专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，山东专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——旅游 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·山东菏泽·期末） Despite predictions that the Internet would kill it, the printed guidebook is proving hard-to-kill. They declared that it was dead-or, if it wasn’t dead yet, it soon would be. The cause of the pessimism was viral: first blogs, then influencers on Instagram and TikTok. Frommer’s, the grandfather of American guidebooks, was sold in 2012 for $22 million to Google, which reportedly planned to end the series’ print run. The following year Arthur Frommer, its founder, bought the company back. Another example, Lonely Planet, the best-known publisher, has been through several owners at ever-lower valuations. Yet, for all journalists’ poor predictions, the guidebook is still robust. Sales in Britain were mostly flat in 2014-2019, a period when smartphones became both popular and powerful. In 2021, Americans bought 5.8 million guidebooks and maps-up from 4 million in 2020. Why do guidebooks still roll off the presses when all the information you could need is in your pocket? One answer is that print is a useful medium for information on the go. Books can be scribbled (写划) on and dog-eared; they need no charging or internet access. They can be easier to browse than social media, websites or e-books. Another is that guidebooks have changed with the times. Rick Steves, the author of America’s bestselling guides to European destinations, published his first guidebook 44 years ago. He still personally researches many of his books, which offer a lot of information in small type. His publishers, being more business-minded, also produce pocket guides, which take those tips and enliven them with photographs. Younger travellers are more likely to organize their own plans, relying on digital resources rather than books. Artificial intelligence is another challenge on the way. Like a good guide, AI’s promise is that it can do the boring research and produce a summary. Frommer’s, for its part, experimented with using AI to offer tailor-made answers to travellers’ questions, but found that it was making things up too often to be useful. Nothing makes a traveller reach for their trusty guidebook more than an impractical tip. 1．What can we learn about Frommer’s and Lonely Planet? A．They’ re no longer on sale. B．They’ re becoming influential online. C．They’ re infected with a deadly virus. D．They’ re facing a challenging situation. 2．What does the underlined word “robust” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Strong. B．Dead. C．Rich D．Fashionable. 3．Which aspect of guidebooks does paragraph 4 focus on? A．Their authors. B．Their advantages. C．Their materials. D．Their producers. 4．What does the author mainly convey in the last paragraph? A．Guidebooks remain reliable. B．The tips AI provides are practical. C．Digital books are more promising. D．AI answers travellers’ questions properly. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讨论了尽管互联网和智能手机的普及，纸质旅游指南依然顽强生存的现象。文章分析了纸质旅游指南依然受欢迎的原因，包括纸质书籍便于携带、无需充电或网络连接、易于浏览等。此外，旅游指南的内容和形式也在不断适应时代的变化。尽管年轻旅行者更倾向于依赖数字资源，人工智能也带来了新的挑战，但纸质旅游指南依然在旅行中扮演着重要角色。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Frommer’s, the grandfather of American guidebooks, was sold in 2012 for $22 million to Google, which reportedly planned to end the series’ print run. The following year Arthur Frommer, its founder, bought the company back. Another example, Lonely Planet, the best-known publisher, has been through several owners at ever-lower valuations. (福默指南，美国旅游指南的鼻祖，于2012年以2200万美元的价格被谷歌收购，据报道谷歌计划结束该系列的纸质版发行。次年，其创始人亚瑟·福默买回了公司。另一个例子是孤独星球，这是最知名的出版商，已经经历了几次转手，估值不断降低。)”可知，Frommer’s和Lonely Planet都经历了被出售和估值下降的情况，说明它们面临着严峻的挑战。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Yet, for all journalists’ poor predictions, the guidebook is still …. Sales in Britain were mostly flat in 2014-2019, a period when smartphones became both popular and powerful. In 2021, Americans bought 5.8 million guidebooks and maps-up from 4 million in 2020. (然而，尽管记者们的预测不太准确，但指南书仍然很受……。在2014 - 2019年期间，智能手机变得既流行又强大，而此时英国的指南书销量基本持平。2021年，美国人购买了580万本指南书和地图，高于2020年的400万本。)”可知，虽然在2014 - 2019年期间，智能手机变得既流行又强大，但是在此期间英国的指南书销量基本持平，2021年美国人购买指南书和地图的数目高于2020年，说明指南书的销售依然强劲。可推理出划线词的含义为“强劲的”，故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“One answer is that print is a useful medium for information on the go. Books can be scribbled (写划) on and dog-eared; they need no charging or internet access. They can be easier to browse than social media, websites or e-books. Another is that guidebooks have changed with the times. (一个答案是，印刷品是获取信息的一种有用媒介。书籍可以在上面做笔记、折角，不需要充电或上网。与社交媒体、网站或电子书相比，它们可能更容易浏览。另一个答案是，指南书已经与时俱进了。)”可知，本段主要讨论了指南书在数字时代的优势，如便于携带、无需充电或网络连接、易于浏览等。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Younger travellers are more likely to organize their own plans, relying on digital resources rather than books. Artificial intelligence is another challenge on the way. Like a good guide, AI’s promise is that it can do the boring research and produce a summary. Frommer’s, for its part, experimented with using AI to offer tailor-made answers to travellers’ questions, but found that it was making things up too often to be useful. Nothing makes a traveller reach for their trusty guidebook more than an impractical tip. (年轻一代的旅行者更有可能自己制定计划，依赖数字资源而非书籍。人工智能是另一个挑战。就像一位好向导一样，人工智能的承诺是它可以完成枯燥的研究并给出总结。福默指南在这方面进行了尝试，使用人工智能为旅行者的问题提供量身定制的答案，但发现它经常编造内容，以至于不太有用。没有什么比一条不切实际的建议更能促使旅行者求助于他们可靠的指南书了。)”可知，尽管年轻旅行者更依赖数字资源，人工智能也带来了新的挑战，但是人工智能因其为旅行者提供的是编造内容，所以不太有用，可推理出指南书仍然因其可靠性和实用性而受到旅行者的青睐。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·山东日照·期末） Storytelling is universal and is as ancient as humankind. Before there was writing, there was storytelling. It exists (and existed) to entertain, to inform, and to promote cultural traditions and values. Oral storytelling is telling a story through voice and gestures. The oral tradition can take many forms, including epic poems, chants, rhymes, songs, and more. Not all of these stories are historically accurate or even true. It can contain myths, legends, fables, prayers, proverbs, and instructions. Like all native American tribes, the Choctaw have an oral storytelling tradition going back generations. Their stories were intended to preserve the tribe’s history and educate the young. For example, the Choctaw oral tradition includes two creation stories: One relates to migration from the west and another to creation from a mound. In addition, the oral tradition includes history as well as life lessons or moral teachings. Most of the Choctaw traditional tales employ animal characters to teach such lessons in a humorous manner. The seanchai were the traditional Irish keepers of story. They would travel from village to village, reciting ancient lore and tales of wisdom. They told the old myths as well as local news and happenings. Tales of kings and heroes are the highlights in the Irish oral tradition. The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa have strong storytelling traditions. In many parts of Africa, after dinner, the villagers gather around a central fire to listen to the storyteller. The griots have long been a vital part of Western African culture: they are storytellers, troubadours, and advisors to kings. They perform the functions of storytellers, genealogists, historians, ambassadors, and more. The griots are traditionally hereditary (世袭的), a profession passed from one generation to the next. There are also griot schools where more formal training can be offered. Both men and women can take up the profession. Today, storytelling and interest in storytelling appear to be making a comeback. As one Irish storyteller puts it, “It’s a need for connection... I think storytelling nurtures connections with people in real life.” 1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To emphasize the importance of storytelling. B．To explain the artistic feature of storytelling. C．To give a general introduction of storytelling. D．To show the different patterns of storytelling. 2．Which of the following is a feature of the Choctaw traditional tales? A．Recording man’s migration journey. B．Telling of local news and happenings. C．Praising the brave deeds of kings and heroes. D．Using animal characters to educate the young. 3．What can we infer from the storytelling traditions in sub-Saharan Africa? A．Storytellers are popular and receive high pay. B．Storytellers are learned with high social positions. C．Storytellers teach the young generations moral lessons. D．Storytellers play an important role in economic development. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Storytelling Is on the Decline B．Storytelling Enjoys a Long History C．Storytelling Keeps Cultures Alive D．Storytelling Is an Attractive Profession 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了讲故事的普遍性、历史及其在文化传承中的作用。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“Storytelling is universal and is as ancient as humankind. Before there was writing, there was storytelling. It exists (and existed) to entertain, to inform, and to promote cultural traditions and values. Oral storytelling is telling a story through voice and gestures. The oral tradition can take many forms, including epic poems, chants, rhymes, songs, and more. Not all of these stories are historically accurate or even true. It can contain myths, legends, fables, prayers, proverbs, and instructions. (故事讲述是普遍存在的，其历史与人类一样悠久。在文字出现之前，就有了故事讲述。它（过去和现在都存在）的目的是为了娱乐、传递信息以及弘扬文化传统和价值观。口头故事讲述是通过声音和手势来讲述故事。口头传统可以有很多形式，包括史诗、吟唱、押韵诗、歌曲等等。并非所有这些故事都是历史上真实发生过的，甚至都不是真实的。它可以包含神话、传说、寓言、祈祷文、谚语以及指示说明)”可知，本段主要介绍了讲故事的普遍性、历史以及它的目的。由此推知，本段的目的是对讲故事做一个总体的介绍。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Most of the Choctaw traditional tales employ animal characters to teach such lessons in a humorous manner. (大多数乔克托人的传统故事都运用动物角色，以幽默的方式传授这些教训)”可知，乔克托人的传统故事大多使用动物角色以幽默的方式教授生活教训或道德教导。由此可知，使用动物角色教育年轻人是肖托人传统故事的一个特点。故选D。 3．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“The griots have long been a vital part of Western African culture: they are storytellers, troubadours, and advisors to kings. They perform the functions of storytellers, genealogists, historians, ambassadors, and more. The griots are traditionally hereditary (世袭的), a profession passed from one generation to the next. There are also griot schools where more formal training can be offered. Both men and women can take up the profession. (格里奥一直是西非文化中不可或缺的一部分：他们是故事讲述者、游吟诗人，也是国王的顾问。他们履行着故事讲述者、家谱学者、历史学家、大使等多重职责。格里奥的传统是世袭的，这一职业代代相传。还有格里奥学校可以提供更正式的培训。男性和女性都可以从事这一职业)”可知，格里奥是有学问的，社会地位较高。由此推知，在撒哈拉以南非洲，讲故事的人社会地位很高。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Storytelling is universal and is as ancient as humankind. Before there was writing, there was storytelling. It exists (and existed) to entertain, to inform, and to promote cultural traditions and values. (故事讲述是普遍存在的，其历史与人类一样悠久。在文字出现之前，就有了故事讲述。它（过去和现在都存在）的目的是为了娱乐、传递信息以及弘扬文化传统和价值观)”可知，文章主要讲述了讲故事的普遍性、历史以及它在不同文化中的重要性，特别是在保存和传播文化传统和价值观方面的作用。由此可知，最适合本文的标题是“Storytelling Keeps Cultures Alive (讲故事让文化保持活力)”。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东枣庄·期末） Miss sending letters? Try Lettrs! This new service brings back the art of letter writing by marrying it to the Internet. Lettrs, a new site, is attempting to bring back the old-fashioned idea of letter writing by providing a space that feels a little bit like a writing desk. Of course, there’ll be purists who say that to truly enjoy letter writing you must do it on fancy letter paper and envelope in the mail is part of the fun. And if you’re into that sort of thing, go for it. But I can’t be the only one who is now so much faster at typing that writing by hand is painfully slow. Nor can I be the only one who likes to write on a whim (一时兴起) when I’m going to be on a crowded train or airplane, both of which are situations where writing on the computer is far easier. The site tries, pretty seriously, to approximate (接近) what it’s like to have your very own writing desk and paper to choose from(which comes in various prints and colors) as well as corresponding (通信) types of prints and cursive writing (草写体) that come out on your screen as you write. There’s also a “desk drawer” for letters you’ve already sent, a “fridge” to post letters publicly, a “kitchen counter” for letters you have just received, and “shoebox” to store your letters in. And if you need inspiration there are even old-style letters that are great examples of the kind of correspondence people used to send. Lettrs is such a great idea, because you get the best parts of communicating online (typing rather than writing, the speed, no lost mail, and it’s free!) with the nice parts of a letter - the sense of sitting down to write, quietly, to one person in a meaningful way. Who would you write to? 1．How does Lettrs work according to the text? A．By providing real paper for letter writers. B．By making room for people to write letters. C．By supplying writing desks to letter writers. D．By combining letter writing with the Internet. 2．A Lettrs user can find a newly received letter in or on a “________”. A．desk drawer B．fridge C．kitchen counter D．shoebox 3．What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? A．To advise readers to use Lettrs. B．To tell readers how to write letters. C．To persuade readers to write letters. D．To show the advantage of the Internet. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．An old art of letter writing. B．A new service of letter writing. C．The advantages of letter writing. D．The development of letter writing. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型写信方式Lettrs的优点、使用方法，并建议人们使用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This new service brings back the art of letter writing by marrying it to the Internet. (这项新服务将写信的艺术与互联网结合起来，使之重新焕发生机。)”可知，Lettrs是通过把写信和网络结合起来运作的。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“There’s also a “desk drawer” for letters you’ve already sent, a “fridge” to post letters publicly, a “kitchen counter” for letters you have just received, and “shoebox” to store your letters in. (还有一个“书桌抽屉”，用于存放你已经寄出的信件，一个“冰箱”，用于公开邮寄信件，“厨房柜台”，用于放置你刚刚收到的信件，以及“鞋盒”，用于储存你的信件。)”可知，Lettrs用户可以在“厨房柜台”找到新收到的信件。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Lettrs is such a great idea, because you get the best parts of communicating online (typing rather than writing, the speed, no lost mail, and it’s free!) with the nice parts of a letter - the sense of sitting down to write, quietly, to one person in a meaningful way. (Lettrs是一个很好的主意，因为你可以在网上进行最好的交流（打字而不是写作，速度快，不会丢失邮件，而且是免费的！）信中美好的部分——坐下来安静地，以一种有意义的方式给一个人写信的感觉。)”可知，作者在向读者介绍Lettrs的好处，并建议读者使用。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Miss sending letters? Try Lettrs!This new service brings back the art of letter writing by marrying it to the Internet. (想念寄信的感觉？试试Lettrs！这项新服务将写信的艺术与互联网结合起来，使之重新焕发生机。)”可知，本文主要介绍了一种新的写信服务。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·山东青岛·期末） A challenge of teaching mathematics rather than, say, history is that the homework is a lot harder to come up with. After all, “Was Henry VIII a good king?” is a reasonable question to ask either a classroom of nine-year-olds or a lecture theatre of postgraduates. But “Solve this quadratic equation (二次方程式)” would leave the classroom nonplussed and the lecture theatre unimpressed. Maths is learned by doing and designing a problem that is easy enough to be accessible, yet hard enough to be satisfying, is a big headache in itself. Partly for this reason, books that successfully communicate how mathematicians think, but are aimed at those not already in the field, are both valuable and rare. Now Sir David Spiegelhalter, professor of statistics at the University of Cambridge, has added to the category with The Art of Uncertainty. His new book will appeal to many more than just mathematicians, for its topic is universal: how to analyse chance, uncertainty and risk. If a new virus is running wild and the majority of deaths are among those who have received a newer vaccine (疫苗), is that evidence that the vaccination program is harmful? How much of top football teams’ performance comes down to luck rather than skill? Professor Spiegelhalter’s exploration of such questions is delightful. First, he uses them to illustrate broader ideas about how probability and statistics work. So a discussion of vaccine safety proceeds to Bayes’s theorem, a procedure for improving one’s judgment of probabilities as new evidence comes to light. The joy of Professor Spiegelhalter’s approach is that he reaches this deep truth through nothing more than some intuitive (直觉的) assumptions and very simple maths. Most important, though, is Professor Spiegelhalter’s skill at communicating these ideas. Much of probability and statistics can go against our intuition, and the maths behind it is often fearsome. But this is not a difficult book to read or understand. 1．What does the underlined word “nonplussed” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Impressed. B．Inspired. C．Confused. D．Amused. 2．What is the biggest selling point of The Art of Uncertainty according to the author? A．It casts light on math thoughts. B．It covers various topics. C．It makes sense to ordinary people. D．It satisfies maths professionals. 3．Why does the author mention Bayes’s theorem in paragraph 3? A．To prove the reliability of intuition. B．To reveal the book’s academic nature. C．To underline the deep truth of judgement. D．To demonstrate Spiegelhalter’s writing approach. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．A master of math teaching. B．A book on intuitive assumptions. C．A discussion of risk management. D．A guide to understanding probability. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一本名为《不确定性的艺术》的新书，该书通过直观假设和简单数学阐述了深刻真理，且文字通俗易懂，适合广大读者阅读。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“But ‘Solve this quadratic equation (二次方程式)’ would leave the classroom nonplussed and the lecture theatre unimpressed.(但是“解这个二次方程”会让教室里的学生感到……，让讲堂里的听众不感兴趣)”可知，and后并列的信息为“讲堂里的听众不感兴趣”，因此划线词信息应该与其保持一致，即对于让学生“解这个二次方程”的反应应该是感到困惑不解。因此，划线词意为“困惑的，不知所措的”与C选项“Confused.(感到困惑的)”为同义词。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“His new book will appeal to many more than just mathematicians, for its topic is universal: how to analyse chance, uncertainty and risk.(他的新书将吸引更多的人，而不仅仅是数学家，因为它的主题是普遍的：如何分析机会，不确定性和风险。)”可知，因为该书主题的普遍性，他的新书不仅仅会吸引数学家，还会吸引更多人。由此可知，《不确定性的艺术》这本书最大的卖点是它对普通人来说很有意义。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“First, he uses them to illustrate broader ideas about how probability and statistics work. So a discussion of vaccine safety proceeds to Bayes’s theorem, a procedure for improving one’s judgment of probabilities as new evidence comes to light. (首先，斯皮格尔哈尔特教授用这些问题来阐述关于概率和统计如何工作的更广泛的思想。因此，关于疫苗安全性的讨论就涉及到了贝叶斯定理，这是一个随着新证据的出现而改进人们对概率判断的程序。)”以及“The joy of Professor Spiegelhalter’s approach is that he reaches this deep truth through nothing more than some intuitive (直觉的) assumptions and very simple maths.( 斯皮格尔哈尔特教授的方法的乐趣在于，他只是通过一些直觉假设和非常简单的数学就得出了这个深刻的真理。)”可知，作者在第三段中提到贝叶斯定理是为了证明斯皮格尔哈尔特的写作方法，即通过简单的直觉假设和数学得出深刻的真理。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中的“Now Sir David Spiegelhalter, professor of statistics at the University of Cambridge, has added to the category with The Art of Uncertainty. His new book will appeal to many more than just mathematicians, for its topic is universal: how to analyse chance, uncertainty and risk.( 现在，剑桥大学统计学教授大卫•斯皮格尔哈尔特(David Spiegelhalter)用《不确定性的艺术》(The Art of Uncertainty)一书为这个类别增添了新的内容。他的新书将吸引更多非数学家的人群，因为它的主题是普遍的：如何分析机会、不确定性和风险。)”可知，本文主要介绍了大卫•斯皮格尔哈尔特教授的新书《不确定性的艺术》，这本书的主题是关于如何分析机会、不确定性和风险的，即本文主要讲的是一本关于理解概率的指南。D选项“A guide to understanding probability.(理解概率的指南。)”符合文章主旨。故选D项。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·山东威海·期末） “There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.” This is the surprising first sentence of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, the 1962 book that arguably sparked the modern environmental movement. While most people have heard of Silent Spring, many fewer have actually read it. It is now largely classified as textbooks or other educational contexts. That is why its first sentence is so surprising: Silent Spring does not read like a textbook. It begins with a fable and is filled with beautiful, emotional writing and passion throughout. Carson raised a public outcry against DDT not just with her research on its harmful effects, but with the vivid descriptions, powerful arguments, and poctic language that lift Silent Spring into the world of other great works of American literature. The poetry of Carson’s opening continues into the rest of Silent Spring. There is poetic language throughout the book; even Carson’s chapter titles such as “Earth’s Green Mantle (披风)” and “Through a Narrow Window” are not what we might expect for a scientific work. But the places where Carson’s artistry is more apparent are in her chapter introductions. She weaves her most vivid images in the first few paragraphs of each chapter, creating a more realistic experience for the reader before moving into more complex scientific writing. While she’s good at translating the beauty of the natural world, the powerful emotions Carson raises with this imagery are rarely rosy. Not only is Silent Spring a descriptive scientific work and a great work of literature — it is also an accusation. She uses the word “evil”10 times, the word “suffer” 35 times, and different forms of the word “death” a total of 213 times. With this landmark book, Carson gracefully established herself as both an important figure of modern American literature and a pioneer of the 20th century’s environmental movement. Her words are effective and convincing, and more so because they are beautiful. Silent Spring is clearly a tapestry (挂毯) patiently woven — with a cause worth fighting for. 1．What is the opening of Silent Spring like? A．It clearly reveals its writing purpose. B．It directly presents Carson’s arguments. C．It starts with quotes from victims of pollution. D．It reads more like a fable than a science book. 2．Which part of Silent Spring best shows Carson’s literary skill? A．The opening. B．The chapter titles. C．The chapter introductions. D．The conclusion. 3．Why did Carson use emotional words like “death” repeatedly? A．To make her writing less technical. B．To highlight the urgency of her warning. C．To express her pessimism about the future. D．To contrast nature’s beauty with human destruction. 4．What’s the main focus of the passage? A．Why Silent Spring still matters. B．How powerful languages can be. C．Why Silent Spring is both science and literature. D．What role Carson plays in environmental history. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》，其开篇像寓言，文学性强，兼具科学与文学特质，是环保运动里程碑。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“That is why its first sentence is so surprising: Silent Spring does not read like a textbook. It begins with a fable and is filled with beautiful, emotional writing and passion throughout.(这就是为什么它的第一句话会如此令人惊讶：《寂静的春天》读起来不像是一本教科书。它以一则寓言开篇，全书充满了优美动人的文字和强烈的感情色彩)”可知，《寂静的春天》这本书的开头读起来更像是一个寓言故事，而非一本科学著作。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“But the places where Carson’s artistry is more apparent are in her chapter introductions. She weaves her most vivid images in the first few paragraphs of each chapter, creating a more realistic experience for the reader before moving into more complex scientific writing.(但卡逊作品中更具艺术表现力的部分体现在她的章节引言部分。她在每一章的前几段中巧妙地融入了最生动的意象，为读者营造出一种更为真实的阅读体验，然后再深入探讨更为复杂的科学内容)”可知，《寂静的春天》这部作品中第一章的介绍部分最能体现卡逊的文学才华，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“While she’s good at translating the beauty of the natural world, the powerful emotions Carson raises with this imagery are rarely rosy. Not only is Silent Spring a descriptive scientific work and a great work of literature — it is also an accusation. She uses the word “evil”10 times, the word “suffer” 35 times, and different forms of the word “death” a total of 213 times.(虽然卡逊在描绘自然界的美方面颇为出色，但她通过这些意象所引发的强大情感却很少是美好的。《寂静的春天》不仅是一部描述性的科学著作和杰出的文学作品，它还是一份控诉书。她用了“邪恶”这个词10次，“受苦”这个词35次，而“死亡”这个词的各种形式总共出现了213次)”可知，卡逊通过多次使用“evil”、“suffer”、“death”这类带有强烈情感色彩的词汇，目的是强调环境问题的严重性，即，突出她所发出警告的紧迫性。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“With this landmark book, Carson gracefully established herself as both an important figure of modern American literature and a pioneer of the 20th century’s environmental movement. Her words are effective and convincing, and more so because they are beautiful. Silent Spring is clearly a tapestry (挂毯) patiently woven — with a cause worth fighting for.(凭借这本具有里程碑意义的著作，卡逊成功地确立了自己作为现代美国文学重要人物以及20世纪环保运动先驱的地位。她的文字既有力又令人信服，而且更因其优美而显得更加出色。《寂静的春天》无疑是一幅精心编织的挂毯——背后有着值得为之奋斗的崇高目标)”结合文章主要介绍了蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》，其开篇像寓言，文学性强，兼具科学与文学特质，是环保运动里程碑。可知，这篇文章的主要论述重点是《寂静的春天》为何既是科学著作又是文学作品。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东威海·期末） One cold autumn afternoon, in a forest outside the tiny village of Hümmel, I went for a walk with the German forester Peter Wohlleben. Wohlleben had been managing the forest for almost three decades, and he had cared for it with unusual gentleness. Each tree is cut individually and removed using horses, rather than heavy machinery, to avoid damaging underground networks of roots and fungi that allow trees to exchange resources and chemical signals. He has created additional income for the forest by leading tours and teaching courses, etc. He has long insisted that people around the world could and should manage their forests likewise. Until a few years ago, virtually no one was listening. To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees. Inspired by the walking tours like the one that Wohlleben was leading me on, he shifted the tone in this book — from technical writing to a warm, story-like style. He said, “The people I guided through the forest — they were hard trainers. When I talked in a way that wasn’t interesting, they would begin talking with each other.” So he adopted a cheerful and friendly tone — like a kind uncle telling fairy tales, full of warmth and a sense of wonder. And it struck a chord: The Hidden Life of Trees has sold more than a million copies in Germany alone, and more than three million worldwide. Near the end of our walk, Wohlleben showed me a C-shaped stump (树桩). It had been cut down at least fifty years ago, and yet, somehow, it was still alive. The tree’s roots, many of which grew above the soil, were visibly connected to a nearby tree. To Wohlleben, this was proof of the remarkable mutuality of trees — that they will continue caring for nearby trees even after their death. 1．Why does Wohlleben use horses to remove trees? A．To get around easily. B．To keep the old tradition alive. C．To reduce equipment costs. D．To protect underground roots and fungi. 2．What makes The Hidden Life of Trees more popular than Wohlleben’s earlier books? A．It is well advertised. B．It is easy and fun to read. C．It offers scientific knowledge. D．It explores human-nature bond. 3．Which can best replace the underlined “mutuality”? A．Adaptation. B．Growth. C．Connection. D．Lifespan. 4．What might be a suitable title? A．The Secret Language of Trees B．How a Book Changed Forestry C．A Forest Walk with Wohlleben D．Wohlleben and His Forest Message 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了德国林务员Wohlleben温和地管理着森林，其著作《树木的隐秘生活》以故事体风格走红，书中传递树木间相互关联等信息，传播其森林管理理念。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Each tree is cut individually and removed using horses, rather than heavy machinery, to avoid damaging underground networks of roots and fungi that allow trees to exchange resources and chemical signals.(每棵树都是单独进行砍伐的，并且是用马匹而非重型机械来移除的，这样可以避免破坏地下由根系和菌类构成的网络结构，这些网络结构使得树木能够进行资源交换和化学信号传递)”可知，沃勒莱本用马来移除树木是为了保护地下根系和菌类。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees. Inspired by the walking tours like the one that Wohlleben was leading me on, he shifted the tone in this book — from technical writing to a warm, story-like style.(为了让更多人了解他的观点和专业知识，沃尔勒本开始撰写书籍。然而，他的前十五本书的读者数量并不多。转折点出现在2015年，他出版了第十六本书《树木的隐秘生活》。受到沃尔勒本带领我进行的徒步旅行活动的启发，他在这本书中改变了风格——从专业的写作风格转变为温暖、类似故事的风格)”以及“So he adopted a cheerful and friendly tone — like a kind uncle telling fairy tales, full of warmth and a sense of wonder.(于是他便采用了欢快且亲切的语气——就像一位慈祥的叔叔在讲童话故事那样，充满了温暖和奇妙的想象)”可知，《树的秘密生活》比沃尔勒本之前的著作更受欢迎的原因是其易于阅读且充满乐趣。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The tree’s roots, many of which grew above the soil, were visibly connected to a nearby tree.(这棵树的根系中有很多部分生长在土壤之上，而且明显与附近的一棵树相连)”可知，文中提到被砍伐的树桩根系与附近树木相连，这体现了树木间的相互关联，“mutuality”在此处指树木间的这种连接关系，故划线词意思是“联系”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Wohlleben had been managing the forest for almost three decades, and he had cared for it with unusual gentleness.(沃尔勒本管理这片森林已有近三十年之久，他对待这片森林的方式极为温和)”以及第三段“To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees.(为了让更多人了解他的观点和专业知识，沃尔勒本开始撰写书籍。然而，他的前十五本书的读者数量并不多。转折点出现在2015年，他出版了第十六本书《树木的隐秘生活》)”，结合文章主要说明了德国林务员Wohlleben温和地管理着森林，其著作《树木的隐秘生活》以故事体风格走红，书中传递树木间相互关联等信息，传播其森林管理理念可知，D选项“沃尔勒本和他的森林信息”能概括文章内容，最适合作文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·山东潍坊·期末） When you picture a zoo, what do you see? A lone bear in a concrete cage, pacing aimlessly in front of tourists? Or a group of volunteers, trying desperately to clean the body of the giant panda? The role of zoos is unclear at first thought. On the one hand, funding from zoos comes from visitors and donors, so to attract the public, zoos must put on a good show. On the other hand, there is a growing cry to protect the animal kingdom from conservation-concerned individuals. That puts zoos in a dilemma. London Zoo, which opened to members in 1828 as the first scientific zoo, opened its doors to the public 19 years later as it was not receiving sufficient funding. However, when the environmental movement was born in the late 20th Century, London Zoo began to change its focus. In the same year when the IUCN Red List was first published, London Zoo worked with Phoenix Zoo on a cooperative programme to boost Arabian oryx (大羚羊) numbers. London Zoo soon became the model on how to run a zoo that can satisfy both its visitors and its inhabitants. Some zoos did not follow suit. The reputation of SeaWorld declined, following the documentary Blackfish, an exposure on SeaWorld’s poor treatment of their killer whales. It is clear from their website that sea creatures’ wellbeing and conservation are not SeaWorld’s priority. They are happy to advertise their sea lion shows and penguin petting experiences, but their conservation “mission” is tucked neatly into a dusty corner of the website. Knowing that places such as SeaWorld may not provide the best care for their animals, we continue to give them our money. However, we should not stop visiting zoos. Zoos are essential to our education. Zoos are outdoors, soul-lifting, and in need of footfall to remain open and serving the animal kingdom. So research zoos before you visit them. Only pay for tickets to zoos that commit to conservation, aim to educate rather than entertain and have high animal welfare standards. Do not tolerate any less. Celebrate zoos which do it right. 1．What leads to the dilemma in paragraph 1? A．The protest from volunteers. B．The competition among zoos. C．The pressure from funding and conservation. D．The conflict between visitors and zoo keepers. 2．Why is London Zoo mentioned? A．To give an example. B．To introduce an opinion. C．To make a prediction. D．To recommend a destination. 3．What does the underlined word “tucked” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Written. B．Divided. C．Hidden. D．Combined. 4．What does the author suggest visitors do in the last paragraph? A．Celebrate the animal shows. B．Fund the poorly-managed zoos. C．Recognize zoos devoted to protection. D．Increase their visits to different zoos. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了动物园处境两难，需吸引游客又要保护动物。伦敦动物园转型成功，而海洋世界饱受诟病。建议选择注重保护、教育和福利的动物园参观。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“On the one hand, funding from zoos comes from visitors and donors, so to attract the public, zoos must put on a good show. On the other hand, there is a growing cry to protect the animal kingdom from conservation-concerned individuals. That puts zoos in a dilemma.(一方面，动物园的资金来自游客和捐赠者，所以为了吸引公众，动物园必须表演得精彩些。另一方面，越来越多的人呼吁保护动物王国，以免受到那些出于保护动机的个人的破坏。这就让动物园陷入了两难的境地)”可知，导致第一段中所描述的这种困境的原因是资金与保护方面的压力。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“London Zoo, which opened to members in 1828 as the first scientific zoo, opened its doors to the public 19 years later as it was not receiving sufficient funding. However, when the environmental movement was born in the late 20th Century, London Zoo began to change its focus. In the same year when the IUCN Red List was first published, London Zoo worked with Phoenix Zoo on a cooperative programme to boost Arabian oryx (大羚羊) numbers. London Zoo soon became the model on how to run a zoo that can satisfy both its visitors and its inhabitants.(伦敦动物园于1828年作为首家科学动物园向会员开放，19年后因资金不足而向公众开放。然而，在20世纪末环保运动兴起之时，伦敦动物园开始转变其发展方向。在《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》首次发布的同一年，伦敦动物园与菲尼克斯动物园合作开展了一项合作项目，以增加阿拉伯大羚羊的数量。伦敦动物园很快成为了如何运营既能满足游客需求又能照顾动物的动物园的典范)”可知，提到伦敦动物园是为了举例说明。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“They are happy to advertise their sea lion shows and penguin petting experiences, but their conservation “mission” is(他们乐于宣传海狮表演和企鹅亲密接触活动，但其“保护使命”……)”以及后文“into a dusty corner of the website (在网站的一个不起眼的角落里)”可知，上文中but表示转折，后文提到了在网站的一个不起眼的角落里，说明“保护使命”被隐藏起来。故划线词意思是“隐藏”。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“So research zoos before you visit them. Only pay for tickets to zoos that commit to conservation, aim to educate rather than entertain and have high animal welfare standards. Do not tolerate any less. Celebrate zoos which do it right.(所以在参观动物园之前，要先进行一番研究。只购买那些致力于保护工作、旨在教育而非娱乐、并且有高标准动物福利的动物园的门票。不要容忍任何低于标准的行为。要赞美那些做得很好的动物园)”可知，作者建议游客们识别那些致力于保护动物的动物园。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·山东枣庄·期末） The temperature is sharply rising with each passing day. People, including many experts, find it difficult to slow down the process. However, leaving coal and major fossil fuels in the ground could help to limit climate change in the future, according to a new study. That is to say, a third of oil reserves on the earth, half of gas reserves and over 80 percent of current coal reserves should not be used before the year 2050. If we are to prevent global temperatures from rising above 2 degrees Celsius in the near future, we ought to carry some measures to severely control the emissions from factories, vehicles and even our daily-life cooking. However, it is a goal that seems to be impossible in our eyes. “Policy makers in different countries must realize that their attempt to completely use the fossil fuels within their countries is wholly incompatible (矛盾的) with their hope to reach the 2-degree goal,” Dr. Christophe Mc Glade at University College London’s Energy Institute said in a statement. “If they go ahead with developing their own resources,” he added, “they must be asked which reserves elsewhere should remain unburned in order for the carbon budget not to go beyond the limit.” It’s not surprising to see how developing these unused reserves would be attractive. Energy-related industry is a big business all over the world. There are many coal reserves in China, Russia and the United States, along with over 260 thousand million barrels of oil reserves in the Middle East. Not to mention that oil is currently being developed in the Arctic. Companies spent over $670 billion last year in the expansion of fossil fuels, but according to the new model used in this latest study, developers may need to rethink their plans to develop these underground resources so as to make some contributions to control the world temperature from rising high in the future. “We’ve now got practical figures of the quantities and locations of fossil fuels that should remain unused in trying to keep within the 2-degree temperature limit,” added Mc Glade. World leaders and policy makers should take the advice to heart, because a recent IPCC report warned that if immediate and great actions are not taken soon, climate change will cause irreversible (不可逆转的) impacts on environments worldwide, leaving the world an unsafe place for us to live in. 1．According to Paragraph 1, our goal is to ______. A．discover more fossil fuels for the future generation B．pay little attention to the climate change C．keep the temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius D．refuse to use reserves on the earth 2．The underlined word “emissions” in Paragraph 1 refers to ______. A．things that are sent out into the air B．products that are made from fossil fuels C．factors that cause the climate change D．changes that happen after temperature rise 3．According to what Mc Glade said in Paragraph 2, all countries should ______. A．make full use of their fossil fuels B．work together towards the 2-degree goal C．find better ways to dig out the coal D．increase the global carbon budget 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of temperature control? A．Confident. B．Unclear. C．Satisfied. D．Negative. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了限制气温上升的措施与建议。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“If we are to prevent global temperatures from rising above 2 degrees Celsius in the near future, we ought to carry some measures to severely control the emissions from factories, vehicles and even our daily-life cooking. (如果我们要在不久的将来阻止全球气温上升超过2摄氏度，我们就应该采取一些措施，严格控制工厂、车辆甚至我们日常生活烹饪所产生的排放。)”可知，我们的目标是防止全球气温在不久的将来上升超过2摄氏度。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。由文章第一段中“If we are to prevent global temperatures from rising above 2 degrees Celsius in the near future, we ought to carry some measures to severely control the emissions from factories, vehicles and even our daily-life cooking. (如果我们要在不久的将来阻止全球气温上升超过2摄氏度，我们就应该采取一些措施，严格控制工厂、车辆甚至我们日常生活烹饪所产生的emissions。)”可知，为阻止全球气温上升超过2摄氏度，应该采取一些措施来严格控制工厂、车辆甚至我们日常烹饪的排放物。可以推断出emissions指的是“排放物”，与things that are sent out into the air“被排放到空气中的物质”意思相符。故选A。 3．推理判断题。由文章第二段中““Policy makers in different countries must realize that their attempt to completely use the fossil fuels within their countries is wholly incompatible (矛盾的) with their hope to reach the 2-degree goal,” Dr. Christophe Mc Glade at University College London’s Energy Institute said in a statement. “If they go ahead with developing their own resources,” he added, “they must be asked which reserves elsewhere should remain unburned in order for the carbon budget not to go beyond the limit.” (伦敦大学学院能源研究所的Christophe Mc Glade博士在一份声明中表示：“不同国家的政策制定者必须意识到，他们试图完全开发本国化石燃料的做法，与他们实现2摄氏度升温限制目标的愿望是完全矛盾的。”他补充道：“如果他们继续开发本国的资源，就必须被问及，为了使碳排放量不超出限制，其他地方的哪些储备应该不被开采。”)”可知，Mc Glade认为各国政策制定者必须意识到，他们试图完全利用本国化石燃料的做法与实现2度目标的希望是完全矛盾的，他们必须被问及哪些地方的储备应该保持不燃烧，以使碳预算不超过限制。由此可推断出，各国应该共同努力实现2度目标。故选B。 4．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“However, it is a goal that seems to be impossible in our eyes. (然而，这似乎是一个在我们眼中不可能实现的目标。)”以及最后一段中“World leaders and policy makers should take the advice to heart, because a recent IPCC report warned that if immediate and great actions are not taken soon, climate change will cause irreversible (不可逆转的) impacts on environments worldwide, leaving the world an unsafe place for us to live in. (世界各国领导人和政策制定者应该认真考虑这一建议，因为IPCC最近的一份报告警告称，如果不尽快采取迅速而有力的行动，气候变化将对全球环境造成不可逆转的影响，使地球成为一个不适宜我们居住的不安全之地。)”可知，作者认为控制气温上升这个目标难以实现，并且如果不尽快行动后果严重，由此可推断出作者对未来温度控制的态度是消极的。故选D。 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24学年高二上·山东潍坊·期末） In a contest for jobs requiring the most patience, art restoration might take first place. Traditionally, conservators restore paintings by recreating the artwork’s exact colors to fill in the damage, one spot at a time. Even with the help of X-ray imaging and coloring analyses, several parts of the expensive process, such as the cleaning and restoring, are done by hand. Meanwhile, direct restoring might devalue the painter’s original vision. That’s where Alex Kachkine comes in. The MIT student has developed a way to apply digital restorations onto a damaged painting. In short, the approach involves using pre-existing AI tools to create a digital version of what the freshly painted artwork would have looked like. Based on this version, Kachkine’s new software creates a digital map of the retouches (修复点) with exact colors, necessary to fill the gaps present in the painting today. The digital map is then printed onto two layers of thin, transparent (透明的) film — one with colored retouches and one with the same pattern in white. The film with two layers forms a mask. This mask is attached to the painting to position the retouches, which helps achieve a faithful restoration in just hours — instead of months of work. Kachkine demonstrated the approach on a 15th-century oil painting in need of restoration, by a Dutch artist whose name is now unknown. The retouches were generated by matching the surrounding color, copying similar patterns visible elsewhere in the painting or the artist’s style in other paintings. Overall, the painting’s 5,612 damaged regions were filled with 57, 314 different colors in 3.5 hours — 66 hours faster than traditional methods would have likely taken. The new process still poses concerns, such as whether the applied film disturbs the viewing experience or whether AI-generated corrections to the painting are accurate. Still, Kachkine says this technique could help address the large number of damaged artworks that live in storage rooms, enabling the restoration of countless damaged paintings considered not deserving of high conservation budgets. 1．What can we know about traditional art restoration? A．It causes more damage. B．It consumes more labor. C．It lacks technical assistance. D．It adds the value of an artwork. 2．What can Kachkine’s new software do? A．Decorate the damaged paintings. B．Make a map of colored retouches. C．Create a vivid copy of the painting. D．Promote the application of AI tools. 3．How were the retouches of 15th-century oil painting achieved? A．By applying extra colors. B．By referring to other painters’ works. C．By learning from traditional methods. D．By studying the artist’s painting techniques. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．How AI Influences Our Future B．A New Brush for Art Restoration C．When Restoration Meets Tight Budgets D．A Rising Conservator of Ancient Paintings 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Alex Kachkine 开发的一种利用数字技术进行艺术修复的新方法，这种新方法就像是艺术修复的新画笔。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Traditionally, conservators restore paintings by recreating the artwork’s exact colors to fill in the damage, one spot at a time. Even with the help of X-ray imaging and coloring analyses, several parts of the expensive process, such as the cleaning and restoring, are done by hand.( 传统上，修复人员通过重现艺术品的确切颜色来填补损坏，一次一个地方来修复画作。即使在X射线成像和着色分析的帮助下，一些昂贵的过程，如清洁和修复，都是手工完成的。)”可知，传统的艺术修复需要一次一个点地重现艺术品的确切颜色来填补损坏处，而且像清洁和修复等几个过程都由手工完成。这表明传统艺术修复消耗更多的人力。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Based on this version, Kachkine’s new software creates a digital map of the retouches (修复点) with exact colors, necessary to fill the gaps present in the painting today.( 基于这个版本，Kachkine的新软件用精确的颜色创建了一个数字地图，填补了今天绘画中存在的空白。)”可知，Kachkine 的新软件可以创建一个带有精确颜色的修复点的数字地图。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The retouches were generated by matching the surrounding color, copying similar patterns visible elsewhere in the painting or the artist’s style in other paintings.( 这些修饰是通过匹配周围的颜色、复制画作中其他地方可见的类似图案或艺术家在其他画作中的风格来产生的。)”可知，对15世纪油画的修复是通过匹配周围颜色、复制画作中其他地方可见的相似图案或画家在其他画作中的风格来实现的，这意味着是通过研究画家的绘画技巧来完成修复的。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第二段中“That’s where Alex Kachkine comes in. The MIT student has developed a way to apply digital restorations onto a damaged painting. In short, the approach involves using pre-existing AI tools to create a digital version of what the freshly painted artwork would have looked like.( 这就是Alex Kachkine的用武之地。这位麻省理工学院的学生发明了一种将数字修复应用于受损画作的方法。简而言之，这种方法涉及使用已有的人工智能工具来创建新绘制的艺术品的数字版本。)”可知，文章主要介绍了Alex Kachkine 开发的一种利用数字技术进行艺术修复的新方法，这种新方法就像是艺术修复的新画笔。由此可知，文章最适合的标题是“艺术修复的新画笔”。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东德州·期末） In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become uncommon. The digital revolution(革命), while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading. Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page. It’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy, and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation. In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate. In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention span. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading. Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists(神经系统科学家)have found that regular internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. The Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading. The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition (认知). It has broader societal consequences. In education, students used to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills. 1．Why does deep reading matter according to paragraph 2? A．It enhances reflective ability. B．It simplifies knowledge exploration. C．It accelerates information processing. D．It encourages social media engagement. 2．Why do companies apply data-driven business strategies? A．To boost educational content. B．To create better reading environments. C．To encourage uninterrupted reading sessions. D．To compete for attention in the digital landscape. 3．What problem arises from declining deep reading? A．Reduction in social cognition. B．Overuse of digital texts. C．Difficulty in critical analysis. D．Shortage of learning resources. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A．Deep Reading: A Lost Art in the Digital Age. B．The Forgotten Skill: Deep Reading in Education. C．Digital Revolution: Changing the Way We Learn. D．Information Revolution: Simplifying Knowledge. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍数字时代深度阅读减少的现象、原因及其带来的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page. It’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy, and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation.(深度阅读不仅仅是处理页面上的文字。这是一种涉及批判性思维、同理心和知识探索的体验。这种阅读形式使个人能够接触复杂的思想，并与文本建立情感联系。从历史上看，深度阅读在教育和个人发展中发挥了重要作用，培养了一个具有批判性思维和创新能力的人。)”可知，深度阅读有助于培养批判性思维等能力，即增强反思能力。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention span. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading.(在数字领域，注意力已成为企业竞争的对象，它们经常采用干扰我们注意力持续时间的策略。通知、广告和基于大数据的内容使读者很难找到深度阅读所需的不间断时间。)”可知，企业采用数据驱动的策略是为了在数字领域争夺注意力。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“In education, students used to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills.(在教育领域，习惯于表层阅读的学生可能会在需要分析和批判性思维的文本上遇到困难。这种趋势可能会导致劳动力对需要深刻理解和解决问题能力的工作准备不足。)”可知，深度阅读减少会导致学生在批判性分析方面遇到困难。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become uncommon. The digital revolution, while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading.(在一个普通人每天查看智能手机近144次的时代，全身心投入一本长篇小说或复杂的文学作品已变得不常见。数字革命在带来信息便捷获取的同时，也降低了我们深度阅读的能力。)”、第三段中的“In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed... highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate.(在数字时代，我们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化……凸显了数字媒体如何影响我们的专注力。)”以及最后一段对深度阅读减少带来的社会影响的阐述可知，文章围绕数字时代深度阅读逐渐减少这一核心，强调深度阅读在该时代逐渐成为一种“失落的艺术”。因此，最适合的标题为“Deep Reading: A Lost Art in the Digital Age”。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·山东日照·期末） Recently, a friend asked for help with a tricky problem: they were staging a play, and the script had a large number of characters. They didn’t want to hire an actor for each role, and while they could double up, they would run into problems if the same actor were playing two characters in a scene. Luckily, I was the right person to come to for help. There’s a versatile (通用的) piece of maths — graph colouring — that’s effective at solving many such problems, from casting a play to timetable scheduling. Mathematicians are often particularly interested in graph colouring, which involves assigning a colour to each point of a graph-networks of points joined by lines, so that any two point s joined with a line are assigned different colours. Finding the minimum number of colours needed to do this can tell us something useful about the graph’s structure. For example, a graph with a triangle of points all joined to a fourth point in the centre will need at least four colours to fill it in. One of my favourite uses of graph colouring is in scheduling problems: imagine a set of students, with a shared set of classes. We can draw a graph, indicating each class by a point, and join two points if those classes have any students taking both (so they can’t happen at the same time). Then, we find a way to colour the graph using the fewest possible colours. The minimum number of colours will tell us how many timetables periods we will need: each colour represents a set of classes with no overlap in students, so they can all happen simultaneously (同时地). This may tell you how I solved my friend’s problem: I suggested they draw a graph, represent each character with a point, and join two characters with a line if they appeared in any scenes together. Colouring this graph minimally then told them exactly how many actors they would need to stage the play. Another victory for maths — on with the show! 1．What worried the author’s friend most? A．The lack of towering actors. B．The numerous scene changes. C．The tight budget for costumes. D．The scene conflicts of the same actor. 2．Which of the following best illustrates the example in paragraph 2? B: Blue G: Green R: Red Y: Yellow A． B． C． D． 3．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3? A．Clarify an assumption. B．Present an application. C．Introduce an approach. D．Analyze a phenomenon. 4．How does the author sound in the last paragraph? A．Proud. B．Serious. C．Hesitant. D．Authoritative. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了通用的数学方法——图着色。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They didn’t want to hire an actor for each role, and while they could double up, they would run into problems if the same actor were playing two characters in a scene. (他们不想为每个角色都聘请一名演员，虽然可以让演员一人分饰多角，但如果同一个演员在一个场景中扮演两个角色，就会出现问题。)”可知，作者朋友最担心的是同一个演员的场景冲突问题。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For example, a graph with a triangle of points all joined to a fourth point in the centre will need at least four colours to fill it in. (例如，一个由三个点构成三角形且都与中心的第四个点相连的图，至少需要四种颜色来填充。)”可知，图形中有四个点，且三个点构成三角形并都与中心的点相连，每个相连的点颜色不同，所以至少需要四种颜色。C选项符合该描述。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“One of my favourite uses of graph colouring is in scheduling problems: imagine a set of students, with a shared set of classes. (我最喜欢的图着色的应用之一是在日程安排问题上：想象有一群学生，他们有共同的课程。)”以及后面的具体说明可知，作者在这一段旨在介绍图着色在日程安排问题上的应用。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Another victory for maths — on with the show! (数学的又一次胜利——好戏开场!)”可以看出，作者对用数学方法解决朋友的问题感到很自豪。故选A项。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·山东日照五莲一中·期末） Understanding a simple-looking English sentence such as “I read this article yesterday” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation: a subject (“T”) performed an action (“read”) on an object (“article”) at a specific time (“yesterday”). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin’s team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (指标) quantifying how many new “predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (语法分析的) strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all of the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.) In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties. The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models. “This is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social application of language,” Martin says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 1．Why does the author cite the example in paragraph 1? A．To introduce a grammar rule. B．To analyze an English sentence. C．To bring in a new research finding. D．To stress the complexity of human brain. 2．What does the underlined word “preemptively” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．By accident. B．In advance. C．On time. D．By mistake. 3．Which sentence can match the Dutch language structure? A．Universe the about documentary saw. B．Saw I a documentary about the universe. C．I saw a documentary about the universe. D．I a documentary about the universe saw. 4．What does Martin try to stress in the last paragraph? A．The challenges of brain researches. B．The application of the present findings. C．The purposes of different linguistic models. D．The necessity to diversify subjects in studies. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了语言学家Andrea E. Martin团队的研究发现：人类大脑通过调整语法分析策略来适应不同语言的基本语法差异，并强调科学界需在语言模型中纳入更多语言多样性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin’s team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence.(但语言学家Andrea E. Martin表示，人脑通常会根据语言的语法规则几乎立即完成这项工作。而且，Martin的团队现在发现，人脑能够通过调整处理每个句子的方式来适应不同语言之间根本性的语法差异)”可知，作者开篇举例是为了引出Martin团队的新研究发现，即大脑处理不同语言的灵活性。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete(参与者倾向于在短语未完成时preemptively在脑中补全它)”可知，上文“But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model(但在Martin的研究中，说荷兰语的人强烈倾向于一个高度预测的模型)”说的是参与者需要再头脑中补全每一个句子，下文说的是在完成之前，可推理出此处说的是参与者倾向于在短语未完成时提前在脑中补全它，可推理出“preemptively”意为“提前地”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties.(在荷兰语的结构中，动词位于句子的末尾，而不是像英语那样紧跟在主语之后；而在韩语中，主语通常被省略；在阿拉伯语里，动词往往放在最前面。因此，在处理不同语言时，灵活性至关重要，因为它们具有不同的特性)”可知，荷兰语结构为“主语+宾语+动词”结构。选项D“I a documentary about the universe saw”为“主语I+宾语a documentary about the universe+动词saw”结构，符合荷兰语结构。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models.(这些发现支持了科学家在构建语言模型时需要纳入更多多样性的必要性)”可知，这些发现支持了科学家在构建语言模型时需要纳入更多多样性的必要性，可推理出Martin强调研究中语言多样性的必要性，故选D。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·山东菏泽·期末） Have you ever joyously stepped out to your backyard garden, fresh coffee in hand, only to find your well cared-for plants and herbs dying? Was the soil too dry? Did pests find their way in? During times like these, some frustrated gardeners may wish their changeable cherry would just tell them what it needs. Next year, the Royal Horticultural Society in England will show off an “intelligent garden”, the technical components of which are the product of a partnership between AI start-up Avande and Microsoft. When it is unveiled (揭幕), the garden will rely on a network of sensors fixed throughout the garden measuring environmental factors like soil conditions and nutrient levels as well as wind and expected rainfall. All of that data is then sent to a specially designed AI model, which can then analyze those factors and inform gardeners on proper feeding, watering, or cutting. Gardeners aren’t the only ones who can interact with the garden. Visitors to the Chelsea Flower Show will be able to walk up to virtual platforms and ask the intelligence garden questions about its current environmental state. The AI language module will then interpret the data and spit it back out to the visitors in a logical, conversational dialogue. In theory, insights provided by models like this one could help gardeners allocate (分配) resources efficiently and avoid over-watering plants before rainfall, both of which can aid in sustainability efforts. It’s unclear, however, whether even the best models can account for unusual situations and individual plant tendencies with the same level of care as experienced gardeners. Massey, the garden designer, wants to avoid falling into the trap of making the AI garden feel overly artificial. Though sensors play a critical role in maintaining the plants, the actual physical design of the space is left up to humans. The result is a “forest garden concept” of biodiversity and greenery. 1．Why are the gardeners frustrated? A．They spilt their fresh coffee. B．They couldn’t tell what plants needs. C．They forgot to water the plants. D．They couldn’t remove the pests. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How the AI Garden works. B．When the AI model starts. C．Why two big firms cooperate. D．Where the gardeners are trained. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the Al model? A．Puzzled. B．Indifferent. C．Concerned. D．Confident. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．No AI, no garden. B．No human, no biodiversity. C．AI-assisted, not AI designed. D．Intelligent garden, not artificial one. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国皇家园艺学会将展示AI智能花园，介绍其工作原理及与人类的关系。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Was the soil too dry? Did pests find their way in? During times like these, some frustrated gardeners may wish their changeable cherry would just tell them what it needs. (土壤太干了吗？害虫是怎么进来的？在这种时候，一些沮丧的园丁可能希望他们多变的樱桃能告诉他们它需要什么。)”可知，一些沮丧的园丁可能希望他们善变的樱桃树能告诉他们它需要什么，也就是说园丁们因无法判断植物需要什么而感到沮丧。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。由文章第二段“Next year, the Royal Horticultural Society in England will show off an “intelligent garden”, the technical components of which are the product of a partnership between AI start-up Avande and Microsoft. When it is unveiled (揭幕), the garden will rely on a network of sensors fixed throughout the garden measuring environmental factors like soil conditions and nutrient levels as well as wind and expected rainfall. All of that data is then sent to a specially designed AI model, which can then analyze those factors and inform gardeners on proper feeding, watering, or cutting. (明年，英国皇家园艺学会将展示一个‘智能花园’，其技术组件是人工智能初创公司Avande和微软合作的产物。当它揭幕时，花园将依赖于一个遍布花园的传感器网络，测量土壤条件、营养水平以及风和预期降雨量等环境因素。然后，所有这些数据都会被发送到一个专门设计的人工智能模型中，该模型可以分析这些因素，并告知园丁正确的喂食、浇水或切割。)”可知，第二段主要讲的是智能花园的工作原理。故选A。 3．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“It’s unclear, however, whether even the best models can account for unusual situations and individual plant tendencies with the same level of care as experienced gardeners. (然而，目前尚不清楚，即使是最好的模型是否也能像经验丰富的园丁一样，以同样的谨慎程度解释异常情况和个体植物倾向。)”可知，作者对于AI模型是否能像经验丰富的园丁一样照顾到不同植物的不同需求和特殊情况表示不确定，因此可以推断出作者对AI模型持怀疑态度，感到担忧。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“Massey, the garden designer, wants to avoid falling into the trap of making the AI garden feel overly artificial. Though sensors play a critical role in maintaining the plants, the actual physical design of the space is left up to humans. The result is a “forest garden concept” of biodiversity and greenery. (花园设计师Massey希望避免陷入让人工智能花园感觉过于人工化的陷阱。尽管传感器在维护植物方面发挥着关键作用，但空间的实际物理设计由人类决定。其结果是生物多样性和绿化的‘森林花园概念’。)”可知，“智能花园”旨在通过使用AI技术来监测和分析环境因素，从而帮助园丁和游客，但它仍然依赖于人类的设计和维护。虽然AI在管理花园中起着重要作用，但它并不意味着要取代人类的参与或使花园显得过于人工化。因此，“AI-assisted, not AI designed (AI辅助，而非AI设计)”能够概括文章主旨。故选C。 主题02 人与自然——人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·山东聊城·期末） For wind and wildlife ecologist Emma Bennett, getting wind farms to adopt methods of avoiding bat collisions (碰撞) has long been a priority. For reasons nobody fully understands, bats are attracted to turbine (涡轮机) towers, perhaps because they see them as potential nesting sites or places to find insects. “Unlike birds, bats are actually investigating wind turbines and spending more time around them, which makes them at higher risk for death rate,” says Bennett. This attraction means that even when turbines are intentionally set up in places with little to no bat activity, the animals still often end up flying there and getting killed. The most effective solution, many experts agree, is to limit the times when the turbines are active. Ecologists have noticed that small bat species in particular are most likely to get struck by the blades when wind speeds are relatively low, around 2 to 5 meters per second. These small bats, weighing less than a chocolate bar, can’t fly if conditions get much windier. So at night, when the bats are out and about, setting wind turbines spinning only when higher wind speeds have been reached — an approach called curtailment — can help. For example, a two- year study at a Pennsylvania wind farm found that raising the wind speed at which turbines start to spin from 3.5 meters per second to 5 or 6.5 meters per second reduced bat deaths by between 44 percent and 93 percent. Because most wind power is generated at high wind speeds anyway, the impact of the restriction on energy production is minimal, says Bennett. When she tested a very modest restriction raising the cut- in speed from 3 meters per second to 4.5 meters per second, she and her colleagues saw bat death rate decline by around 54 percent, while the Australian wind farm in question lost less than 0.1 percent of earnings.“ Any small increase in this cut- in speed actually has a massive effect on bat survival,” Bennett says. 1．What is the problem disturbing Emma Bennett? A．The noises of turbines. B．The endangered bat species. C．Turbine towers’ attraction to bats. D．The location of turbine towers. 2．Why is “a chocolate bar” mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To provide an example. B．To support an argument. C．To justify a new theory. D．To give a description. 3．How does the “curtailment” method help save small bats? A．By making the turbines spin slower. B．By making the turbines spin a little faster. C．By starting the turbines at lower wind speeds. D．By starting the turbines at higher wind speeds. 4．What does the last paragraph focus on? A．The definition of the cut-in speed. B．The efficiency of the restriction approach. C．The profits of the Australian wind farm. D．The experimental process of the restriction. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了减少风力涡轮机对蝙蝠碰撞伤害的方法及效果。 1．细节理解题。 根据第一段“For wind and wildlife ecologist Emma Bennett, getting wind farms to adopt methods of avoiding bat collisions (碰撞) has long been a priority.(对于风能与野生动物生态学家艾玛·贝内特而言，让风电场采用避免蝙蝠碰撞的方法一直是她的首要任务)”以及第二段“For reasons nobody fully understands, bats are attracted to turbine (涡轮机) towers, perhaps because they see them as potential nesting sites or places to find insects.(由于无人能完全弄清的原因，蝙蝠会被涡轮机塔所吸引，或许是因为它们将这些塔视作潜在的筑巢地或是觅食昆虫的场所)”可知，困扰Emma Bennett的问题是涡轮机塔对蝙蝠的吸引力，导致蝙蝠容易与涡轮机发生碰撞死亡。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“These small bats, weighing less than a chocolate bar, can’t fly if conditions get much windier.(这些体重还不到一块巧克力重的小蝙蝠，要是风再大些，就无法飞行了)”可知，这里提到“一块巧克力”是为了描述这些小蝙蝠的体重之轻，通过与常见物品巧克力做比较，让读者更直观地了解小蝙蝠的体重情况，属于给出描述。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“So at night, when the bats are out and about, setting wind turbines spinning only when higher wind speeds have been reached — an approach called curtailment — can help.(因此，在晚上，当蝙蝠外出活动时，只有在达到较高风速时才启动风力涡轮机旋转——这种方法被称为“curtailment”——可以帮助拯救蝙蝠)”以及“For example, a two- year study at a Pennsylvania wind farm found that raising the wind speed at which turbines start to spin from 3.5 meters per second to 5 or 6.5 meters per second reduced bat deaths by between 44 percent and 93 percent.(例如，在宾夕法尼亚州一个风电场开展的一项为期两年的研究发现，将涡轮机开始旋转的风速从每秒3.5米提高到每秒5米或6.5米，可使蝙蝠死亡数量减少44%至93%)”可知，“curtailment”方法是通过在达到较高风速时才启动涡轮机旋转来帮助拯救小蝙蝠的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Because most wind power is generated at high wind speeds anyway, the impact of the restriction on energy production is minimal, says Bennett.(贝内特表示，由于无论如何大多数风力发电都是在高风速条件下产生的，所以这种限制措施对能源生产的影响微乎其微)”以及““ Any small increase in this cut- in speed actually has a massive effect on bat survival,” Bennett says.(贝内特说：“这种切入风速哪怕有小幅提升，实际上都会对蝙蝠的生存产生巨大影响。”)”可知，该段主要讲述了限制涡轮机启动风速这一方法对能源生产影响很小，但对蝙蝠生存影响很大，即关注的是这种限制方法的效率。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东青岛·期末） A corn plant knows how to find water in soil with the very tips of its roots, but some varieties, including many used for developing high-output corn in the U.S., appear to have lost part of that ability, according to a Stanford-led study. With climate change increasing droughts, the findings hold potential for developing more drought-resistant varieties of corn. The study, published in the journal Science, uncovers genetic mechanisms (遗传机制) behind “hydropatterning”, or how plant roots branch toward water and avoid dry spaces in soil. In particular, the researchers discovered that ethylene, a plant hormone (激素) known to help bananas ripen, also influences how roots grow to seek water. For this study, the researchers developed a new, simplified way to study water sensitivity in roots. They found corn varieties adapted to hot and wet regions like Mexico were very good at making new root branches toward water and avoiding dry areas. In contrast, the varieties adapted to moderate regions of North America frequently grew roots randomly without distinguishing between dry and wet areas in the soil. “Interestingly, the plants that are better at sensing where the water is are also making deeper root systems,” said lead author Johannes Scharwies. “One idea is that if the plant doesn’t waste time growing root branches into places where it doesn’t find any water and nutrients, then it has more energy to grow deeper down where water is more likely.” Genetic analyses reveal two plant hormones, auxin and ethylene, play a role in how corn roots respond to water. While auxin was already known to help control this process, ethylene’s involvement was a new discovery. In experiments with thale cress — a model plant often used in research — the researchers found auxin signaling promotes root branch development toward water, while ethylene stops branching when the root is exposed to air. Further research is needed to better understand the interaction of these genetic pathways before corn varieties can be developed with more drought-resistant root systems, but the findings highlight the significance of studying these localized responses at root tips, researchers said. 1．What is the primary focus of the Stanford-led study? A．Drought-resistant corn varieties. B．Ethylene’s effect on fruit ripening. C．Genetic regulation of root branching. D．Impact of climate change on plant roots. 2．What can be inferred from Johannes Scharwies’ remarks? A．Plant hormones make a big difference to root growth. B．Nutrients guarantee better water-seeking root systems. C．Root branching conserves energy for higher production. D．Stronger hydropatterning was linked to greater root depth. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A．Model plants in research. B．Hormones’ role in root growth. C．Genetic analysis methods. D．Findings of previous research. 4．What does the last paragraph suggest future research do? A．Prioritize development of new corn varieties. B．Work out the mechanisms of genetic interactions. C．Concentrate merely on localized root responses. D．Expand practical applications of hydropatterning. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是斯坦福大学领导的一项研究揭示了玉米根系如何感知土壤水分并生长分支的遗传机制。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The study, published in the journal Science, uncovers genetic mechanisms behind “hydropatterning”, or how plant roots branch toward water and avoid dry spaces in soil.(这项发表在《科学》杂志上的研究揭示了“水模式”背后的遗传机制，即植物的根是如何向水分支并避开土壤中的干燥空间的。)”可知，斯坦福大学领导的这项研究的主要焦点是根分枝的遗传调控。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段““Interestingly, the plants that are better at sensing where the water is are also making deeper root systems,” said lead author Johannes Scharwies.(“有趣的是，更善于感知水源的植物根系也更深，”首席作者Johannes Scharwies说。)”可知，从Johannes Scharwies的话中可以推断出更强的水模式与更大的根深有关。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Genetic analyses reveal two plant hormones, auxin and ethylene, play a role in how corn roots respond to water. While auxin was already known to help control this process, ethylene’s involvement was a new discovery.(遗传分析揭示了两种植物激素，生长素和乙烯，在玉米根系对水的反应中起作用。虽然已知生长素有助于控制这一过程，但乙烯的参与是一个新发现。)”可知，第五段主要讲的是激素在根生长中的作用。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Further research is needed to better understand the interaction of these genetic pathways before corn varieties can be developed with more drought-resistant root systems, but the findings highlight the significance of studying these localized responses at root tips, researchers said.(研究人员说，在培育出具有更抗旱根系的玉米品种之前，需要进一步的研究来更好地了解这些遗传途径的相互作用，但是这些发现强调了研究根尖上这些局部反应的重要性。)”可知，最后一段建议未来的研究找出基因相互作用的机制。故选B。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——旅游 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·山东菏泽·期末） Despite predictions that the Internet would kill it, the printed guidebook is proving hard-to-kill. They declared that it was dead-or, if it wasn’t dead yet, it soon would be. The cause of the pessimism was viral: first blogs, then influencers on Instagram and TikTok. Frommer’s, the grandfather of American guidebooks, was sold in 2012 for $22 million to Google, which reportedly planned to end the series’ print run. The following year Arthur Frommer, its founder, bought the company back. Another example, Lonely Planet, the best-known publisher, has been through several owners at ever-lower valuations. Yet, for all journalists’ poor predictions, the guidebook is still robust. Sales in Britain were mostly flat in 2014-2019, a period when smartphones became both popular and powerful. In 2021, Americans bought 5.8 million guidebooks and maps-up from 4 million in 2020. Why do guidebooks still roll off the presses when all the information you could need is in your pocket? One answer is that print is a useful medium for information on the go. Books can be scribbled (写划) on and dog-eared; they need no charging or internet access. They can be easier to browse than social media, websites or e-books. Another is that guidebooks have changed with the times. Rick Steves, the author of America’s bestselling guides to European destinations, published his first guidebook 44 years ago. He still personally researches many of his books, which offer a lot of information in small type. His publishers, being more business-minded, also produce pocket guides, which take those tips and enliven them with photographs. Younger travellers are more likely to organize their own plans, relying on digital resources rather than books. Artificial intelligence is another challenge on the way. Like a good guide, AI’s promise is that it can do the boring research and produce a summary. Frommer’s, for its part, experimented with using AI to offer tailor-made answers to travellers’ questions, but found that it was making things up too often to be useful. Nothing makes a traveller reach for their trusty guidebook more than an impractical tip. 1．What can we learn about Frommer’s and Lonely Planet? A．They’ re no longer on sale. B．They’ re becoming influential online. C．They’ re infected with a deadly virus. D．They’ re facing a challenging situation. 2．What does the underlined word “robust” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Strong. B．Dead. C．Rich D．Fashionable. 3．Which aspect of guidebooks does paragraph 4 focus on? A．Their authors. B．Their advantages. C．Their materials. D．Their producers. 4．What does the author mainly convey in the last paragraph? A．Guidebooks remain reliable. B．The tips AI provides are practical. C．Digital books are more promising. D．AI answers travellers’ questions properly. 主题02 人与社会——社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·山东日照·期末） Storytelling is universal and is as ancient as humankind. Before there was writing, there was storytelling. It exists (and existed) to entertain, to inform, and to promote cultural traditions and values. Oral storytelling is telling a story through voice and gestures. The oral tradition can take many forms, including epic poems, chants, rhymes, songs, and more. Not all of these stories are historically accurate or even true. It can contain myths, legends, fables, prayers, proverbs, and instructions. Like all native American tribes, the Choctaw have an oral storytelling tradition going back generations. Their stories were intended to preserve the tribe’s history and educate the young. For example, the Choctaw oral tradition includes two creation stories: One relates to migration from the west and another to creation from a mound. In addition, the oral tradition includes history as well as life lessons or moral teachings. Most of the Choctaw traditional tales employ animal characters to teach such lessons in a humorous manner. The seanchai were the traditional Irish keepers of story. They would travel from village to village, reciting ancient lore and tales of wisdom. They told the old myths as well as local news and happenings. Tales of kings and heroes are the highlights in the Irish oral tradition. The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa have strong storytelling traditions. In many parts of Africa, after dinner, the villagers gather around a central fire to listen to the storyteller. The griots have long been a vital part of Western African culture: they are storytellers, troubadours, and advisors to kings. They perform the functions of storytellers, genealogists, historians, ambassadors, and more. The griots are traditionally hereditary (世袭的), a profession passed from one generation to the next. There are also griot schools where more formal training can be offered. Both men and women can take up the profession. Today, storytelling and interest in storytelling appear to be making a comeback. As one Irish storyteller puts it, “It’s a need for connection... I think storytelling nurtures connections with people in real life.” 1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To emphasize the importance of storytelling. B．To explain the artistic feature of storytelling. C．To give a general introduction of storytelling. D．To show the different patterns of storytelling. 2．Which of the following is a feature of the Choctaw traditional tales? A．Recording man’s migration journey. B．Telling of local news and happenings. C．Praising the brave deeds of kings and heroes. D．Using animal characters to educate the young. 3．What can we infer from the storytelling traditions in sub-Saharan Africa? A．Storytellers are popular and receive high pay. B．Storytellers are learned with high social positions. C．Storytellers teach the young generations moral lessons. D．Storytellers play an important role in economic development. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Storytelling Is on the Decline B．Storytelling Enjoys a Long History C．Storytelling Keeps Cultures Alive D．Storytelling Is an Attractive Profession Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东枣庄·期末） Miss sending letters? Try Lettrs! This new service brings back the art of letter writing by marrying it to the Internet. Lettrs, a new site, is attempting to bring back the old-fashioned idea of letter writing by providing a space that feels a little bit like a writing desk. Of course, there’ll be purists who say that to truly enjoy letter writing you must do it on fancy letter paper and envelope in the mail is part of the fun. And if you’re into that sort of thing, go for it. But I can’t be the only one who is now so much faster at typing that writing by hand is painfully slow. Nor can I be the only one who likes to write on a whim (一时兴起) when I’m going to be on a crowded train or airplane, both of which are situations where writing on the computer is far easier. The site tries, pretty seriously, to approximate (接近) what it’s like to have your very own writing desk and paper to choose from(which comes in various prints and colors) as well as corresponding (通信) types of prints and cursive writing (草写体) that come out on your screen as you write. There’s also a “desk drawer” for letters you’ve already sent, a “fridge” to post letters publicly, a “kitchen counter” for letters you have just received, and “shoebox” to store your letters in. And if you need inspiration there are even old-style letters that are great examples of the kind of correspondence people used to send. Lettrs is such a great idea, because you get the best parts of communicating online (typing rather than writing, the speed, no lost mail, and it’s free!) with the nice parts of a letter - the sense of sitting down to write, quietly, to one person in a meaningful way. Who would you write to? 1．How does Lettrs work according to the text? A．By providing real paper for letter writers. B．By making room for people to write letters. C．By supplying writing desks to letter writers. D．By combining letter writing with the Internet. 2．A Lettrs user can find a newly received letter in or on a “________”. A．desk drawer B．fridge C．kitchen counter D．shoebox 3．What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? A．To advise readers to use Lettrs. B．To tell readers how to write letters. C．To persuade readers to write letters. D．To show the advantage of the Internet. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．An old art of letter writing. B．A new service of letter writing. C．The advantages of letter writing. D．The development of letter writing. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·山东青岛·期末） A challenge of teaching mathematics rather than, say, history is that the homework is a lot harder to come up with. After all, “Was Henry VIII a good king?” is a reasonable question to ask either a classroom of nine-year-olds or a lecture theatre of postgraduates. But “Solve this quadratic equation (二次方程式)” would leave the classroom nonplussed and the lecture theatre unimpressed. Maths is learned by doing and designing a problem that is easy enough to be accessible, yet hard enough to be satisfying, is a big headache in itself. Partly for this reason, books that successfully communicate how mathematicians think, but are aimed at those not already in the field, are both valuable and rare. Now Sir David Spiegelhalter, professor of statistics at the University of Cambridge, has added to the category with The Art of Uncertainty. His new book will appeal to many more than just mathematicians, for its topic is universal: how to analyse chance, uncertainty and risk. If a new virus is running wild and the majority of deaths are among those who have received a newer vaccine (疫苗), is that evidence that the vaccination program is harmful? How much of top football teams’ performance comes down to luck rather than skill? Professor Spiegelhalter’s exploration of such questions is delightful. First, he uses them to illustrate broader ideas about how probability and statistics work. So a discussion of vaccine safety proceeds to Bayes’s theorem, a procedure for improving one’s judgment of probabilities as new evidence comes to light. The joy of Professor Spiegelhalter’s approach is that he reaches this deep truth through nothing more than some intuitive (直觉的) assumptions and very simple maths. Most important, though, is Professor Spiegelhalter’s skill at communicating these ideas. Much of probability and statistics can go against our intuition, and the maths behind it is often fearsome. But this is not a difficult book to read or understand. 1．What does the underlined word “nonplussed” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Impressed. B．Inspired. C．Confused. D．Amused. 2．What is the biggest selling point of The Art of Uncertainty according to the author? A．It casts light on math thoughts. B．It covers various topics. C．It makes sense to ordinary people. D．It satisfies maths professionals. 3．Why does the author mention Bayes’s theorem in paragraph 3? A．To prove the reliability of intuition. B．To reveal the book’s academic nature. C．To underline the deep truth of judgement. D．To demonstrate Spiegelhalter’s writing approach. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．A master of math teaching. B．A book on intuitive assumptions. C．A discussion of risk management. D．A guide to understanding probability. 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25高二上·山东威海·期末） “There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.” This is the surprising first sentence of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, the 1962 book that arguably sparked the modern environmental movement. While most people have heard of Silent Spring, many fewer have actually read it. It is now largely classified as textbooks or other educational contexts. That is why its first sentence is so surprising: Silent Spring does not read like a textbook. It begins with a fable and is filled with beautiful, emotional writing and passion throughout. Carson raised a public outcry against DDT not just with her research on its harmful effects, but with the vivid descriptions, powerful arguments, and poctic language that lift Silent Spring into the world of other great works of American literature. The poetry of Carson’s opening continues into the rest of Silent Spring. There is poetic language throughout the book; even Carson’s chapter titles such as “Earth’s Green Mantle (披风)” and “Through a Narrow Window” are not what we might expect for a scientific work. But the places where Carson’s artistry is more apparent are in her chapter introductions. She weaves her most vivid images in the first few paragraphs of each chapter, creating a more realistic experience for the reader before moving into more complex scientific writing. While she’s good at translating the beauty of the natural world, the powerful emotions Carson raises with this imagery are rarely rosy. Not only is Silent Spring a descriptive scientific work and a great work of literature — it is also an accusation. She uses the word “evil”10 times, the word “suffer” 35 times, and different forms of the word “death” a total of 213 times. With this landmark book, Carson gracefully established herself as both an important figure of modern American literature and a pioneer of the 20th century’s environmental movement. Her words are effective and convincing, and more so because they are beautiful. Silent Spring is clearly a tapestry (挂毯) patiently woven — with a cause worth fighting for. 1．What is the opening of Silent Spring like? A．It clearly reveals its writing purpose. B．It directly presents Carson’s arguments. C．It starts with quotes from victims of pollution. D．It reads more like a fable than a science book. 2．Which part of Silent Spring best shows Carson’s literary skill? A．The opening. B．The chapter titles. C．The chapter introductions. D．The conclusion. 3．Why did Carson use emotional words like “death” repeatedly? A．To make her writing less technical. B．To highlight the urgency of her warning. C．To express her pessimism about the future. D．To contrast nature’s beauty with human destruction. 4．What’s the main focus of the passage? A．Why Silent Spring still matters. B．How powerful languages can be. C．Why Silent Spring is both science and literature. D．What role Carson plays in environmental history. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东威海·期末） One cold autumn afternoon, in a forest outside the tiny village of Hümmel, I went for a walk with the German forester Peter Wohlleben. Wohlleben had been managing the forest for almost three decades, and he had cared for it with unusual gentleness. Each tree is cut individually and removed using horses, rather than heavy machinery, to avoid damaging underground networks of roots and fungi that allow trees to exchange resources and chemical signals. He has created additional income for the forest by leading tours and teaching courses, etc. He has long insisted that people around the world could and should manage their forests likewise. Until a few years ago, virtually no one was listening. To make his views and his know-how widely known, Wohlleben began writing books. However, his first fifteen reached a modest audience. The turning point came in 2015 with his sixteenth book, The Hidden Life of Trees. Inspired by the walking tours like the one that Wohlleben was leading me on, he shifted the tone in this book — from technical writing to a warm, story-like style. He said, “The people I guided through the forest — they were hard trainers. When I talked in a way that wasn’t interesting, they would begin talking with each other.” So he adopted a cheerful and friendly tone — like a kind uncle telling fairy tales, full of warmth and a sense of wonder. And it struck a chord: The Hidden Life of Trees has sold more than a million copies in Germany alone, and more than three million worldwide. Near the end of our walk, Wohlleben showed me a C-shaped stump (树桩). It had been cut down at least fifty years ago, and yet, somehow, it was still alive. The tree’s roots, many of which grew above the soil, were visibly connected to a nearby tree. To Wohlleben, this was proof of the remarkable mutuality of trees — that they will continue caring for nearby trees even after their death. 1．Why does Wohlleben use horses to remove trees? A．To get around easily. B．To keep the old tradition alive. C．To reduce equipment costs. D．To protect underground roots and fungi. 2．What makes The Hidden Life of Trees more popular than Wohlleben’s earlier books? A．It is well advertised. B．It is easy and fun to read. C．It offers scientific knowledge. D．It explores human-nature bond. 3．Which can best replace the underlined “mutuality”? A．Adaptation. B．Growth. C．Connection. D．Lifespan. 4．What might be a suitable title? A．The Secret Language of Trees B．How a Book Changed Forestry C．A Forest Walk with Wohlleben D．Wohlleben and His Forest Message Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·山东潍坊·期末） When you picture a zoo, what do you see? A lone bear in a concrete cage, pacing aimlessly in front of tourists? Or a group of volunteers, trying desperately to clean the body of the giant panda? The role of zoos is unclear at first thought. On the one hand, funding from zoos comes from visitors and donors, so to attract the public, zoos must put on a good show. On the other hand, there is a growing cry to protect the animal kingdom from conservation-concerned individuals. That puts zoos in a dilemma. London Zoo, which opened to members in 1828 as the first scientific zoo, opened its doors to the public 19 years later as it was not receiving sufficient funding. However, when the environmental movement was born in the late 20th Century, London Zoo began to change its focus. In the same year when the IUCN Red List was first published, London Zoo worked with Phoenix Zoo on a cooperative programme to boost Arabian oryx (大羚羊) numbers. London Zoo soon became the model on how to run a zoo that can satisfy both its visitors and its inhabitants. Some zoos did not follow suit. The reputation of SeaWorld declined, following the documentary Blackfish, an exposure on SeaWorld’s poor treatment of their killer whales. It is clear from their website that sea creatures’ wellbeing and conservation are not SeaWorld’s priority. They are happy to advertise their sea lion shows and penguin petting experiences, but their conservation “mission” is tucked neatly into a dusty corner of the website. Knowing that places such as SeaWorld may not provide the best care for their animals, we continue to give them our money. However, we should not stop visiting zoos. Zoos are essential to our education. Zoos are outdoors, soul-lifting, and in need of footfall to remain open and serving the animal kingdom. So research zoos before you visit them. Only pay for tickets to zoos that commit to conservation, aim to educate rather than entertain and have high animal welfare standards. Do not tolerate any less. Celebrate zoos which do it right. 1．What leads to the dilemma in paragraph 1? A．The protest from volunteers. B．The competition among zoos. C．The pressure from funding and conservation. D．The conflict between visitors and zoo keepers. 2．Why is London Zoo mentioned? A．To give an example. B．To introduce an opinion. C．To make a prediction. D．To recommend a destination. 3．What does the underlined word “tucked” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Written. B．Divided. C．Hidden. D．Combined. 4．What does the author suggest visitors do in the last paragraph? A．Celebrate the animal shows. B．Fund the poorly-managed zoos. C．Recognize zoos devoted to protection. D．Increase their visits to different zoos. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·山东枣庄·期末） The temperature is sharply rising with each passing day. People, including many experts, find it difficult to slow down the process. However, leaving coal and major fossil fuels in the ground could help to limit climate change in the future, according to a new study. That is to say, a third of oil reserves on the earth, half of gas reserves and over 80 percent of current coal reserves should not be used before the year 2050. If we are to prevent global temperatures from rising above 2 degrees Celsius in the near future, we ought to carry some measures to severely control the emissions from factories, vehicles and even our daily-life cooking. However, it is a goal that seems to be impossible in our eyes. “Policy makers in different countries must realize that their attempt to completely use the fossil fuels within their countries is wholly incompatible (矛盾的) with their hope to reach the 2-degree goal,” Dr. Christophe Mc Glade at University College London’s Energy Institute said in a statement. “If they go ahead with developing their own resources,” he added, “they must be asked which reserves elsewhere should remain unburned in order for the carbon budget not to go beyond the limit.” It’s not surprising to see how developing these unused reserves would be attractive. Energy-related industry is a big business all over the world. There are many coal reserves in China, Russia and the United States, along with over 260 thousand million barrels of oil reserves in the Middle East. Not to mention that oil is currently being developed in the Arctic. Companies spent over $670 billion last year in the expansion of fossil fuels, but according to the new model used in this latest study, developers may need to rethink their plans to develop these underground resources so as to make some contributions to control the world temperature from rising high in the future. “We’ve now got practical figures of the quantities and locations of fossil fuels that should remain unused in trying to keep within the 2-degree temperature limit,” added Mc Glade. World leaders and policy makers should take the advice to heart, because a recent IPCC report warned that if immediate and great actions are not taken soon, climate change will cause irreversible (不可逆转的) impacts on environments worldwide, leaving the world an unsafe place for us to live in. 1．According to Paragraph 1, our goal is to ______. A．discover more fossil fuels for the future generation B．pay little attention to the climate change C．keep the temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius D．refuse to use reserves on the earth 2．The underlined word “emissions” in Paragraph 1 refers to ______. A．things that are sent out into the air B．products that are made from fossil fuels C．factors that cause the climate change D．changes that happen after temperature rise 3．According to what Mc Glade said in Paragraph 2, all countries should ______. A．make full use of their fossil fuels B．work together towards the 2-degree goal C．find better ways to dig out the coal D．increase the global carbon budget 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of temperature control? A．Confident. B．Unclear. C．Satisfied. D．Negative. 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24学年高二上·山东潍坊·期末） In a contest for jobs requiring the most patience, art restoration might take first place. Traditionally, conservators restore paintings by recreating the artwork’s exact colors to fill in the damage, one spot at a time. Even with the help of X-ray imaging and coloring analyses, several parts of the expensive process, such as the cleaning and restoring, are done by hand. Meanwhile, direct restoring might devalue the painter’s original vision. That’s where Alex Kachkine comes in. The MIT student has developed a way to apply digital restorations onto a damaged painting. In short, the approach involves using pre-existing AI tools to create a digital version of what the freshly painted artwork would have looked like. Based on this version, Kachkine’s new software creates a digital map of the retouches (修复点) with exact colors, necessary to fill the gaps present in the painting today. The digital map is then printed onto two layers of thin, transparent (透明的) film — one with colored retouches and one with the same pattern in white. The film with two layers forms a mask. This mask is attached to the painting to position the retouches, which helps achieve a faithful restoration in just hours — instead of months of work. Kachkine demonstrated the approach on a 15th-century oil painting in need of restoration, by a Dutch artist whose name is now unknown. The retouches were generated by matching the surrounding color, copying similar patterns visible elsewhere in the painting or the artist’s style in other paintings. Overall, the painting’s 5,612 damaged regions were filled with 57, 314 different colors in 3.5 hours — 66 hours faster than traditional methods would have likely taken. The new process still poses concerns, such as whether the applied film disturbs the viewing experience or whether AI-generated corrections to the painting are accurate. Still, Kachkine says this technique could help address the large number of damaged artworks that live in storage rooms, enabling the restoration of countless damaged paintings considered not deserving of high conservation budgets. 1．What can we know about traditional art restoration? A．It causes more damage. B．It consumes more labor. C．It lacks technical assistance. D．It adds the value of an artwork. 2．What can Kachkine’s new software do? A．Decorate the damaged paintings. B．Make a map of colored retouches. C．Create a vivid copy of the painting. D．Promote the application of AI tools. 3．How were the retouches of 15th-century oil painting achieved? A．By applying extra colors. B．By referring to other painters’ works. C．By learning from traditional methods. D．By studying the artist’s painting techniques. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．How AI Influences Our Future B．A New Brush for Art Restoration C．When Restoration Meets Tight Budgets D．A Rising Conservator of Ancient Paintings 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Alex Kachkine 开发的一种利用数字技术进行艺术修复的新方法，这种新方法就像是艺术修复的新画笔。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Traditionally, conservators restore paintings by recreating the artwork’s exact colors to fill in the damage, one spot at a time. Even with the help of X-ray imaging and coloring analyses, several Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东德州·期末） In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become uncommon. The digital revolution(革命), while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading. Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page. It’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy, and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation. In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate. In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention span. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading. Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists(神经系统科学家)have found that regular internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. The Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading. The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition (认知). It has broader societal consequences. In education, students used to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills. 1．Why does deep reading matter according to paragraph 2? A．It enhances reflective ability. B．It simplifies knowledge exploration. C．It accelerates information processing. D．It encourages social media engagement. 2．Why do companies apply data-driven business strategies? A．To boost educational content. B．To create better reading environments. C．To encourage uninterrupted reading sessions. D．To compete for attention in the digital landscape. 3．What problem arises from declining deep reading? A．Reduction in social cognition. B．Overuse of digital texts. C．Difficulty in critical analysis. D．Shortage of learning resources. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A．Deep Reading: A Lost Art in the Digital Age. B．The Forgotten Skill: Deep Reading in Education. C．Digital Revolution: Changing the Way We Learn. D．Information Revolution: Simplifying Knowledge. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·山东日照·期末） Recently, a friend asked for help with a tricky problem: they were staging a play, and the script had a large number of characters. They didn’t want to hire an actor for each role, and while they could double up, they would run into problems if the same actor were playing two characters in a scene. Luckily, I was the right person to come to for help. There’s a versatile (通用的) piece of maths — graph colouring — that’s effective at solving many such problems, from casting a play to timetable scheduling. Mathematicians are often particularly interested in graph colouring, which involves assigning a colour to each point of a graph-networks of points joined by lines, so that any two point s joined with a line are assigned different colours. Finding the minimum number of colours needed to do this can tell us something useful about the graph’s structure. For example, a graph with a triangle of points all joined to a fourth point in the centre will need at least four colours to fill it in. One of my favourite uses of graph colouring is in scheduling problems: imagine a set of students, with a shared set of classes. We can draw a graph, indicating each class by a point, and join two points if those classes have any students taking both (so they can’t happen at the same time). Then, we find a way to colour the graph using the fewest possible colours. The minimum number of colours will tell us how many timetables periods we will need: each colour represents a set of classes with no overlap in students, so they can all happen simultaneously (同时地). This may tell you how I solved my friend’s problem: I suggested they draw a graph, represent each character with a point, and join two characters with a line if they appeared in any scenes together. Colouring this graph minimally then told them exactly how many actors they would need to stage the play. Another victory for maths — on with the show! 1．What worried the author’s friend most? A．The lack of towering actors. B．The numerous scene changes. C．The tight budget for costumes. D．The scene conflicts of the same actor. 2．Which of the following best illustrates the example in paragraph 2? B: Blue G: Green R: Red Y: Yellow A． B． C． D． 3．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3? A．Clarify an assumption. B．Present an application. C．Introduce an approach. D．Analyze a phenomenon. 4．How does the author sound in the last paragraph? A．Proud. B．Serious. C．Hesitant. D．Authoritative. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·山东日照五莲一中·期末） Understanding a simple-looking English sentence such as “I read this article yesterday” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation: a subject (“T”) performed an action (“read”) on an object (“article”) at a specific time (“yesterday”). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin’s team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (指标) quantifying how many new “predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (语法分析的) strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all of the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.) In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties. The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models. “This is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social application of language,” Martin says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 1．Why does the author cite the example in paragraph 1? A．To introduce a grammar rule. B．To analyze an English sentence. C．To bring in a new research finding. D．To stress the complexity of human brain. 2．What does the underlined word “preemptively” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．By accident. B．In advance. C．On time. D．By mistake. 3．Which sentence can match the Dutch language structure? A．Universe the about documentary saw. B．Saw I a documentary about the universe. C．I saw a documentary about the universe. D．I a documentary about the universe saw. 4．What does Martin try to stress in the last paragraph? A．The challenges of brain researches. B．The application of the present findings. C．The purposes of different linguistic models. D．The necessity to diversify subjects in studies. Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·山东菏泽·期末） Have you ever joyously stepped out to your backyard garden, fresh coffee in hand, only to find your well cared-for plants and herbs dying? Was the soil too dry? Did pests find their way in? During times like these, some frustrated gardeners may wish their changeable cherry would just tell them what it needs. Next year, the Royal Horticultural Society in England will show off an “intelligent garden”, the technical components of which are the product of a partnership between AI start-up Avande and Microsoft. When it is unveiled (揭幕), the garden will rely on a network of sensors fixed throughout the garden measuring environmental factors like soil conditions and nutrient levels as well as wind and expected rainfall. All of that data is then sent to a specially designed AI model, which can then analyze those factors and inform gardeners on proper feeding, watering, or cutting. Gardeners aren’t the only ones who can interact with the garden. Visitors to the Chelsea Flower Show will be able to walk up to virtual platforms and ask the intelligence garden questions about its current environmental state. The AI language module will then interpret the data and spit it back out to the visitors in a logical, conversational dialogue. In theory, insights provided by models like this one could help gardeners allocate (分配) resources efficiently and avoid over-watering plants before rainfall, both of which can aid in sustainability efforts. It’s unclear, however, whether even the best models can account for unusual situations and individual plant tendencies with the same level of care as experienced gardeners. Massey, the garden designer, wants to avoid falling into the trap of making the AI garden feel overly artificial. Though sensors play a critical role in maintaining the plants, the actual physical design of the space is left up to humans. The result is a “forest garden concept” of biodiversity and greenery. 1．Why are the gardeners frustrated? A．They spilt their fresh coffee. B．They couldn’t tell what plants needs. C．They forgot to water the plants. D．They couldn’t remove the pests. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How the AI Garden works. B．When the AI model starts. C．Why two big firms cooperate. D．Where the gardeners are trained. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the Al model? A．Puzzled. B．Indifferent. C．Concerned. D．Confident. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．No AI, no garden. B．No human, no biodiversity. C．AI-assisted, not AI designed. D．Intelligent garden, not artificial one. 主题02 人与自然——人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·山东聊城·期末） For wind and wildlife ecologist Emma Bennett, getting wind farms to adopt methods of avoiding bat collisions (碰撞) has long been a priority. For reasons nobody fully understands, bats are attracted to turbine (涡轮机) towers, perhaps because they see them as potential nesting sites or places to find insects. “Unlike birds, bats are actually investigating wind turbines and spending more time around them, which makes them at higher risk for death rate,” says Bennett. This attraction means that even when turbines are intentionally set up in places with little to no bat activity, the animals still often end up flying there and getting killed. The most effective solution, many experts agree, is to limit the times when the turbines are active. Ecologists have noticed that small bat species in particular are most likely to get struck by the blades when wind speeds are relatively low, around 2 to 5 meters per second. These small bats, weighing less than a chocolate bar, can’t fly if conditions get much windier. So at night, when the bats are out and about, setting wind turbines spinning only when higher wind speeds have been reached — an approach called curtailment — can help. For example, a two- year study at a Pennsylvania wind farm found that raising the wind speed at which turbines start to spin from 3.5 meters per second to 5 or 6.5 meters per second reduced bat deaths by between 44 percent and 93 percent. Because most wind power is generated at high wind speeds anyway, the impact of the restriction on energy production is minimal, says Bennett. When she tested a very modest restriction raising the cut- in speed from 3 meters per second to 4.5 meters per second, she and her colleagues saw bat death rate decline by around 54 percent, while the Australian wind farm in question lost less than 0.1 percent of earnings.“ Any small increase in this cut- in speed actually has a massive effect on bat survival,” Bennett says. 1．What is the problem disturbing Emma Bennett? A．The noises of turbines. B．The endangered bat species. C．Turbine towers’ attraction to bats. D．The location of turbine towers. 2．Why is “a chocolate bar” mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To provide an example. B．To support an argument. C．To justify a new theory. D．To give a description. 3．How does the “curtailment” method help save small bats? A．By making the turbines spin slower. B．By making the turbines spin a little faster. C．By starting the turbines at lower wind speeds. D．By starting the turbines at higher wind speeds. 4．What does the last paragraph focus on? A．The definition of the cut-in speed. B．The efficiency of the restriction approach. C．The profits of the Australian wind farm. D．The experimental process of the restriction. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·山东青岛·期末） A corn plant knows how to find water in soil with the very tips of its roots, but some varieties, including many used for developing high-output corn in the U.S., appear to have lost part of that ability, according to a Stanford-led study. With climate change increasing droughts, the findings hold potential for developing more drought-resistant varieties of corn. The study, published in the journal Science, uncovers genetic mechanisms (遗传机制) behind “hydropatterning”, or how plant roots branch toward water and avoid dry spaces in soil. In particular, the researchers discovered that ethylene, a plant hormone (激素) known to help bananas ripen, also influences how roots grow to seek water. For this study, the researchers developed a new, simplified way to study water sensitivity in roots. They found corn varieties adapted to hot and wet regions like Mexico were very good at making new root branches toward water and avoiding dry areas. In contrast, the varieties adapted to moderate regions of North America frequently grew roots randomly without distinguishing between dry and wet areas in the soil. “Interestingly, the plants that are better at sensing where the water is are also making deeper root systems,” said lead author Johannes Scharwies. “One idea is that if the plant doesn’t waste time growing root branches into places where it doesn’t find any water and nutrients, then it has more energy to grow deeper down where water is more likely.” Genetic analyses reveal two plant hormones, auxin and ethylene, play a role in how corn roots respond to water. While auxin was already known to help control this process, ethylene’s involvement was a new discovery. In experiments with thale cress — a model plant often used in research — the researchers found auxin signaling promotes root branch development toward water, while ethylene stops branching when the root is exposed to air. Further research is needed to better understand the interaction of these genetic pathways before corn varieties can be developed with more drought-resistant root systems, but the findings highlight the significance of studying these localized responses at root tips, researchers said. 1．What is the primary focus of the Stanford-led study? A．Drought-resistant corn varieties. B．Ethylene’s effect on fruit ripening. C．Genetic regulation of root branching. D．Impact of climate change on plant roots. 2．What can be inferred from Johannes Scharwies’ remarks? A．Plant hormones make a big difference to root growth. B．Nutrients guarantee better water-seeking root systems. C．Root branching conserves energy for higher production. D．Stronger hydropatterning was linked to greater root depth. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A．Model plants in research. B．Hormones’ role in root growth. C．Genetic analysis methods. D．Findings of previous research. 4．What does the last paragraph suggest future research do? A．Prioritize development of new corn varieties. B．Work out the mechanisms of genetic interactions. C．Concentrate merely on localized root responses. D．Expand practical applications of hydropatterning. 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $