动词 see, watch, hear, feel 接不定式（表完整动作）或分词（表进行） 认知动词 call, find, name, think 宾补说明宾语属性 （三）双宾语 vs. 宾语补足语的核心区别 这是中考语法难点，需从逻辑关系和成分性质区分： 双宾语：两个宾语独立（人≠物），无逻辑关联。 I sent her（间宾） a letter（直宾）. （her ≠ letter） 宾补：宾补与宾语有逻辑关联（宾语=宾补）。 We named the dog（宾） Lucky（补）. （dog = Lucky）。 辨析口诀： 双宾两人物独立，宾补主谓紧相连。 转换to/for双宾现，宾补删去句难全。 （四）中考题型练习题 A.单项选择 1. The teacher told ________ an interesting story. A. we　　　B. us　　　C. our　　　D. ourselves 2. Mom made the room ________ for the party. A. clean　　　B. to clean　　　C. cleaning　　　D. cleaned 3. They called their daughter ________. A. Lily　　　B. to Lily　　　C. for Lily　　　D. with Lily 4. Could you pass ________ the salt? A. me to　　　B. for me　　　C. me　　　D. to me 5. We watched the boys ________ basketball. A. played　　　B. to play　　　C. play　　　D. are playing B.句型转换 6. She gave me a gift. （改为同义句） → She gave a gift ________. 7. They consider him a hero. （对划线部分提问） → ________ do they consider him? C.句子结构分析 8. My father bought a new bike for me. → 结构：________ 9. I found the book interesting. → 宾补成分：________ D.改错题 10. The teacher asked them don’t talk in class. 二、语法讲解Ⅱ：连词and,but,or和so的用法 （一）and（表示并列关系） 功能：连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子，译为“和”“并且”。 规则： 连接三个及以上词语时，and 置于末项前（例：eggs, meat, rice, and milk）。 在否定句中，并列成分需用 or 替代 and（例：I can’t sing or dance）。 例句： Lucy and I go to school five days a week. （连接并列主语） You must look after yourself and keep healthy. （连接并列谓语） （二） but（表示转折关系） 功能：连接意思相反或对立的成分，译为“但是”“然而”。 规则： 不可与 though/although 连用（例：✗ Though he is young, but he is experienced.）。 例句： The room was small but comfortable. （连接形容词表转折） Mary likes classical music, but her husband likes rock. （连接分句） （三） or（表示选择或否定并列） 功能： 疑问句或肯定句中表选择（“或者”）； 否定句中替代 and（“也不”）； 用于“祈使句 + or”表“否则”。 例句： Do you prefer tea or coffee? （选择疑问句） Drive slowly, or you may crash. （“否则”用法） （四） so（表示因果关系） 功能：连接两个简单句，表“因此”，强调结果。 规则： 不可与 because 连用（例：✓ She was ill, so she stayed home. / ✗ Because she was ill, so...）。 特殊句型： So + 助动词 + 主语：表“也”（例：I like apples, and so does she.）。 So + 主语 + 助动词：表“确实”（例：—He studies hard. —So he does.）。 例句： It rained heavily, so the match was canceled. （因果连接） （五）四连词的功能对比 连词 关系 例句场景 and 并列 动作延续（sing and dance） but 转折 优缺点对比（small but cozy） or 选择/否定 二选一/否定并列 so 因果 前因后果（rain→cancel） （六） 顺口溜 “and 并列 but 转，or 选或否 so 因果连；否定句中 or 替 and，so/because 不共存！” （七）中考题型练习题 单项选择 1. —I like action movies, ______ my sister prefers cartoons. —That’s why we never watch together! A. and B. but C. or D. so 2. Hurry up, ______ you’ll miss the school bus! A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. He doesn’t eat meat ______ fish because he is vegetarian. A. and B. but C. or D. so 4. She finished her homework early, ______ she went to play basketball. A. and B. but C. or D. so 5. —Can you play the piano ______ the violin? —Only the piano. A. and B. but C. or D. so 6. The story is long, ______ it’s easy to read. A. and B. but C. or D. so 7. ______ time passed, the child grew taller. A. And B. But C. As D. So 8. —Tom won the game. —______ he did! I saw his medal. A. And B. But C. Or D. So 9. I was doing my homework ______ the phone rang. A. when B. while C. as D. so 10. We must protect the environment, ______ we’ll lose our home. A. and B. but C. or D. so 三、词汇拓展：后缀ly的用法 （一）形容词 → 副词（主要功能） 规则：在形容词后直接加 ly 例：quick → quickly（快速地）, careful → carefully（仔细地） 特殊拼写规则： 以 y 结尾的形容词 → 变 y 为 i 加 ly 例：happy → happily（快乐地）, easy → easily（容易地） 以 le 结尾的形容词 → 去 e 加 y 例：simple → simply（简单地）, gentle → gently（温柔地） 以 ic 结尾的形容词 → 加 ally 例：basic → basically（基本上）, heroic → heroically（英勇地） （二）名词 → 形容词 规则：部分名词加 ly 构成形容词，表示“具有……特征的” 例：friend → friendly（友好的）, month → monthly（每月的） 注意：此类词不可再变副词（如不能说 friendlily） （三）形容词 + ly 仍为形容词（特殊词） 部分以 ly 结尾的词本身是形容词，无副词形式： 例：lovely（可爱的）, lonely（孤独的）, lively（活泼的）, ugly（丑陋的） （四）特殊情况 词义改变： hard（形容词：努力；副词：努力地）→ hardly（副词：几乎不） late（形容词/副词：迟到）→ lately（副词：最近） 同形词： daily（形容词/副词：每日的/地）, weekly（每周的/地） 不规则变化： good（形容词）→ well（副词） true（形容词）→ truly（副词） 去 e 加 ly： whole → wholly（完全地）, due → duly（适当地） （五）中考题型练习题 1.She speaks English ______ (fluent) than I do. 2.The children played ______ (happy) in the park. 3.This is a ______ (month) magazine. 4.He looked at me ______ (angry) and left. 5.The story sounds ______ (true), but it’s not. 6.She smiled ______ (friendly) at the guests. 7.We must drive ______ (careful) on icy roads. 8.The old man lives ______ (lonely) in the village. 9.The meeting is held ______ (year) in December. 10.He ______ (hard) studies these days for the exam. 四、分层精练 （一）单项选择 1．Which of the sentences has the same structure as “We find the film interesting.”? A．He looks tired. B．What did she give you? C．Music makes me happy. D．The boy fell from his bike just now. 2．Which of the following sentences has the structure of :S+V+IO+DO? A．Autumn leaves turn brown. B．Sandy’s mum gave her a new computer. C．I found him very interesting. D．Tommy does his homework every day. 3．The structure of the sentence “The students call the little cat Mimi.” is ________. A．S+V+P B．S+V+ O C．S+V+IO+DO D．S+V+ DO +OC 4．简单句 He gave me a gift.是下面哪种结构________。 A．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+O（宾语） B．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+P（表语） C．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+IO（间接宾语）+DO（直接宾语） D．S（主语）+V（谓语动词）+O（宾语）+OC（宾语补足语） 5．Which of the following sentences has the same structure as “The teacher gave the students an interesting project”? A．The students had fun in the playground. B．The classroom is bigger than before. C．The students saw the leaves falling. D．The librarian showed a picture to the children. 6．Which of the following is the same sentence structure as “I saw him reading a book.”? A．You have a very nice sister. B．The news made me happy. C．My grandpa gave me a red packet. D．He likes playing the piano. 7．Which has the same sentence structure as “The news made all of us excited.”? A．Children like flying kites. B．It often rains in spring. C．We can see people make snowmen. D．Autumn leaves turn brown. 8．The sentence structure of “My mum cooked me a nice meal yesterday.” is________. A．S+V+O B．S+V+P C．S+V+DO+OC D．S+V+IO+DO 9．What is the sentence structure of “Eddie is watching Hobo work.”? A．S+V+O B．S+V+IO+DO C．S+V+P D．S+V+DO+OC 10．You can keep my dictionary as long as you want. Don’t forget to ________ it to me after you buy a new one. A．lend B．take C．return D．borrow （二）单词拼写 11．We must (行动) right now because we don’t have enough time. 12．Bad air can the environment and is to the health of living creatures. (harm) 13．Tree roots can cause (损害) to roads. 14．He connected the [ˈsɪstəm] to the computer last night. 15．Rainforests (是……的家园) many animals and plants. 16．Thousands died in the war, (include) many women and children. 17．My sister cried and I looked at her (sad). 18．This is our school library. Let me show you . 19．We are taking steps to (预防) air pollution. 20．I am sure she didn’t want to do you any (伤害). 21．Don’t eat too much sugar because it (造成) tooth problem. （三）完成句子 22．You can eat the food here. You can take it home.（合并成一句） You can eat the food here you can take it home. 23．①Lily found a very good book in a bookshop. ②It was too expensive for her to buy. 请用连词将①、②句连成一句话，符合逻辑即可。 24．Paul likes milk. He doesn’t like bread. （合并为一句） Paul likes milk, he doesn’t like bread. 25．We’re taking the plane. It’s a long way. (用  so  连接句子) 26．My mother loves to watch TV. She doesn’t love to play sports.(合并为一句） My mother loves to watch TV doesn’t love to play sports. 27．I get up at six o'clock. I have breakfast at half past six.(合并句子) 28．The white T-shirt matches the black trousers. The red T-shirt matches the black trousers, too.  (合并为一句) the white T-shirt and the red T-shirt the black trousers. 29．Liu Li likes ice cream. I don’t like ice cream. Liu Li likes ice cream, I don’t like it. 30．She likes fruit. She doesn’t like vegetables.（合并成一句话） 31．Jackson can play tennis. Peter can’t play tennis. (用but合并为一句话) （四）阅读理解 （A） 根据短文内容，从短文后的A ~ F选项中，选出5个适当的选项补全短文。 Deserts are the driest places on the earth. Very little rain falls there and few plants can grow. About one-fifth of the land on Earth is desert. 32 Cold deserts are dry and cold. They are found in freezing areas around the North and South Poles (两极). 33 Hot deserts are dry and hot in the day. But they can be very cold at night. Some hot deserts are sandy. 34 It is the Sahara in North Africa. Desert plants Not many plants can live in the desert. 35 Some desert plants have very long roots to reach water underground. The roots of a kind of plant of North America may go down 50 meters to reach water. A cactus keeps water in its thick stem. Desert animals Few animals live in the desert. Most of them sleep during the day and only come out at night when it is cooler. The best-known desert animal is the camel (骆驼). A camel can go a long time without water. 36 Then, when the camel finds water, it can drink 115 L or more in a few minutes. A．Kinds of desert B．Hot areas of desert C．What’s the world’s largest hot desert? D．The ground of cold deserts is always covered with ice and snow. E．It can lose about one-third of the weight of its body and still live. F．Those that do live there have changed themselves to fit the dry conditions. （B） Have you considered what to do if you were lost in the wild? Well, trees can offer great help for survival (幸存). First, trees can help you find water. Willows (柳树) often grow near water sources. Their presence is a sign that you can try digging near these trees to find water. Baobabs (猴面包树) in Africa store large amounts of water in their thick trunks. In an emergency, you can make a small hole in the trunk and get some water to drink. Food is another important thing that trees provide. Besides apples and bananas on the trees, acorns (橡实) from oak trees can be made into food, too. You just need to take away the bitter part. The inner bark of some trees like pine trees can save you from hunger when there’s nothing else to eat. When night comes and you need a place to sleep, trees can help with that. Using some long strong branches, you can make a shelter (庇护所) by leaning them against a standing tree. Then cover it with leaves or grass or smaller branches to protect you from the wind and rain. Moreover, branches can be made into tools. Sharpening a straight branch makes a spear (矛) for hunting small animals or keeping dangerous animals away. Finally, trees can help you find your way. In the Northern Hemisphere, moss (苔藓) typically grows on the north side of trees, and the south-facing branches grow better because they get more sunlight. So, next time you’re in the wild, remember how helpful trees can be! 37．According to the passage, what can you do to get water if you are thirsty in the wild? A．Dig near willow trees. B．Make holes in oak trees. C．Search for pine trees. D．Look for long branches. 38．How do you make a shelter using trees? A．Build a wall by using long roots. B．Lean branches against a standing tree. C．Put fallen trees on top of each other. D．Dig out a space inside a large tree. 39．Why do the south-facing branches grow better in the Northern Hemisphere? A．Because they are closer to the ground. B．Because they have more leaves. C．Because they get more sunlight. D．Because they are protected by moss. 40．How does the writer organize this passage? A．By giving real-life examples in time order. B．By listing different ways trees help in the wild. C．By comparing different types of wild trees. D．By telling a story about survival in the wild. 41．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．How to Bring Back the Natural Beauty. B．Unusual Tree Species Were Discovered. C．Learn to Treat Trees in a Kind Way. D．Trees Help with Survival in the Wild. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $