专题15 阅读理解（说明文）（复习讲义）（江苏专用）2026年春季高考英语

专题15阅读理解说明文 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 3 考点一：语篇特征识别与说明对象提炼（重点） 3 考点二：细节理解题（常考点） 4 考点三：词义猜测题（难点） 6 考点四：主旨大意题（难点） 7 考点五：推理判断题（常考点） 8 考点六：说明结构与方法题（难点） 10 实战精练与提升 11 一、考试要求 阅读理解说明文是江苏春季高考英语的核心体裁之一，占阅读理解分值的 35% 左右，涵盖科技发明、生态环境、社会现象、文化教育、科学研究等题材。其核心考查把握说明对象及特征、梳理说明逻辑、提炼主旨大意、精准定位细节、推理隐含信息的能力，具有客观严谨、逻辑清晰、信息密集、术语较多的特点。二轮复习需突破术语理解障碍、逻辑梳理混乱、主旨概括片面、细节定位低效等痛点，通过语篇特征拆解 + 解题技巧落地 + 针对性训练的模式，实现解题精度与效率的双重提升，助力学生在该题型中稳拿基础分、冲刺高分。 考生需做到： 1. 能快速识别说明文的说明对象、核心特征及说明目的； 2. 能梳理说明文的逻辑结构（总分、递进、并列、对照）及说明顺序（时间、空间、从现象到本质）； 3. 能精准定位并理解细节信息（数据、原理、方法、结论）； 4. 能结合语境猜测专业术语、陌生词汇的含义； 5. 能概括文章主旨大意，提炼段落中心句； 6. 能根据文本信息推理隐含结论（作者态度、说明意图、应用前景）； 7. 能识别常见说明方法（下定义、列数字、举例子、作比较、打比方）及其作用。 二、命题分析 考点 考频 （近5 年） 考查内容 命题趋势 细节理解题 5年17考 数据解读、原理说明、方法步骤、结论细节 2026年仍为考查重点，侧重多细节整合与精准定位 词义猜测题 5年8考 专业术语、陌生词汇、指代关系 2026年可能结合科技类说明文的核心术语 主旨大意题 5年6考 概括说明对象及特征、提炼标题、归纳主旨 2026年侧重科技类说明文的主旨提炼 推理判断题 5年7考 作者态度、说明意图、应用前景、逻辑推断 2026年可能考查说明方法作用推断 类题目 说明结构 /方法题 5年4考 识别说明顺序、判断说明方法、分析段落作用 2026年可能在语篇分析题中渗透结构判断 指代判断题 5年2考 代词指代对象判断 2026年可能结合长难句考查指代关系 · 考点一：语篇特征识别与说明对象提炼 解题策略 1. 找说明对象：首段首句/尾句（如 “Geothermal power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources.”→说明对象：地热发电）； 2. 提炼核心特征：抓段落主题句（多为段首）、逻辑连接词后的信息（如 however, furthermore）、数据支撑的结论； 3. 识别说明结构：根据连接词判断（first→second→third为总分式；for one thing→for another为并列式；because→so为递进式）。 一、核心解读 说明文的所有题目都建立在明确说明对象及特征的基础上，快速识别说明对象、梳理说明结构，是解题的前提。说明对象通常在首段点明，特征分散在各段落，需通过主题句整合。 二、典型例句 ①说明对象+特征 Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) is an indoor garden system. It requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 对象：BMF 特征：室内园艺系统、操作简单、供应稳定 ②总分结构 Rogue waves are large, unexpected, and dangerous. They are at least twice as high as the other waves around them and highly unpredictable. 总述疯狗浪的核心特征→分述高度和不可预测性 ③递进结构 The sand is disappearing in Oceanside. Climate change causes sea level rise, and dams reduce river sediment, worsening the problem. 现象→原因→影响 ④说明顺序 First, the volunteers learned to type the code; then they rested for 10 seconds; finally, their brain activity was analyzed. 时间顺序（实验步骤） 例题 We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 1. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 【答案】C 【解析】第一步，找说明对象：BMF（巴比伦微型农场）；第二步，提炼特征：第一段 shortens it even more中 it指代前文the journey（食物从农场到餐桌的距离）；第三步，匹配选项：A 未提食物多样性，B 与requires little effort矛盾，C 缩短农场到餐桌距离符合特征，D 与while farmer’s markets... shortens it even more矛盾，故选C。 · 考点二：细节理解题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 提取题干关键词：优先抓专业术语（如EGS technologies）、数字（如700 years）、专有名词（如Babylon Micro-Farm）、逻辑词（如because，however）； 2. 原文精准定位：根据关键词快速扫读，锁定包含关键词的句子或段落（说明文信息集中，无需逐句读）； 3. 选项匹配验证：对比原文与选项，重点核对数据、范围、逻辑关系，排除与原文矛盾的选项。 一、核心解读 细节理解题占说明文考查的50%以上，侧重对数据、原理、方法、结论等客观信息的精准定位与匹配，需避免偷换概念、扩大范围、数据混淆等干扰项。 二、典型例句 ①数据类细节 Geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation. That is set to at least triple by 2050. 题干：What is the proportion of geothermal electricity in global generation now? 答案：Around 1%. ②方法类细节 Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. 题干：How does the Alberta Hail Suppression Project work? 答案：Seed storm cells with a chemical to prevent hailstones. ③原因类细节 The sand is disappearing because of sea level rise, reduced river sediment, and human intervention. 题干：What causes the sand disappearance in Oceanside? 答案：Sea level rise, reduced river sediment, and human intervention. ④结论类细节 The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. 题干：What is the conclusion of the NIH study? 答案：Frequent brain replay improves practice performance. 例题 Geothermal (地热的) power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources. Heat generated below the Earth’s surface can provide an almost unlimited supply to power and heat homes. And while geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation, that is set to at least triple by 2050. EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. “You can effectively put a power plant anywhere,” said Will Pettit, director of the Geothermal Resources Council. “All you have to do is drill deep enough and you will find hot rocks. 1. What is the significance of EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies? A. They have made geothermal energy less sustainable. B. They have greatly reduced the need for drilling in geothermal sites. C. They allow for more efficient use of geothermal resources. D. They have opened up new methods of generating electricity from water. 【答案】C 【解析】第一步，提取关键词 “EGS technologies”“significance”；第二步，定位原文第二段 “EGS technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy”（EGS 技术将为地热能开辟更多场地）；第三步，匹配选项：A 与 “sustainable” 矛盾，B 与 “drill deep enough” 矛盾，C “更高效利用地热资源” 符合 “开辟更多场地”，D “从水中发电” 未提及，故选 C。 · 考点三：词义猜测题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 定义线索：找 is/are called/defined as, that is, in other words后的解释； 2. 举例线索：找for example, such as后的例子； 3. 逻辑线索：通过转折（but, however）、因果（because, so）、并列（and, or）关系推导； 4. 构词法线索：拆分词根、前缀、后缀。 一、核心解读 说明文术语密集，词义猜测题多考查专业术语、陌生词汇的语境含义，解题关键是抓住定义、举例、逻辑关系等线索，而非依赖词典义。 二、典型例句 ①定义线索 EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. enhanced = 强化的（括号内是全称解释） ②举例线索 They are biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features, such as flowering plants. eye-catching = 引人注目的（举例开花植物有该特征） ③逻辑线索 The sand is disappearing, but local governments have taken sand supplement projects. supplement = 补充（转折关系，应对消失问题） ④构词法线 Neural replay is the repetition of brain activity during rest. neural = 神经的（neur - 词根 “神经”）。 例题 We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world... But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods. 1. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 【答案】C 【解析】第一步，定位mismatch前后文；第二步，找逻辑关系：前文 reducing the cost and effort in obtaining calories（食物供应丰富），后文 same brains we had thousands of years ago（大脑未变）；第三步，推导含义：mismatch = 不匹配，即丰富的食物供应与未变的大脑之间的不匹配，故选 C。 · 考点四：主旨大意题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 抓主题句：注意首段首句或尾句（总述说明对象及核心）、段落首句（分述特征）； 2. 找高频词：反复出现的说明对象、核心术语（geothermal energy, rogue waves）； 3. 整合逻辑：根据说明结构（总分，递进）整合核心信息，排除仅涉及单一细节的选项； 4. 标题提炼：标题需简洁明了，包含说明对象 + 核心特征。 一、核心解读 说明文的主旨多明确，要么是说明对象 + 核心特征，要么是说明对象+研究结论，解题需避免被局部细节干扰。 二、典型例句 ①总述主题句 Geothermal power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources, and it is set to grow rapidly. 主旨：地热发电是稳定的可再生能源，前景广阔。 ②研究结论主题句 The study revealed that observational biodiversity data are biased and need improvement. 主旨：生物多样性观测数据存在偏差，需改进。 ③高频词主题 全文反复出现 BMF, indoor garden, low effort, fresh greens 主旨：BMF 作为室内园艺系统，操作简单、供应新鲜蔬菜。 ④结尾升华主题句 Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future. 主旨：地热能将在低碳电力未来中发挥重要作用。 例题 BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology... Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed... Moreover, having a system in the same building means zero emissions... there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals. 1. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】A 【解析】第一步，抓首段主题句 “BMF is an indoor garden system... requires little effort to supply fresh greens”；第二步，整合分述特征：技术先进、自动化、节水、零排放、无农药；第三步，匹配选项：A “BMF 的主要优势” 涵盖所有核心特征，B（管理）、C（全球影响）、D（技术标准）均为单一细节，故选A。 · 考点五：推理判断题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 作者态度题：抓评价性词汇（褒义：stable, promising, innovative；贬义：biased, dangerous, polluting；中性：objective, research shows）； 2. 说明意图题：结合说明对象及结论（如 介绍地热发电→意图：推广清洁能源；分析数据偏差→意图：提出改进建议）； 3. 应用前景题：找表未来的词汇（will, set to, promising, may）及结论性语句； 4. 逻辑推断题：根据因果、递进关系推导隐含结论（如数据偏差→需要改进数据收集方法）。 一、核心解读 推理判断题需基于文本细节，推导隐含信息（如作者态度、说明意图、应用前景），严禁 无中生有、“过度解读”，所有推理必须有文本依据。 二、典型例句 ①作者态度 Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future. 态度：positive（积极的）； ②说明意图 The study found observational data are biased. Biodiversity apps can use our results to improve data quality. 意图：提出改进生物多样性观测数据的建议。 ③应用前景 EGS technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. It is set to triple by 2050. 前景：地热发电将广泛应用，占比大幅提升。 ④逻辑推断 The sand is disappearing due to human intervention. If the shoreline were allowed to evolve naturally, beaches could exist. 推断：减少人为干预有助于保护海滩。 例题 Rogue waves are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships. But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data, researchers have now created a system for predicting these ‘huge beasts’. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave... Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course. “Our analysis shows that abnormal waves occur all the time. In fact, we collected 100,000 waves in our data set that can be named as rogue waves by definition (定义),” Hafner said. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, Hafner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as they sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might appear to seek an alternative course. 1. How does Hafner find the system? A．It requires more field tests. B．It has been widely used. C．It needs further improvement. D．It has a promising future. 【答案】D 第一步，定位Hafner的评价：“This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave... can better protect ships”；第二步，推导态度：“effectively”“better protect” 表明积极评价；第三步，匹配选项：A（需更多测试）、C（需改进）为消极，B（已广泛使用）未提及，D（前景广阔）符合积极评价，故选D。 · 考点六：说明结构与方法题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 识别说明方法：下定义：is/are called、that is、define as； 列数字：具体数字； 举例子：for example、such as、including； 作比较：than、compared with、while； 打比方：like、as； 2. 分析方法作用：下定义：明确说明对象的本质特征； 列数字：使说明更准确、有说服力； 举例子：使说明更具体、易懂； 作比较：突出说明对象的特征； 打比方：使说明更生动、形象。 一、核心解读 说明文常用说明方法（下定义、列数字、举例子、作比较、打比方）增强说服力，识别方法及作用是高频考点，需结合语境分析。 二、典型例句 ①列数字+作用 Geothermal electricity accounts for around 1% of global generation, set to triple by 2050. 作用：准确说明地热发电当前占比及未来增长趋势。 ②举例子+作用 EGS can put a power plant anywhere. For example, it can be built in deserts. 作用：具体说明 EGS 适用范围广。 ③作比较+作用 Binary cycle plants operate at lower temperatures than flash steam plants. 作用：突出双元循环发电厂的温度优势。 ④下定义+作用 Neural replay is the repetition of brain activity during rest. 作用：明确神经重放的本质。 例题 Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.” 1. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 【答案】C 【解析】第一步，识别说明方法：举例子（sniff out specific areas）、作比较（however 引出另一种方式）；第二步，分析核心说明：反复强调 “smell” 的作用；第三步，匹配选项：A（听声音）、B（触摸物体）、D（与其他猫交流）未提及，C（检查气味）符合说明核心，故选C。 一、模拟基础练 Passage 1 Food waste is a major problem around the world. Each year, billions of tons of food are thrown away, while many people go hungry. Reducing food waste at home is not only good for the environment but also helps save money. Here are some simple tips to help you cut down on food waste. First, plan your meals before going shopping. Make a list of the ingredients you need for the week and stick to it. This way, you won’t buy more food than you can use. Avoid impulse purchases, which often lead to food being left unused and eventually thrown away. Planning meals also helps you use ingredients more efficiently, as you can plan to use the same ingredients in multiple dishes.​ Second, store food properly. Different types of food require different storage methods to stay fresh. For example, fruits like bananas and apples should be stored at room temperature, while vegetables like carrots and lettuce need to be kept in the refrigerator. Using airtight containers can help keep food fresh for longer. Labeling food with the date you bought it can also help you keep track of when it will expire, so you can use it before it goes bad.​ Third, use leftovers wisely. Instead of throwing away leftover food, find ways to reuse it. For example, leftover rice can be used to make fried rice, and leftover vegetables can be added to soups or stir-fries. You can also freeze leftovers for later use. Freezing is a great way to preserve food for weeks or even months, so you can enjoy it at a later time.​ Finally, be mindful of portion sizes. When cooking or serving food, avoid making more than you need. If you’re not sure how much to make, start with smaller portions. You can always make more if needed. This helps prevent food from being left on plates and thrown away.​ By following these simple tips, you can reduce food waste at home and make a positive impact on the environment and your wallet.​ 1．What is the first tip to reduce food waste at home?​ A．Freeze leftover food.​ B．Serve small portions.​ C．Use airtight containers.​ D．Plan meals before shopping. 2．How can storing food properly help reduce waste?​ A．It makes food taste better.​ B．It allows food to stay fresh longer.​ C．It makes food easier to cook.​ D．It helps food look more appealing.​ 3．What can leftover rice be used for according to the passage?​ A．Making soup.​ B．Making fried rice.​ C．Freezing for future use.​ D．Adding to stir-fries.​ 4．What is the main purpose of the passage?​ A．To explain why food waste is a problem.​ B．To encourage people to donate food.​ C．To provide tips on reducing food waste at home.​ D．To discuss the environmental impact of food waste. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了减少家庭食物浪费的一些简单建议，它们有助于保护环境和节省开支。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Here are some simple tips to help you cut down on food waste. (这里有一些简单的建议可以帮助你减少食物浪费)”和第二段第一句“First, plan your meals before going shopping. (首先，在购物前规划好你的饮食)”可知，减少家庭食物浪费的第一条小贴士是购物前规划饮食。。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Different types of food require different storage methods to stay fresh. Using airtight containers can help keep food fresh for longer. (不同类型的食物需要不同的储存方法来保持新鲜。使用密封容器有助于让食物保鲜更久)”可知，正确储存食物能让食物保鲜更久，从而减少浪费。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“For example, leftover rice can be used to make fried rice (例如，剩饭可以用来做炒饭)”可知，剩饭可以用来做炒饭。 4．推理判断题。文章开篇指出食物浪费是个大问题，接着在第2、3、4、5段给出了减少家庭食物浪费的几条建议，最后一段总结遵循这些建议能减少家庭食物浪费，对环境和钱包都有积极影响。因此，文章的主要目的是提供减少家庭食物浪费的建议。 Passage 2 The Power of Music Music is a universal language that has the power to touch our hearts and souls. It can evoke strong emotions, bring back memories, and even have a positive impact on our physical and mental health. One of the most remarkable aspects of music is its ability to stir emotions. Whether it's a sad ballad that makes us cry or an upbeat pop song that gets us dancing, music has the power to reach deep inside us and bring out feelings we might not even know we had. Different types of music can trigger different emotions. For example, classical music is often associated with calmness and relaxation, while rock music can be energizing and exciting. Music also has the power to transport us back in time and bring back memories. A particular song can instantly take us back to a specific moment in our lives, whether it's a first date, a graduation, or a family gathering. This is because music is closely linked to our memories and can act as a powerful trigger for recalling past events. In addition to its emotional and memory-evoking powers, music can also have a positive impact on our physical and mental health. Listening to music can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and even boost our immune system. It can also improve our mood, increase our focus and concentration, and help us relax and unwind after a long day. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Music is a universal language. B．Music can stir emotions and bring back memories. C．Music has a positive impact on our physical and mental health. D．All of the above. 6．What is an example of how different types of music can trigger different emotions? A．Classical music is always sad. B．Rock music is always exciting. C．Classical music is associated with calmness and relaxation while rock music can be energizing and exciting. D．Music can't trigger different emotions. 7．How can music bring back memories? A．By making us cry. B．By being a universal language. C．By acting as a powerful trigger for recalling past events. D．By reducing stress. 8．What is one of the positive impacts of music on our physical health? A．Boosting our immune system. B．Making us more intelligent. C．Helping us make more friends. D．Improving our memory. 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．C 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍音乐作为通用语言在情感、记忆及身心健康方面的力量。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Music is a universal language that has the power to touch our hearts and souls. It can evoke strong emotions, bring back memories, and even have a positive impact on our physical and mental health.(音乐是一种通用语言，有能力触动我们的心灵和灵魂。它能唤起强烈的情感，带回记忆，甚至对我们的身心健康产生积极影响。)”、第二段中的“One of the most remarkable aspects of music is its ability to stir emotions.(音乐最显著的特点之一是它激发情感的能力。)”、第三段中的“Music also has the power to transport us back in time and bring back memories.(音乐也有让我们回到过去、带回记忆的力量。)”及第四段中的“In addition to its emotional and memory-evoking powers, music can also have a positive impact on our physical and mental health.(除了其情感和唤起记忆的力量外，音乐还能对我们的身心健康产生积极影响。)”可知，文章分别从音乐是通用语言、能激发情感和带回记忆、对身心健康有积极影响这几个方面展开，A、B、C三项均正确。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Different types of music can trigger different emotions. For example, classical music is often associated with calmness and relaxation, while rock music can be energizing and exciting.(不同类型的音乐能引发不同的情感。例如，古典音乐通常与平静和放松联系在一起，而摇滚音乐则可以让人充满活力和兴奋。)”可知，不同类型的音乐能触发不同情感的例子是古典音乐与平静和放松相关，而摇滚音乐可以充满活力和令人兴奋。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This is because music is closely linked to our memories and can act as a powerful trigger for recalling past events.(这是因为音乐与我们的记忆密切相关，可以作为回忆过去事件的有力触发因素。)”可知，音乐通过充当回忆过去事件的有力触发因素来带回记忆。 8．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Listening to music can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and even boost our immune system.(听音乐可以减轻压力，降低血压，甚至增强我们的免疫系统。)”可知，音乐对我们身体健康的积极影响之一是增强我们的免疫系统。 Passage 3 In recent days, southern cities in Spain have been grappling with an intense heatwave that has brought sweltering conditions and raised serious concerns. The region has been under the grip of this extreme weather event, with temperatures soaring to astonishing levels.​ The heatwave has been particularly severe in cities like Seville and Cordoba. In some areas, the mercury has spiked to a staggering 46℃. The hot air masses, originating from Africa and driven by a strong high-pressure system, are the main culprits behind this intense heat. This abnormal weather pattern has persisted for several days, showing no signs of abating soon.​ The impact of this heatwave on daily life has been profound. Outdoor activities have come to a virtual standstill. Schools have suspended classes to protect students from the extreme heat. Construction work and other outdoor jobs have been halted as well to prevent heat-related illnesses among workers. Public spaces that are usually bustling with activity are now deserted. People are staying indoors as much as possible, relying on air-conditioning systems to keep cool. However, not everyone can afford to use air-conditioners continuously, especially the elderly and those with low incomes. This has put them at a higher risk of heat-related health problems, such as heatstroke and dehydration.​ 9．What is the main cause of the heatwave in southern Spain?​ A．The strong winds from the Atlantic Ocean.​ B．The hot air masses from Africa and a high-pressure system.​ C．The lack of rainfall in the region.​ D．The increase in industrial activities.​ 10．Which cities in Spain have been severely affected by the heatwave?​ A．Barcelona and Madrid.​ B．Valencia and Malaga.​ C．Seville and Cordoba.​ D．Bilbao and Zaragoza.​ 11．Why have schools suspended classes?​ A．Because teachers are on strike.​ B．To protect students from the extreme heat.​ C．Due to a shortage of electricity.​ D．Because of the spread of a virus.​ 12．Who are at a higher risk of heat-related health problems during the heatwave?​ A．Young people who exercise outdoors.​ B．The elderly and those with low incomes.​ C．Workers who work indoors.​ D．People who have air-conditioning at home.​ 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．B 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。西班牙南部城市近日遭遇极端热浪，塞维利亚等城市气温达46℃，致户外活动停、学校停课，弱势群体健康风险增加。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“The hot air masses, originating from Africa and driven by a strong high-pressure system, are the main culprits behind this intense heat.(这些来自非洲的热气团，由强大的高压系统驱动，是造成这种强烈高温的主要原因)”可知，西班牙南部此次热浪的主要成因是来自非洲的热空气团以及高压系统。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“The heatwave has been particularly severe in cities like Seville and Cordoba.(此次热浪在塞维利亚和科尔多瓦等城市的表现尤为严重)”可知，西班牙的塞维利亚和科尔多瓦（Seville and Cordoba）受到了此次热浪的严重影响。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段“Schools have suspended classes to protect students from the extreme heat.(学校已暂停上课，以保护学生免受酷热天气的影响)”可知，学校停课是为了保护学生免受酷热天气的影响。12．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, not everyone can afford to use air-conditioners continuously, especially the elderly and those with low incomes. This has put them at a higher risk of heat-related health problems, such as heatstroke and dehydration.(然而，并非所有人都能够持续使用空调，尤其是老年人和收入较低的人群。这使得他们面临更高的热相关健康问题的风险，比如中暑和脱水)”可知，在此次热浪期间，老年人以及低收入人群更容易出现与高温相关的健康问题。 Passage 4 What can be red or green, big or small, and more importantly, loved or hated by someone? Yes, it is the chili (辣椒). Many Chinese enjoy eating chilies, but do you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-old US man was killed after eating a Carolina Reaper, the hottest chili in the world. After taking just a small part of the chili, the man had a serious headache in the following days. In fact, eating spicy food causes stomachaches and headaches. But if chilies are bad for people, why do they like to eat this vegetable? That’s because there are some special things in chilies. In some cases, eating chilies can make people happy. And chilies are good in another way. Scientists found that the death rate (死亡率) of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10% lower than those who don’t eat it. So they suggest people can eat more spicy food to build us up and bring less death risk at an early age. Don’t worry if you love spicy food. Chilies are in fact good for us. 13．What does the underlined word “spicy” in Para. 2 probably mean? A．Purple. B．Hot. C．Salty. D．White. 14．According to the text, what is the hottest chili in the world? A．Carolina Reaper. B．Sichuan Reaper. C．Hunan Reaper. D．American Reaper. 15．Why do people like to eat chilies according to Para. 3? A．Chilies do no harm to them. B．Chilies are delicious. C．Chilies bring them happiness. D．Something in chilies makes them sad. 16．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Spicy food isn’t good for people’s health. B．Scientists say people could eat more chilies. C．People should eat spicy food six times a week. D．Those who don’t eat chilies can’t live long. 【答案】13．B 14．A 15．C 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了辣椒的特点、潜在危险及对健康的益处。 13．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Many Chinese enjoy eating chilies, but do you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? (许多中国人喜欢吃辣椒，但你知道这种spicy的蔬菜也可能有危险吗？)”可知，辣椒这种蔬菜很辣，所以spicy的意思可能是“辣的”， 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“A 34-year-old US man was killed after eating a Carolina Reaper, the hottest chili in the world. (一名34岁的美国男子在食用了世界上最辣的辣椒——卡罗莱纳死神辣椒后死亡)”可知，世界上最辣的辣椒是卡罗莱纳死神辣椒， 15．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In some cases, eating chilies can make people happy. (在某些情况下，吃辣椒能让人快乐)”可知，人们喜欢吃辣椒是因为辣椒能给他们带来快乐， 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Scientists found that the death rate (死亡率) of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10% lower than those who don’t eat it. So they suggest people can eat more spicy food to build us up and bring less death risk at an early age. (科学家发现，每周吃一到两次辛辣食物的人的死亡率比不吃辛辣食物的人低10%。因此，他们建议人们可以多吃辛辣食物来增强体质，并在年轻时降低死亡风险)”可知，科学家建议人们可以多吃辣椒， Passage 5 The surge in inbound tourism during the May Day holiday had a major economic impact. Hotels in major cities reported over 80% occupancy rates, while restaurants and shops saw a 30% increase in revenue compared to last year. Many businesses hired extra staff to handle the crowds, creating temporary job opportunities. However, the sudden influx of tourists also caused challenges. Public transportation systems were strained, and some attractions had to limit daily visitor numbers to prevent overcrowding. Environmental concerns were also raised, as popular sites like the Great Wall saw increased littering. To manage the situation, some cities introduced measures such as timed entry tickets and shuttle buses to distribute crowds more evenly. Experts suggest that improving infrastructure and promoting lesser-known attractions could help balance tourism growth and sustainability. 17．What was the hotel occupancy rate in major cities? A．50%. B．70%. C．Over 80%. 18．How much did restaurant and shop revenue increase compared to last year? A．10%. B．20%. C．30%. 19．What challenge did public transportation face? A．Reduced schedules. B．Overcrowding. C．Higher fares. 20．What measure was introduced to manage crowds? A．Free admission. B．Timed entry tickets. C．Longer opening hours. 【答案】17．C 18．C 19．B 20．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了五一期间入境旅游的激增的经济影响以及所带来的一些问题。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段“Hotels in major cities reported over 80% occupancy rates, while restaurants and shops saw a 30% increase in revenue compared to last year.(主要城市的酒店入住率超过80%，而餐馆和商店的收入比去年增长了30%)”可知，主要城市的酒店入住率超过80%。 18．细节理解题。根据第一段“Hotels in major cities reported over 80% occupancy rates, while restaurants and shops saw a 30% increase in revenue compared to last year.(主要城市的酒店入住率超过80%，而餐馆和商店的收入比去年增长了30%)”可知，与去年相比，餐厅和商店的收入增加了30%。 19．细节理解题。根据第二段“Public transportation systems were strained, and some attractions had to limit daily visitor numbers to prevent overcrowding.(公共交通系统紧张，一些景点不得不限制每日游客人数，以防止过度拥挤)”可知，公共交通面临过度拥挤。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To manage the situation, some cities introduced measures such as timed entry tickets and shuttle buses to distribute crowds more evenly.(为了控制这种情况，一些城市推出了限时门票和班车等措施，以更均匀地分配人群)”可知，采取了限时门票来管理人群。 二、重难提升练 Passage 1 The arm bones of women who lived 7,000 years ago show a surprising level of strength — even higher than today’s professional athletes. That’s according to a first-ever study comparing prehistoric bones to those of living people. The finding suggests a revision of history — the everyday lives of prehistoric women were filled with hard labor, rather than just sitting at home doing lighter tasks while the men struggled and fought for life. Before the study, there are no clear records describing how our ancient ancestors lived. “It can be easy to forget that bone is a living tissue, one that responds to the difficulties we put our bodies through,” said lead author Alison Macintosh. “Physical force and muscle activity both put pressure on the bone. The bone reacts by changing in shape, thickness and other aspects over time.” “Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones,” the researchers said, “And that’s a problem, because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women. For instance, as humans moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle constantly on the move to a more settled agrarian (农耕的)one, changes can be observed in the structure of the shinbone (胫骨), and these changes were much more evident in men.” However, a comparison of the bones of prehistoric women to the bones of living female athletes can help us work out a more accurate picture of what those prehistoric women were doing. “By analyzing the bones of living people and comparing them to the ancient bones, we can start to explain the kinds of labor our ancestors were reforming,” Macintosh said. What they found was that women’s leg strength hasn’t changed a great deal, but their arms used to be very powerful. Prehistoric women, the researchers found, had arm strength 11-16 percent stronger than those of modern rowers, and 30 percent stronger than those of non-athletes. 1．What can we know about prehistoric women? A．They did tough tasks as men. B．They were stronger than men. C．They had lighter bones than men. D．They spent most time staying at home. 2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly talking about concerning the study? A．Its methods. B．Its procedures. C．Its potential impact. D．Its theoretical foundation. 3．What problem did previous studies on prehistoric bones have? A．Insufficient sample comparison. B．Mistakes in sample analysis. C．Too much emphasis on shinbones. D．Improper methods of sampling. 4．Why are modern rowers mentioned in the last paragraph? A．To show their marvellous arm strength. B．To stress labor intensity of prehistorical women. C．To compare their strength with prehistorical women’s. D．To illustrate their advantages over non-athletes in strength. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究发现史前女性的手臂骨骼力量惊人，甚至超过现代专业运动员。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The finding suggests a revision of history — the everyday lives of prehistoric women were filled with hard labor, rather than just sitting at home doing lighter tasks while the men struggled and fought for life.(这一发现表明要对历史进行修正——史前女性的日常生活充满了繁重的劳动，而不是像男性那样挣扎求生时，她们只是坐在家里做些轻松的活。)”可知，史前女性也像男性一样做着繁重的任务2．主旨大意题。根据第二段中““It can be easy to forget that bone is a living tissue, one that responds to the difficulties we put our bodies through,” said lead author Alison Macintosh. “Physical force and muscle activity both put pressure on the bone. The bone reacts by changing in shape, thickness and other aspects over time.”(“人们很容易忘记，骨骼是一种活组织，它会对我们施加在身体上的各种艰难困苦做出反应，”该研究的主要作者艾莉森·麦金托什说道，“身体所受的力和肌肉活动都会对骨骼产生压力。随着时间的推移，骨骼会通过改变形状、厚度和其他方面来做出反应。”)”可知，第二段主要解释了该研究的理论基础，即骨骼是如何对压力做出反应的。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段““Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones,” the researchers said, “And that’s a problem, because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women. For instance, as humans moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle constantly on the move to a more settled agrarian (农耕的)one, changes can be observed in the structure of the shinbone (胫骨), and these changes were much more evident in men.”(研究人员说：“以前的研究只是将女性骨骼与当代男性骨骼进行比较，这是一个问题，因为男性骨骼对压力和变化的反应比女性大得多。例如，当人类从不断迁徙的狩猎采集生活方式转变为更定居的农耕生活方式时，胫骨的结构会发生变化，而这些变化在男性身上更为明显。”)”可知，先前的研究在样本比较上存在问题，即只将女性骨骼与当代男性骨骼进行比较，而忽略了男女骨骼对压力和变化的反应差异。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“What they found was that women’s leg strength hasn’t changed a great deal, but their arms used to be very powerful. Prehistoric women, the researchers found, had arm strength 11-16 percent stronger than those of modern rowers, and 30 percent stronger than those of non-athletes.(他们发现，女性的腿部力量并没有太大变化，但她们的手臂曾经非常有力。研究人员发现，史前女性的手臂力量比现代划船者强11-16%，比非运动员强30%。)”可知，最后一段提到现代划船者是为了强调史前女性的劳动强度，即她们的手臂力量非常强大，甚至超过了现代划船者。 Passage 2 According to a growing body of research, gossip (八卦) isn’t just a guilty pleasure — it serves important functions within our communities and for our psychology. One that has been well-studied is that gossip helps to solidify social bonds, both between the two people who are gossiping and within communities as a way of establishing their rules, values and cultures. “Gossip is a way of understanding the community you’re in — it’s a means of understanding the structure of that community, and we’re all part of multiple communities,” Gary A．Fine, a sociologist at Northwestern University, said. Psychologically, too, gossip plays an important role. “The major function of gossip is to understand people,” Mark Pezzo, a psychologist at the University of South Florida, said. Pezzo’s observation can refer to understanding other people — third parties who are part of the story being told. But sometimes gossip is also a way for the speakers to understand themselves, and work through difficult situations to contemplate (思量) how they themselves might handle them, or at least learn from another person’s mistakes. “Knowing our world better feels good and makes us feel more empowered,” said Fine. Another of gossip’s key functions, and one we’ve seen play out in the public stage in recent years, is to act as a whisper network to help people protect each other against those in power who are prone to abuse. “Gossip can be used to warn group members about norm violators,” Bianca Beersma, a professor of organizational behavior, said. “When these norm violators have high power, gossip is arguably a much ‘safer’ way to warn others than to do this openly, which would make one run the risk of retaliation (报复) by the high-power group member that the gossip is about.” As we understand more about how we use gossip, perhaps little by little we can chip away at the criticism surrounding it. If we all gossip and we understand the value and power it can have for all people, then maybe we can commit ourselves to doing it better, with fewer of its destructive qualities. Gossip can be harsh or negative. But I think we need to be generous towards each other when we are gossiping, to try not to draw those social boundaries too tightly. 5．Why is gossip acceptable according to the passage? A．Because it can benefit our community. B．Because it can damage social bonds. C．Because it sets up multiple communities. D．Because it serves the study of psychology. 6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The way of talking gossip. B．The function of gossip in psychology. C．The definition of gossip. D．A psychology experiment of gossip. 7．How does gossip protect common people against abuse? A．By making people prone to abuse. B．By increasing the risk of retaliation. C．By avoiding warning others openly. D．By warning people not to disobey rules. 8．What’s the author’s attitude towards gossip? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Suspicious. 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．C 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了八卦在日常生活中的好处，包括巩固社会联系、助力心理认知、保护弱势群体等。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“gossip (八卦) isn’t just a guilty pleasure — it serves important functions within our communities and for our psychology (八卦不仅仅是一种罪恶的快乐——它在我们的社区和我们的心理中起着重要的作用)”及第二段“gossip helps to solidify social bonds, both between the two people who are gossiping and within communities as a way of establishing their rules, values and cultures (八卦有助于巩固社会纽带，无论是在说闲话的两个人之间，还是在社区内，作为建立规则、价值观和文化的一种方式)”可知，八卦对社区有益，因此可被接受。 6．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Psychologically, too, gossip plays an important role. (从心理上讲，八卦也起着重要作用)”、“The major function of gossip is to understand people. (八卦的主要功能是了解人们)”以及“But sometimes gossip is also a way for the speakers to understand themselves (但有时八卦也是说话人了解自己的一种方式)”可知，该段主要讲述“八卦在心理层面的作用”。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段“gossip is arguably a much ‘safer’ way to warn others than to do this openly, which would make one run the risk of retaliation (报复) by the high-power group member that the gossip is about (八卦可以说是一种比公开警告别人更‘安全’的方式，因为这样会让人冒着被八卦所涉及的高权力群体成员报复的风险)”可知，八卦通过“避免公开警告他人”保护普通人免受权力滥用者的伤害。。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“ But I think we need to be generous towards each other when we are gossiping, to try not to draw those social boundaries too tightly. (但我认为，当我们八卦时，我们需要对彼此宽容，尽量不要把社交界限划得太紧)”以及通读全文可知，作者多次提及八卦的积极作用，如巩固社会纽带、心理学价值、保护作用等，可见作者对八卦持“支持态度”。 Passage 3 People are already paying more and more for food due to global warming — and rising temperatures will drive food prices a lot higher in the next decade. According to a study by the European Central Bank, by 2035, higher temperatures alone will be pushing up worldwide food prices by between 0.9% and 3.2% every single year. To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021. By looking for connections between food prices and factors such as the average monthly temperature, temperature changes, and measures of drought and extreme rainfall, they found a strong link between the average temperature and the food prices a month or so later. In regions north of 40 degrees, like the latitude (纬度) of New York City and Beijing, warmer-than-average temperatures during winter led to falling food prices. But above-average temperatures increased food prices in summer and at all times in the rest of the world. “The study didn’t look at why prices rose, but the likely explanation is that extreme heat is reducing yields,’’ Kotz says. “Crops may be drying out on the vine (藤) when they should be being harvested.’’ Factors such as extreme rainfall had less impact on food prices than average temperatures. This may be because flooding tends to be localized, while above-average temperatures can be very widespread. Other studies have reached similar conclusions. Kotz’s team then went further by investigating how food prices could change based on average temperature rises in climate model prediction. In the worst situation, global food inflation (食品通胀) due to climate change goes over 4% per year by 2060. “We need to be aware of the fact that climate change brings huge new challenges for food security,’’ says Kotz. “Warming-fueled extreme weather is increasingly affecting food production around the world. If farmers don’t adapt their practices to better cope with rising temperatures, the losses will become more serious.’’ 9．What does the study focus on? A．The influence of climate change on food prices. B．The factors in the rising living costs. C．The effects of natural disasters on food production. D．The comparison of food prices in different regions. 10．How did researchers reach their conclusions? A．By analyzing a mass of data. B．By referring to previous studies. C．By tracking some cities for years. D．By conducting a survey among farmers. 11．What is the main reason for the rising food prices according to Kotz? A．Frequent rainfall. B．Extreme high temperature. C．The increasing demand for crops. D．The influence of trade policies. 12．What does the author want to do in the last paragraph? A．To call on people to pay attention to food security. B．To predict the loss caused by the heat wave. C．To explain the situation of global food inflation. D．To advise farmers to take actions to deal with the climate issue. 【答案】9．A 10．A 11．B 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究表明由于全球变暖，全球粮食价格上升。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“According to a study by the European Central Bank, by 2035, higher temperatures alone will be pushing up worldwide food prices by between 0.9% and 3.2% every single year.(根据欧洲中央银行的一项研究，到2035年，仅高温一项就将使全球食品价格每年上涨0.9%至3.2%)”以及第二段“To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021.(为了弄清楚这是如何影响食品价格的，波茨坦气候影响研究所的马克西米利安·科茨和他的同事们研究了1996年至2021年间121个国家的月度价格和天气状况数据)”可知，欧洲央行的一项研究表明气温升高使得全球粮食价格上涨，科茨和他的同事进行的研究是为了了解气温升高如何影响食品价格，即研究的重点是气候变化对全球粮食价格的影响。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段 “To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021. By looking for connections between food prices and factors such as the average monthly temperature, temperature changes, and measures of drought and extreme rainfall, they found a strong link between the average temperature and the food prices a month or so later.(为了弄清楚这是如何影响食品价格的，波茨坦气候影响研究所的马克西米利安·科茨和他的同事们研究了1996年至2021年间121个国家的月度价格和天气状况数据。通过寻找食品价格与诸如月平均温度、温度变化、干旱和极端降雨等因素之间的联系，他们发现平均温度与一个月左右后的食品价格之间存在很强的联系)”可知，研究人员通过分析大量的月度价格和天气状况数据，寻找食品价格与月平均温度、温度变化以及干旱和极端降雨等因素之间的关联，从而得出研究结论。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段““The study didn’t look at why prices rose, but the likely explanation is that extreme heat is reducing yields,’’ Kotz says.(科茨说：“这项研究没有研究价格上涨的原因，但可能的解释是极端高温正在降低产量。”)”可知，科茨认为，食品价格上涨的主要原因是极端高温。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We need to be aware of the fact that climate change brings huge new challenges for food security,’’ says Kotz. “Warming-fueled extreme weather is increasingly affecting food production around the world. If farmers don’t adapt their practices to better cope with rising temperatures, the losses will become more serious.’’(科茨说：“我们需要意识到，气候变化给粮食安全带来了巨大的新挑战。变暖引发的极端天气越来越多地影响着世界各地的粮食生产。如果农民不调整他们的做法来更好地应对气温上升，损失将变得更加严重。”)”可知，作者引用科茨所说的话，如果农民不调整他们的做法来更好地应对气温上升，损失将变得更加严重，由此可推知，作者在最后一段意在敦促农民采取行动应对气候问题。 Passage 4 First constructed in the 10th century as a part of a villa, the garden of Keyuan in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, was rebuilt and decorated on numerous occasions throughout history until it became a Confucian academy in 1805. The landscape, rockeries and flourishing willows may have greeted students to step into a “painting” where earthly beauty and dynamics of a real world can be felt. However, in recent history, the shine of the past seems to have been forgotten by the passing of time. The pond was muddy. Rocks were unstable. Plants were withering (枯萎). Termites also damaged the buildings, the structure of which had been damaged through decades of neglect. Keyuan was handed to an experienced garden renovation (翻新) designer in 2012. The work of making “the pearl” shine again was challenging. “Every step in the restoring and decorating process has to follow historical recordings,” says the designer. “It took just more than one year for us to actually renovate this garden, but much longer time was spent in evaluating every detail in the plan and making sure of its historical accuracy,” the designer adds. Now a bright and elegant garden is accessible to visitors and jointly portrays (描绘) a culturally rich neighborhood with the Great Wave Pavilion. And to keep “healthy”, it also needs regular maintenance, in which modern science plays a key role. For example, with support of big data analysis and scientific evaluation of impact brought by tourism, specific caps of visitor numbers — within a day or even an hour —are set for every key site to create a comfortable experience for both tourists and the gardens. 13．What do the underlined words “the pearl” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Renovation. B．The UNESCO World Heritage. C．Keyuan. D．The Great Wave Pavilion. 14．What does the designer say about renovating Keyuan? A．It’s impractical. B．It’s significant. C．It’s urgently needed. D．It’s time-consuming. 15．What does the author want to tell us by the example in the last paragraph? A．The need to limit the number of visitors. B．The negative impact tourism has on gardens. C．The role modern science plays in protecting gardens. D．The comfortable experience the garden brings to visitors. 16．What message does the author seem to convey in the text? A．Introduce the change of Keyuan. B．Encourage people to visit Keyuan. C．Introduce the renovation of Keyuan. D．Encourage people to rebuild Keyuan. 【答案】13．C 14．D 15．C 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了始建于10世纪，位于江苏苏州的可园。其在近代历史上被人遗忘，近乎破败，经过改造后再次绽放光芒。文章旨在引导学生保护中国传统建筑，欣赏传统建筑之美，提升学生审美能力。 13．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Keyuan was handed to an experienced garden renovation (翻新) designer in 2012. (2012 年，可园被交由一位经验丰富的园林翻新设计师打理)”，该段围绕“可园的翻新工作”展开；结合“the pearl”后的“shine again (再次焕发光彩)”，可推断其指代前文核心对象“Keyuan(可园)”。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段设计师的表述中““It took just more than one year for us to actually renovate this garden, but much longer time was spent in evaluating every detail in the plan and making sure of its historical accuracy,” the designer adds. (“我们实际翻新这座园林只用了一年多一点的时间，但在评估方案中的每一个细节、确保其历史准确性方面，却花费了长得多的时间，”设计师补充道)”可知，实际翻新仅用一年多，但评估细节、确保历史准确性花费了更长时间，说明翻新可园很耗时。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“And to keep “healthy”, it also needs regular maintenance, in which modern science plays a key role.(而为了保持“健康状态”，它还需要定期维护，在这一过程中，现代科学发挥着关键作用)”可知，该段核心是现代科技在园林保护中的关键作用；结合后文给出的例子“For example, with support of big data analysis and scientific evaluation of impact brought by tourism, specific caps of visitor numbers — within a day or even an hour —are set for every key site to create a comfortable experience for both tourists and the gardens. (例如，在大数据分析以及对旅游业带来的影响进行科学评估的支持下，每个重要景点都设定了具体的游客数量上限——包括每日甚至每小时的上限——以给游客和园林都带来舒适的体验)”可知，在大数据的支持下，园内可以控制每日的游客上限，从而使游客和可园都拥有一个舒适的环境。由此可以推断，作者举例子的目的是传达现代科技在保护园林方面的重要作用这一理念。 16．主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍可园的历史背景，第二段描述其近代衰败状况，第三段讲述其2012年的翻新过程，第四段说明其如今的状态及保护措施，整体围绕可园从历史到现在的变化展开。由此可知，作者在这篇文章中主要想传达的信息是可园的变化历程。 Passage 5 The Howgill Fells are a group of smooth, treeless hills in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Their round shapes and bare surface make them look like a group of sleeping animals. This open landscape, shaped by hundreds of years of sheep grazing (放牧), hides a forgotten past. Beneath the soil lie ancient tree roots: quiet evidence of long-lost forests, now called “ghost woodlands”. In recent years, changes have begun, over 300,000 native trees have been planted across these hills in sheep-free enclosures. Slowly, birds and flowers are returning. “We’re ten years into a recovery process,” says ecologist Mike Douglas, who is studying bird populations in the area. According to him, land once considered badly damaged is now showing signs of new life. Unlike some other rewilding projects on private land, this one covers common land open to the public. It came from agreements between many local farmers. “Planting these trees on common land was something new,” says Peter Leeson from the Woodland Trust. Some plants, such as bluebells and bracken, have also started to grow again. Their return shows that the land still remembers its woodland past. The effort has already made a difference, In 2016, only 4 bird species bred (繁殖) here. Last year, the number rose to 14. “I didn’t expect birds to come back so quickly,” says Douglas. The work was made possible by a 10-year government program, which supports both the farmers and the landowner through yearly payments. At first, some farmers worried the project might harm their way of life. But the payments help make up for lost grazing land, offering needed support. “This is helping farmers stay on the land,” says Tim Winder, a local leader, He and others are now working on new ideas, including flood control and soil care. As trees grow, more common birds will arrive, “This was a big step into the unknown,” says Leeson, “But the farmers were optimistic — and it’s working.” 17．What happened after the tree planting project began? A．Over 300,000 foreign trees were introduced. B．Sheep grazing areas expanded significantly. C．People were denied access to private lands. D．Native plants and birds started reappearing. 18．What can we know about the rewilding project? A．It enjoyed success. B．It harmed local farming C．It was privately funded. D．involved private land. 19．What were the farmers’ initial reaction to the project? A．The were indifferent. B．They were astonished. C．They were cautious. D．They were excited. 20．What is the text mainly about? A．The fight to save the soil. B．The hills being reforested. C．A park for wild animals. D．A new home for farmers. 【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国 Howgill Fells的植树项目。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“Slowly, birds and flowers are returning.(渐渐地，鸟儿和花朵又回来了)”和第三段“Some plants, such as bluebells and bracken, have also started to grow again. Their return shows that the land still remembers its woodland past.(一些植物，比如蓝铃花和蕨类植物，也已经开始重新生长。它们的重新出现表明这片土地仍然保留着曾经的林地记忆)”可知，植树项目开始后，本土植物和鸟类开始回归。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段“The effort has already made a difference, In 2016, only 4 bird species bred (繁殖) here. Last year, the number rose to 14. “I didn’t expect birds to come back so quickly,” says Douglas. The work was made possible by a 10-year government program, which supports both the farmers and the landowner through yearly payments.(这项努力已经产生了显著的效果。2016年，这里仅有4种鸟类在此繁衍。而去年，这一数字上升到了14种。“我没想到鸟类能这么快就回来，”道格拉斯说道。这项工作之所以能够开展，是因为有一个为期10年的政府项目，该项目每年向农民和土地所有者提供补贴，从而为他们提供了支持)”可知，该生态恢复项目获得了成功。 19．细节理解题。根据最后一段“At first, some farmers worried the project might harm their way of life.(起初，一些农民担心这个项目可能会损害他们的生活方式)”可知，农民最初担心该生态恢复项目会影响他们的生计。由此可知，他们最初的态度是谨慎的。 20．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In recent years, changes have begun, over 300,000 native trees have been planted across these hills in sheep-free enclosures.(近年来，情况开始发生变化，在这些禁牧围栏区的山丘上，已经种植了超过30万棵本土树木)”以及文章主要介绍了英国 Howgill Fells的植树项目。B选项“山区正在重新造林”符合文章主旨。 10 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题15阅读理解说明文 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 3 考点一：语篇特征识别与说明对象提炼（重点） 4 考点二：细节理解题（常考点） 5 考点三：词义猜测题（难点） 6 考点四：主旨大意题（难点） 7 考点五：推理判断题（常考点） 8 考点六：说明结构与方法题（难点） 9 实战精练与提升 10 一、考试要求 阅读理解说明文是江苏春季高考英语的核心体裁之一，占阅读理解分值的 35% 左右，涵盖科技发明、生态环境、社会现象、文化教育、科学研究等题材。其核心考查把握说明对象及特征、梳理说明逻辑、提炼主旨大意、精准定位细节、推理隐含信息的能力，具有客观严谨、逻辑清晰、信息密集、术语较多的特点。二轮复习需突破术语理解障碍、逻辑梳理混乱、主旨概括片面、细节定位低效等痛点，通过语篇特征拆解 + 解题技巧落地 + 针对性训练的模式，实现解题精度与效率的双重提升，助力学生在该题型中稳拿基础分、冲刺高分。 考生需做到： 1. 能快速识别说明文的说明对象、核心特征及说明目的； 2. 能梳理说明文的逻辑结构（总分、递进、并列、对照）及说明顺序（时间、空间、从现象到本质）； 3. 能精准定位并理解细节信息（数据、原理、方法、结论）； 4. 能结合语境猜测专业术语、陌生词汇的含义； 5. 能概括文章主旨大意，提炼段落中心句； 6. 能根据文本信息推理隐含结论（作者态度、说明意图、应用前景）； 7. 能识别常见说明方法（下定义、列数字、举例子、作比较、打比方）及其作用。 二、命题分析 考点 考频 （近5 年） 考查内容 命题趋势 细节理解题 5年17考 数据解读、原理说明、方法步骤、结论细节 2026年仍为考查重点，侧重多细节整合与精准定位 词义猜测题 5年8考 专业术语、陌生词汇、指代关系 2026年可能结合科技类说明文的核心术语 主旨大意题 5年6考 概括说明对象及特征、提炼标题、归纳主旨 2026年侧重科技类说明文的主旨提炼 推理判断题 5年7考 作者态度、说明意图、应用前景、逻辑推断 2026年可能考查说明方法作用推断 类题目 说明结构 /方法题 5年4考 识别说明顺序、判断说明方法、分析段落作用 2026年可能在语篇分析题中渗透结构判断 指代判断题 5年2考 代词指代对象判断 2026年可能结合长难句考查指代关系 · 考点一：语篇特征识别与说明对象提炼 解题策略 1. 找说明对象：首段首句/尾句（如 “Geothermal power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources.”→说明对象：地热发电）； 2. 提炼核心特征：抓段落主题句（多为段首）、逻辑连接词后的信息（如 however, furthermore）、数据支撑的结论； 3. 识别说明结构：根据连接词判断（first→second→third为总分式；for one thing→for another为并列式；because→so为递进式）。 一、核心解读 说明文的所有题目都建立在明确说明对象及特征的基础上，快速识别说明对象、梳理说明结构，是解题的前提。说明对象通常在首段点明，特征分散在各段落，需通过主题句整合。 二、典型例句 ①说明对象+特征 Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) is an indoor garden system. It requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 对象：BMF 特征：室内园艺系统、操作简单、供应稳定 ②总分结构 Rogue waves are large, unexpected, and dangerous. They are at least twice as high as the other waves around them and highly unpredictable. 总述疯狗浪的核心特征→分述高度和不可预测性 ③递进结构 The sand is disappearing in Oceanside. Climate change causes sea level rise, and dams reduce river sediment, worsening the problem. 现象→原因→影响 ④说明顺序 First, the volunteers learned to type the code; then they rested for 10 seconds; finally, their brain activity was analyzed. 时间顺序（实验步骤） 例题 We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 1. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. · 考点二：细节理解题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 提取题干关键词：优先抓专业术语（如EGS technologies）、数字（如700 years）、专有名词（如Babylon Micro-Farm）、逻辑词（如because，however）； 2. 原文精准定位：根据关键词快速扫读，锁定包含关键词的句子或段落（说明文信息集中，无需逐句读）； 3. 选项匹配验证：对比原文与选项，重点核对数据、范围、逻辑关系，排除与原文矛盾的选项。 一、核心解读 细节理解题占说明文考查的 50%以上，侧重对数据、原理、方法、结论等客观信息的精准定位与匹配，需避免偷换概念、扩大范围、数据混淆等干扰项。 二、典型例句 ①数据类细节 Geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation. That is set to at least triple by 2050. 题干：What is the proportion of geothermal electricity in global generation now? 答案：Around 1%. ②方法类细节 Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. 题干：How does the Alberta Hail Suppression Project work? 答案：Seed storm cells with a chemical to prevent hailstones. ③原因类细节 The sand is disappearing because of sea level rise, reduced river sediment, and human intervention. 题干：What causes the sand disappearance in Oceanside? 答案：Sea level rise, reduced river sediment, and human intervention. ④结论类细节 The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. 题干：What is the conclusion of the NIH study? 答案：Frequent brain replay improves practice performance. 例题 Geothermal (地热的) power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources. Heat generated below the Earth’s surface can provide an almost unlimited supply to power and heat homes. And while geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation, that is set to at least triple by 2050. EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. “You can effectively put a power plant anywhere,” said Will Pettit, director of the Geothermal Resources Council. “All you have to do is drill deep enough and you will find hot rocks. 1. What is the significance of EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies? A. They have made geothermal energy less sustainable. B. They have greatly reduced the need for drilling in geothermal sites. C. They allow for more efficient use of geothermal resources. D. They have opened up new methods of generating electricity from water. · 考点三：词义猜测题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 定义线索：找 is/are called/defined as, that is, in other words后的解释； 2. 举例线索：找for example, such as后的例子； 3. 逻辑线索：通过转折（but, however）、因果（because, so）、并列（and, or）关系推导； 4. 构词法线索：拆分词根、前缀、后缀。 一、核心解读 说明文术语密集，词义猜测题多考查专业术语、陌生词汇的语境含义，解题关键是抓住定义、举例、逻辑关系等线索，而非依赖词典义。 二、典型例句 ①定义线索 EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. enhanced = 强化的（括号内是全称解释） ②举例线索 They are biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features, such as flowering plants. eye-catching = 引人注目的（举例开花植物有该特征） ③逻辑线索 The sand is disappearing, but local governments have taken sand supplement projects. supplement = 补充（转折关系，应对消失问题） ④构词法线索 Neural replay is the repetition of brain activity during rest. neural = 神经的（neur - 词根 神经”）。 例题 We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world... But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods. 1. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit · 考点四：主旨大意题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 抓主题句：注意首段首句或尾句（总述说明对象及核心）、段落首句（分述特征）； 2. 找高频词：反复出现的说明对象、核心术语（geothermal energy, rogue waves）； 3. 整合逻辑：根据说明结构（总分，递进）整合核心信息，排除仅涉及单一细节的选项； 4. 标题提炼：标题需简洁明了，包含说明对象 + 核心特征。 一、核心解读 说明文的主旨多明确，要么是说明对象 + 核心特征，要么是说明对象+研究结论，解题需避免被局部细节干扰。 二、典型例句 ①总述主题句 Geothermal power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources, and it is set to grow rapidly. 主旨：地热发电是稳定的可再生能源，前景广阔。 ②研究结论主题句 The study revealed that observational biodiversity data are biased and need improvement. 主旨：生物多样性观测数据存在偏差，需改进。 ③高频词主题 全文反复出现 BMF, indoor garden, low effort, fresh greens 主旨：BMF 作为室内园艺系统，操作简单、供应新鲜蔬菜。 ④结尾升华主题句 Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future. 主旨：地热能将在低碳电力未来中发挥重要作用。 例题 BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology... Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed... Moreover, having a system in the same building means zero emissions... there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals. 1. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. · 考点五：推理判断题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 作者态度题：抓评价性词汇（褒义：stable, promising, innovative；贬义：biased, dangerous, polluting；中性：objective, research shows）； 2. 说明意图题：结合说明对象及结论（如 介绍地热发电→意图：推广清洁能源；分析数据偏差→意图：提出改进建议）； 3. 应用前景题：找表未来的词汇（will, set to, promising, may）及结论性语句； 4. 逻辑推断题：根据因果、递进关系推导隐含结论（如数据偏差→需要改进数据收集方法）。 一、核心解读 推理判断题需基于文本细节，推导隐含信息（如作者态度、说明意图、应用前景），严禁 无中生有、“过度解读”，所有推理必须有文本依据。 二、典型例句 ①作者态度 Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future. 态度：positive（积极的）； ②说明意图 The study found observational data are biased. Biodiversity apps can use our results to improve data quality. 意图：提出改进生物多样性观测数据的建议。 ③应用前景 EGS technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. It is set to triple by 2050. 前景：地热发电将广泛应用，占比大幅提升。 ④逻辑推断 The sand is disappearing due to human intervention. If the shoreline were allowed to evolve naturally, beaches could exist. 推断：减少人为干预有助于保护海滩。 例题 Rogue waves are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships. But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data, researchers have now created a system for predicting these ‘huge beasts’. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave... Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course. “Our analysis shows that abnormal waves occur all the time. In fact, we collected 100,000 waves in our data set that can be named as rogue waves by definition (定义),” Hafner said. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, Hafner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as they sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might appear to seek an alternative course. 1. How does Hafner find the system? A．It requires more field tests. B．It has been widely used. C．It needs further improvement. D．It has a promising future. · 考点六：说明结构与方法题 · 解题技巧 解题策略 1. 识别说明方法：下定义：is/are called、that is、define as； 列数字：具体数字； 举例子：for example、such as、including； 作比较：than、compared with、while； 打比方：like、as； 2. 分析方法作用：下定义：明确说明对象的本质特征； 列数字：使说明更准确、有说服力； 举例子：使说明更具体、易懂； 作比较：突出说明对象的特征； 打比方：使说明更生动、形象。 一、核心解读 说明文常用说明方法（下定义、列数字、举例子、作比较、打比方）增强说服力，识别方法及作用是高频考点，需结合语境分析。 二、典型例句 ①列数字+作用 Geothermal electricity accounts for around 1% of global generation, set to triple by 2050. 作用：准确说明地热发电当前占比及未来增长趋势。 ②举例子+作用 EGS can put a power plant anywhere. For example, it can be built in deserts. 作用：具体说明 EGS 适用范围广。 ③作比较+作用 Binary cycle plants operate at lower temperatures than flash steam plants. 作用：突出双元循环发电厂的温度优势。 ④下定义+作用 Neural replay is the repetition of brain activity during rest. 作用：明确神经重放的本质。 例题 Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.” 1. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 一、模拟基础练 Passage 1 Food waste is a major problem around the world. Each year, billions of tons of food are thrown away, while many people go hungry. Reducing food waste at home is not only good for the environment but also helps save money. Here are some simple tips to help you cut down on food waste. First, plan your meals before going shopping. Make a list of the ingredients you need for the week and stick to it. This way, you won’t buy more food than you can use. Avoid impulse purchases, which often lead to food being left unused and eventually thrown away. Planning meals also helps you use ingredients more efficiently, as you can plan to use the same ingredients in multiple dishes.​ Second, store food properly. Different types of food require different storage methods to stay fresh. For example, fruits like bananas and apples should be stored at room temperature, while vegetables like carrots and lettuce need to be kept in the refrigerator. Using airtight containers can help keep food fresh for longer. Labeling food with the date you bought it can also help you keep track of when it will expire, so you can use it before it goes bad.​ Third, use leftovers wisely. Instead of throwing away leftover food, find ways to reuse it. For example, leftover rice can be used to make fried rice, and leftover vegetables can be added to soups or stir-fries. You can also freeze leftovers for later use. Freezing is a great way to preserve food for weeks or even months, so you can enjoy it at a later time.​ Finally, be mindful of portion sizes. When cooking or serving food, avoid making more than you need. If you’re not sure how much to make, start with smaller portions. You can always make more if needed. This helps prevent food from being left on plates and thrown away.​ By following these simple tips, you can reduce food waste at home and make a positive impact on the environment and your wallet.​ 1．What is the first tip to reduce food waste at home?​ A．Freeze leftover food.​ B．Serve small portions.​ C．Use airtight containers.​ D．Plan meals before shopping. 2．How can storing food properly help reduce waste?​ A．It makes food taste better.​ B．It allows food to stay fresh longer.​ C．It makes food easier to cook.​ D．It helps food look more appealing.​ 3．What can leftover rice be used for according to the passage?​ A．Making soup.​ B．Making fried rice.​ C．Freezing for future use.​ D．Adding to stir-fries.​ 4．What is the main purpose of the passage?​ A．To explain why food waste is a problem.​ B．To encourage people to donate food.​ C．To provide tips on reducing food waste at home.​ D．To discuss the environmental impact of food waste. Passage 2 The Power of Music Music is a universal language that has the power to touch our hearts and souls. It can evoke strong emotions, bring back memories, and even have a positive impact on our physical and mental health. One of the most remarkable aspects of music is its ability to stir emotions. Whether it's a sad ballad that makes us cry or an upbeat pop song that gets us dancing, music has the power to reach deep inside us and bring out feelings we might not even know we had. Different types of music can trigger different emotions. For example, classical music is often associated with calmness and relaxation, while rock music can be energizing and exciting. Music also has the power to transport us back in time and bring back memories. A particular song can instantly take us back to a specific moment in our lives, whether it's a first date, a graduation, or a family gathering. This is because music is closely linked to our memories and can act as a powerful trigger for recalling past events. In addition to its emotional and memory-evoking powers, music can also have a positive impact on our physical and mental health. Listening to music can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and even boost our immune system. It can also improve our mood, increase our focus and concentration, and help us relax and unwind after a long day. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Music is a universal language. B．Music can stir emotions and bring back memories. C．Music has a positive impact on our physical and mental health. D．All of the above. 6．What is an example of how different types of music can trigger different emotions? A．Classical music is always sad. B．Rock music is always exciting. C．Classical music is associated with calmness and relaxation while rock music can be energizing and exciting. D．Music can't trigger different emotions. 7．How can music bring back memories? A．By making us cry. B．By being a universal language. C．By acting as a powerful trigger for recalling past events. D．By reducing stress. 8．What is one of the positive impacts of music on our physical health? A．Boosting our immune system. B．Making us more intelligent. C．Helping us make more friends. D．Improving our memory. Passage 3 In recent days, southern cities in Spain have been grappling with an intense heatwave that has brought sweltering conditions and raised serious concerns. The region has been under the grip of this extreme weather event, with temperatures soaring to astonishing levels.​ The heatwave has been particularly severe in cities like Seville and Cordoba. In some areas, the mercury has spiked to a staggering 46℃. The hot air masses, originating from Africa and driven by a strong high-pressure system, are the main culprits behind this intense heat. This abnormal weather pattern has persisted for several days, showing no signs of abating soon.​ The impact of this heatwave on daily life has been profound. Outdoor activities have come to a virtual standstill. Schools have suspended classes to protect students from the extreme heat. Construction work and other outdoor jobs have been halted as well to prevent heat-related illnesses among workers. Public spaces that are usually bustling with activity are now deserted. People are staying indoors as much as possible, relying on air-conditioning systems to keep cool. However, not everyone can afford to use air-conditioners continuously, especially the elderly and those with low incomes. This has put them at a higher risk of heat-related health problems, such as heatstroke and dehydration.​ 9．What is the main cause of the heatwave in southern Spain?​ A．The strong winds from the Atlantic Ocean.​ B．The hot air masses from Africa and a high-pressure system.​ C．The lack of rainfall in the region.​ D．The increase in industrial activities.​ 10．Which cities in Spain have been severely affected by the heatwave?​ A．Barcelona and Madrid.​ B．Valencia and Malaga.​ C．Seville and Cordoba.​ D．Bilbao and Zaragoza.​ 11．Why have schools suspended classes?​ A．Because teachers are on strike.​ B．To protect students from the extreme heat.​ C．Due to a shortage of electricity.​ D．Because of the spread of a virus.​ 12．Who are at a higher risk of heat-related health problems during the heatwave?​ A．Young people who exercise outdoors.​ B．The elderly and those with low incomes.​ C．Workers who work indoors.​ D．People who have air-conditioning at home.​ Passage 4 What can be red or green, big or small, and more importantly, loved or hated by someone? Yes, it is the chili (辣椒). Many Chinese enjoy eating chilies, but do you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-old US man was killed after eating a Carolina Reaper, the hottest chili in the world. After taking just a small part of the chili, the man had a serious headache in the following days. In fact, eating spicy food causes stomachaches and headaches. But if chilies are bad for people, why do they like to eat this vegetable? That’s because there are some special things in chilies. In some cases, eating chilies can make people happy. And chilies are good in another way. Scientists found that the death rate (死亡率) of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10% lower than those who don’t eat it. So they suggest people can eat more spicy food to build us up and bring less death risk at an early age. Don’t worry if you love spicy food. Chilies are in fact good for us. 13．What does the underlined word “spicy” in Para. 2 probably mean? A．Purple. B．Hot. C．Salty. D．White. 14．According to the text, what is the hottest chili in the world? A．Carolina Reaper. B．Sichuan Reaper. C．Hunan Reaper. D．American Reaper. 15．Why do people like to eat chilies according to Para. 3? A．Chilies do no harm to them. B．Chilies are delicious. C．Chilies bring them happiness. D．Something in chilies makes them sad. 16．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Spicy food isn’t good for people’s health. B．Scientists say people could eat more chilies. C．People should eat spicy food six times a week. D．Those who don’t eat chilies can’t live long. Passage 5 The surge in inbound tourism during the May Day holiday had a major economic impact. Hotels in major cities reported over 80% occupancy rates, while restaurants and shops saw a 30% increase in revenue compared to last year. Many businesses hired extra staff to handle the crowds, creating temporary job opportunities. However, the sudden influx of tourists also caused challenges. Public transportation systems were strained, and some attractions had to limit daily visitor numbers to prevent overcrowding. Environmental concerns were also raised, as popular sites like the Great Wall saw increased littering. To manage the situation, some cities introduced measures such as timed entry tickets and shuttle buses to distribute crowds more evenly. Experts suggest that improving infrastructure and promoting lesser-known attractions could help balance tourism growth and sustainability. 17．What was the hotel occupancy rate in major cities? A．50%. B．70%. C．Over 80%. 18．How much did restaurant and shop revenue increase compared to last year? A．10%. B．20%. C．30%. 19．What challenge did public transportation face? A．Reduced schedules. B．Overcrowding. C．Higher fares. 20．What measure was introduced to manage crowds? A．Free admission. B．Timed entry tickets. C．Longer opening hours. 二、重难提升练 Passage 1 The arm bones of women who lived 7,000 years ago show a surprising level of strength — even higher than today’s professional athletes. That’s according to a first-ever study comparing prehistoric bones to those of living people. The finding suggests a revision of history — the everyday lives of prehistoric women were filled with hard labor, rather than just sitting at home doing lighter tasks while the men struggled and fought for life. Before the study, there are no clear records describing how our ancient ancestors lived. “It can be easy to forget that bone is a living tissue, one that responds to the difficulties we put our bodies through,” said lead author Alison Macintosh. “Physical force and muscle activity both put pressure on the bone. The bone reacts by changing in shape, thickness and other aspects over time.” “Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones,” the researchers said, “And that’s a problem, because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women. For instance, as humans moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle constantly on the move to a more settled agrarian (农耕的)one, changes can be observed in the structure of the shinbone (胫骨), and these changes were much more evident in men.” However, a comparison of the bones of prehistoric women to the bones of living female athletes can help us work out a more accurate picture of what those prehistoric women were doing. “By analyzing the bones of living people and comparing them to the ancient bones, we can start to explain the kinds of labor our ancestors were reforming,” Macintosh said. What they found was that women’s leg strength hasn’t changed a great deal, but their arms used to be very powerful. Prehistoric women, the researchers found, had arm strength 11-16 percent stronger than those of modern rowers, and 30 percent stronger than those of non-athletes. 1．What can we know about prehistoric women? A．They did tough tasks as men. B．They were stronger than men. C．They had lighter bones than men. D．They spent most time staying at home. 2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly talking about concerning the study? A．Its methods. B．Its procedures. C．Its potential impact. D．Its theoretical foundation. 3．What problem did previous studies on prehistoric bones have? A．Insufficient sample comparison. B．Mistakes in sample analysis. C．Too much emphasis on shinbones. D．Improper methods of sampling. 4．Why are modern rowers mentioned in the last paragraph? A．To show their marvellous arm strength. B．To stress labor intensity of prehistorical women. C．To compare their strength with prehistorical women’s. D．To illustrate their advantages over non-athletes in strength. Passage 2 According to a growing body of research, gossip (八卦) isn’t just a guilty pleasure — it serves important functions within our communities and for our psychology. One that has been well-studied is that gossip helps to solidify social bonds, both between the two people who are gossiping and within communities as a way of establishing their rules, values and cultures. “Gossip is a way of understanding the community you’re in — it’s a means of understanding the structure of that community, and we’re all part of multiple communities,” Gary A．Fine, a sociologist at Northwestern University, said. Psychologically, too, gossip plays an important role. “The major function of gossip is to understand people,” Mark Pezzo, a psychologist at the University of South Florida, said. Pezzo’s observation can refer to understanding other people — third parties who are part of the story being told. But sometimes gossip is also a way for the speakers to understand themselves, and work through difficult situations to contemplate (思量) how they themselves might handle them, or at least learn from another person’s mistakes. “Knowing our world better feels good and makes us feel more empowered,” said Fine. Another of gossip’s key functions, and one we’ve seen play out in the public stage in recent years, is to act as a whisper network to help people protect each other against those in power who are prone to abuse. “Gossip can be used to warn group members about norm violators,” Bianca Beersma, a professor of organizational behavior, said. “When these norm violators have high power, gossip is arguably a much ‘safer’ way to warn others than to do this openly, which would make one run the risk of retaliation (报复) by the high-power group member that the gossip is about.” As we understand more about how we use gossip, perhaps little by little we can chip away at the criticism surrounding it. If we all gossip and we understand the value and power it can have for all people, then maybe we can commit ourselves to doing it better, with fewer of its destructive qualities. Gossip can be harsh or negative. But I think we need to be generous towards each other when we are gossiping, to try not to draw those social boundaries too tightly. 5．Why is gossip acceptable according to the passage? A．Because it can benefit our community. B．Because it can damage social bonds. C．Because it sets up multiple communities. D．Because it serves the study of psychology. 6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The way of talking gossip. B．The function of gossip in psychology. C．The definition of gossip. D．A psychology experiment of gossip. 7．How does gossip protect common people against abuse? A．By making people prone to abuse. B．By increasing the risk of retaliation. C．By avoiding warning others openly. D．By warning people not to disobey rules. 8．What’s the author’s attitude towards gossip? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Suspicious. Passage 3 People are already paying more and more for food due to global warming — and rising temperatures will drive food prices a lot higher in the next decade. According to a study by the European Central Bank, by 2035, higher temperatures alone will be pushing up worldwide food prices by between 0.9% and 3.2% every single year. To find out how this is affecting food prices, Maximilian Kotz at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and his colleagues examined data on the monthly prices and weather conditions in 121 countries between 1996 and 2021. By looking for connections between food prices and factors such as the average monthly temperature, temperature changes, and measures of drought and extreme rainfall, they found a strong link between the average temperature and the food prices a month or so later. In regions north of 40 degrees, like the latitude (纬度) of New York City and Beijing, warmer-than-average temperatures during winter led to falling food prices. But above-average temperatures increased food prices in summer and at all times in the rest of the world. “The study didn’t look at why prices rose, but the likely explanation is that extreme heat is reducing yields,’’ Kotz says. “Crops may be drying out on the vine (藤) when they should be being harvested.’’ Factors such as extreme rainfall had less impact on food prices than average temperatures. This may be because flooding tends to be localized, while above-average temperatures can be very widespread. Other studies have reached similar conclusions. Kotz’s team then went further by investigating how food prices could change based on average temperature rises in climate model prediction. In the worst situation, global food inflation (食品通胀) due to climate change goes over 4% per year by 2060. “We need to be aware of the fact that climate change brings huge new challenges for food security,’’ says Kotz. “Warming-fueled extreme weather is increasingly affecting food production around the world. If farmers don’t adapt their practices to better cope with rising temperatures, the losses will become more serious.’’ 9．What does the study focus on? A．The influence of climate change on food prices. B．The factors in the rising living costs. C．The effects of natural disasters on food production. D．The comparison of food prices in different regions. 10．How did researchers reach their conclusions? A．By analyzing a mass of data. B．By referring to previous studies. C．By tracking some cities for years. D．By conducting a survey among farmers. 11．What is the main reason for the rising food prices according to Kotz? A．Frequent rainfall. B．Extreme high temperature. C．The increasing demand for crops. D．The influence of trade policies. 12．What does the author want to do in the last paragraph? A．To call on people to pay attention to food security. B．To predict the loss caused by the heat wave. C．To explain the situation of global food inflation. D．To advise farmers to take actions to deal with the climate issue. Passage 4 First constructed in the 10th century as a part of a villa, the garden of Keyuan in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, was rebuilt and decorated on numerous occasions throughout history until it became a Confucian academy in 1805. The landscape, rockeries and flourishing willows may have greeted students to step into a “painting” where earthly beauty and dynamics of a real world can be felt. However, in recent history, the shine of the past seems to have been forgotten by the passing of time. The pond was muddy. Rocks were unstable. Plants were withering (枯萎). Termites also damaged the buildings, the structure of which had been damaged through decades of neglect. Keyuan was handed to an experienced garden renovation (翻新) designer in 2012. The work of making “the pearl” shine again was challenging. “Every step in the restoring and decorating process has to follow historical recordings,” says the designer. “It took just more than one year for us to actually renovate this garden, but much longer time was spent in evaluating every detail in the plan and making sure of its historical accuracy,” the designer adds. Now a bright and elegant garden is accessible to visitors and jointly portrays (描绘) a culturally rich neighborhood with the Great Wave Pavilion. And to keep “healthy”, it also needs regular maintenance, in which modern science plays a key role. For example, with support of big data analysis and scientific evaluation of impact brought by tourism, specific caps of visitor numbers — within a day or even an hour —are set for every key site to create a comfortable experience for both tourists and the gardens. 13．What do the underlined words “the pearl” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Renovation. B．The UNESCO World Heritage. C．Keyuan. D．The Great Wave Pavilion. 14．What does the designer say about renovating Keyuan? A．It’s impractical. B．It’s significant. C．It’s urgently needed. D．It’s time-consuming. 15．What does the author want to tell us by the example in the last paragraph? A．The need to limit the number of visitors. B．The negative impact tourism has on gardens. C．The role modern science plays in protecting gardens. D．The comfortable experience the garden brings to visitors. 16．What message does the author seem to convey in the text? A．Introduce the change of Keyuan. B．Encourage people to visit Keyuan. C．Introduce the renovation of Keyuan. D．Encourage people to rebuild Keyuan. Passage 5 The Howgill Fells are a group of smooth, treeless hills in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Their round shapes and bare surface make them look like a group of sleeping animals. This open landscape, shaped by hundreds of years of sheep grazing (放牧), hides a forgotten past. Beneath the soil lie ancient tree roots: quiet evidence of long-lost forests, now called “ghost woodlands”. In recent years, changes have begun, over 300,000 native trees have been planted across these hills in sheep-free enclosures. Slowly, birds and flowers are returning. “We’re ten years into a recovery process,” says ecologist Mike Douglas, who is studying bird populations in the area. According to him, land once considered badly damaged is now showing signs of new life. Unlike some other rewilding projects on private land, this one covers common land open to the public. It came from agreements between many local farmers. “Planting these trees on common land was something new,” says Peter Leeson from the Woodland Trust. Some plants, such as bluebells and bracken, have also started to grow again. Their return shows that the land still remembers its woodland past. The effort has already made a difference, In 2016, only 4 bird species bred (繁殖) here. Last year, the number rose to 14. “I didn’t expect birds to come back so quickly,” says Douglas. The work was made possible by a 10-year government program, which supports both the farmers and the landowner through yearly payments. At first, some farmers worried the project might harm their way of life. But the payments help make up for lost grazing land, offering needed support. “This is helping farmers stay on the land,” says Tim Winder, a local leader, He and others are now working on new ideas, including flood control and soil care. As trees grow, more common birds will arrive, “This was a big step into the unknown,” says Leeson, “But the farmers were optimistic — and it’s working.” 17．What happened after the tree planting project began? A．Over 300,000 foreign trees were introduced. B．Sheep grazing areas expanded significantly. C．People were denied access to private lands. D．Native plants and birds started reappearing. 18．What can we know about the rewilding project? A．It enjoyed success. B．It harmed local farming C．It was privately funded. D．involved private land. 19．What were the farmers’ initial reaction to the project? A．The were indifferent. B．They were astonished. C．They were cautious. D．They were excited. 20．What is the text mainly about? A．The fight to save the soil. B．The hills being reforested. C．A park for wild animals. D．A new home for farmers. 10 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $