内容正文:
专题01 谓语动词(时态、被动语态、主谓一致)
目录
01 析·考情精解 1
02 构·知能架构 2
03 破·考点攻坚 3
考点一 一般现在时 3
考点二 考查一般过去时 6
考点三 现在完成时 9
考点四 过去完成时 12
考点五 现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时 14
考点六 一般将来时、将来完成时、过去将来时 17
考点七 被动语态 20
专题八 主谓一致 23
01 析·考情精解
命题轨迹透视
近 5 年北京高考英语语法填空谓语动词,90% 题呈 “时态 + 主谓一致” 等复合化特征;时态聚焦现在完成时等三类,多有标志词;被动语态常结合特定时态,主语多为 “物”;主谓一致重单数主语,其易混点虽未直接考查,或成命题方向。
考点频次总结
考点
2025 年
2024 年
2023 年
2022 年
2021 年
一般现在时的时态、语态及主谓一致
2025 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
2024 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
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-
2021 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
一般过去时的时态、语态及主谓一致
2025 北京卷(语法填空 18,1.5 分)
2024 北京卷(语法填空 15,1.5 分)
2024 北京卷(语法填空 20,1.5 分)
2023 北京卷(语法填空 11、20,各 1.5 分)
2022 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
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现在完成时的时态、语态及主谓一致
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-
2023 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
2022 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
2021 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
过去完成时的时态、语态
2025 北京卷(语法填空 16;1.5 分)
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2023 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
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-
2026命题预测
未来北京高考英语语法填空,文本聚焦文化、科技、社会领域,用真实语篇;考点核心综合化,增语篇衔接类,词性转换更复杂;考查重语篇统领与语境推理;素养上深考思维,融文化于语法,强化实用与文化自信。
02 构·知能架构
03 破·考点攻坚
考点一 一般现在时
1.(2025北京卷·语法填空16;1.5分) Usually, better outcomes ______ (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance.
命题解读
新情境:以日常生活中的选择为例,指出做选择是生活的重要组成部分,说明不同选择所需思考程度不同,并提到借助理解风险承受能力等策略能让选择获得更好结果。
新考法:近五年始终以动词(时态、语态、非谓语)为第一大考点(占比 30%-40%),其次是连词(从句引导词)、词性转换、介词,这四类考点合计占比超 85%。2021-2023 年动词考查集中于一般过去时、一般现在时及简单非谓语形式;2024-2025 年转向 “语境化动词形式判断”,如结合语篇时间线判断现在完成时,依据逻辑主语关系选择非谓语形态。
新角度:通过语境判断动词时态语态,并结合标志词 “usually”判断。
2.(2024北京卷·语法填空13;1.5分)When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and 13. ______ (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
命题解读
新情境:以日常生活中的选择为例,指出做选择是生活的重要组成部分,说明不同选择所需思考程度不同,并提到借助理解风险承受能力等策略能让选择获得更好结果。。
新考法:本题考查了考生在新情境中对一般现在时的理解和运用。
新角度:此句为客观陈述事实,且和前面的动词helps为并列关系,这给学生提供了命题思路
3. (2022北京卷·语法填空16;1.5分) Gas naturally16. ______ (have) no recognisable smell.
4. (2021北京卷·语法填空13;1.5分) As it13. ______ (connect) things, your brain turns them into a story
一般现在时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目,而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
一般现在时:一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
知识1 当前经常发生、反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。
常与usually,always,often,sometimes,never,every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
She always takes a walk in the evening. 她总是在晚上散步。
知识2 现时的情况或状态。
She knows French and German besides English. 除了英语,她还懂法语和德语。
知识 3 表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时,即使主句是一般过去时,宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
The earth moves round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。
知识 4 在由when, if , after, before, although, as, as soon as, the minute, next time, whether, whatever等引导的时间,条件,让步状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
You’ll surely succeed if you try your best. 如果你尽力,你一定会成功的。
知识 5表示按时间表拟定好的,将来必定发生的动作或存在的状态, 能这样使用的动词有: be,
arrive, begin, come, start, depart, end, leave, go, return等,主语通常是物。
The train for Shanghai leaves at 11a.m and arrives at 11p.m. 开往上海的火车上午11点发车,晚上11点到达。
The plane takes off at 9:10 a.m. 飞机上午9点10分起飞。
一般现在时易错点集中在 “主谓一致”“时态混用”“特殊句式搭配” 三类,掌握规律就能大幅提分。
一、核心易错点分类
1. 主谓一致误区
集合名词(family、team 等)作主语,表整体用单数,表成员用复数,易因语境判断失误出错。
不定代词(everyone、something 等)、each/every 修饰的名词作主语,谓语必须用单数,易误写为复数。
由 and 连接的并列主语,表同一人 / 物时用单数,表不同对象时用复数,易混淆判断。
2. 时态混用陷阱
时间状语为 often、usually、every day 等时,易误用时态(如一般过去时、现在进行时)。
主从复合句中,主句为将来时,条件 / 时间状语从句需用一般现在时表将来,易误写为将来时。
客观真理、科学事实需用一般现在时,不受主句时态影响,易随主句时态变化而写错。
3. 特殊句式搭配错误
祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句结构中,陈述句谓语用一般现在时,易误写为将来时。
倒装句(如 Here comes the bus)中,主语为单数时谓语用第三人称单数,易漏加 s/es。
被动语态中,一般现在时结构为 “am/is/are + 过去分词”,易误写为 “was/were + 过去分词”。
二、避错关键技巧
先找时间状语 / 语境标志,明确是否适用一般现在时。
确定时态后,优先核对主谓一致,尤其注意特殊主语(不定代词、集合名词)。
复合句中牢记 “主将从现” 规则,客观真理类表达直接锁定一般现在时。
1.(2025 海淀期末)These pressures, researchers say, ______ (drive) in part by fears that if parents do not equip their children with every possible advantage.
2.(2025 丰台期末)Tourism ______ (play) an important role in social engagement, appreciating nature, physical health and healthy diet.
3.(2025 海淀一模)People will act if the challenge ______ (feel) personal—not just about the planet, polar bears, or humanity as a whole.
4.(2025 海淀一模)Messages are more effective when they ______ (deliver) in engaging ways to truly resonate with everyone.
5.(2025 西城一模)The new school ______ (make) use of Tsinghua's strengths, highlighting AI's role in education and research.
6.(2025 西城一模)It ______ (aim) to explore AI-driven learning models and develop students with diverse skills, a solid understanding of AI and creative thinking.
7.(2025 石景山一模)This system ______ (promote) interaction between citizens and the city, responding to their appeals and making the city a better place.
8.(2025 东城二模)As a workout, plogging is more efficient than simply running because it ______ (focus) on both environmental protection and personal health.
9.(2025 东城二模)Each attempt brings small improvements and each failure ______ (teach) you different strategies.
考点二 一般过去时
1. (2025年北京卷·语法填空18,1.5分)However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists ____18____ (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, which accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024.
命题解读
新情境:以“食物垃圾”为背景,考查一般过去时的用法。
新考法:命题情境中,给出了清晰的过去时间状语last year。
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
2.(2024•北京卷·语法填空15,1.5分) On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ______ (name) the world’s oldest living man.
命题解读
新情境:以 2024 年被评为世界最长寿在世男性的约翰・廷尼斯伍德为例,介绍他保持长寿的秘诀是 “适度”,包括不抽烟、少喝酒,并通过他的话强调 “过度行事终将吃苦” 的道理。
新考法:命题情境中,给出了清晰的过去时间状语On April 5, 2024。
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
3. (2024•北京卷,20,1.5分)My heart went out to him, and I ______ (jog) over to him.
4. (2023•北京卷,11,1.5分) Soon after moving to Switzerland, I ______ (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up exactly on time.
5. (2022•北京卷,13, 1.5分)Eventually, the man 13. ______ (catch) up with her, and he was only trying to return her wallet!
一般过去时
知识 1 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与 yesterday, last year, three years ago, the other day 等时间状语连用。
例句:There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful coexistence with its surroundings.
译文:从前,在美国的中心地带有一个小镇,那里所有的生命似乎都与周围的环境和平共处。
知识 2 根据上下文或主从句提示。
例句:As a little girl, I wished to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
译文:作为一个小女孩,我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。
知识 3 时间、条件、让步状语从句中,若主句用了过去将来时,从句常用一般过去时。
例句:He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
译文:他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
一般过去时易错点主要集中在 “时态判断”“不规则动词变形”“主谓一致与被动语态”,抓准语境标志和语法规则就能避坑。
一、核心易错点分类
1. 时态判断失误
未识别明确过去时间状语(yesterday、last year、in 2023 等),误用时态(如一般现在时、现在完成时)。
语境隐含过去含义(如故事叙述、历史事件、已结束的动作),易凭直觉用现在时。
主从复合句中,主句与从句时态不一致(如主句过去时,从句误保持现在时)。
2. 不规则动词变形错误
高频不规则动词(如 write-wrote、see-saw、begin-began)易写为规则变形(加 ed)。
易混淆动词变形(如 lie-lay、lay-laid),因词性 / 含义区分不清导致写错。
双写尾字母变形(如 stop-stopped)、去 e 加 ed(如 like-liked)等规则遗漏,拼写出错。
3. 主谓一致与被动语态误区
过去时中,主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词仍用过去式原形(如 he played,易误写为 he playsed)。
一般过去时被动语态结构(was/were + 过去分词),易漏写 was/were 或错用现在时的 am/is/are。
集体名词作主语表过去状态时,谓语单复数判断失误(如 The team won,易误写为 win)。
4. 与现在完成时混淆
出现 for/since 引导的时间状语,若动作已结束(无持续影响),需用一般过去时,易误写为现在完成时。
单纯叙述过去发生的动作(不强调对现在的影响),易误用现在完成时。
二、避错关键技巧
先扫描题干中的时间标志词,直接锁定过去时范围。
无明确时间状语时,根据语境(如故事开头、事件描述)判断动作是否发生在过去。
写动词变形时,先区分规则 / 不规则动词,重点记忆高频不规则动词的过去式。
1.(2025 西城期末)On November 17, 2024, China's first domestically built ocean drilling ship, Mengxiang, or “Dream,” ______ (enter) service in Guangzhou.
2.(2025 海淀一模)Early in his career, however, he ______ (face) constant rejections and financial struggles.
3.(2025 西城一模)The XCA4000 ______ (lift) a 130-metric-ton nacelle, a 40-ton hub and three 95-meter-long blades weighing 28 tons each, to a height of 162 meters for assembly on the tower.
4.(2025 海淀二模)During his trip, he ______ (visit) major southeastern coastal cities of China, among which Shanghai and Hangzhou left a deep impression on him.
5.(2025 东城一模)Three human caretakers of each dog ______ (ask) to record their voices.
6.(2025 丰台一模)Knowing it would probably be his only warm meal of the day, I ______ (give) him the hamburger.
7.(2025 东城二模)Thanks to her lifetime dedication to the field, Tang ______ (honor) with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Translation in 2024.
考点三 现在完成时
1. (2023北京卷·语法填空15,1.5分) Up to now, China 6. ______ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.
命题解读
新情境:介绍红树林的生长环境(陆地与海洋之间)、外观特征(复杂根系、远处看壮观)及生态作用(减缓海浪冲击、保护城市免受海岸风影响,被誉为 “海岸卫士”),并提及中国已建立多个红树林保护区以保护这一自然遗产。
新考法:命题情境中,有明确的表示现在完成时的时间状语 up to now.
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
1.(2022・北京卷,20,1.5 分)The use of those plastics ______ (increase) by 300% since 2019.
2.(2021・北京卷,17,1.5 分)There ______ (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years。
现在完成时
知识 1 表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有 already, ever, just(刚刚), yet 等。
例句:As a photographer, I have spent the last two years recording everything I discovered.
译文:作为一名摄影师,我花了最近两年的时间记录我所发现的一切。
知识 2 表示一个动作开始于过去,一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有 lately, recently, until now, ever since, in the last (past) few days/years, up to now, so far 等。
例句1:In the past few years, great changes **have taken place** in my hometown.
译文:在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
例句2:His first novel **has received** good reviews since it came out last month.
译文:他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
知识 3 下列句型中常用现在完成时
· This/That/It is the first/second/ … time that+现在完成时
· This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/ …+名词+that+现在完成时
例句1:This is the first time that I have made a speech.
译文:这是我第一次做演讲。
例句2:It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
译文:这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
一、与一般过去时的混淆
1. 核心差异:现在完成时强调 “过去动作对现在的影响 / 持续到现在”,一般过去时仅描述 “过去发生的动作”。
2. 易错场景:
•出现 “for + 时间段”“since + 时间点” 时,若动作已结束(无持续影响),需用一般过去时,易误写为现在完成时。
•单纯叙述过去事件(如 “昨天我看了电影”),易误用现在完成时(应为 I saw a movie yesterday,而非 I have seen a movie yesterday)。
二、时间状语的错误搭配
3.高频标志词混淆:
•already, yet, just, ever, never, lately, recently, in the last/past few years, so far, up to now 等。
•易误搭配的时间状语(需用一般过去时):yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 2020 等。
典型错误:I have visited Beijing last month.
避错关键技巧
1.先判语境:若动作对现在有影响(如 “已经完成、持续到现在”)用现在完成时;仅描述过去事件用一般过去时。
2.核对标志词:牢记现在完成时的时间状语,排除一般过去时的时间标志。
1.(2025 海淀期末)Since the launch of the program in 1978, China ______ (expand) its afforestation area by 32 million hectares.
2.(2025 东城期末)Through hard work, he ______ (lead) his team to victories at national championships over the past two years.
3.(2025 朝阳期末)Recently, the game Black Myth: Wukong ______ (gain) a lot of attention.
4.(2025 丰台期末)Recently, fridge magnets inspired by the phoenix coronet ______ (become) a hit on social media.
5.(2025 丰台一模)In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cinnamon, known as “RouGui”, ______ (use) for centuries for its medicinal properties.
6.(2025 西城二模)The space agency also ______ (announce) plans for two manned spaceflights this year—Shenzhou XX and XXI—as well as the Tianzhou 9 cargo mission to the Tiangong space station.
考点四 过去完成时
1. (2025年北京卷·语法填空15,1.5分)Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you ____15____ (make) several decisions even without noticing.
命题解读
新情境:以“刷牙这一日常生活”为背景,考查过去完成时的用法。
新考法:命题情境中,给出了清晰的过去时间状语By the time you brushed your teeth。
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
2.(2023年北京卷·语法填空13,1.5分)I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest 13. ______ (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
过去完成时
知识 1 表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作
常见时间状语:by+过去时间点,by the end of+过去时间点,by the time+从句,until/before/since+过去时间点或从句。
例句:She lived with a family she **had never met** and everything was new to her.(她和一个素未谋面的家庭住在一起,一切对她来说都是新鲜的。)
知识 2 在“It was the first/second/third…time+从句”结构中,从句用过去完成时。
例句:It was the first time that I had met him in the cinema.(那是我第一次在电影院遇见他)
知识 3 表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图
适用动词:hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose的过去完成时。
例句:I **had hoped** to go home from work ahead of time.(我本希望提前下班回家,但未能如愿)
一、易错点核心总结
1.未识别 “过去的过去” 语境:过去完成时需满足 “一个过去动作发生在另一个过去动作之前”,若忽略两个动作的时间先后,易误填一般过去时。比如 “By the time he arrived at the station, the train had left.”(arrived 是过去动作,left 发生在其前,需用 had left),易错写为 left。
2.滥用时间标志词:仅当句中有 by + 过去时间点(如 by 2022、by last month)、before + 过去时间 / 从句、until then 等标志时,才优先考虑过去完成时;无明确 “过去的过去” 逻辑时,不可随意使用。比如 “Yesterday I met an old friend who I hadn’t seen for years.”(met 是过去,“没见” 发生在之前,用 hadn’t seen),易错写为 didn’t see。
3.动词形式错误:过去完成时的结构是 “had + 过去分词”,易错把过去分词写成原形或一般过去式。比如 “She realized she had made a mistake.”(made 是 make 的过去分词),易错写为 had make 或 had did。
4.与现在完成时混淆:现在完成时关联 “现在”,过去完成时仅关联 “过去”,若句中有明确过去时间背景(如 last year、in 2019),需排除现在完成时。比如 “In 2020, he told me he had lived in Beijing for 5 years.”(“居住” 发生在 told 之前,用 had lived),易错写为 has lived。
二、关键避错原则
1.找句中 “过去时间锚点”(如 said、went、last week),判断目标动作是否在其之前发生。
2.非延续性动词(如 buy、leave)在过去完成时中,可与 for/since 连用(无限制,区别于现在完成时的肯定句),无需转化。
3.被动语态结构为 “had been + 过去分词”,避免漏写 been(如 “The letter had been sent before I called.”)
1.(2025 海淀期末 B 改编)Today's parents face more demanding pressures. Researchers found that many parents ______ (devote) years to cultivating their children's talents before they realized the intensity of "intensive parenting".
2.(2025 西城期末 A 改编)My great-uncle Olof ______ (bake) the Swedish bread every week for decades before he taught the recipe to me when I was fourteen.
3.(2025 朝阳一模 A 改编)Zhu Mengdan ______ (climb) coconut trees thousands of times in her childhood before the game became an official event at the 2024 National Traditional Games.
4.(2025 丰台一模 C 改编)By the time I noticed the poor gentleman at the bus stop, I ______ (order) a warm hamburger at the food store and decided to give it to him.
5.(2025 石景山一模 C 改编)Before the subway-through-building videos gained massive attention, foreign tourist arrivals in Chongqing ______ (rise) steadily for years.
考点五 现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时
现在进行时
(1)动作时态:表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
例句:Now, I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.(现在,我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语工作,间接地实现了那个梦想。)
(2)位置移动动词的特殊用法:某些表示位置移动的动词(如 go、come、leave、arrive、start、move 等)可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
例句:John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.(约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。)
(3)与频度副词连用:与 always、often、constantly 等频度副词连用,表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩(可褒可贬)。
例句:The girl is always talking aloud in public, which makes her parents annoyed.(这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话,这使得她的父母很烦。)
过去进行时
(1)过去动作时态:表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
例句:Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.(今天上午 11 点格林太太正准备午餐。)
(2)与时间状语从句连用:表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行,常与 when、while 引导的时间状语从句连用。
例句:The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.(那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。)
(3)非延续性动词的特殊用法:一些非延续性动词(如 go、come、leave、start、arrive 等)可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
例句:She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.(她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。)
将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
例句:Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then.(不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话,那时我们在吃晚饭。)
现在完成进行时
(1)延续性动作:常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
例句:All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.(这些年来,他们一直向我们杂志投稿。)
(2)反复性动作:表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
例句:We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.(最近我们常常见面。)
1.(2025 丰台期末 A 篇改编)Look! The workers ______ (build) a new community center across the street. It’s supposed to open next year.
2.(2025 海淀期末 B 篇改编)I ______ (read) a novel last night when the power suddenly went out. I had to light a candle to find my phone.
3.(2025 西城期末 A 篇改编)At 8 o’clock yesterday evening, my family and I ______ (have) dinner together. We talked about our plans for the weekend.
4.(2025 东城期末 C 篇改编)This time tomorrow, I ______ (take) a flight to Shanghai for a business trip. I’ve already packed my suitcase.
5.(2025 石景山一模 C 篇改编)By the time you arrive at the party, most guests ______ (dance) to the music. Don’t be late!
6.(2025 西城二模 B 篇改编)The research team ______ (study) the effects of this new drug for three years. They hope to publish their findings next month.
7.(2025 海淀一模 B 篇改编)My sister ______ (learn) to play the piano since she was six years old. She can now play many difficult pieces.
考点六 一般将来时、将来完成时、过去将来时
将来完成时的用法
(1) 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:
My father will come back next week. 我爸爸下周会回来。
We shall have a good time in the park. 我们将在公园玩得很开心。
(2) 可以表示将来时的其他结构及其用法:
① be going to+动词原形,表示计划、打算要做某事,还可表示根据现有的迹象对未来进行推断。例如:
He is going to buy her some flowers. 他打算给她买些花。
Look at the dark clouds. It’s going to rain.看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
② be to do 表示计划、安排、或用来征求意见。例如:
She is to be married next month. 她下个月就要结婚了。
The highway is to be opened in May. 这条高速公路将于五月开通。
③ be about to 表示立即的将来(immediate future),这种结构不可以与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可
以和并列连词when(=and at that time)引出的分句连用。
④ 某些动词(come, go, begin, leave, sail, arrive, return, start, stop, open, end, stay等)的一般现在时可以表示将
来时间,指根据时间表规定预计要发生的动作。 例如:
The new term starts on 15th February.
The plane takes off at 9 o’clock.
⑤ 某些动词的现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作。如:go, leave, come arrive, land, meet, move,
return, start, stay, stop, give, have, pay, join, spend, sleep, take等。例如:
He is meeting the manager tomorrow. 他明天要去见经理。
I’m leaving for Beijing next month. 我下个月要去北京。
①将来完成时的构成为“will+have+done”。主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间为止已完成,上下文情景中常含有by短语,如by six o'clock,by the weekend,by the end of next month等。
②③④⑤过去将来完成时(would have done)表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作,多与宾语从句和虚拟语气连用。
将来完成时
(1)到将来某一时会完成的动作或结束的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时,他们已经结婚20年了。
By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 等你回家的时候,我已经把房子彻底打扫干净了。
(2)将来完成时的常用时间状语核心是 “未来时间点 / 时间段 + 截止含义”,主要分三类场景。
明确未来截止时间点
· by + 未来时间点(具体日期、时刻等),比如 by next Friday、by 6 o’clock tomorrow evening、by the end of this year。
· by the time + 未来时间状语从句,比如 by the time we arrive、by the time she finishes college。
未来持续时间段
· for + 时间段 + by + 未来时间点,比如 for five years by next month、for a decade by 2030。
其他补充时间状语
· before + 未来时间点 / 从句,比如 before the meeting starts、before he leaves。
· 单独使用的未来时间状语(需结合语境体现 “截止”),比如 this time next week、by then。
过去将来时
①谓语动词的构成:
②基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。
The shop would soon close,and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭,所有的人将回家。
一、一般将来时考点练习
1.(2025 西城期末 C)Once this biopesticide is put into use, it ______ (work) when applied to the plant surface.
2.(2025 西城期末 A)One day, I hope my boys ______ (carry) on these traditions, passing the stories and recipes to their own children.
3.(2025 东城二模 C)If schools remove lockers, more space ______ (create) in the hallways.
二、将来完成时考点练习
1.(2025 西城期末C 改编)By the time the field tests are completed, the small molecule ______ (prove) its effectiveness in various plants.
2.(2025 西城二模A 改编)By 2030, China ______ (achieve) its goal of landing astronauts on the moon if the program progresses as scheduled.
三、过去将来时考点练习
1.(2025 西城一模 A)He never expected that our small efforts ______ (create) such an effect.
2.(2025 朝阳一模 A)She had never imagined her childhood game ______ (become) an official event at a national competition one day.
3.(2025 海淀一模 A 改编)Early in his career, he didn't know that his efforts ______ (lead) him to become a pioneer in the animation industry.
考点七 被动语态
1.(2025 北京卷 B 篇)Usually, better outcomes ______ (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance.
2.(2024 北京卷B 篇)On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ______ (name) the world’s oldest living man.
3.(2022 北京卷B 篇)One theory, increasingly ______ (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned.
4.(2023 北京卷B 篇)Up to now, China ______ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.
5.(2022 北京卷C 篇)The use of those plastics ______ (increase) by 300% since 2019.
1. 被动语态的用法
(1) 不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者
—The window is dirty. 窗户脏了。
—I know. It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2) 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外,所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3) 某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态:have 有;cost 花费;lack 缺少;suit 适合;belong to 属于;suffer from 遭受;date from/back to 追溯到;consist of 由…… 组成;take part in 参加。
I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop, which cost 15 yuan.我从新华书店买了一本书,花了 15 元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.她正在试验不同的打印机,看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family. 狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4) 不及物动词 (短语) 不能用于被动语态。常见的有:happen/take place/occur 发生;remain 剩下;break out 爆发;last 持续;come out 出版;come up 被提出;lose heart 失去信心;run out 用完。
An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故,五个人遇难。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
(5) “get + 过去分词” 也可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2. 主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1) 表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如 read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, draw 等,常与 well, easily, smoothly 等副词连用,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2) 系动词如 smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove 等后接形容词作表语
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3) open, close, lock, move, keep 等动词常与 won’t, can’t, wouldn’t 连用
No matter what he did to the door, it wouldn’t open.不论他怎么对付这个门,它就是打不开。
(4) 在 need, want, require, deserve, bear 等动词或 worth 等形容词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing. 这部电影的确值得一看。
(5) 在某些 “主语 (人 / 物)+be + 形容词 + 不定式” 结构中,用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作 to work out 前省略了 for me)这道题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝着安全吗?
(6) be to blame 也属于主动形式表被动意义
Who is to blame for the mistake? 这个错误应该归咎于谁?
1.(2025 海淀期末)Since the launch of the program in 1978, China ______ (expand) its afforestation area by 32 million hectares.
2.(2025 东城期末)Through hard work, he ______ (lead) his team to victories at national championships over the past two years.
3.(2025 朝阳期末)Recently, the game Black Myth: Wukong ______ (gain) a lot of attention.
4.(2025 丰台期末)Recently, fridge magnets inspired by the phoenix coronet ______ (become) a hit on social media.
5.(2025 丰台一模)In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cinnamon, known as “RouGui”, ______ (use) for centuries for its medicinal properties.
6.(2025 西城二模)The space agency also ______ (announce) plans for two manned spaceflights this year—Shenzhou XX and XXI—as well as the Tianzhou 9 cargo mission to the Tiangong space station.
7.(2025 东城二模)Thanks to her lifetime dedication to the field, Tang ______ (honor) with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Translation in 2024.
考点八 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语在人称和数上必须和主语的人称和数保持一致,是历年高考试题中的主要测试点之一,它主要以语法填空、书面表达的形式来考查主语和谓语之间的语法一致的原则,意义一致的原则,就近一致的原则,同时还涉及动词时态、语态和修饰等。由于汉语中没有主谓一致现象,所以学习起来有一定难度。
(一) 语法一致
1. 由and连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
Both the parents and the children are/were here. 父母和孩子都在这里。
Air and water are necessary for us to live. 空气和水是我们生存所必需的。
【注意】
(1) 两个并列主语表示同一个人、物或观念时,谓语动词用单数。
A journalist and author lives on the sixth floor. 一位记者兼作家住在六楼。
The knife and fork is there on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。
Bread and butter is nutritious. 面包和黄油很有营养。
(2) 两个并列主语之前有each, every, many a, no修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
Each boy and each girl has been invited. 每个男孩和女孩都被邀请了。
Many a boy and many a girl has been invited. 许多男孩和女孩都被邀请了。
No sound and no voice is heard. 没有声音,也听不到声音。
2. 主语后跟with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, except, but, rather than, like,
including时,谓语动词与前面的真正主语保持一致。
A library with five thousand books was/has been offered to the nation as a gift. 一个有五千本书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。
She as well as the other girls is going to another store. 她和其他女孩一样要去另一家商店。
The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible. 责任在父亲,而不是兄弟。
A peasant together with some soldiers was about to help us. 一个农民和一些士兵正准备帮助我们。
No one but my best friends knows the secret.除了我最好的朋友,没有人知道这个秘密。
3. 单个的动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
Swimming is a good way to keep healthy. 游泳是保持健康的好方法。
What you said is of great importance. 你说的很重要。
What he needs is to be loved. 他需要的是被爱。
What is beautiful is not always good. 美丽的并不总是好的。
What the boy wants is a toy car. 这个男孩想要的是一辆玩具车。
【注意】
(1) what引导的主语从句在系表结构中出现时,且表语为复数名词时,主句的系动词通常用复
数形式。如:
What you left are/were only several old books. 你留下的只是几本旧书。
但在美国英语中主句的系动词也可以用单数形式:
Perhaps what is most surprising is the tears. 也许最令人惊讶的是眼泪。
(2)由and连接的两个what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一。
What he says and does does not concern me. 他的言行与我无关。
4. 定语从句中谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。
He is the only one of the boys who likes maths. 他是男孩中唯一一个喜欢数学的。
He is one of the boys who like maths. 他是喜欢数学的男孩之一。
I, who am your friend, should help you. I、 谁是你的朋友,应该帮助你。
5. each, some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时谓语用单数。
Everyone was very careful when doing the job. 每个人在做这项工作时都非常小心。
Is anybody absent today? 每个人在做这项工作时都非常小心。
Each of them has a tool. 他们每个人都有一个工具。
【注意】none/neither作主语单复数都可以。
None of his classmates knows/know the truth. 他的同学都不知道真相。
Neither of them was/were right. 他们俩都不对。
(二) 意义一致
1. 集体名词
(1)集体名词people, police, cattle (牛的总称) 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The cattle are grazing (吃草) in the field. 牛正在田里吃草。
The police are chasing the robber. 警察正在追捕劫匪。
(2) family, crowd, class, public, group, enemy, army, team, company, audience, committee等集体名
词作主语时,如表示整体,用单数;表示若干个体,用复数。
My family is/was a large one. 我的家庭很大。
The family are/were sitting at the breakfast table. (指家庭成员) 全家人坐在早餐桌旁。
(3)有两部分构成的物体的名词,如: trousers, pants, jeans, glasses, shorts等作主语时,谓语动词用
复数。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数
形式。如:
These trousers need cleaning. 这条裤子需要清洗。
This pair of trousers is mine. 这条裤子是我的。
(4) goods (商品) 作为主语时,谓语动词用复数。
2. 不定代词all, most, some等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所指代的名词的数。
Most of the apples are/were rotten. 大多数苹果都烂了。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 大部分苹果被老鼠吃掉了。
3. 表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词,在表示单位数量用作主语时,通常
被看作整体,谓语动词多用单数形式。
Sixty years is a long time. 六十年是一段很长的时间。
Ten dollars is enough for him. 十美元对他来说已经足够了。
Three thousand miles is a long distance. 三千英里是一段很长的距离。
【注意】如果强调数目, 谓语动词也可用复数形式。
More than fifty years have passed since they got married. 他们结婚已经五十多年了。
4. 分数和百分数/the rest +of+n作主语,根据具体概念确定谓语动词单复数形式。
Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
Two-thirds of the youth are for the plan. 三分之二的年轻人支持该计划。
5. 表示学科的词如physics, politics, mathematics, economics形式是复数, 作主语时,谓语用单数。
Physics is very important. 物理非常重要。
6. 单复数同形的名词,如deer, fish, sheep, means, series, species, headquarters, works(工厂),
Chinese, Japanese等作主语,要视其意义来确定谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式。
These art works are not all displayed at the same time. 这些艺术品并不是同时展出的。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution. 已经采取了一切可能的措施来防止空气污染。
7. 国名、机构名、书名、报纸名、剧名等专有名词, 即使是复数形式, 谓语也要用单数。
The Arabian Nights is famous all over the world. 《一千零一夜》举世闻名。
The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。
【注意】如果是山脉、群岛、瀑布等,谓语动词用复数形式。
The Himalayas are the roof of the world. 喜马拉雅山是世界之巅。
The Olympics are held every four years. 奥运会每四年举行一次。
The Philippines lie on the southeast of China. 菲律宾位于中国东南部。
8. The + adj. 作主语,表示“一类人”时,谓语用复数。
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it. 富人赞成这个决定,但穷人反对。
The young are always full of energy. 年轻人总是精力充沛。
9. majority 常与of连用,后可接可数名词复数。当“majority +of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动
词一般用复数。当majority后不接of短语时,如着眼于整体,谓语动词用单数;如着眼于众多个体,谓语动词用复数。
The majority of people believe smoking is harmful to health. 大多数人认为吸烟有害健康。
The majority was/were in favour of the proposal. 大多数人赞成这项提议。
10. 由“ kind (form/type/sort/species/portion/series) of ”等修饰的主语,其谓语形式取决于这些词
的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 各种困难都必须克服。
A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 讲座之间的一系列辩论定于下周末举行。
(三) 就近一致
由or; not only…but also; not …but; either …or; neither…nor连接主语时,或在there be句型中,
谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致。
Neither you nor he is naughty. 你和他都不淘气。
Not only the farmer but also his wife and children are friendly to me. 不仅农民,他的妻子和孩子都对我很友好。
Not the students but the teacher was wrong. 不是学生错了,而是老师错了。
There is a pen and two pencils. 有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。
【注意】
(1) 比较下面两个句子
A number of students are from the south. 许多学生来自南方。
The number of students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。
(2) 特殊形式
More than one white rose has bloomed. (more than one + 单数名词+单数谓语) 不止一朵白玫瑰开了。
One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上还剩一根半香蕉。
Many a student has seen the film. (many a + 单数名词+单数谓语) 许多学生看过这部电影。
One or two days are enough for this work. (one or two +复数名词+复数谓语)这项工作一两天就够了。
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专题01 谓语动词(时态、被动语态、主谓一致)
目录
01 析·考情精解 1
02 构·知能架构 2
03 破·考点攻坚 3
考点一 一般现在时 3
考点二 考查一般过去时 6
考点三 现在完成时 9
考点四 过去完成时 12
考点五 现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时 14
考点六 一般将来时、将来完成时、过去将来时 17
考点七 被动语态 20
专题八 主谓一致 23
命题轨迹透视
近 5 年北京高考英语语法填空谓语动词,90% 题呈 “时态 + 主谓一致” 等复合化特征;时态聚焦现在完成时等三类,多有标志词;被动语态常结合特定时态,主语多为 “物”;主谓一致重单数主语,其易混点虽未直接考查,或成命题方向。
考点频次总结
考点
2025 年
2024 年
2023 年
2022 年
2021 年
一般现在时的时态、语态及主谓一致
2025 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
2024 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
-
-
2021 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
一般过去时的时态、语态及主谓一致
2025 北京卷(语法填空 18,1.5 分)
2024 北京卷(语法填空 15,1.5 分)
2024 北京卷(语法填空 20,1.5 分)
2023 北京卷(语法填空 11、20,各 1.5 分)
2022 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
-
现在完成时的时态、语态及主谓一致
-
-
2023 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
2022 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
2021 北京卷(语法填空 16,1.5 分)
过去完成时的时态、语态
2025 北京卷(语法填空 16;1.5 分)
-
2023 北京卷(语法填空 13,1.5 分)
-
-
2026命题预测
未来北京高考英语语法填空,文本聚焦文化、科技、社会领域,用真实语篇;考点核心综合化,增语篇衔接类,词性转换更复杂;考查重语篇统领与语境推理;素养上深考思维,融文化于语法,强化实用与文化自信。
02 构·知能架构
03 破·考点攻坚
考点一 一般现在时
1.(2025北京卷·语法填空16;1.5分) Usually, better outcomes ______ (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance.
主语“better outcomes”与“achieve”是被动关系,结合“usually”体现的一般现在时及主语复数,故填“are achieved”。
命题解读
新情境:以日常生活中的选择为例,指出做选择是生活的重要组成部分,说明不同选择所需思考程度不同,并提到借助理解风险承受能力等策略能让选择获得更好结果。
新考法:近五年始终以动词(时态、语态、非谓语)为第一大考点(占比 30%-40%),其次是连词(从句引导词)、词性转换、介词,这四类考点合计占比超 85%。2021-2023 年动词考查集中于一般过去时、一般现在时及简单非谓语形式;2024-2025 年转向 “语境化动词形式判断”,如结合语篇时间线判断现在完成时,依据逻辑主语关系选择非谓语形态。
新角度:通过语境判断动词时态语态,并结合标志词 “usually”判断。
2.(2024北京卷·语法填空13;1.5分)When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and 13. ______ (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
答案:gives
解析:句中“which”引导定语从句,指代前文“create space to reflect...emotions”这件事,视为单数概念;且与前文“helps”并列,时态需一致(一般现在时),故用第三人称单数形式“gives”。
命题解读
新情境:以日常生活中的选择为例,指出做选择是生活的重要组成部分,说明不同选择所需思考程度不同,并提到借助理解风险承受能力等策略能让选择获得更好结果。。
新考法:本题考查了考生在新情境中对一般现在时的理解和运用。
新角度:此句为客观陈述事实,且和前面的动词helps为并列关系,这给学生提供了命题思路
3.(2022北京卷·语法填空16;1.5分) Gas naturally16. ______ (have) no recognisable smell.
解析:描述客观事实(气体天然无明显气味),用一般现在时;主语 “Gas” 为不可数名词,谓语用第三人称单数形式。故答案为has。
4.(2021北京卷·语法填空13;1.5分) As it13. ______ (connect) things, your brain turns them into a story
解析:从句与主句 “turns”(一般现在时)时态一致,描述常态过程;主语 “it” 是第三人称单数,谓语用三单形式。故答案为connects。
一般现在时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目,而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
一般现在时:一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
知识1 当前经常发生、反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。
常与usually,always,often,sometimes,never,every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
She always takes a walk in the evening. 她总是在晚上散步。
知识2 现时的情况或状态。
She knows French and German besides English. 除了英语,她还懂法语和德语。
知识 3 表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时,即使主句是一般过去时,宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
The earth moves round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。
知识 4 在由when, if , after, before, although, as, as soon as, the minute, next time, whether, whatever等引导的时间,条件,让步状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
You’ll surely succeed if you try your best. 如果你尽力,你一定会成功的。
知识 5表示按时间表拟定好的,将来必定发生的动作或存在的状态, 能这样使用的动词有: be,
arrive, begin, come, start, depart, end, leave, go, return等,主语通常是物。
The train for Shanghai leaves at 11a.m and arrives at 11p.m. 开往上海的火车上午11点发车,晚上11点到达。
The plane takes off at 9:10 a.m. 飞机上午9点10分起飞。
一般现在时易错点集中在 “主谓一致”“时态混用”“特殊句式搭配” 三类,掌握规律就能大幅提分。
一、核心易错点分类
1. 主谓一致误区
集合名词(family、team 等)作主语,表整体用单数,表成员用复数,易因语境判断失误出错。
不定代词(everyone、something 等)、each/every 修饰的名词作主语,谓语必须用单数,易误写为复数。
由 and 连接的并列主语,表同一人 / 物时用单数,表不同对象时用复数,易混淆判断。
2. 时态混用陷阱
时间状语为 often、usually、every day 等时,易误用时态(如一般过去时、现在进行时)。
主从复合句中,主句为将来时,条件 / 时间状语从句需用一般现在时表将来,易误写为将来时。
客观真理、科学事实需用一般现在时,不受主句时态影响,易随主句时态变化而写错。
3. 特殊句式搭配错误
祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句结构中,陈述句谓语用一般现在时,易误写为将来时。
倒装句(如 Here comes the bus)中,主语为单数时谓语用第三人称单数,易漏加 s/es。
被动语态中,一般现在时结构为 “am/is/are + 过去分词”,易误写为 “was/were + 过去分词”。
二、避错关键技巧
先找时间状语 / 语境标志,明确是否适用一般现在时。
确定时态后,优先核对主谓一致,尤其注意特殊主语(不定代词、集合名词)。
复合句中牢记 “主将从现” 规则,客观真理类表达直接锁定一般现在时。
1.(2025 海淀期末)These pressures, researchers say, ______ (drive) in part by fears that if parents do not equip their children with every possible advantage.
解析:主语“These pressures”与动词“drive”之间是被动关系,且此处描述的是客观情况,应用一般现在时的被动语态,其结构为“am/is/are + 过去分词”,主语是复数,所以填“are driven”。
2.(2025 丰台期末)Tourism ______ (play) an important role in social engagement, appreciating nature, physical health and healthy diet.
解析:此句陈述的是一个客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语“Tourism”是不可数名词,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“plays”。
3.(2025 海淀一模)People will act if the challenge ______ (feel) personal—not just about the planet, polar bears, or humanity as a whole.
解析:在if引导的条件状语从句中,遵循“主将从现”原则,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。主语“the challenge”是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“feels”。
4.(2025 海淀一模)Messages are more effective when they ______ (deliver) in engaging ways to truly resonate with everyone.
解析:主语“they”指代“messages”,与动词“deliver”之间是被动关系,且此处描述的是一般情况,应用一般现在时的被动语态,主语是复数,所以填“are delivered”。
5.(2025 西城一模)The new school ______ (make) use of Tsinghua's strengths, highlighting AI's role in education and research.
解析:此句描述的是新学校的一般情况,应用一般现在时,主语“The new school”是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“makes”。
6.(2025 西城一模)It ______ (aim) to explore AI-driven learning models and develop students with diverse skills, a solid understanding of AI and creative thinking.
解析:“aim to do sth.”表示“旨在做某事”,此处描述的是客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语“It”是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“aims”。
7.(2025 石景山一模)This system ______ (promote) interaction between citizens and the city, responding to their appeals and making the city a better place.
解析:此句陈述的是这个系统的功能,应用一般现在时,主语“This system”是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“promotes”。
8.(2025 东城二模)As a workout, plogging is more efficient than simply running because it ______ (focus) on both environmental protection and personal health.
解析:because引导的原因状语从句描述的是客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语“it”是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“focuses”。
9.(2025 东城二模)Each attempt brings small improvements and each failure ______ (teach) you different strategies.
解析:此句由and连接两个并列的分句,前后时态应一致,前半句用一般现在时,后半句也应用一般现在时。主语“each failure”是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,所以填“teaches”。
考点二 一般过去时
1. (2025年北京卷·语法填空18,1.5分)However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists ____18____ (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, which accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024.
答案:left
解析:句中 “last year”(去年)是一般过去时的标志词,说明动作发生在过去,故谓语动词 “leave” 用过去式 “left”。
命题解读
新情境:以“食物垃圾”为背景,考查一般过去时的用法。
新考法:命题情境中,给出了清晰的过去时间状语last year。
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
2.(2024•北京卷·语法填空15,1.5分) On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ______ (name) the world’s oldest living man.
答案:was named
解析:句子主语 John Tinniswood 与谓语动词 name(认定;命名)是被动关系,他是被吉尼斯世界纪录机构认定为全球在世最长寿男性的;句中 “On April 5, 2024” 明确了动作发生在过去的具体时间,需用一般过去时。
命题解读
新情境:以 2024 年被评为世界最长寿在世男性的约翰・廷尼斯伍德为例,介绍他保持长寿的秘诀是 “适度”,包括不抽烟、少喝酒,并通过他的话强调 “过度行事终将吃苦” 的道理。
新考法:命题情境中,给出了清晰的过去时间状语On April 5, 2024。
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
3. (2024•北京卷,20,1.5分) My heart went out to him, and I ______ (jog) over to him.
解析:句子描述过去发生的动作,前半句 “My heart went out” 用一般过去时,and 连接并列动作,时态需一致,故 “jog” 用过去式 “jogged”。
4. (2023•北京卷,11,1.5分) Soon after moving to Switzerland, I ______ (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up exactly on time.
解析:句中 “was greatly surprised” 为一般过去时,描述过去搬家后举办派对的动作,前后时态一致,“throw” 的过去式为 “threw”。
5. (2022•北京卷,13, 1.5分)Eventually, the man 13. ______ (catch) up with her, and he was only trying to return her wallet!
解析:后半句 “he was only trying” 用过去时态,and 连接的前半句动作发生在过去,“catch up with” 的过去式为 “caught up with”,故填 “caught”。
一般过去时
知识 1 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与 yesterday, last year, three years ago, the other day 等时间状语连用。
例句:There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful coexistence with its surroundings.
译文:从前,在美国的中心地带有一个小镇,那里所有的生命似乎都与周围的环境和平共处。
知识 2 根据上下文或主从句提示。
例句:As a little girl, I wished to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
译文:作为一个小女孩,我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。
知识 3 时间、条件、让步状语从句中,若主句用了过去将来时,从句常用一般过去时。
例句:He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
译文:他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
一般过去时易错点主要集中在 “时态判断”“不规则动词变形”“主谓一致与被动语态”,抓准语境标志和语法规则就能避坑。
一、核心易错点分类
1. 时态判断失误
未识别明确过去时间状语(yesterday、last year、in 2023 等),误用时态(如一般现在时、现在完成时)。
语境隐含过去含义(如故事叙述、历史事件、已结束的动作),易凭直觉用现在时。
主从复合句中,主句与从句时态不一致(如主句过去时,从句误保持现在时)。
2. 不规则动词变形错误
高频不规则动词(如 write-wrote、see-saw、begin-began)易写为规则变形(加 ed)。
易混淆动词变形(如 lie-lay、lay-laid),因词性 / 含义区分不清导致写错。
双写尾字母变形(如 stop-stopped)、去 e 加 ed(如 like-liked)等规则遗漏,拼写出错。
3. 主谓一致与被动语态误区
过去时中,主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词仍用过去式原形(如 he played,易误写为 he playsed)。
一般过去时被动语态结构(was/were + 过去分词),易漏写 was/were 或错用现在时的 am/is/are。
集体名词作主语表过去状态时,谓语单复数判断失误(如 The team won,易误写为 win)。
4. 与现在完成时混淆
出现 for/since 引导的时间状语,若动作已结束(无持续影响),需用一般过去时,易误写为现在完成时。
单纯叙述过去发生的动作(不强调对现在的影响),易误用现在完成时。
二、避错关键技巧
先扫描题干中的时间标志词,直接锁定过去时范围。
无明确时间状语时,根据语境(如故事开头、事件描述)判断动作是否发生在过去。
写动词变形时,先区分规则 / 不规则动词,重点记忆高频不规则动词的过去式。
1.(2025 西城期末)On November 17, 2024, China's first domestically built ocean drilling ship, Mengxiang, or “Dream,” ______ (enter) service in Guangzhou.
解析:句中时间状语 “On November 17, 2024” 明确表示过去的时间,谓语动词用一般过去时,enter 的过去式是 entered,故填 entered。
2.(2025 海淀一模)Early in his career, however, he ______ (face) constant rejections and financial struggles.
解析:“Early in his career” 表明是过去的时间,句子描述过去发生的事情,face 的过去式是 faced,所以填 faced。
3.(2025 西城一模)The XCA4000 ______ (lift) a 130-metric-ton nacelle, a 40-ton hub and three 95-meter-long blades weighing 28 tons each, to a height of 162 meters for assembly on the tower.
解析:该句陈述过去发生的动作,结合语境可知是已完成的动作,lift 的过去式是 lifted,因此填 lifted。
4.(2025 海淀二模)During his trip, he ______ (visit) major southeastern coastal cities of China, among which Shanghai and Hangzhou left a deep impression on him.
解析:“During his trip” 及后半句 “left”(leave 的过去式)提示时态为一般过去时,visit 的过去式是 visited,故填 visited。
5.(2025 东城一模)Three human caretakers of each dog ______ (ask) to record their voices.
解析:主语 “Three human caretakers” 与 ask 是被动关系,且描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时的被动语态 “was/were + 过去分词”,主语为复数,所以填 were asked。
6.(2025 丰台一模)Knowing it would probably be his only warm meal of the day, I ______ (give) him the hamburger.
解析:句中 “would” 提示动作发生在过去,give 的过去式是 gave,因此填 gave。
7.(2025 东城二模)Thanks to her lifetime dedication to the field, Tang ______ (honor) with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Translation in 2024.
解析:句中明确给出时间状语 “in 2024”,且主语 “Tang” 与动词 “honor” 之间是被动关系(被授予奖项),需用一般过去时的被动语态 “was/were + 过去分词”。主语是单数,“honor” 的过去分词是 “honored”,所以填 “was honored”。
考点三 现在完成时
1. (2023北京卷·语法填空15,1.5分) Up to now, China 6. ______ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.
答案:has established
解析:句中 “Up to now”(到目前为止)是现在完成时的标志词,强调动作从过去开始持续到现在,故谓语动词 “establish” 需用现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词)。主语 “China” 为单数,助动词用 “has”,“establish” 的过去分词是 “established”,因此填 “has established”。
命题解读
新情境:介绍红树林的生长环境(陆地与海洋之间)、外观特征(复杂根系、远处看壮观)及生态作用(减缓海浪冲击、保护城市免受海岸风影响,被誉为 “海岸卫士”),并提及中国已建立多个红树林保护区以保护这一自然遗产。
新考法:命题情境中,有明确的表示现在完成时的时间状语 up to now.
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
1.(2022・北京卷,20,1.5 分)The use of those plastics ______ (increase) by 300% since 2019.
解析:句中时间状语 “since 2019” 是现在完成时的标志,主语 “The use” 为单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,increase 的现在完成时结构是 has increased,故填 has increased。
2.(2021・北京卷,17,1.5 分)There ______ (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years。
解析:“over the past 20 years” 是现在完成时的常用时间状语,there be 句型的现在完成时结构为 “there has/have been”,主语 “a dramatic rise” 为单数,因此填 has been。
现在完成时
知识 1 表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有 already, ever, just(刚刚), yet 等。
例句:As a photographer, I have spent the last two years recording everything I discovered.
译文:作为一名摄影师,我花了最近两年的时间记录我所发现的一切。
知识 2 表示一个动作开始于过去,一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有 lately, recently, until now, ever since, in the last (past) few days/years, up to now, so far 等。
例句1:In the past few years, great changes **have taken place** in my hometown.
译文:在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
例句2:His first novel **has received** good reviews since it came out last month.
译文:他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
知识 3 下列句型中常用现在完成时
· This/That/It is the first/second/ … time that+现在完成时
· This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/ …+名词+that+现在完成时
例句1:This is the first time that I have made a speech.
译文:这是我第一次做演讲。
例句2:It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.
译文:这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
一、与一般过去时的混淆
1. 核心差异:现在完成时强调 “过去动作对现在的影响 / 持续到现在”,一般过去时仅描述 “过去发生的动作”。
2. 易错场景:
•出现 “for + 时间段”“since + 时间点” 时,若动作已结束(无持续影响),需用一般过去时,易误写为现在完成时。
•单纯叙述过去事件(如 “昨天我看了电影”),易误用现在完成时(应为 I saw a movie yesterday,而非 I have seen a movie yesterday)。
二、时间状语的错误搭配
3.高频标志词混淆:
•already, yet, just, ever, never, lately, recently, in the last/past few years, so far, up to now 等。
•易误搭配的时间状语(需用一般过去时):yesterday, last week, three years ago, in 2020 等。
典型错误:I have visited Beijing last month.
避错关键技巧
1.先判语境:若动作对现在有影响(如 “已经完成、持续到现在”)用现在完成时;仅描述过去事件用一般过去时。
2.核对标志词:牢记现在完成时的时间状语,排除一般过去时的时间标志。
1.(2025 海淀期末)Since the launch of the program in 1978, China ______ (expand) its afforestation area by 32 million hectares.
解析:句中 “since + 过去时间点(1978 年)” 是现在完成时的典型标志,强调动作从过去持续到现在并产生结果。主语 “China” 是单数,谓语动词用现在完成时形式,“expand” 的过去分词是 “expanded”,所以填 “has expanded”。
2.(2025 东城期末)Through hard work, he ______ (lead) his team to victories at national championships over the past two years.
解析:“over the past two years”(过去两年间)是现在完成时的常用时间状语,表明动作在过去一段时间内持续发生并对现在产生影响。主语 “he” 是第三人称单数,“lead” 的过去分词是 “led”,所以填 “has led”。
3.(2025 朝阳期末)Recently, the game Black Myth: Wukong ______ (gain) a lot of attention.
解析:“recently”(最近)是现在完成时的标志词,强调动作在近期发生并持续到现在。主语 “the game” 是单数,“gain” 的过去分词是 “gained”,所以填 “has gained”。
4.(2025 丰台期末)Recently, fridge magnets inspired by the phoenix coronet ______ (become) a hit on social media.
解析:“recently” 提示此处用现在完成时,描述动作在近期发生并产生 “成为热门” 的结果。主语 “fridge magnets” 是复数,“become” 的过去分词是 “become”,所以填 “have become”。
5.(2025 丰台一模)In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cinnamon, known as “RouGui”, ______ (use) for centuries for its medicinal properties.
解析:“for centuries”(几个世纪以来)是现在完成时的时间标志,且主语 “cinnamon” 与动词 “use” 之间是被动关系(肉桂被使用),需用现在完成时的被动语态 “have/has been + 过去分词”。主语是单数,“use” 的过去分词是 “used”,所以填 “has been used”。
6.(2025 西城二模)The space agency also ______ (announce) plans for two manned spaceflights this year—Shenzhou XX and XXI—as well as the Tianzhou 9 cargo mission to the Tiangong space station.
解析:此句陈述航天机构已经公布的计划,动作发生在过去且对现在有影响,应用现在完成时。主语 “The space agency” 是单数,“announce” 的过去分词是 “announced”,所以填 “has announced”。
考点四 过去完成时
1. (2025年北京卷·语法填空15,1.5分)Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you ____15____ (make) several decisions even without noticing.
命题解读
新情境:以“刷牙这一日常生活”为背景,考查过去完成时的用法。
新考法:命题情境中,给出了清晰的过去时间状语By the time you brushed your teeth。
新角度:考查学生在实际文章情境中的运用而不是直接孤立考查时态问题。
2.(2023年北京卷·语法填空13,1.5分)I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest 13. ______ (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
解析:考查过去完成时。“turned up” 是过去动作,“arrive” 发生在其之前(过去的过去),需用 “had + 过去分词”,arrive 的过去分词为 arrived,故填 had arrived。
过去完成时
知识 1 表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作
常见时间状语:by+过去时间点,by the end of+过去时间点,by the time+从句,until/before/since+过去时间点或从句。
例句:She lived with a family she **had never met** and everything was new to her.(她和一个素未谋面的家庭住在一起,一切对她来说都是新鲜的。)
知识 2 在“It was the first/second/third…time+从句”结构中,从句用过去完成时。
例句:It was the first time that I had met him in the cinema.(那是我第一次在电影院遇见他)
知识 3 表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图
适用动词:hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose的过去完成时。
例句:I **had hoped** to go home from work ahead of time.(我本希望提前下班回家,但未能如愿)
一、易错点核心总结
1.未识别 “过去的过去” 语境:过去完成时需满足 “一个过去动作发生在另一个过去动作之前”,若忽略两个动作的时间先后,易误填一般过去时。比如 “By the time he arrived at the station, the train had left.”(arrived 是过去动作,left 发生在其前,需用 had left),易错写为 left。
2.滥用时间标志词:仅当句中有 by + 过去时间点(如 by 2022、by last month)、before + 过去时间 / 从句、until then 等标志时,才优先考虑过去完成时;无明确 “过去的过去” 逻辑时,不可随意使用。比如 “Yesterday I met an old friend who I hadn’t seen for years.”(met 是过去,“没见” 发生在之前,用 hadn’t seen),易错写为 didn’t see。
3.动词形式错误:过去完成时的结构是 “had + 过去分词”,易错把过去分词写成原形或一般过去式。比如 “She realized she had made a mistake.”(made 是 make 的过去分词),易错写为 had make 或 had did。
4.与现在完成时混淆:现在完成时关联 “现在”,过去完成时仅关联 “过去”,若句中有明确过去时间背景(如 last year、in 2019),需排除现在完成时。比如 “In 2020, he told me he had lived in Beijing for 5 years.”(“居住” 发生在 told 之前,用 had lived),易错写为 has lived。
二、关键避错原则
1.找句中 “过去时间锚点”(如 said、went、last week),判断目标动作是否在其之前发生。
2.非延续性动词(如 buy、leave)在过去完成时中,可与 for/since 连用(无限制,区别于现在完成时的肯定句),无需转化。
3.被动语态结构为 “had been + 过去分词”,避免漏写 been(如 “The letter had been sent before I called.”)
1.(2025 海淀期末 B 改编)Today's parents face more demanding pressures. Researchers found that many parents ______ (devote) years to cultivating their children's talents before they realized the intensity of "intensive parenting".
解析:句中 “before they realized”(在他们意识到之前)表明 “devote”(投入)的动作发生在 “realized”(过去式)之前,是 “过去的过去”,应用过去完成时 “had + 过去分词”。“devote” 的过去分词是 “devoted”,所以填 “had devoted”。
2.(2025 西城期末 A 改编)My great-uncle Olof ______ (bake) the Swedish bread every week for decades before he taught the recipe to me when I was fourteen.
解析:“before he taught”(在他教我之前)中 “taught” 是过去式,“bake”(烘焙)的动作持续了数十年且发生在 “教我” 之前,属于 “过去的过去”,需用过去完成时。“bake” 的过去分词是 “baked”,所以填 “had baked”。
3.(2025 朝阳一模 A 改编)Zhu Mengdan ______ (climb) coconut trees thousands of times in her childhood before the game became an official event at the 2024 National Traditional Games.
解析:“before the game became”(在这项运动成为正式项目之前)中 “became” 是过去式,“climb”(爬)的动作发生在 “成为正式项目” 之前,是 “过去的过去”,应用过去完成时。“climb” 的过去分词是 “climbed”,所以填 “had climbed”。
4.(2025 丰台一模 C 改编)By the time I noticed the poor gentleman at the bus stop, I ______ (order) a warm hamburger at the food store and decided to give it to him.
解析:“By the time I noticed”(当我注意到的时候)中 “noticed” 是过去式,“order”(点单)的动作发生在 “注意到” 之前,符合过去完成时 “过去的过去” 的用法。“order” 的过去分词是 “ordered”,所以填 “had ordered”。
5.(2025 石景山一模 C 改编)Before the subway-through-building videos gained massive attention, foreign tourist arrivals in Chongqing ______ (rise) steadily for years.
解析:“before the subway-through-building videos gained”(在穿楼地铁视频获得大量关注之前)中 “gained” 是过去式,“rise”(增长)的动作持续多年且发生在 “获得关注” 之前,属于 “过去的过去”,需用过去完成时。“rise” 的过去分词是 “risen”,所以填 “had risen”。
考点五 现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时
现在进行时
(1)动作时态:表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
例句:Now, I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.(现在,我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语工作,间接地实现了那个梦想。)
(2)位置移动动词的特殊用法:某些表示位置移动的动词(如 go、come、leave、arrive、start、move 等)可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
例句:John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.(约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。)
(3)与频度副词连用:与 always、often、constantly 等频度副词连用,表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩(可褒可贬)。
例句:The girl is always talking aloud in public, which makes her parents annoyed.(这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话,这使得她的父母很烦。)
过去进行时
(1)过去动作时态:表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
例句:Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.(今天上午 11 点格林太太正准备午餐。)
(2)与时间状语从句连用:表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行,常与 when、while 引导的时间状语从句连用。
例句:The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.(那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。)
(3)非延续性动词的特殊用法:一些非延续性动词(如 go、come、leave、start、arrive 等)可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
例句:She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.(她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。)
将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
例句:Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then.(不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话,那时我们在吃晚饭。)
现在完成进行时
(1)延续性动作:常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
例句:All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.(这些年来,他们一直向我们杂志投稿。)
(2)反复性动作:表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
例句:We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.(最近我们常常见面。)
1. (2025 丰台期末 A 篇改编)Look! The workers ______ (build) a new community center across the street. It’s supposed to open next year.
解析:句首的 “Look!” 是现在进行时的标志词,强调动作正在发生。主语 “The workers” 是复数,现在进行时的结构为 “are + 现在分词”,“build” 的现在分词是 “building”,所以填 “are building”。
2.(2025 海淀期末 B 篇改编)I ______ (read) a novel last night when the power suddenly went out. I had to light a candle to find my phone.
解析:“be doing sth. when...” 是固定句型,表示 “正在做某事时,突然发生另一件事”。句中 “last night” 表明是过去的时间,主语 “I” 对应的过去进行时结构为 “was + 现在分词”,“read” 的现在分词是 “reading”,所以填 “was reading”。
3.(2025 西城期末 A 篇改编)At 8 o’clock yesterday evening, my family and I ______ (have) dinner together. We talked about our plans for the weekend.
解析:“At 8 o’clock yesterday evening” 是过去某个具体时间点,强调此时动作正在进行,应用过去进行时。主语 “my family and I” 是复数,过去进行时结构为 “were + 现在分词”,“have” 的现在分词是 “having”,所以填 “were having”。
4.(2025 东城期末 C 篇改编)This time tomorrow, I ______ (take) a flight to Shanghai for a business trip. I’ve already packed my suitcase.
解析:“This time tomorrow”(明天这个时候)是将来进行时的标志词,强调将来某个时间点动作正在进行。将来进行时结构为 “will be + 现在分词”,“take” 的现在分词是 “taking”,所以填 “will be taking”。
5.(2025 石景山一模 C 篇改编)By the time you arrive at the party, most guests ______ (dance) to the music. Don’t be late!
解析:“By the time” 引导的时间状语从句中,从句用一般现在时表将来,主句需用将来完成进行时,强调动作从将来某一时间开始持续到从句动作发生时仍在进行。将来完成进行时结构为 “will have been + 现在分词”,“dance” 的现在分词是 “dancing”,所以填 “will have been dancing”。
6.(2025 西城二模 B 篇改编)The research team ______ (study) the effects of this new drug for three years. They hope to publish their findings next month.
解析:“for three years” 表明动作从过去开始持续到现在,且还在进行(下个月将发表成果),应用现在完成进行时。主语 “The research team” 可视为单数,现在完成进行时结构为 “has been + 现在分词”,“study” 的现在分词是 “studying”,所以填 “has been studying”。
7.(2025 海淀一模 B 篇改编)My sister ______ (learn) to play the piano since she was six years old. She can now play many difficult pieces.
解析:“since she was six years old” 是现在完成进行时的典型标志,强调动作从过去持续到现在,且仍在进行(现在能弹难曲)。主语 “My sister” 是第三人称单数,现在完成进行时结构为 “has been + 现在分词”,“learn” 的现在分词是 “learning”,所以填 “has been learning”。
考点六 一般将来时、将来完成时、过去将来时
将来完成时的用法
(1) 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:
My father will come back next week. 我爸爸下周会回来。
We shall have a good time in the park. 我们将在公园玩得很开心。
(2) 可以表示将来时的其他结构及其用法:
① be going to+动词原形,表示计划、打算要做某事,还可表示根据现有的迹象对未来进行推断。例如:
He is going to buy her some flowers. 他打算给她买些花。
Look at the dark clouds. It’s going to rain.看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
② be to do 表示计划、安排、或用来征求意见。例如:
She is to be married next month. 她下个月就要结婚了。
The highway is to be opened in May. 这条高速公路将于五月开通。
③ be about to 表示立即的将来(immediate future),这种结构不可以与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可
以和并列连词when(=and at that time)引出的分句连用。
④ 某些动词(come, go, begin, leave, sail, arrive, return, start, stop, open, end, stay等)的一般现在时可以表示将
来时间,指根据时间表规定预计要发生的动作。 例如:
The new term starts on 15th February.
The plane takes off at 9 o’clock.
⑤ 某些动词的现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作。如:go, leave, come arrive, land, meet, move,
return, start, stay, stop, give, have, pay, join, spend, sleep, take等。例如:
He is meeting the manager tomorrow. 他明天要去见经理。
I’m leaving for Beijing next month. 我下个月要去北京。
①将来完成时的构成为“will+have+done”。主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间为止已完成,上下文情景中常含有by短语,如by six o'clock,by the weekend,by the end of next month等。
②③④⑤过去将来完成时(would have done)表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作,多与宾语从句和虚拟语气连用。
将来完成时
(1)到将来某一时会完成的动作或结束的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时,他们已经结婚20年了。
By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 等你回家的时候,我已经把房子彻底打扫干净了。
(2)将来完成时的常用时间状语核心是 “未来时间点 / 时间段 + 截止含义”,主要分三类场景。
明确未来截止时间点
· by + 未来时间点(具体日期、时刻等),比如 by next Friday、by 6 o’clock tomorrow evening、by the end of this year。
· by the time + 未来时间状语从句,比如 by the time we arrive、by the time she finishes college。
未来持续时间段
· for + 时间段 + by + 未来时间点,比如 for five years by next month、for a decade by 2030。
其他补充时间状语
· before + 未来时间点 / 从句,比如 before the meeting starts、before he leaves。
· 单独使用的未来时间状语(需结合语境体现 “截止”),比如 this time next week、by then。
过去将来时
①谓语动词的构成:
②基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。
The shop would soon close,and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭,所有的人将回家。
一、一般将来时考点练习
1.(2025 西城期末 C)Once this biopesticide is put into use, it ______ (work) when applied to the plant surface.
解析:“once” 引导的条件状语从句中,遵循 “主将从现” 原则,从句用一般现在时(is put)表将来,主句需用一般将来时。一般将来时结构为 “will + 动词原形”,所以填 “will work”。
2.(2025 西城期末 A)One day, I hope my boys ______ (carry) on these traditions, passing the stories and recipes to their own children.
解析:句中 “One day”(将来某一天)是一般将来时的标志词,表对未来的期望。主语 “my boys” 是复数,一般将来时用 “will + 动词原形”,所以填 “will carry”。
3.(2025 东城二模 C)If schools remove lockers, more space ______ (create) in the hallways.
解析:“if” 引导的条件状语从句遵循 “主将从现” 原则,从句用一般现在时(remove)表将来,主句需用一般将来时的被动语态(空间被创造)。一般将来时被动语态结构为 “will be + 过去分词”,“create” 的过去分词是 “created”,所以填 “will be created”。
二、将来完成时考点练习
1.(2025 西城期末C 改编)By the time the field tests are completed, the small molecule ______ (prove) its effectiveness in various plants.
解析:“By the time” 引导的时间状语从句中,从句用一般现在时(are completed)表将来,主句需用将来完成时,强调动作在将来某一时间前完成。将来完成时结构为 “will have + 过去分词”,“prove” 的过去分词是 “proven”(或 “proved”),所以填 “will have proven”(或 “will have proved”)。
2.(2025 西城二模A 改编)By 2030, China ______ (achieve) its goal of landing astronauts on the moon if the program progresses as scheduled.
解析:“By 2030”(到 2030 年)是将来完成时的典型时间标志,强调到将来某一时间点前完成的动作。将来完成时结构为 “will have + 过去分词”,“achieve” 的过去分词是 “achieved”,所以填 “will have achieved”。
三、过去将来时考点练习
1.(2025 西城一模 A)He never expected that our small efforts ______ (create) such an effect.
解析:主句谓语 “expected” 是过去式,宾语从句中需用过去将来时,表从过去视角看将来会发生的动作。过去将来时结构为 “would + 动词原形”,所以填 “would create”。
2.(2025 朝阳一模 A)She had never imagined her childhood game ______ (become) an official event at a national competition one day.
解析:主句谓语 “had imagined” 是过去完成时,宾语从句中需用过去将来时,表从过去的过去视角看将来会发生的动作。过去将来时结构为 “would + 动词原形”,所以填 “would become”。
3.(2025 海淀一模 A 改编)Early in his career, he didn't know that his efforts ______ (lead) him to become a pioneer in the animation industry.
解析:主句谓语 “didn't know” 是过去式,宾语从句中需用过去将来时,表从过去视角预测未来的结果。过去将来时结构为 “would + 动词原形”,所以填 “would lead”。
考点七 被动语态
1.(2025 北京卷 B 篇)Usually, better outcomes ______ (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance.
解析:句中 “usually” 表明是经常性、习惯性的情况,应用一般现在时。主语 “better outcomes” 与动词 “achieve” 之间是被动关系(结果被达成),一般现在时的被动语态结构为 “am/is/are + 过去分词”,主语是复数,“achieve” 的过去分词是 “achieved”,所以填 “are achieved”。
2.(2024 北京卷B 篇)On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ______ (name) the world’s oldest living man.
解析:句中 “On April 5, 2024” 是明确的过去时间点,应用一般过去时。主语 “John Tinniswood” 与动词 “name” 之间是被动关系(被命名),一般过去时的被动语态结构为 “was/were + 过去分词”,主语是单数,“name” 的过去分词是 “named”,所以填 “was named”。
3.(2022 北京卷B 篇)One theory, increasingly ______ (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned.
解析:此处 “increasingly ______ by experts” 是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰 “One theory”,表示 “被专家支持的理论”。“support” 与 “theory” 之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词 “supported”。
4.(2023 北京卷B 篇)Up to now, China ______ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.
解析:“Up to now”(到目前为止)是现在完成时的标志词,强调动作从过去持续到现在并产生结果。主语 “China” 是单数,现在完成时结构为 “has + 过去分词”,“establish” 的过去分词是 “established”,所以填 “has established”。
5.(2022 北京卷C 篇)The use of those plastics ______ (increase) by 300% since 2019.
解析:“since 2019”(自 2019 年以来)是现在完成时的典型标志,强调动作从过去开始持续到现在。主语 “The use” 是单数,现在完成时结构为 “has + 过去分词”,“increase” 的过去分词是 “increased”,所以填 “has increased”。
1. 被动语态的用法
(1) 不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者
—The window is dirty. 窗户脏了。
—I know. It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2) 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外,所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3) 某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态:have 有;cost 花费;lack 缺少;suit 适合;belong to 属于;suffer from 遭受;date from/back to 追溯到;consist of 由…… 组成;take part in 参加。
I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop, which cost 15 yuan.我从新华书店买了一本书,花了 15 元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.她正在试验不同的打印机,看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family. 狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4) 不及物动词 (短语) 不能用于被动语态。常见的有:happen/take place/occur 发生;remain 剩下;break out 爆发;last 持续;come out 出版;come up 被提出;lose heart 失去信心;run out 用完。
An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故,五个人遇难。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
(5) “get + 过去分词” 也可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2. 主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1) 表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如 read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, draw 等,常与 well, easily, smoothly 等副词连用,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2) 系动词如 smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove 等后接形容词作表语
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3) open, close, lock, move, keep 等动词常与 won’t, can’t, wouldn’t 连用
No matter what he did to the door, it wouldn’t open.不论他怎么对付这个门,它就是打不开。
(4) 在 need, want, require, deserve, bear 等动词或 worth 等形容词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing. 这部电影的确值得一看。
(5) 在某些 “主语 (人 / 物)+be + 形容词 + 不定式” 结构中,用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作 to work out 前省略了 for me)这道题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝着安全吗?
(6) be to blame 也属于主动形式表被动意义
Who is to blame for the mistake? 这个错误应该归咎于谁?
1.(2025 海淀期末)Since the launch of the program in 1978, China ______ (expand) its afforestation area by 32 million hectares.
解析:“since + 过去时间点(1978 年)” 是现在完成时的核心标志,强调动作从过去持续到现在并产生明确结果。主语 “China” 为单数,“expand” 的过去分词是 “expanded”,所以填 “has expanded”。
2.(2025 东城期末)Through hard work, he ______ (lead) his team to victories at national championships over the past two years.
解析:“over the past two years”(过去两年间)是现在完成时的常用时间状语,体现动作在过去一段时间内持续发生并影响现在。主语 “he” 是第三人称单数,“lead” 的过去分词为 “led”,所以填 “has led”。
3.(2025 朝阳期末)Recently, the game Black Myth: Wukong ______ (gain) a lot of attention.
解析:“recently”(最近)提示动作发生在近期且持续到现在,需用现在完成时。主语 “the game” 为单数,“gain” 的过去分词是 “gained”,所以填 “has gained”。
4.(2025 丰台期末)Recently, fridge magnets inspired by the phoenix coronet ______ (become) a hit on social media.
解析:“recently” 表明用现在完成时,描述动作近期发生并形成 “成为热门” 的当前结果。主语 “fridge magnets” 是复数,“become” 的过去分词为 “become”,所以填 “have become”。
5.(2025 丰台一模)In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cinnamon, known as “RouGui”, ______ (use) for centuries for its medicinal properties.
解析:“for centuries”(几个世纪以来)是现在完成时的时间标志,且主语 “cinnamon” 与 “use” 是被动关系(肉桂被使用),需用现在完成时被动语态 “has been + 过去分词”。“use” 的过去分词是 “used”,所以填 “has been used”。
6.(2025 西城二模)The space agency also ______ (announce) plans for two manned spaceflights this year—Shenzhou XX and XXI—as well as the Tianzhou 9 cargo mission to the Tiangong space station.
解析:句子陈述航天机构已完成的 “公布计划” 动作,且对现在有影响(计划已明确),用现在完成时。主语 “The space agency” 为单数,“announce” 的过去分词是 “announced”,所以填 “has announced”。
7.(2025 东城二模)Thanks to her lifetime dedication to the field, Tang ______ (honor) with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Translation in 2024.
解析:“in 2024” 是明确的过去时间点,且主语 “Tang” 与 “honor” 是被动关系(被授予奖项),需用一般过去时被动语态 “was + 过去分词”。“honor” 的过去分词是 “honored”,所以填 “was honored”。
考点八 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语在人称和数上必须和主语的人称和数保持一致,是历年高考试题中的主要测试点之一,它主要以语法填空、书面表达的形式来考查主语和谓语之间的语法一致的原则,意义一致的原则,就近一致的原则,同时还涉及动词时态、语态和修饰等。由于汉语中没有主谓一致现象,所以学习起来有一定难度。
(一) 语法一致
1. 由and连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
Both the parents and the children are/were here. 父母和孩子都在这里。
Air and water are necessary for us to live. 空气和水是我们生存所必需的。
【注意】
(1) 两个并列主语表示同一个人、物或观念时,谓语动词用单数。
A journalist and author lives on the sixth floor. 一位记者兼作家住在六楼。
The knife and fork is there on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。
Bread and butter is nutritious. 面包和黄油很有营养。
(2) 两个并列主语之前有each, every, many a, no修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
Each boy and each girl has been invited. 每个男孩和女孩都被邀请了。
Many a boy and many a girl has been invited. 许多男孩和女孩都被邀请了。
No sound and no voice is heard. 没有声音,也听不到声音。
2. 主语后跟with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, except, but, rather than, like,
including时,谓语动词与前面的真正主语保持一致。
A library with five thousand books was/has been offered to the nation as a gift. 一个有五千本书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。
She as well as the other girls is going to another store. 她和其他女孩一样要去另一家商店。
The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible. 责任在父亲,而不是兄弟。
A peasant together with some soldiers was about to help us. 一个农民和一些士兵正准备帮助我们。
No one but my best friends knows the secret.除了我最好的朋友,没有人知道这个秘密。
3. 单个的动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
Swimming is a good way to keep healthy. 游泳是保持健康的好方法。
What you said is of great importance. 你说的很重要。
What he needs is to be loved. 他需要的是被爱。
What is beautiful is not always good. 美丽的并不总是好的。
What the boy wants is a toy car. 这个男孩想要的是一辆玩具车。
【注意】
(1) what引导的主语从句在系表结构中出现时,且表语为复数名词时,主句的系动词通常用复
数形式。如:
What you left are/were only several old books. 你留下的只是几本旧书。
但在美国英语中主句的系动词也可以用单数形式:
Perhaps what is most surprising is the tears. 也许最令人惊讶的是眼泪。
(2)由and连接的两个what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一
What he says and does does not concern me. 他的言行与我无关。
4. 定语从句中谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。
He is the only one of the boys who likes maths. 他是男孩中唯一一个喜欢数学的。
He is one of the boys who like maths. 他是喜欢数学的男孩之一。
I, who am your friend, should help you. I、 谁是你的朋友,应该帮助你。
5. each, some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时谓语用单数。
Everyone was very careful when doing the job. 每个人在做这项工作时都非常小心。
Is anybody absent today? 每个人在做这项工作时都非常小心。
Each of them has a tool. 他们每个人都有一个工具。
【注意】none/neither作主语单复数都可以。
None of his classmates knows/know the truth. 他的同学都不知道真相。
Neither of them was/were right. 他们俩都不对。
(二) 意义一致
1. 集体名词
(1)集体名词people, police, cattle (牛的总称) 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The cattle are grazing (吃草) in the field. 牛正在田里吃草。
The police are chasing the robber. 警察正在追捕劫匪。
(2) family, crowd, class, public, group, enemy, army, team, company, audience, committee等集体名
词作主语时,如表示整体,用单数;表示若干个体,用复数。
My family is/was a large one. 我的家庭很大。
The family are/were sitting at the breakfast table. (指家庭成员) 全家人坐在早餐桌旁。
(3)有两部分构成的物体的名词,如: trousers, pants, jeans, glasses, shorts等作主语时,谓语动词用
复数。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数
形式。如:
These trousers need cleaning. 这条裤子需要清洗。
This pair of trousers is mine. 这条裤子是我的。
(4) goods (商品) 作为主语时,谓语动词用复数。
2. 不定代词all, most, some等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所指代的名词的数。
Most of the apples are/were rotten. 大多数苹果都烂了。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 大部分苹果被老鼠吃掉了。
3. 表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词,在表示单位数量用作主语时,通常
被看作整体,谓语动词多用单数形式。
Sixty years is a long time. 六十年是一段很长的时间。
Ten dollars is enough for him. 十美元对他来说已经足够了。
Three thousand miles is a long distance. 三千英里是一段很长的距离。
【注意】如果强调数目, 谓语动词也可用复数形式。
More than fifty years have passed since they got married. 他们结婚已经五十多年了。
4. 分数和百分数/the rest +of+n作主语,根据具体概念确定谓语动词单复数形式。
Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
Two-thirds of the youth are for the plan. 三分之二的年轻人支持该计划。
5. 表示学科的词如physics, politics, mathematics, economics形式是复数, 作主语时,谓语用单数。
Physics is very important. 物理非常重要。
6. 单复数同形的名词,如deer, fish, sheep, means, series, species, headquarters, works(工厂),
Chinese, Japanese等作主语,要视其意义来确定谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式。
These art works are not all displayed at the same time. 这些艺术品并不是同时展出的。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution. 已经采取了一切可能的措施来防止空气污染。
7. 国名、机构名、书名、报纸名、剧名等专有名词, 即使是复数形式, 谓语也要用单数。
The Arabian Nights is famous all over the world. 《一千零一夜》举世闻名。
The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。
【注意】如果是山脉、群岛、瀑布等,谓语动词用复数形式。
The Himalayas are the roof of the world. 喜马拉雅山是世界之巅。
The Olympics are held every four years. 奥运会每四年举行一次。
The Philippines lie on the southeast of China. 菲律宾位于中国东南部。
8. The + adj. 作主语,表示“一类人”时,谓语用复数。
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it. 富人赞成这个决定,但穷人反对。
The young are always full of energy. 年轻人总是精力充沛。
9. majority 常与of连用,后可接可数名词复数。当“majority +of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动
词一般用复数。当majority后不接of短语时,如着眼于整体,谓语动词用单数;如着眼于众多个体,谓语动词用复数。
The majority of people believe smoking is harmful to health. 大多数人认为吸烟有害健康。
The majority was/were in favour of the proposal. 大多数人赞成这项提议。
10. 由“ kind (form/type/sort/species/portion/series) of ”等修饰的主语,其谓语形式取决于这些词
的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 各种困难都必须克服。
A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 讲座之间的一系列辩论定于下周末举行。
(三) 就近一致
由or; not only…but also; not …but; either …or; neither…nor连接主语时,或在there be句型中,
谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致。
Neither you nor he is naughty. 你和他都不淘气。
Not only the farmer but also his wife and children are friendly to me. 不仅农民,他的妻子和孩子都对我很友好。
Not the students but the teacher was wrong. 不是学生错了,而是老师错了。
There is a pen and two pencils. 有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。
【注意】
(1) 比较下面两个句子
A number of students are from the south. 许多学生来自南方。
The number of students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。
(2) 特殊形式
More than one white rose has bloomed. (more than one + 单数名词+单数谓语) 不止一朵白玫瑰开了。
One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上还剩一根半香蕉。
Many a student has seen the film. (many a + 单数名词+单数谓语) 许多学生看过这部电影。
One or two days are enough for this work. (one or two +复数名词+复数谓语)这项工作一两天就够了。
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