专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，江苏专用）高三英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会—善行义举 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏南京·期末） Hanai, the Hawaiian word for adoption, is also the name of a coffee shop in Phoenix, Arizona, US. It offers valuable hands-on job experience for youth aging out of the foster care system, who lack a permanent family for continued support. 18-year-old Trinity is one such youth. She once felt unsure about her future. “We get a lot of pity, but it doesn’t really help us out. It just makes it worse,” she told CBS News. According to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, which offers support to American families in need, foster care is a temporary living arrangement for children whose parents are unable to care for them and whose situation has come to the attention of child welfare agencies. While in foster care, children may live with relatives or foster families. A key goal of foster care is to make sure that kids are living in stable families. However, around 20,000 young people age out of foster care each year when they turn 18 or 21, depending on the state they are in. These youth are more prone to homelessness, unemployment, crime and early parenthood compared to those who have a permanent home to go to. “It is vital for states and communities to have programmes like this for foster kids because these kids don’t have a support system. They don’t have a safety net,” Ryan Senters, the founder of Hanai, told CBS News. A 4-week programme was held recently at Hanai to introduce kids aged 15 and older to workplace skills. They work part-time at the cafe, learning everything from what to wear to how to deal with difficult customers. “I learned how to do interviews, time management for people, taking orders... communication, customer service... and I feel like that’s really helping,” Trinity told CBS News. Now she can comfortably take orders from customers, make coffee and serve food. She loves her job and hopes to work full-time after graduation. “People think we’re helping them, but honestly, no, they’re helping us,” Senters told CBS News. 1．Why does the author mention Trinity in Paragraph 1? A．To draw attention to the issue. B．To express sympathy for the girl. C．To make a remarkable contrast. D．To prove the popularity of Hanai. 2．What do we know about those in foster care? A．Their families are trying to offer lasting care and help. B．They have no option but to live with foster families. C．They are likely to be trapped in difficult situations. D．The foster care system has done enough to finance them. 3．How does the programme affect Trinity? A．She feels a sense of responsibility. B．She becomes talkative. C．She achieved academic success. D．She gains life skills. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Ryan Senters: a Caring Person B．Hanai: Offering Valuable Help C．Trinity: a Really Lucky Girl D．Foster Care: Lending a Hand 主题02 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏宿迁·期末） What is the likelihood of you having someone who looks just like you? Would it be a good thing? And if you did have one, would you want to meet them? Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving licence all bare your face. To enter your workplace, you likely need to be recognizable. You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene. The word “doppelganger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features, those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not an identical twin, as a doppelganger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore. A doppelganger was said to be a spirit-double that could replicate every human and animal on the earth. So, let’s get real. What are the chances of you having one in the first place? There is said to be one in 135 chance of an absolute dead ringer for you existing somewhere in the world, so the chances are pretty low, despite folk wisdom promising you otherwise. And the chances of meeting? The mathematical certainty of finding this particular person is supposedly less than one in a trillion! That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double hasn’t always been a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years. In the end, it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity. In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelganger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity. 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．Overuse of identity information. B．Leakage of identity information. C．Wide application of facial features. D．Misuse of personal information. 2．What does the underlined word “replicate” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Copy. B．Identify. C．Motivate. D．Recognize. 3．What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4? A．Proving a theory. B．Contradicting a belief. C．Listing statistics. D．Raising a question. 4．How does the author clarify the negative influence of “doppelganger”? A．By interpreting data. B．By citing criminals. C．By studying possibility. D．By giving examples. Passage 2 （24-25高三上·江苏扬州中学·期末） Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading up on snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $3.50 and the large is $5.50. It’s a tough decision: The small size may not last you through the whole movie but $5.50 for some sugary drink seems unreasonable. But there’s a third option, a medium soda for $5.25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more. If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large. If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost no one. In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy, making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small. I have written about this characteristic in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing the pricing for subscriptions (订阅) to The Economist. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price, so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two “real” choices were offered, more people chose the less expensive digital subscription. But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option. Brain scientists call this effect “asymmetric dominance (不对称优势)”, and it means that people tend toward the choice nearest clearly inferior (较差的) option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect which is certainly easier to remember. Lucky for consumers, almost no one in the business community understands it. The decoy effect works because of the way our brains assign value when making choices. Value is almost never absolute; rather, we decide an object’s value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes. 5．What does the word “decoy” in paragraph 3 most likely mean? A．Lie. B．Bargain. C．Trap. D．Bonus. 6．Why is the pricing for subscriptions to The Economist mentioned? A．To explain how the decoy effect was tested. B．To illustrate a decoy effect case in marketing. C．To note possible limitations of the decoy effect. D．To highlight the significance of the decoy effect. 7．How does the decoy effect influence consumer behavior? A．It pushes consumers toward a target option. B．It encourages consumers to purchase more. C．It guides consumers away from inferior options. D．It helps consumers discover their true preferences. 8．What can we learn about an object’s value from the last paragraph? A．It stays the same with more options. B．It is determined by comparing options. C．It equals the object’s production cost. D．It affects the number of available options. Passage 3 （24-25高三上·江苏兴化中学·期末） On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet. Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log hall that time. All in all, however, children’s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%. “Children are affected by the same time crunch that affects their parents,” says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children’s timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner” households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. “Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time” watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they’re spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren’t replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let’s face it, who’s got the time? 9．What does the underlined phrase “the same time crunch” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Children have little time to play with their parents. B．Both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time. C．Children are not taken good care of by their working parents. D．Both parents and children have trouble managing their time. 10．In the author’s opinion, a child develops better if . A．he has plenty of time reading and studying B．he is free to interact with his working parents C．he is left to play with his peers in his own way D．he has more time participating in school activities 11．What does the author worry about American kids? A．They are increasingly ignored by their working mothers. B．They are engaged in more and more structured activities. C．They are spending more and more time watching TV. D．They are involved less and less in household work. 12．What can we conclude from the text? A．Extracurricular activities promote children’s intelligence. B．Most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children. C．Efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful. D．Most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off. Passage 4 （23-24高三上·江苏兴化中学·期末） Social media use has been linked to depression, especially in teenagers. But a new study argues that the issue may be more complex than experts think. The research involved interviews with 10,000 teenagers in England. “We find social media itself doesn’t cause harm, but that frequent use may disrupt (扰乱) activities that impact mental health, such as sleeping and exercising, while increasing exposure of young people to harmful content, particularly cyberbullying (网络欺凌),” study co-author Russell Viner said in a statement. Bob Patton, a lecturer of the University of Surrey, said this means strategies focusing only on reducing social media use to improve mental health might not help. He said, “Building strategies to increase resilience (适应力) to cyberbullying and promote better sleep and exercise is needed to reduce psychological (心理的) harm.” The research was conducted by interviewing teenagers once a year. They would report the frequency of their using social media. More than three times daily was considered “very frequent”. The researchers noted that they did not capture how much time the participants spent on these websites, which was a limitation of the study. “For boys, the impact on their mental health may result from other reasons,” the authors said. The researchers found that, in both sexes, “very frequent” social media use was associated with greater psychological harm. The effect was especially clear among girls: The more often they checked social media, the greater their psychological harm was. But most impact on psychological harm in girls could be accounted for by lower sleep quality and greater exposure to cyberbullying, with decreased physical activities playing a lesser role. But for boys, those factors explained only 12% of the effects of very frequent social media use on psychological harm. “It’s an important distinction,” said Ann DeSmet, a professor at Ghent University in Belgium. “If healthy lifestyles can be replaced, the positive effects of social media use, such as encouraging social interactions, can be more supported.” 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The risk of cyberbullying. B．The content of the interview. C．The findings of the research. D．The functions of social media. 14．What did Bob Patton mainly tell us? A．The need to fight against mental harm. B．The impact of social media use on people. C．The benefit of limiting social media use. D．The proper way to improve mental health. 15．What can we know about the research? A．It had shortcomings. B．It needed more attention. C．It was the first in its field. D．It was difficult to carry out. 16．Which of the following may be the best title for the text? A．The research on teenage boys B．Social media use influences girls especially C．The harm of using social media D．Social interactions are encouraged Passage 5 （23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末） When Jean-Philippe Michel, a career coach, works with secondary school students, he doesn’t use the word “profession”. Rather than encouraging his young clients to choose a profession, say, architect or engineer, he works backwards from the skills that each student wants to acquire. Deciding the skills you want to use leads to a career that’s more targeted — and thus more likely to bring you satisfaction. “They need to shift from thinking about jobs and careers to thinking about challenges and problems,” Michel says. “The purpose is to help teenagers plan for a “portfolio career”, which is made up of numerous micro-jobs and will be better received in the next decade, ”says Michel. “Instead of identifying your job role or description, you will be constantly adding skills based on what is going to make you more employable,” says Jeanne Meister.co-author of The Future Workplace Experience. More traditional companies are offering various project opportunities to their own employees. Workers are encouraged to choose their next projects based on their skills, or skills they want to develop, which can mean working in different parts of the company. For companies, the payoff for experimenting with internal project-based opportunities means workers are less likely to jump from one company to the next. Micro-jobs can inspire a sense of belonging and autonomy within a company, which in turn might keep staff from job-hopping (跳槽) to the competition “But when it comes to building a long-term career, there are disadvantages to creating a portfolio of work,” say experts. If you constantly hop from one project to the next, the change can be jarring and leave you without a clear path to success. “With fewer promotions and changes to job titles, it can be more difficult to feel like you’re succeeding even if you’re regularly completing projects,” says career coach Michel. Of course, it can take companies years to change from traditional mentality to what boosts professional growth. 17．Why does Michel avoid using the word “profession” with his students? A．To help them realize what they want to be. B．To encourage them to choose a dream job. C．To enable them to master survival skills. D．To guide them to focus more on challenges 18．What is the advantage of portfolio career to employees? A．It will make them more popular with colleagues. B．It will equip them with more competitive skills. C．It will discourage them from switching jobs. D, It will help them enjoy a stable working state. 19．What does the underlined word “‘jarring” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Unpleasant. B．Significant. C．Permanent. D．Unavoidable. 20．What’s the author’s attitude towards portfolio career? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Intolerant. 主题03 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏扬州·期末） The human mind is a remarkable device. However, it is not without limits, which has to do with our brain’s executive (执行的) function. Imagine that you are facing a very difficult decision about which of two job offers to accept. One position offers good pay but is pretty boring, while the other job is really interesting but the pay is not ideal. Clearly you can solve this problem in many ways. Few people, however, know that you might choose the wrong job because you resisted the urge to eat a piece of cake before considering the job offers. Unrelated activities can exhaust (消耗) the executive function and disturb your ability to make an important decision. It’s long been recognized that challenging cognitive (认知的) tasks can make it harder to focus later on. But recent research suggests that these mental activities may be much broader. One study found that participants who made choices in a shop were more likely to delay preparing for an important test. Instead of studying, these “tired” minds engaged in other leisure activities. Why is making a decision so tough? One theory suggests that when you switch from thinking about options to actually making a decision, this switch requires executive resources. Other studies show that making choices itself may be taxing. For example, in one study, the scientists show that people who had to rate the attractiveness of different options were much less worn out than those who had to actually make choices between the very same options. These findings have important real-world significance. Our brain works like a muscle: when exhausted, it becomes less effective. Furthermore, we should take this knowledge into account when making decisions. If we’ve just spent lots of time focusing on a particular task, or even if we’ve just made lots of seemingly minor choices, then we probably shouldn’t try to make a major decision. These harmful effects from a tired brain may have a strong shaping effect on our lives. 1．According to the text, what may make you choose the wrong job? A．Both jobs are equally appealing. B．You didn’t eat the cake. C．There are too many solutions. D．Your brain is tired out. 2．What does the underlined word “taxing” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Confusing. B．Tiring. C．Scaring. D．Disappointing. 3．What does the author suggest? A．Train the brain like exercising muscles. B．Spend less time on making small choices. C．Make vital choices with a refreshed brain. D．Avoid concentrating on a task for too long. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Tough Choices. B．Mental Function. C．Facts of the Brain. D．Studies of Jobs. Passage 2 （24-25高三上·江苏苏州·期末） Have you ever wondered why creative individuals seem to spot things that other miss? whether it’s an inventor who finds an innovative solution to a familiar problem or an artist who reinterprets a landscape in a fresh way, many creative people have a special ability to find significance even in ordinary things. Think about Isaac Newton’s famous insight into gravity. According to the story, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree ― something most people might view as unimportant. Yet, in this instance, he saw the apple’s fall as significant, causing him to think about it more deeply. Entertaining the potential importance of this seemingly irrelevant occurrence led to a breakthrough connection: that the same force causing the apple to fall also influences celestial bodies like the Moon. In this example, the creative individual’s brain flags unusual or ‘irrelevant’ information as significant, stimulating them to explore it further. This exploration allows them to consider remote ideas and associations that others overlook, increasing the possibility of a creative insight. A similar process likely unfolds in artistic contexts, such as when a painter, musician or filmmaker sees a seemingly irrelevant detail as meaningful. For instance, an artist may find themselves captivated by the shadow cast by an object, finding it more interesting than the object itself. This might inspire a series of works exploring the hidden beauty of shadows. The uniqueness of creative individuals lies in their ability to perceive and prioritise information in distinctive ways, welcoming the unconventional and unexpected, which helps them think outside the box and come up with original ideas. 5．Why does the author mention Newton’s story in the second paragraph? A．To entertain the readers. B．To suspend disbelief. C．To support a viewpoint. D．To explain a theory. 6．What does the underlined word “captivated” in the third paragraph probably mean? A．Tricked. B．Misled. C．Attracted. D．Withdrawn. 7．What is key to boosting creativity according to the passage? A．Removing irrelevant information. B．Perceiving what other people ignore. C．Giving priority to unimportant details. D．Spotting the most obvious information. 8．What can we infer from the passage? A．What is unconventional and unexpected guarantees original ideas B．Ordinary people tend to overlook relevant and important information. C．What seems irrelevant sometimes is likely to bring about creative insight D．Creative individuals are born with the ability to spot significance in things. Passage 3 （24-25高三上·江苏苏州·期末） Cats may seem solid, but they’re actually somewhat liquid. Inspired by photos of cats pouring themselves into vases and fitting into narrow openings, biologist Péter Pongrácz has tested dozens of cats to see when they act more like liquids or solids. Cats fluidly (流畅地) move through tall and narrow places but hesitate when they approach uncomfortably short holes, Pongrácz reports in the Oct.18 iScience. The finding suggests that cats are aware of their own body size and may form mental images of themselves. Because cats prefer to live alone, they are difficult to test in the lab. So Pongrácz brought the lab to the cats. With help from colleagues, he built a movable lab that they set up in 29homes. In each home, the team attached two cardboard panels to a doorframe: one with five rectangular (矩形的) holes of the same height but decreasing width and another with five holes of the same width but decreasing height. An owner stood on one side of the panel while the cat and the experimenter stood on the other. For each trial, the cat had to squeeze (挤过) from the experimenter’s side to the owner’s side through the holes while being filmed. Thirty out of 38 cats finished the experiment. When faced with holes of varying height, 22 cats hesitated to go through the shortest. When the holes varied in width, only eight cats paused before approaching the narrowest hole. Most cats squeezed through slim openings without hesitating. Hesitation may be a self-preservation method, Pongrácz says. If a cat forces itself through a hole without being able to see what’s on the other side, the cat may be exposed to potential threats. That some cats paused in the safety of their homes suggests that they also rely on their body size to plan their approach. 9．What makes it difficult to test the cats in the lab? A．Their size. B．Their flexibility. C．Their height. D．Their character. 10．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Results of the experiment. B．Subjects of the experiment. C．Methods of the experiment. D．Principles of the experiment. 11．Why did some cats hesitate even before holes leading to their homes? A．They failed to figure out their body size. B．They worried about getting stuck in the hole. C．They hated being handled by the experimenter. D．They were afraid of the danger on the other side. 12．What is the best title of the passage? A．One scientist puts cats’ liquid nature to test B．Solid or liquid, that is out of the question C．Cats act more like liquids when in danger D．Hesitation keeps cats safe from danger Passage 4 （23-24高三上·江苏常州·期末） A proton (质子) is an infinitesimal (无穷小的) part of an atom. Now imagine if you can (and of course you can’t) make smaller one of those protons down to a billionth of its normal size into a space so small that it would make a proton look huge. Now pack into that tiny, tiny space some matter. Excellent. You are ready to start a standard Big Bang universe. In fact, you will need to gather up everything there is, every last mote (尘埃) of matter, between here and the edge of creation and press it into a spot so infinitesimally compact (紧密的) that it has no dimensions at all. It is known as a singularity. It is natural but wrong to visualize the singularity as a kind of packed spot hanging in a dark, boundless void (虚空). There is no space, no darkness. The singularity has no “around” around it. We can’t even ask how long it has been there — whether it has just lately exploded into being, like a good idea, or whether it has been there forever, quietly awaiting the right moment. Time doesn’t exist. There is no past for it to emerge from. And so, from nothing, our universe begins with a big “bang”. In a single blinding pulse, a moment of glory “explosion” much too rapid and expansive for any form of words, the singularity assumes (显露出) heavenly dimensions, space beyond conception. Within a second gravity is produced and then the other forces that govern physics. In less than a minute the universe is a million billion miles across and growing fast. There is a lot of heat now, ten billion degrees of it, enough to begin the nuclear reactions that create the lighter elements — principally hydrogen, helium and a little lithium (锂). In three minutes, 98 percent of all the matter there is or will ever be has been produced. We have a universe. It is a place of the most wondrous and gratifying possibility, and beautiful, too. And it was all done in about the time it takes to make a sandwich. 13．What is the characteristic of singularity? A．Empty. B．Mysterious. C．Fixed. D．Predictable. 14．Which of the following happens or comes into existence first? A．Gravity. B．Expansion. C．Nuclear reactions. D．Elements. 15．We can infer from the last paragraph that the author is amazed by _____. A．the existence of the universe B．the environment in which the universe is made C．the speed at which the universe comes into existence D．the beauty of the universe 16．What chapter of a science book is this text most probably taken from? A．Protons in the Universe. B．Why Build a Universe. C．The Size of the Universe. D．How to Build a Universe. 主题01 人与社会——美术与摄影 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏常州·期末） Benoit Vermander, a French professor at Fudan University’s School of Philosophy, has found a free mode of self-expression in Chinese ink paintings. Under the art name of Bendu, Vermander — who is also known by his Chinese name Wei Mingde — is exhibiting more than 60 Chinese ink paintings, most of which he has created over the past decade. Born in France in 1960, Vermander has been fond of painting since childhood. However, damage to sight and hearing made it hard for him to advance his painting skills, and his brushwork was commented as not being “clean”. The turning point came in 1987 when Vermander made his first visit to China and was fascinated both by the history and the meanings of Chinese ink painting. “In this art form, I could find my own way of expression. I also realized that I could create much more freely than in classical Western painting, as even the ‘not clean’ part of my works can be a good part of a creation with ink. So, I decided to shift my focus on Chinese ink painting,” Vermander says. Since then, he has visited many places across China to study Chinese painting. “Every one of my Chinese ink paintings is also a philosophical article,” he adds. For him, a good work — of either art or philosophy — should allow diversity in meaning, as each one can have a different connection to his work. Vermander regards his paintings as integrated expressions of himself with daily life. Through the ink brush, he hopes to show his inner explorations, and the movement of his heart. “What I like most in Chinese ink painting is the freedom it allows you. I am not skilled in Western painting as I have bad eyes, and it is not my character to be cautious, careful and plan everything. With Chinese ink painting, I could liberate my inner wildness. My only future goal is to have more time for painting — that’s it,” he says, laughing. 1．What challenges did Vermander face in his early painting career? A．Physical problems. B．Nationality issues. C．Mental sufferings. D．Colleagues’ jealousy. 2．Vermander is interested in Chinese ink painting because of ________. A．its wildness B．its nature C．his visits to China D．his love for China 3．Which of the following is true about Vermander’s ink paintings? A．They are connected to his inner feelings. B．They are criticized for not being clean. C．They have a single and clear meaning. D．They integrate Chinese and Western styles. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The style and techniques of Chinese ink painting. B．The comparison between Western and Chinese art. C．A foreigner finding himself in Chinese ink painting. D．A phenomenon waiting for an art foreigner to explain. 主题02 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏南京·期末） From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — can avoid the stop-and-go traffic. On a driveway with 15 vehicles per mile, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a persistent traffic jam. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. Previous research had shown that ants can maintain their flow even at high densities (密度). So what’s their secret? In a recent study published in Transportation Research, researchers recorded ants on trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour hardly tend to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals. That is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno, who studies solid mechanics at the University of Trento. In his vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would avoid traffic jams by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. Like ants on a trail, which use scent (气味) to control behavior while interacting with one another, the autonomous vehicle network would help cars keep constant speeds while collecting and sharing information. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist at the University of California. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be very strong and changeable. Still, ants can do a lot of things that cars — even self-driving ones — can’t, the researcher points out. Ants can make trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. Plus, unlike cars, ants don’t crash; they can literally walk over one another. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: by leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise give rise to a traffic jam with no obvious cause. 1．Which is the contributing factor to ants’ stable traffic at high densities? A．Slow speed. B．Varied trails. C．Sufficient space. D．Strict rules. 2．Which of the following is in line with Nicola Pugno’s opinion? A．Prioritizing interests can lead to inefficient traffic flow. B．Human drivers usually break the traffic rules at rush hour. C．Human drivers will drive more slowly than autonomous vehicles. D．Autonomous vehicles may be programmed to improve traffic situation. 3．What can we learn about autonomous vehicle network? A．It can keep vehicle speed under control. B．It can provide drivers with changeable routes. C．It can form a solid and flexible traffic system. D．It can use scent to communicate with vehicles. 4．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．What ants will do when they face traffic jams. B．How ants may save you from future traffic jams. C．What we can benefit from autonomous vehicles. D．Why we should keep good distances while driving. 主题03 人与自然——天体和宇宙 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末） Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere. While Venus’s cold and unpleasant landscape does make it seem far less like Earth, scientists recently detected another striking similarity between the two, the presence of active volcanoes. When NASA’s Magellan mission mapped much of the planet with radar in the 1990sit revealed an unexpectedly youthful surface-there were surprisingly a few craters (火山口)which suggested active geologic (地质的) processes. Although few missions have visited Venus since then, researchers have continued to mine the collection of data from. Using this decades-old data, planetary scientist Robert Herrick discovered that a Magellan. volcano called Maat Mons is alive with volcanic activity. In this case, lava(岩浆)flows that moved for eight months during an imaging cycle from 1990 to 1992, according to a study published in Science in 2023. The findings are the first real evidence that volcanoes have erupted on Venus during modern times. What’s more, volcanic activity on Venus could be even more common and dramatic than on Earth. A study published in JGR Planets in 2023 mapped out enormous potential volcanic features on Venus’ surface, and there’s a good chance that some of them could be active today. On top of that, another 2023 study, also in JGR Planets, found that the very high surface temperature on Venus, over 900 degrees Fahrenheit, allows lava flows to slowly leak out. A list of new missions are headed to Venus over the next decade, including NASA’s Veritas mission, which aims to map the planet’s surface to better understand its geologic history. These projects should settle the question of how the paths of Venus and Earth divided so sharply, with one becoming a hell and the other able to harbor life, and confirm whether volcanoes are still erupting on the planet today. 1．Why does the writer mention Venus is Earth’s twin in Paragraph 1? A．To prove a theory. B．To introduce the topic. C．To clarify a concept. D．To make predictions. 2．What can we learn from Paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Robert Herrick’s discovery was based on previous data. B．The findings are the first evidence of volcanoes on Venus. C．There are more huge volcanoes on Venus than on Earth. D．Volcanic activities on Venus are as common as on Earth. 3．What is the significance of NASA’s future study of Venus? A．Mapping the surface of Venus with accuracy. B．Analyzing how volcanoes came into existence. C．Understanding how the two planets evolved differently. D．Confirming whether Venus is suitable for humans to live. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Venus Is Earth’s Twin. B．Venus Is an Awful Hell. C．Venus Is a Youthful Planet. D．Venus Is Volcanically Active. 主题04 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） “Silence is a source of great strength.” — Lao Tzu. When we stop bombarding (轰击) the body with sounds, we may see benefits for our brain, our blood pressure and our breathing. Imagine a place where you can’t talk, telephone, read, write or access the Internet. Boredom can soon turn into pleasure as the brain, from a state of chaos, finds peace. The explorer Erling Kagge has experienced a lot of silence during his long travel to reach the “three poles”. By shutting out the world, he has learnt to see the world more clearly and unlock new ways of thinking. Scientific studies have shown us something interesting. When mice are made to listen to silence for two hours a day for three days, brain cells in the hippocampus (the part of the brain responsible for learning and memory) increase in number. Dr. Gerd Kemperman, leading author of the paper, suggests that silence causes the production of more brain cells to increase alertness (警觉) and readiness for “future cognitive (认知的) challenges”. In humans, listening to slow music has been shown to reduce blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate. Adding two minutes of silence to the music lowers blood pressure and breathing even further. “Silence is golden,” but when it comes to your health, can silence also be deadly? “I found solitary (单独监禁) the most forbidding aspect of prison life. There was no end and no beginning; there was only one’s mind, which could begin to play tricks,” said Nelson Mandela, reflecting on his 27 years in prison. A silent mind can be unbearable — and can even drive you over the edge. In one experiment from Harvard and the University of Virginia, some participants were so opposed to a 15-minute silence that they chose to self-administer an electric shock to escape the silence. When silence is linked to loneliness, your physical health may also suffer. Loneliness has been shown to be associated with a 29 percent increase in risk of heart disease and a 32 percent increase in the disease — stroke. There’s another type of silence that is “killing good people” according to Prince William. It’s not the lack of auditory (听觉的) input to your ears; it’s failing to speak out when you’re anxious or struggling to cope, and that’s a major cause of suicide (自杀). 1．What’s the function of paragraph 1? A．To prove an opinion. B．To introduce a topic. C．To present an example. D．To give a definition. 2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Erling Kagge? A．To prove everyone needs silence. B．To give us an example to learn from. C．To indicate silence works to our advantage. D．To show humans can keep things in perspective in silence. 3．Why can silence also be deadly to some extent? A．A silent mind can cause people to fight. B．A lonely mind with silence leads to most heart diseases. C．Too much silence can make people physically unbearable. D．A helpless state of mind in silence can increase the tendency of suicide. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the effect of silence? A．Negative. B．Objective. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful. Passage 2 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） Blue-light-filtering glasses (滤蓝光眼镜) have become an increasingly popular solution for protecting our eyes from electronic screens’ near-inescapable glow — light that is commonly associated with eyestrain (眼疲劳). In recent years they’ve even become fashion statements that are recognized by celebrities and ranked in style guides. But a recent review paper shows such glasses might not be as effective as people think. The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers. “It’s an excellent review,” says Mark Rosenfield, a professor at the State University of New York College of Optometry, who was not involved in the study. “The conclusions are no surprise at all. There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have any effect on eyestrain.” He adds that the new review reinforces the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain despite them being specifically marketed for that purpose. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them”. The strain we may feel while staring at our phone or computer screen too long is likely to be caused by multiple factors, such as bad habits or underlying conditions, an associate professor of vision science at the University of Melbourne, Downie says. She argues that how we interact with digital devices contributes more to eyestrain than screens’ blue light does. Changing the frequency and duration of screen usage and distancing one’s eyes from the screens might be more important in reducing discomfort, Downie says. She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease. 5．What can we know about blue-light-filtering glasses from the text? A．They can improve eyesight. B．They may not reduce eyestrain. C．They can promote eye health. D．They can help to cure eye diseases. 6．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．A great many professors were involved in the study. B．Blue-blocking glasses on the market are harmful to eyes. C．The finding of the study comes as a surprise to the public. D．Data from previous trials help the study a lot. 7．What does the underlined word “reinforces” mean in paragraph 3? A．Denies. B．Opposes. C．Strengthens. D．Evaluates. 8．What should we do if we suffer from eyestrain according to Downie? A．Wear blue-light-filtering glasses. B．Have an examination in the hospital. C．Stop staring at the screen for ever. D．Focus on the frequency of phone usage. Passage 3 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） Eating insects is one of those ideas that never quite seem to catch on. The United Nations spread the idea a decade ago, but, in the West at least, insects remain mostly absent from supermarket shelves. Faced with an unsatisfied public, scientists have been exploring other options. One is to feed the insects instead to farm animals, which are not so picky. Of course, the insects need to eat, too. To date, they have mostly reared (饲养) on leftover chicken feed. But the supply of that is limited, and if insect-reared meat is to take off, new sources will be needed. Niels Eriksen, a biochemist at Aalborg University, suggests feeding them on the waste products of the beer industry. The world knocks back around 185bn litres of beer every year. Each litre produces between three and ten litres of wastewater full of thrown-away grains. The mix is rich in protein but lacking in carbohydrates (碳水化合物), especially compared with chicken feed. Most insects grown for feed depend, in the wild, on the carbohydrates found in bad fruit. Whether insects would actually consider beer waste a square meal was, therefore, unclear. The researchers used the baby insects of the black soldier fly. The young insects were divided into three groups, which were offered beer waste, chicken feed or a mixture of both. The researchers monitored both their weight gain and the amount of CO, they produced. They found the baby insects happily consumed both beer waste and chicken feed, and grew equally well on either food source. Dr Eriksen found few differences in how nutritious the insects would be to farm animals. The experiment may have implications beyond the beer business, too. Bone meal from farms, and waste from other food industries are all likewise plentiful and protein-rich. All now look to be reasonable targets for nutrient recycling by insects. Whether consumers will be willing to eat insect-reared beef, though, remains to be seen. 9．What is the purpose of Niels Eriksen’s research? A．To find alternatives to chicken feed. B．To recycle the wastewater in beer industry. C．To change public’s attitude toward insects. D．To reduce the consumption of waste products. 10．What is paragraph 6 mainly about? A．The future application of the research. B．The importance of protein in the cycle. C．The extended influence of the research. D．The contribution of the beer industry. 11．What is the possible food chain described in the article? A．chickens-insects-cows-humans B．humans-beer waste-insects-cows C．beer waste-insects-cows-humans D．cows-chickens-insects-beer waste 12．What can be a suitable title of the article? A．Waste recycling will be taking off soon B．Eating insects is the new option for people C．Insects could help turn beer waste into beef D．Insects could gain popularity in supermarket 主题05 人与社会——文学家 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） All the Beauty in the World, Patrick Bringley’s memoir (回忆录) about his 10 years working as a guard at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met), brings new meaning to the term “art appreciation”. Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution. But Bringley’s “guard’s-eye view” is unique, and he presents his personal story with sincerity. After his brother Tom’s death in 2008, Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which “I was happy to be going nowhere”. He explains, “I had lost someone. I did not wish to move on from that. In a sense, I didn’t wish to move at all.” All the Beauty in the World offers well-chosen facts about the museum to support Bringley’s personal tale. The Met opened in 1880 and has since expanded to more than 2.5 million square feet — “the size of about 3,000 average New York apartments”. The “salmon run (鲑鱼回游) of visitors” that goes up the Grand Staircase every morning when the museum opens adds up to a crowd of nearly 7 million visitors a year. As interesting as these facts are, it’s Bringley’s reflections on dozens of individual paintings, photographs, sculptures and ancient artifacts that turn this book into a tribute (致敬) to the power of art. I think that “sometimes we need permission to stop and adore things, and a work of art gives us that”. In a Vermeer portrait (肖像) of a dozing maidservant, he is moved to see that the artist captured “that feeling we sometimes have that a private setting possesses a holiness (神圣) of its own. It was my constant feeling in Tom’s hospital room.” As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures, All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not “about art, but from it” and finding peace into art. This is art appreciation at a deep level. 1．What sets All the Beauty in the World apart from other books written by Met staffers? A．The author’s unique writing perspective. B．The author’s opinions on artworks. C．Its focus on historical facts and truth. D．Its detailed introduction to the paintings. 2．What caused Bringley to change his job according to his words? A．His hobby from childhood. B．His failure as a journalist. C．Loss of his beloved brother. D．His ambition of being great. 3．How does Bringley present information about the Met in his memoir? A．By interviewing retired staff members. B．By relating museum facts to his personal life. C．By recording the number of daily visitors yearly. D．By researching the background of each masterpiece. 4．What can be the best title of this passage? A．Finding Peace in Art B．Reflecting on Life with Art C．Little-known Facts about the Met D．Inner Worlds of the Famous Artists 主题06 人与自然——动物 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏泰州兴化·期末） In nature, octopuses (章鱼) hunt mainly with their sense of touch, using their eight arms to feel out their environment for hidden creatures. Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently studied a different way octopuses hunt—when they identify prey (猎物) based on sight. The study findings show that the marine creatures are quite consistent and methodical in how they approach prey. Lead researcher Trevor Wardill and his team placed California two-spot octopuses into water tanks, hiding them in caves where they would have one eye looking out. They then placed either fiddler crabs or white shrimp in the tanks to see how the octopuses would try to catch them, capturing the interactions on video. The crabs and shrimp behave differently when trying to escape from predators (捕猎者), so using both species gave the researchers an opportunity to see whether this led the octopuses to use a different arm for hunting depending on the prey. Wardill’s team found that the octopuses almost always used the same arm to grab their prey. Specifically, the second arm from the middle of the octopuses’ body, on the same side of their body as the eye, caught the prey. If they needed more arms to grab prey, they would use the ones next to the second arm. The octopuses also attacked differently depending on the prey. When faced with crabs, an octopus would move suddenly on top of the crab with its whole body. However, when catching shrimp, the octopuses would take one arm and reach out very slowly toward the shrimp, then grab it and latch (缠住) onto it with its other arms to pull it in. Wardill and his team hope to do more research. They want to study the octopus’s brain as it attacks pre y to develop a better understanding of what role the creature’s nervous system plays in selecting the arms it uses. 1．What is the recent study mainly about? A．Octopuses’ ability to hide itself. B．Octopuses’ way to track prey. C．Octopuses’ hunting mode via eyes. D．Octopuses’ method of perceiving the environment. 2．What can we learn about the octopuses in the study? A．They adopt different strategies to hunt. B．They stretch arms slowly to catch crabs. C．They move suddenly to prey on shrimps. D．They use the second arm to catch prey anytime. 3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the octopuses? A．Whether they’re nervous in hunting. B．How their nerves work during hunting. C．How they choose their arms in hunting. D．Whether they use their brain during hunting. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Octopuses: Skillful Hunters B．Octopuses: One-armed Predators C．Octopuses: A Sharp-eyed Species D．Octopuses: A Mysterious Creature / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会—善行义举 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏南京·期末） Hanai, the Hawaiian word for adoption, is also the name of a coffee shop in Phoenix, Arizona, US. It offers valuable hands-on job experience for youth aging out of the foster care system, who lack a permanent family for continued support. 18-year-old Trinity is one such youth. She once felt unsure about her future. “We get a lot of pity, but it doesn’t really help us out. It just makes it worse,” she told CBS News. According to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, which offers support to American families in need, foster care is a temporary living arrangement for children whose parents are unable to care for them and whose situation has come to the attention of child welfare agencies. While in foster care, children may live with relatives or foster families. A key goal of foster care is to make sure that kids are living in stable families. However, around 20,000 young people age out of foster care each year when they turn 18 or 21, depending on the state they are in. These youth are more prone to homelessness, unemployment, crime and early parenthood compared to those who have a permanent home to go to. “It is vital for states and communities to have programmes like this for foster kids because these kids don’t have a support system. They don’t have a safety net,” Ryan Senters, the founder of Hanai, told CBS News. A 4-week programme was held recently at Hanai to introduce kids aged 15 and older to workplace skills. They work part-time at the cafe, learning everything from what to wear to how to deal with difficult customers. “I learned how to do interviews, time management for people, taking orders... communication, customer service... and I feel like that’s really helping,” Trinity told CBS News. Now she can comfortably take orders from customers, make coffee and serve food. She loves her job and hopes to work full-time after graduation. “People think we’re helping them, but honestly, no, they’re helping us,” Senters told CBS News. 1．Why does the author mention Trinity in Paragraph 1? A．To draw attention to the issue. B．To express sympathy for the girl. C．To make a remarkable contrast. D．To prove the popularity of Hanai. 2．What do we know about those in foster care? A．Their families are trying to offer lasting care and help. B．They have no option but to live with foster families. C．They are likely to be trapped in difficult situations. D．The foster care system has done enough to finance them. 3．How does the programme affect Trinity? A．She feels a sense of responsibility. B．She becomes talkative. C．She achieved academic success. D．She gains life skills. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Ryan Senters: a Caring Person B．Hanai: Offering Valuable Help C．Trinity: a Really Lucky Girl D．Foster Care: Lending a Hand 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了位于美国亚利桑那州凤凰城的一家名为Hanai的咖啡店，它为从寄养系统中走出来的年轻人提供宝贵的工作经验，帮助他们更好地融入社会。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Hanai, the Hawaiian word for adoption, is also the name of a coffee shop in Phoenix, Arizona, US. It offers valuable hands-on job experience for youth aging out of the foster care system, who lack a permanent family for continued support. 18-year-old Trinity is one such youth. She once felt unsure about her future. (Hanai在夏威夷语中是收养的意思，也是美国亚利桑那州凤凰城一家咖啡店的名字。它为那些从寄养系统中走出来的年轻人提供了宝贵的实际工作经验，这些年轻人缺乏一个永久家庭来给予他们持续的支持。18岁的Trinity就是这样一个年轻人。她曾经对自己的未来感到不确定。)”可知，作者在第一段提到Trinity是为了引出从寄养系统中走出来的年轻人缺乏支持，对未来感到不确定的问题，从而引起读者对这一问题的关注。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, around 20,000 young people age out of foster care each year when they turn 18 or 21, depending on the state they are in. These youth are more prone to homelessness, unemployment, crime and early parenthood compared to those who have a permanent home to go to. (然而，每年约有2万名年轻人在18岁或21岁时（取决于他们所在的州）从寄养系统中走出来。与那些有永久住所的年轻人相比，这些年轻人更容易陷入无家可归、失业、犯罪和早育的困境。)”可知，那些在寄养系统中的年轻人很可能陷入困境。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“A 4-week programme was held recently at Hanai to introduce kids aged 15 and older to workplace skills. They work part-time at the cafe, learning everything from what to wear to how to deal with difficult customers. “I learned how to do interviews, time management for people, taking orders... communication, customer service... and I feel like that’s really helping,” Trinity told CBS News. (最近，Hanai举办了一个为期4周的项目，向15岁及以上的孩子介绍职场技能。他们在咖啡馆兼职，学习从穿什么到如何应对难缠的顾客等一切知识。“我学会了如何面试、如何管理时间、如何接单……沟通、客户服务……我觉得这真的很有帮助，”Trinity告诉哥伦比亚广播公司新闻。)”可知，通过这个项目，Trinity学会了职场技能，包括面试、时间管理、接单、沟通和客户服务等。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了位于美国亚利桑那州凤凰城的一家名为Hanai的咖啡店，它为从寄养系统中走出来的年轻人提供宝贵的工作经验，帮助他们更好地融入社会，B项“Hanai: Offering Valuable Help (Hanai：提供宝贵的帮助)”符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选B项。 主题02 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏宿迁·期末） What is the likelihood of you having someone who looks just like you? Would it be a good thing? And if you did have one, would you want to meet them? Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving licence all bare your face. To enter your workplace, you likely need to be recognizable. You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene. The word “doppelganger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features, those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not an identical twin, as a doppelganger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore. A doppelganger was said to be a spirit-double that could replicate every human and animal on the earth. So, let’s get real. What are the chances of you having one in the first place? There is said to be one in 135 chance of an absolute dead ringer for you existing somewhere in the world, so the chances are pretty low, despite folk wisdom promising you otherwise. And the chances of meeting? The mathematical certainty of finding this particular person is supposedly less than one in a trillion! That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double hasn’t always been a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years. In the end, it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity. In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelganger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity. 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．Overuse of identity information. B．Leakage of identity information. C．Wide application of facial features. D．Misuse of personal information. 2．What does the underlined word “replicate” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Copy. B．Identify. C．Motivate. D．Recognize. 3．What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4? A．Proving a theory. B．Contradicting a belief. C．Listing statistics. D．Raising a question. 4．How does the author clarify the negative influence of “doppelganger”? A．By interpreting data. B．By citing criminals. C．By studying possibility. D．By giving examples. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讨论了拥有一个长得和你一模一样的人的可能性、这种可能性是否是一件好事以及如果真的遇到了这样的人你会想见他们吗，同时探讨了“分身”这一概念及其可能带来的负面影响。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving licence all bare your face. To enter your workplace, you likely need to be recognizable. You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene. (想想你的面部特征被用来识别你的频率有多高。你的护照、身份证和驾照都印着你的脸。要进入你的工作场所，你可能需要被认出来。你可能需要刷脸来解锁你的智能手机，或者需要它来证明你没有出现在犯罪现场。)”可知，本段主要讲述了面部特征在日常生活中的广泛应用，包括身份验证、进入工作场所、解锁手机等。因此，本段的主旨大意是面部特征的广泛应用。故选C项。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段“The word “doppelganger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features, those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not an identical twin, as a doppelganger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore. A doppelganger was said to be a spirit-double that could replicate every human and animal on the earth. (“分身”这个词指的是一个和你长得一模一样的人，本质上和你共享特征，那些你认为只属于你和你的身份的特征。不是同卵双胞胎，因为分身和你没有任何关系。这个想法起源于德国民间传说。据说分身是一个灵魂双胞胎，可以replicate地球上的每一个人和动物。)”可知，分身被描述为一个可以复制地球上每一个人和动物的灵魂双胞胎，因此replicate的意思是“复制”。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“So, let’s get real. What are the chances of you having one in the first place? There is said to be one in 135 chance of an absolute dead ringer for you existing somewhere in the world, so the chances are pretty low, despite folk wisdom promising you otherwise. And the chances of meeting? The mathematical certainty of finding this particular person is supposedly less than one in a trillion! (所以，让我们现实一点。你首先有一个分身的可能性有多大？据说世界上有一个和你长得一模一样的人的几率是135分之一，所以尽管民间智慧告诉你其他情况，但这种可能性相当低。那么见面的机会呢？找到这个特定人的数学确定性据说不到万亿分之一！)”可知，作者在第四段中通过提供统计数据来反驳人们普遍认为拥有一个分身的可能性很高的看法，即与民间智慧相矛盾。因此，作者在这一段中的意图是反驳一种信念。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double hasn’t always been a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years. In the end, it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity. In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelganger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity. (话虽如此，这些统计数据可能是一件好事。从历史上看，拥有一个分身并不总是积极的。早在1999年，一名无辜的美国男子因与真正的罪犯无法区分而被判入狱抢劫，他在那里待了19年。最后，事实证明这是一起身份误认案件。在另一个案例中，纽约的一名妇女被指控试图用致命的芝士蛋糕毒死她的分身，以便窃取她的身份。)”可知，作者通过给出两个具体的例子来澄清“分身”可能带来的负面影响，包括身份误认和身份盗窃。因此，作者通过举例子的方式来阐述“分身”的负面影响。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高三上·江苏扬州中学·期末） Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading up on snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $3.50 and the large is $5.50. It’s a tough decision: The small size may not last you through the whole movie but $5.50 for some sugary drink seems unreasonable. But there’s a third option, a medium soda for $5.25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more. If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large. If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost no one. In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy, making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small. I have written about this characteristic in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing the pricing for subscriptions (订阅) to The Economist. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price, so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two “real” choices were offered, more people chose the less expensive digital subscription. But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option. Brain scientists call this effect “asymmetric dominance (不对称优势)”, and it means that people tend toward the choice nearest clearly inferior (较差的) option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect which is certainly easier to remember. Lucky for consumers, almost no one in the business community understands it. The decoy effect works because of the way our brains assign value when making choices. Value is almost never absolute; rather, we decide an object’s value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes. 5．What does the word “decoy” in paragraph 3 most likely mean? A．Lie. B．Bargain. C．Trap. D．Bonus. 6．Why is the pricing for subscriptions to The Economist mentioned? A．To explain how the decoy effect was tested. B．To illustrate a decoy effect case in marketing. C．To note possible limitations of the decoy effect. D．To highlight the significance of the decoy effect. 7．How does the decoy effect influence consumer behavior? A．It pushes consumers toward a target option. B．It encourages consumers to purchase more. C．It guides consumers away from inferior options. D．It helps consumers discover their true preferences. 8．What can we learn about an object’s value from the last paragraph? A．It stays the same with more options. B．It is determined by comparing options. C．It equals the object’s production cost. D．It affects the number of available options. 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了营销中的诱饵效应，即通过设置较差选项，引导消费者选择目标选项，并说明了其原理是人们通过比较来判断物品价值。 5．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy, making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small. (事实上，很有可能营销部门故意将中杯汽水定价作为一个decoy，让你更有可能购买大杯汽水而不是小杯。)”可知，营销部门把中杯汽水的价格设置成这样是为了让消费者更多地去买大杯汽水，所以中杯汽水就像一个“诱饵”，用来诱导消费者。故划线词“decoy”意思是“诱饵，陷阱”，与“Trap”同义。故选C项。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段“I have written about this characteristic in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing the pricing for subscriptions (订阅) to The Economist. (我之前和我的朋友丹·艾瑞里写过关于人性的这一特点，他在注意到《经济学人》的订阅价格后，对这一现象进行了广泛的研究。)”以及后文对《经济学人》订阅价格设置的描述和实验结果可知，提到《经济学人》的订阅价格是为了举例说明营销中的诱饵效应案例。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Brain scientists call this effect “asymmetric dominance (不对称优势)”, and it means that people tend toward the choice nearest clearly inferior (较差的) option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect which is certainly easier to remember. (大脑科学家称这种效应为“不对称优势”，这意味着人们倾向于选择最接近明显较差选项的那个选择。营销学教授称之为诱饵效应，这个名字当然更容易记住。)”可知，诱饵效应会把消费者推向目标选项。故选A项。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Value is almost never absolute; rather, we decide an object’s value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes. (价值几乎从来都不是绝对的；相反，我们是相对于其他选择来决定一个物品的价值。如果引入更多的选择，价值等式就会改变。)”可知，一个物品的价值是通过比较选项来确定的。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高三上·江苏兴化中学·期末） On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet. Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log hall that time. All in all, however, children’s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%. “Children are affected by the same time crunch that affects their parents,” says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children’s timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner” households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. “Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time” watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they’re spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren’t replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let’s face it, who’s got the time? 9．What does the underlined phrase “the same time crunch” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Children have little time to play with their parents. B．Both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time. C．Children are not taken good care of by their working parents. D．Both parents and children have trouble managing their time. 10．In the author’s opinion, a child develops better if . A．he has plenty of time reading and studying B．he is free to interact with his working parents C．he is left to play with his peers in his own way D．he has more time participating in school activities 11．What does the author worry about American kids? A．They are increasingly ignored by their working mothers. B．They are engaged in more and more structured activities. C．They are spending more and more time watching TV. D．They are involved less and less in household work. 12．What can we conclude from the text? A．Extracurricular activities promote children’s intelligence. B．Most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children. C．Efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful. D．Most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off. 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．B 12．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍父母和孩子都缺少闲暇时间，但如果让孩子以自己的方式和同龄人一起玩，他会发展得更好，同时指出大多数父母认为阅读对孩子有益。 9．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“All in all, however, children’s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%.(然而，总的来说，儿童的休闲时间从1981年的40%下降到了25%) ”；第二段中“A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home.(她说，一个主要原因是越来越多的母亲在外工作)”以及“In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.(相比之下，孩子们和单身母亲在一起的时间只有9个小时)”可知，父母和孩子都缺少闲暇时间，故划线部分的意思是“父母和孩子都缺少闲暇时间”。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,(玩耍是孩子探索世界和了解自己最有力的方式)”和“play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to handle their relationships with their peers(玩耍鼓励独立思考，并允许年轻人处理与同龄人的关系)”由此可知，根据作者的观点，如果让孩子以自己的方式和同龄人一起玩，他会发展得更好。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段中““Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it.(哈佛大学医学院教授T. Berry Brazelton说：“游戏是孩子探索世界和了解自己的最有力方式。非结构化的游戏鼓励独立思考，并允许年轻人与同伴协商他们的关系，但3至12岁的孩子每周只花12小时参与游戏。”)”可知，作者对美国孩子的担忧是他们从事越来越多结构化的活动。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading.(尽管努力让孩子们对书籍更感兴趣，孩子们每周花在阅读上的时间还是刚刚超过一个小时)”可推知，大多数父母认为阅读对孩子有益。故选B。 Passage 4 （23-24高三上·江苏兴化中学·期末） Social media use has been linked to depression, especially in teenagers. But a new study argues that the issue may be more complex than experts think. The research involved interviews with 10,000 teenagers in England. “We find social media itself doesn’t cause harm, but that frequent use may disrupt (扰乱) activities that impact mental health, such as sleeping and exercising, while increasing exposure of young people to harmful content, particularly cyberbullying (网络欺凌),” study co-author Russell Viner said in a statement. Bob Patton, a lecturer of the University of Surrey, said this means strategies focusing only on reducing social media use to improve mental health might not help. He said, “Building strategies to increase resilience (适应力) to cyberbullying and promote better sleep and exercise is needed to reduce psychological (心理的) harm.” The research was conducted by interviewing teenagers once a year. They would report the frequency of their using social media. More than three times daily was considered “very frequent”. The researchers noted that they did not capture how much time the participants spent on these websites, which was a limitation of the study. “For boys, the impact on their mental health may result from other reasons,” the authors said. The researchers found that, in both sexes, “very frequent” social media use was associated with greater psychological harm. The effect was especially clear among girls: The more often they checked social media, the greater their psychological harm was. But most impact on psychological harm in girls could be accounted for by lower sleep quality and greater exposure to cyberbullying, with decreased physical activities playing a lesser role. But for boys, those factors explained only 12% of the effects of very frequent social media use on psychological harm. “It’s an important distinction,” said Ann DeSmet, a professor at Ghent University in Belgium. “If healthy lifestyles can be replaced, the positive effects of social media use, such as encouraging social interactions, can be more supported.” 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The risk of cyberbullying. B．The content of the interview. C．The findings of the research. D．The functions of social media. 14．What did Bob Patton mainly tell us? A．The need to fight against mental harm. B．The impact of social media use on people. C．The benefit of limiting social media use. D．The proper way to improve mental health. 15．What can we know about the research? A．It had shortcomings. B．It needed more attention. C．It was the first in its field. D．It was difficult to carry out. 16．Which of the following may be the best title for the text? A．The research on teenage boys B．Social media use influences girls especially C．The harm of using social media D．Social interactions are encouraged 【答案】13．C 14．D 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文是说明文。研究表明，频繁地使用社交媒体会给青少年造成心理危害，尤其对女孩的危害更加明显。 13．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The research involved interviews with 10,000 teenagers in England. “We find social media itself doesn’t cause harm, but that frequent use may disrupt (扰乱) activities that impact mental health, such as sleeping and exercising, while increasing exposure of young people to harmful content, particularly cyberbullying (网络欺凌),” study co-author Russell Viner said in a statement.(这项研究采访了英国的1万名青少年。“我们发现社交媒体本身并不会造成伤害，但频繁使用社交媒体可能会干扰影响心理健康的活动，比如睡眠和锻炼，同时增加年轻人接触有害内容的机会，尤其是网络欺凌，”研究报告的合著者拉塞尔·维纳在一份声明中说)”可知，第二段主要介绍了这个研究的结果。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Bob Patton, a lecturer of the University of Surrey, said this means strategies focusing only on reducing social media use to improve mental health might not help. He said, “Building strategies to increase resilience (适应力) to cyberbullying and promote better sleep and exercise is needed to reduce psychological (心理的) harm.”(萨里大学的讲师鲍勃·巴顿说，这意味着只注重减少社交媒体使用来改善心理健康的策略可能没有帮助。他说：“为了减少心理伤害，需要制定策略来提高对网络欺凌的抵御能力，促进更好的睡眠和锻炼。”)”可知，鲍勃·巴顿主要告诉了我们改善心理健康的正确方法。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers noted that they did not capture how much time the participants spent on these websites, which was a limitation of the study.(研究人员指出，他们没有捕捉到参与者在这些网站上花费了多少时间，这是这项研究的一个局限性)”可知，这个研究的局限在于它没有监测参与者上网的时间。由此推知，这个研究是有不足之处的。故选A。 16．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Social media use has been linked to depression, especially in teenagers. But a new study argues that the issue may be more complex than experts think.(社交媒体的使用与抑郁有关，尤其是在青少年中。但一项新的研究认为，这个问题可能比专家们想象的要复杂得多)”可知，文章主要介绍了频繁地使用社交媒体尤其会给女孩造成心理危害。由此可知，文章最好的标题是“社交媒体的使用对女孩的影响尤其大”。故选B。 Passage 5 （23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末） When Jean-Philippe Michel, a career coach, works with secondary school students, he doesn’t use the word “profession”. Rather than encouraging his young clients to choose a profession, say, architect or engineer, he works backwards from the skills that each student wants to acquire. Deciding the skills you want to use leads to a career that’s more targeted — and thus more likely to bring you satisfaction. “They need to shift from thinking about jobs and careers to thinking about challenges and problems,” Michel says. “The purpose is to help teenagers plan for a “portfolio career”, which is made up of numerous micro-jobs and will be better received in the next decade, ”says Michel. “Instead of identifying your job role or description, you will be constantly adding skills based on what is going to make you more employable,” says Jeanne Meister.co-author of The Future Workplace Experience. More traditional companies are offering various project opportunities to their own employees. Workers are encouraged to choose their next projects based on their skills, or skills they want to develop, which can mean working in different parts of the company. For companies, the payoff for experimenting with internal project-based opportunities means workers are less likely to jump from one company to the next. Micro-jobs can inspire a sense of belonging and autonomy within a company, which in turn might keep staff from job-hopping (跳槽) to the competition “But when it comes to building a long-term career, there are disadvantages to creating a portfolio of work,” say experts. If you constantly hop from one project to the next, the change can be jarring and leave you without a clear path to success. “With fewer promotions and changes to job titles, it can be more difficult to feel like you’re succeeding even if you’re regularly completing projects,” says career coach Michel. Of course, it can take companies years to change from traditional mentality to what boosts professional growth. 17．Why does Michel avoid using the word “profession” with his students? A．To help them realize what they want to be. B．To encourage them to choose a dream job. C．To enable them to master survival skills. D．To guide them to focus more on challenges 18．What is the advantage of portfolio career to employees? A．It will make them more popular with colleagues. B．It will equip them with more competitive skills. C．It will discourage them from switching jobs. D, It will help them enjoy a stable working state. 19．What does the underlined word “‘jarring” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Unpleasant. B．Significant. C．Permanent. D．Unavoidable. 20．What’s the author’s attitude towards portfolio career? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Intolerant. 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．A 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是职业组合。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句““They need to shift from thinking about jobs and careers to thinking about challenges and problems,” Michel says.(“他们需要从思考工作和职业转变为思考挑战和问题，”米歇尔说)”可知，米歇尔避免在学生面前使用“职业”这个词，以引导他们更多地关注挑战。故选D项。 18．细节理解题。根据第四段中第二句“Workers are encouraged to choose their next projects based on their skills, or skills they want to develop, which can mean working in different parts of the company.(鼓励员工根据自己的技能或想要发展的技能选择下一个项目，这可能意味着在公司的不同部门工作)”可知，员工在不同部门工作，会学到新的技能。故选B项。 19．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“If you constantly hop from one project to the next, the change can be(如果你经常从一个项目跳到下一个项目，这种变化可能会)”及下文“leave you without a clear path to success.(让你没有一条通往成功的清晰道路)”可知，如果你不断地变换项目，这会让你没有清晰的成功之路，所以这种变化可能会令人不安。由此可知，划线词意为“令人不安的，令人不悦的”，与Unpleasant“令人不快的，不舒服的”意思接近。故选A项。 20．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者在文中既说明了职业组合的优点：更容易被雇佣、减少跳槽；又在第六段中提到了其缺点：员工缺少明确的成功路径。由此推知，作者对职业组合的态度是客观的。故选B项。 主题03 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏扬州·期末） The human mind is a remarkable device. However, it is not without limits, which has to do with our brain’s executive (执行的) function. Imagine that you are facing a very difficult decision about which of two job offers to accept. One position offers good pay but is pretty boring, while the other job is really interesting but the pay is not ideal. Clearly you can solve this problem in many ways. Few people, however, know that you might choose the wrong job because you resisted the urge to eat a piece of cake before considering the job offers. Unrelated activities can exhaust (消耗) the executive function and disturb your ability to make an important decision. It’s long been recognized that challenging cognitive (认知的) tasks can make it harder to focus later on. But recent research suggests that these mental activities may be much broader. One study found that participants who made choices in a shop were more likely to delay preparing for an important test. Instead of studying, these “tired” minds engaged in other leisure activities. Why is making a decision so tough? One theory suggests that when you switch from thinking about options to actually making a decision, this switch requires executive resources. Other studies show that making choices itself may be taxing. For example, in one study, the scientists show that people who had to rate the attractiveness of different options were much less worn out than those who had to actually make choices between the very same options. These findings have important real-world significance. Our brain works like a muscle: when exhausted, it becomes less effective. Furthermore, we should take this knowledge into account when making decisions. If we’ve just spent lots of time focusing on a particular task, or even if we’ve just made lots of seemingly minor choices, then we probably shouldn’t try to make a major decision. These harmful effects from a tired brain may have a strong shaping effect on our lives. 1．According to the text, what may make you choose the wrong job? A．Both jobs are equally appealing. B．You didn’t eat the cake. C．There are too many solutions. D．Your brain is tired out. 2．What does the underlined word “taxing” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Confusing. B．Tiring. C．Scaring. D．Disappointing. 3．What does the author suggest? A．Train the brain like exercising muscles. B．Spend less time on making small choices. C．Make vital choices with a refreshed brain. D．Avoid concentrating on a task for too long. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Tough Choices. B．Mental Function. C．Facts of the Brain. D．Studies of Jobs. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了大脑的执行功能对决策能力的影响，指出无关活动会消耗执行功能并干扰重要决策，大脑像肌肉一样会疲劳，因此在做出重要决策时应考虑这一点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Few people, however, know that you might choose the wrong job because you resisted the urge to eat a piece of cake before considering the job offers.(然而，很少有人知道，你可能会因为在考虑工作机会之前忍住了吃一块蛋糕的冲动而选择了错误的工作。)”和第三段“Unrelated activities can exhaust (消耗) the executive function and disturb your ability to make an important decision.(无关的活动会耗尽执行功能，并干扰你做出重要决定的能力。)”可知，无关的活动会消耗大脑的执行功能，从而干扰做出重要决定的能力，可能会因此选择错误的工作，即大脑累了可能会让你选择错误的工作。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据上文“When you switch from thinking about options to actually making a decision, this switch requires executive resources.(当你从思考选项转向实际做出决定时，这种转换需要执行资源。)”可推知，做出选择本身可能是需要花费精力，是令人疲倦的。 taxing意为“令人疲惫的”。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “Furthermore, we should take this knowledge into account when making decisions. If we’ve just spent lots of time focusing on a particular task, or even if we’ve just made lots of seemingly minor choices, then we probably shouldn’t try to make a major decision.(此外，我们在做决定时应该考虑到这一点。如果我们刚刚花了很多时间专注于一项特定的任务，或者即使我们刚刚做出了很多看似微不足道的选择，那么我们可能就不应该试图做出一个重大的决定。)”可知，作者建议我们在大脑清醒的时候做出重要的决定。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“The human mind is a remarkable device. However, it is not without limits, which has to do with our brain’s executive (执行的) function.(人类的大脑是一个非凡的器官。然而，它并非没有极限，这与我们大脑的执行功能有关。)”可知，本文主要讲的是大脑的执行功能对做艰难选择的影响。由此可知，A选项“艰难的抉择”最能概括全文内容。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高三上·江苏苏州·期末） Have you ever wondered why creative individuals seem to spot things that other miss? whether it’s an inventor who finds an innovative solution to a familiar problem or an artist who reinterprets a landscape in a fresh way, many creative people have a special ability to find significance even in ordinary things. Think about Isaac Newton’s famous insight into gravity. According to the story, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree ― something most people might view as unimportant. Yet, in this instance, he saw the apple’s fall as significant, causing him to think about it more deeply. Entertaining the potential importance of this seemingly irrelevant occurrence led to a breakthrough connection: that the same force causing the apple to fall also influences celestial bodies like the Moon. In this example, the creative individual’s brain flags unusual or ‘irrelevant’ information as significant, stimulating them to explore it further. This exploration allows them to consider remote ideas and associations that others overlook, increasing the possibility of a creative insight. A similar process likely unfolds in artistic contexts, such as when a painter, musician or filmmaker sees a seemingly irrelevant detail as meaningful. For instance, an artist may find themselves captivated by the shadow cast by an object, finding it more interesting than the object itself. This might inspire a series of works exploring the hidden beauty of shadows. The uniqueness of creative individuals lies in their ability to perceive and prioritise information in distinctive ways, welcoming the unconventional and unexpected, which helps them think outside the box and come up with original ideas. 5．Why does the author mention Newton’s story in the second paragraph? A．To entertain the readers. B．To suspend disbelief. C．To support a viewpoint. D．To explain a theory. 6．What does the underlined word “captivated” in the third paragraph probably mean? A．Tricked. B．Misled. C．Attracted. D．Withdrawn. 7．What is key to boosting creativity according to the passage? A．Removing irrelevant information. B．Perceiving what other people ignore. C．Giving priority to unimportant details. D．Spotting the most obvious information. 8．What can we infer from the passage? A．What is unconventional and unexpected guarantees original ideas B．Ordinary people tend to overlook relevant and important information. C．What seems irrelevant sometimes is likely to bring about creative insight D．Creative individuals are born with the ability to spot significance in things. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．B 8．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，阐述了有创造力的人能发现别人忽视的事物，他们的大脑会将不寻常或“不相关”的信息标记为重要，从而刺激他们进一步探索，进而产生创造性的见解。 5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段提出观点“creative individuals seem to spot things that other miss(有创造力的人似乎能发现别人错过的东西)”、第二段“Think about Isaac Newton’s famous insight into gravity. According to the story, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree ― something most people might view as unimportant. Yet, in this instance, he saw the apple’s fall as significant, causing him to think about it more deeply. Entertaining the potential importance of this seemingly irrelevant occurrence led to a breakthrough connection: that the same force causing the apple to fall also influences celestial bodies like the Moon(想一想艾萨克·牛顿关于引力的著名见解。据这个故事说，牛顿看到一颗苹果从树上落下——这是大多数人可能认为不重要的事情。然而，在这个例子中，他把这个苹果的掉落看作是重要的，促使他更深入地思考。对这一看似不相关的事件的潜在重要性进行思考，导致了突破性的联系：即导致苹果掉落的同样力量也影响着像月球这样的天体)”可知，第一段提出了观点“有创造力的人似乎能发现别人错过的东西”，第二段讲述牛顿看到苹果落地这个大多数人认为不重要的事却深入思考得出重力的理论，是为了支持第一段提出的观点，故选C项。 6．词义猜测题。根据第三段“an artist may find themselvescaptivated by the shadow cast by an object, finding it more interesting than the object itself.(一位艺术家可能会发现自己被一个物体投下的阴影所captivated，发现它比物体本身更有趣)”可知，艺术家可能会发现物体投下的阴影比物体本身更有趣。可推理出这里是说艺术家被阴影所吸引，所以captivated的意思是“吸引”，故选C项。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“creative individuals seem to spot things that other miss(有创造力的人似乎能发现别人错过的东西)”以及第三段“The uniqueness of creative individuals lies in their ability to perceive and prioritise information in distinctive ways, welcoming the unconventional and unexpected, which helps them think outside the box and come up with original ideas(有创造力的人的独特之处在于他们能够以独特的方式感知和优先处理信息，欢迎非传统和意外的事物，这有助于他们跳出框框思考并提出原创想法)”可知，提升创造力的关键是感知别人忽视的东西。故选B项。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Think about Isaac Newton’s famous insight into gravity. According to the story, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree ― something most people might view as unimportant. Yet, in this instance, he saw the apple's fall as significant, causing him to think about it more deeply. Entertaining the potential importance of this seemingly irrelevant occurrence led to a breakthrough connection: that the same force causing the apple to fall also influences celestial bodies like the Moon(想一想艾萨克·牛顿关于引力的著名见解。据这个故事说，牛顿看到一颗苹果从树上落下——这是大多数人可能认为不重要的事情。然而，在这个例子中，他把这个苹果的掉落看作是重要的，促使他更深入地思考。对这一看似不相关的事件的潜在重要性进行思考，导致了突破性的联系：即导致苹果掉落的同样力量也影响着像月球这样的天体)”可知，牛顿从苹果落地这一看起来不相关的事件中得到重力的突破。再根据第三段“This exploration allows them to consider remote ideas and associations that others overlook, increasing the possibility of a creative insight. A similar process likely unfolds in artistic contexts, such as when a painter, musician or filmmaker sees a seemingly irrelevant detail as meaningful (这种探索使他们能够思考别人忽视的遥远想法和联系，增加了获得创造性见解的可能性。在艺术情境中，可能也会展开类似的过程，例如，当画家、音乐家或电影制作人认为一个看似不相关的细节是有意义的时候)”可知，感知别人忽视的东西使他们能够思考别人忽视的遥远想法和联系，增加了获得创造性见解的可能性。可推理出有时看似不相关的事物有可能带来创造性的见解。故选C项。 Passage 3 （24-25高三上·江苏苏州·期末） Cats may seem solid, but they’re actually somewhat liquid. Inspired by photos of cats pouring themselves into vases and fitting into narrow openings, biologist Péter Pongrácz has tested dozens of cats to see when they act more like liquids or solids. Cats fluidly (流畅地) move through tall and narrow places but hesitate when they approach uncomfortably short holes, Pongrácz reports in the Oct.18 iScience. The finding suggests that cats are aware of their own body size and may form mental images of themselves. Because cats prefer to live alone, they are difficult to test in the lab. So Pongrácz brought the lab to the cats. With help from colleagues, he built a movable lab that they set up in 29homes. In each home, the team attached two cardboard panels to a doorframe: one with five rectangular (矩形的) holes of the same height but decreasing width and another with five holes of the same width but decreasing height. An owner stood on one side of the panel while the cat and the experimenter stood on the other. For each trial, the cat had to squeeze (挤过) from the experimenter’s side to the owner’s side through the holes while being filmed. Thirty out of 38 cats finished the experiment. When faced with holes of varying height, 22 cats hesitated to go through the shortest. When the holes varied in width, only eight cats paused before approaching the narrowest hole. Most cats squeezed through slim openings without hesitating. Hesitation may be a self-preservation method, Pongrácz says. If a cat forces itself through a hole without being able to see what’s on the other side, the cat may be exposed to potential threats. That some cats paused in the safety of their homes suggests that they also rely on their body size to plan their approach. 9．What makes it difficult to test the cats in the lab? A．Their size. B．Their flexibility. C．Their height. D．Their character. 10．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Results of the experiment. B．Subjects of the experiment. C．Methods of the experiment. D．Principles of the experiment. 11．Why did some cats hesitate even before holes leading to their homes? A．They failed to figure out their body size. B．They worried about getting stuck in the hole. C．They hated being handled by the experimenter. D．They were afraid of the danger on the other side. 12．What is the best title of the passage? A．One scientist puts cats’ liquid nature to test B．Solid or liquid, that is out of the question C．Cats act more like liquids when in danger D．Hesitation keeps cats safe from danger 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了生物学家Péter Pongrácz受猫咪钻进花瓶和狭窄开口的照片启发，测试猫咪在何时更像液体或固体，实验发现猫咪会根据自身身体大小和对危险的判断来决定是否通过洞口。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Because cats prefer to live alone, they are difficult to test in the lab. (因为猫喜欢独居，所以它们很难在实验室里进行测试)”可知，是猫的独居性格使得在实验室测试它们变得困难。故选D项。 10．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“In each home, the team attached two cardboard panels to a doorframe: one with five rectangular (矩形的) holes of the same height but decreasing width and another with five holes of the same width but decreasing height. An owner stood on one side of the panel while the cat and the experimenter stood on the other. For each trial, the cat had to squeeze (挤过) from the experimenter’s side to the owner’s side through the holes while being filmed.(在每个家中，研究小组将两块纸板固定在门框上：一块上有五个高度相同但宽度逐渐减小的矩形孔，另一块上有五个宽度相同但高度逐渐减小的孔。房主站在纸板的一侧，而猫和实验者站在另一侧。在每次试验中，猫必须从实验者的那一侧通过这些孔挤到房主的那一侧，整个过程被拍摄下来)”可知，本段主要介绍了在每个家庭中，研究团队在门框上安装两个纸板面板，一个有五个高度相同但宽度递减的矩形孔，另一个有五个宽度相同但高度递减的孔，主人站在面板的一侧，猫和实验者站在另一侧，猫要从实验者一侧通过这些孔挤到主人一侧并被拍摄下来，这都是在介绍实验的方法。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“If a cat forces itself through a hole without being able to see what's on the other side, the cat may be exposed to potential threats. (如果一只猫在看不到另一边情况的情况下强行穿过一个洞，它可能会面临潜在的威胁)”以及最后一句“That some cats paused in the safety of their homes suggests that they also rely on their body size to plan their approach.(一些猫在自家安全的情况下也会犹豫，这表明它们也依靠自己的体型来计划行动方式)”可推知，一些猫即使在通向自家的洞口前也会犹豫，是因为它们担心被困在洞里。故选B项。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Cats may seem solid, but they’re actually somewhat liquid. Inspired by photos of cats pouring themselves into vases and fitting into narrow openings, biologist Péter Pongrácz has tested dozens of cats to see when they act more like liquids or solids.( 猫看起来可能是固体的，但实际上它们在某种程度上更像液体。受到猫钻进花瓶并适应狭窄开口的照片的启发，生物学家Péter Pongrácz测试了几十只猫，以观察它们在何时表现得更像液体或固体)”、第三段“Because cats prefer to live alone, they are difficult to test in the lab. (因为猫喜欢独居，所以它们很难在实验室里进行测试)”、最后一段“If a cat forces itself through a hole without being able to see what's on the other side, the cat may be exposed to potential threats. (如果一只猫在看不到另一边情况的情况下强行穿过一个洞，它可能会面临潜在的威胁)”以及最后一句“That some cats paused in the safety of their homes suggests that they also rely on their body size to plan their approach.(一些猫在自家安全的情况下也会犹豫，这表明它们也依靠自己的体型来计划行动方式)”可知，文章开篇指出猫看起来是固体，但实际上有点像液体，生物学家Péter Pongrácz对猫进行了测试，后面详细介绍了实验过程和结果，A项“One scientist puts cats’ liquid nature to test (一位科学家对猫的液体特性进行测试)”表达的含义能概括文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 4 （23-24高三上·江苏常州·期末） A proton (质子) is an infinitesimal (无穷小的) part of an atom. Now imagine if you can (and of course you can’t) make smaller one of those protons down to a billionth of its normal size into a space so small that it would make a proton look huge. Now pack into that tiny, tiny space some matter. Excellent. You are ready to start a standard Big Bang universe. In fact, you will need to gather up everything there is, every last mote (尘埃) of matter, between here and the edge of creation and press it into a spot so infinitesimally compact (紧密的) that it has no dimensions at all. It is known as a singularity. It is natural but wrong to visualize the singularity as a kind of packed spot hanging in a dark, boundless void (虚空). There is no space, no darkness. The singularity has no “around” around it. We can’t even ask how long it has been there — whether it has just lately exploded into being, like a good idea, or whether it has been there forever, quietly awaiting the right moment. Time doesn’t exist. There is no past for it to emerge from. And so, from nothing, our universe begins with a big “bang”. In a single blinding pulse, a moment of glory “explosion” much too rapid and expansive for any form of words, the singularity assumes (显露出) heavenly dimensions, space beyond conception. Within a second gravity is produced and then the other forces that govern physics. In less than a minute the universe is a million billion miles across and growing fast. There is a lot of heat now, ten billion degrees of it, enough to begin the nuclear reactions that create the lighter elements — principally hydrogen, helium and a little lithium (锂). In three minutes, 98 percent of all the matter there is or will ever be has been produced. We have a universe. It is a place of the most wondrous and gratifying possibility, and beautiful, too. And it was all done in about the time it takes to make a sandwich. 13．What is the characteristic of singularity? A．Empty. B．Mysterious. C．Fixed. D．Predictable. 14．Which of the following happens or comes into existence first? A．Gravity. B．Expansion. C．Nuclear reactions. D．Elements. 15．We can infer from the last paragraph that the author is amazed by _____. A．the existence of the universe B．the environment in which the universe is made C．the speed at which the universe comes into existence D．the beauty of the universe 16．What chapter of a science book is this text most probably taken from? A．Protons in the Universe. B．Why Build a Universe. C．The Size of the Universe. D．How to Build a Universe. 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．C 16．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过描述宇宙大爆炸的过程，解释了宇宙起源的奥秘。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段“It is natural but wrong to visualize the singularity as a kind of packed spot hanging in a dark, boundless void (虚空). There is no space, no darkness. The singularity has no “around” around it. We can’t even ask how long it has been there-whether it has just lately exploded into being, like a good idea, or whether it has been there forever, quietly awaiting the right moment. Time doesn’t exist. There is no past for it to emerge from.(把奇点想象成一个挂在黑暗、无边无际的虚空中的密集的点是很自然但错误的。那里没有空间，没有黑暗。奇点周围没有“周围”。我们甚至不能问它在那里多久了——它是最近才突然出现，像一个好主意，还是它一直在那里，静静地等待着合适的时刻。时间并不存在。它没有过去可以出现)”可知，奇点是一个什么都没有的点，包括时间，人们能想象，但是是错误的，所以它是神秘的。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In a single blinding pulse, a moment of glory “explosion” much too rapid and expansive for any form of words, the singularity assumes (显露出) heavenly dimensions, space beyond conception.(在一个令人眩目的脉冲中，一个荣耀的“爆炸”的时刻，它的速度和范围都太大，无法用任何语言来形容，奇点呈现出天堂般的维度，超出了想象的空间。)”可知，爆炸首先产生。故选B项。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In three minutes, 98 percent of all the matter there is or will ever be has been produced. We have a universe. It is a place of the most wondrous and gratifying possibility, and beautiful, too. And it was all done in about the time it takes to make a sandwich.(在三分钟内，98%的现有或将会存在的物质都产生了。我们有一个宇宙。这是一个最奇妙和最令人满意的可能性，也是一个美丽的地方。这一切都是在做一个三明治的时间内完成的)”可推知，作者对宇宙形成的速度感到惊讶。故选C项。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And so, from nothing, our universe begins with a big “bang”.(因此，我们的宇宙从无到有，开始于一个大“爆炸”。)”以及综合全文可知，本文先描述了什么是奇点，然后描述奇点爆炸，宇宙形成，所以应是来自自科学书籍的如何构建宇宙这一章。故选D项。 主题01 人与社会——美术与摄影 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏常州·期末） Benoit Vermander, a French professor at Fudan University’s School of Philosophy, has found a free mode of self-expression in Chinese ink paintings. Under the art name of Bendu, Vermander — who is also known by his Chinese name Wei Mingde — is exhibiting more than 60 Chinese ink paintings, most of which he has created over the past decade. Born in France in 1960, Vermander has been fond of painting since childhood. However, damage to sight and hearing made it hard for him to advance his painting skills, and his brushwork was commented as not being “clean”. The turning point came in 1987 when Vermander made his first visit to China and was fascinated both by the history and the meanings of Chinese ink painting. “In this art form, I could find my own way of expression. I also realized that I could create much more freely than in classical Western painting, as even the ‘not clean’ part of my works can be a good part of a creation with ink. So, I decided to shift my focus on Chinese ink painting,” Vermander says. Since then, he has visited many places across China to study Chinese painting. “Every one of my Chinese ink paintings is also a philosophical article,” he adds. For him, a good work — of either art or philosophy — should allow diversity in meaning, as each one can have a different connection to his work. Vermander regards his paintings as integrated expressions of himself with daily life. Through the ink brush, he hopes to show his inner explorations, and the movement of his heart. “What I like most in Chinese ink painting is the freedom it allows you. I am not skilled in Western painting as I have bad eyes, and it is not my character to be cautious, careful and plan everything. With Chinese ink painting, I could liberate my inner wildness. My only future goal is to have more time for painting — that’s it,” he says, laughing. 1．What challenges did Vermander face in his early painting career? A．Physical problems. B．Nationality issues. C．Mental sufferings. D．Colleagues’ jealousy. 2．Vermander is interested in Chinese ink painting because of ________. A．its wildness B．its nature C．his visits to China D．his love for China 3．Which of the following is true about Vermander’s ink paintings? A．They are connected to his inner feelings. B．They are criticized for not being clean. C．They have a single and clear meaning. D．They integrate Chinese and Western styles. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The style and techniques of Chinese ink painting. B．The comparison between Western and Chinese art. C．A foreigner finding himself in Chinese ink painting. D．A phenomenon waiting for an art foreigner to explain. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了法国教授Benoit Vermander（中文名魏明德）对中国水墨画的热爱、学习及其作品特点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“However, damage to sight and hearing made it hard for him to advance his painting skills, and his brushwork was commented as not being “clean”.(然而，视力和听力的损伤使他很难提高他的绘画技巧，他的笔触被评价为不“干净”)”可知，Vermander在他早期的绘画生涯中面临的挑战是身体问题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The turning point came in 1987 when Vermander made his first visit to China and was fascinated both by the history and the meanings of Chinese ink painting.(转折点出现在1987年，当时Vermander第一次访问中国，并被中国水墨画的历史和意义所吸引)”以及最后一段“ What I like most in Chinese ink painting is the freedom it allows you. (我最喜欢中国水墨画的是它给你的自由)”可知，Vermander之所以对中国水墨画感兴趣，是因为其本质。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Through the ink brush, he hopes to show his inner explorations, and the movement of his heart.(他希望通过笔墨来表现自己内心的探索和内心的运动)”可知，关于Vermander的水墨画，A选项“它们与他的内心感受有关”正确。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Benoit Vermander, a French professor at Fudan University’s School of Philosophy, has found a free mode of self-expression in Chinese ink paintings. Under the art name of Bendu, Vermander — who is also known by his Chinese name Wei Mingde — is exhibiting more than 60 Chinese ink paintings, most of which he has created over the past decade. (复旦大学哲学学院的法籍教授Benoit Vermander在中国水墨画中发现了一种自由的自我表达方式。Vermander的艺名是Bendu，他的中文名是魏明德，他将展出60多幅中国水墨画，其中大部分是他在过去十年创作的)”结合本文讲述了法国教授Benoit Vermander对中国水墨画的热爱、学习及其作品特点。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是一个外国人在中国水墨画中发现了自己。故选C。 主题02 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·江苏南京·期末） From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — can avoid the stop-and-go traffic. On a driveway with 15 vehicles per mile, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a persistent traffic jam. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. Previous research had shown that ants can maintain their flow even at high densities (密度). So what’s their secret? In a recent study published in Transportation Research, researchers recorded ants on trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour hardly tend to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals. That is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno, who studies solid mechanics at the University of Trento. In his vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would avoid traffic jams by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. Like ants on a trail, which use scent (气味) to control behavior while interacting with one another, the autonomous vehicle network would help cars keep constant speeds while collecting and sharing information. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist at the University of California. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be very strong and changeable. Still, ants can do a lot of things that cars — even self-driving ones — can’t, the researcher points out. Ants can make trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. Plus, unlike cars, ants don’t crash; they can literally walk over one another. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: by leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise give rise to a traffic jam with no obvious cause. 1．Which is the contributing factor to ants’ stable traffic at high densities? A．Slow speed. B．Varied trails. C．Sufficient space. D．Strict rules. 2．Which of the following is in line with Nicola Pugno’s opinion? A．Prioritizing interests can lead to inefficient traffic flow. B．Human drivers usually break the traffic rules at rush hour. C．Human drivers will drive more slowly than autonomous vehicles. D．Autonomous vehicles may be programmed to improve traffic situation. 3．What can we learn about autonomous vehicle network? A．It can keep vehicle speed under control. B．It can provide drivers with changeable routes. C．It can form a solid and flexible traffic system. D．It can use scent to communicate with vehicles. 4．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．What ants will do when they face traffic jams. B．How ants may save you from future traffic jams. C．What we can benefit from autonomous vehicles. D．Why we should keep good distances while driving. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员通过研究蚂蚁在高密度交通下的行为模式，发现蚂蚁通过保持稳定的行进速度和相互间适当的距离来避免交通堵塞，进而探讨如何将这些策略应用于自动驾驶汽车，以减少或避免交通拥堵。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others.(他们发现蚂蚁不会堵塞，因为它们以3到20只为一组，以几乎恒定的速度移动，同时彼此之间保持适当的距离，而且它们不会加速超过其他蚂蚁)”可知，蚂蚁在高密度下交通稳定的原因是它们之间保持了足够的空间，而不是慢速、多样的路径或严格的规则。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In his vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would avoid traffic jams by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road.(在他对未来的设想中，自动驾驶汽车将通过优先考虑恒定速度和车距，或者不在路上超车来避免交通堵塞)”可知，Nicola Pugno认为自动驾驶汽车可以通过编程来改善交通状况，即自动驾驶汽车可能被编程以改善交通状况。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Like ants on a trail, which use scent (气味) to control behavior while interacting with one another, the autonomous vehicle network would help cars keep constant speeds while collecting and sharing information. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist at the University of California. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be very strong and changeable.(就像小路上的蚂蚁，它们在相互交流时使用气味来控制行为，自动驾驶汽车网络将帮助汽车保持恒定速度，同时收集和共享信息。加州大学的行为科学家Noa Pinter-Wollman说：“没有领导者，”但这种组织无论如何都会出现。在蚂蚁和车辆交通中，这种分布式系统都非常强大且可变)”可知，自动驾驶汽车网络将帮助汽车保持恒定速度，同时收集和共享信息，这种分布式系统都非常强大且可变，可推理出自动驾驶汽车网络可以形成一个坚固而灵活的交通系统。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — can avoid the stop-and-go traffic. On a driveway with 15 vehicles per mile, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a persistent traffic jam. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up(从飞机上看，在高速公路上爬行的汽车看起来像蚂蚁。但实际的蚂蚁——与汽车不同——可以避免走走停停的交通。在一条每英里有15辆车的车道上，一个司机踩刹车就能造成持续的交通堵塞。研究人员正在研究这些昆虫的合作策略，以学习如何编程自动驾驶汽车，使其不会堵塞)”和最后一段“Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: by leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise give rise to a traffic jam with no obvious cause(如今的司机至少可以从蚂蚁身上学到一样东西来避免造成交通堵塞：通过在自己车和前车之间留出空间，司机可以在密集的交通状况下吸收一波刹车潮，否则这股刹车潮会在没有明显原因的情况下引发交通堵塞)”可知，文章围绕蚂蚁的交通策略展开，说明其对解决人类交通拥堵的启发，尤其是对自动驾驶汽车的借鉴意义，因此，蚂蚁如何帮你摆脱未来交通拥堵可以概括本文的主题。故选B项。 主题03 人与自然——天体和宇宙 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末） Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere. While Venus’s cold and unpleasant landscape does make it seem far less like Earth, scientists recently detected another striking similarity between the two, the presence of active volcanoes. When NASA’s Magellan mission mapped much of the planet with radar in the 1990sit revealed an unexpectedly youthful surface-there were surprisingly a few craters (火山口)which suggested active geologic (地质的) processes. Although few missions have visited Venus since then, researchers have continued to mine the collection of data from. Using this decades-old data, planetary scientist Robert Herrick discovered that a Magellan. volcano called Maat Mons is alive with volcanic activity. In this case, lava(岩浆)flows that moved for eight months during an imaging cycle from 1990 to 1992, according to a study published in Science in 2023. The findings are the first real evidence that volcanoes have erupted on Venus during modern times. What’s more, volcanic activity on Venus could be even more common and dramatic than on Earth. A study published in JGR Planets in 2023 mapped out enormous potential volcanic features on Venus’ surface, and there’s a good chance that some of them could be active today. On top of that, another 2023 study, also in JGR Planets, found that the very high surface temperature on Venus, over 900 degrees Fahrenheit, allows lava flows to slowly leak out. A list of new missions are headed to Venus over the next decade, including NASA’s Veritas mission, which aims to map the planet’s surface to better understand its geologic history. These projects should settle the question of how the paths of Venus and Earth divided so sharply, with one becoming a hell and the other able to harbor life, and confirm whether volcanoes are still erupting on the planet today. 1．Why does the writer mention Venus is Earth’s twin in Paragraph 1? A．To prove a theory. B．To introduce the topic. C．To clarify a concept. D．To make predictions. 2．What can we learn from Paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Robert Herrick’s discovery was based on previous data. B．The findings are the first evidence of volcanoes on Venus. C．There are more huge volcanoes on Venus than on Earth. D．Volcanic activities on Venus are as common as on Earth. 3．What is the significance of NASA’s future study of Venus? A．Mapping the surface of Venus with accuracy. B．Analyzing how volcanoes came into existence. C．Understanding how the two planets evolved differently. D．Confirming whether Venus is suitable for humans to live. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Venus Is Earth’s Twin. B．Venus Is an Awful Hell. C．Venus Is a Youthful Planet. D．Venus Is Volcanically Active. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新的研究证实金星上存在活火山。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere.”（金星有时被称为“地球的孪生兄弟”，在大小和组成上与地球相似。这两颗岩石行星与太阳的距离也大致相同，而且都有大气层。）可知，第一段开头说金星就像地球的双胞胎一样，两者在体积、构造、和太阳的距离等方面相似，是为了引出本文的话题：金星和地球的有一个相似之处——火山活动。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Using this decades-old data, planetary scientist Robert Herrick discovered that a Magellan.”（利用这些几十年前的数据，行星科学家罗伯特·赫里克发现麦哲伦号。）可知，Robert Herrick 的研究是使用的以前的数据。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“These projects should settle the question of how the paths of Venus and Earth divided so sharply, with one becoming a hell and the other able to harbor life, and confirm whether volcanoes are still erupting on the planet today.”（这些项目应该能解决金星和地球的轨道为何如此泾渭分明，一个变成地狱，而另一个却能孕育生命的问题，并确认今天地球上的火山是否仍在喷发。）可知，未来的项目可以帮助了解金星像地狱一样而地球进化为宜居星球的原因，以及进一步证实现在金星上是否还有火山喷发活动。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第三段“In this case, lava (岩浆) flows that moved for eight months during an imaging cycle from 1990 to 1992, according to a study published in Science in 2023. The findings are the first real evidence that volcanoes have erupted on Venus during modern times.”（根据2023年发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究，在这种情况下，熔岩流在1990年至1992年的成像周期中移动了8个月。这一发现是第一个真正的证据，表明金星在现代曾经爆发过火山。）可知，本文讲述了新的研究证明金星上存在火山活动，D项“金星有火山活动”符合题意。故选D项。 主题04 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） “Silence is a source of great strength.” — Lao Tzu. When we stop bombarding (轰击) the body with sounds, we may see benefits for our brain, our blood pressure and our breathing. Imagine a place where you can’t talk, telephone, read, write or access the Internet. Boredom can soon turn into pleasure as the brain, from a state of chaos, finds peace. The explorer Erling Kagge has experienced a lot of silence during his long travel to reach the “three poles”. By shutting out the world, he has learnt to see the world more clearly and unlock new ways of thinking. Scientific studies have shown us something interesting. When mice are made to listen to silence for two hours a day for three days, brain cells in the hippocampus (the part of the brain responsible for learning and memory) increase in number. Dr. Gerd Kemperman, leading author of the paper, suggests that silence causes the production of more brain cells to increase alertness (警觉) and readiness for “future cognitive (认知的) challenges”. In humans, listening to slow music has been shown to reduce blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate. Adding two minutes of silence to the music lowers blood pressure and breathing even further. “Silence is golden,” but when it comes to your health, can silence also be deadly? “I found solitary (单独监禁) the most forbidding aspect of prison life. There was no end and no beginning; there was only one’s mind, which could begin to play tricks,” said Nelson Mandela, reflecting on his 27 years in prison. A silent mind can be unbearable — and can even drive you over the edge. In one experiment from Harvard and the University of Virginia, some participants were so opposed to a 15-minute silence that they chose to self-administer an electric shock to escape the silence. When silence is linked to loneliness, your physical health may also suffer. Loneliness has been shown to be associated with a 29 percent increase in risk of heart disease and a 32 percent increase in the disease — stroke. There’s another type of silence that is “killing good people” according to Prince William. It’s not the lack of auditory (听觉的) input to your ears; it’s failing to speak out when you’re anxious or struggling to cope, and that’s a major cause of suicide (自杀). 1．What’s the function of paragraph 1? A．To prove an opinion. B．To introduce a topic. C．To present an example. D．To give a definition. 2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Erling Kagge? A．To prove everyone needs silence. B．To give us an example to learn from. C．To indicate silence works to our advantage. D．To show humans can keep things in perspective in silence. 3．Why can silence also be deadly to some extent? A．A silent mind can cause people to fight. B．A lonely mind with silence leads to most heart diseases. C．Too much silence can make people physically unbearable. D．A helpless state of mind in silence can increase the tendency of suicide. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the effect of silence? A．Negative. B．Objective. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了沉默对身心的好处和坏处。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“‘Silence is a source of great strength.’—Lao Tzu. When we stop bombarding (轰击) the body with sounds, we may see benefits for our brain, our blood pressure and our breathing.(‘沉默是力量的源泉。’——老子。当我们停止用声音轰炸身体时，我们可能会看到对大脑、血压和呼吸的好处。)”可知，第一段提出沉默对大脑、血压和呼吸有好处，接着第二、三、四段具体从探险家Erling Kagge、科学研究、听音乐等方面讲述了沉默对身心的好处。由此可推测出，第一段主要是为了引出主题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The explorer Erling Kagge has experienced a lot of silence during his long travel to reach the ‘three poles’. By shutting out the world, he has learnt to see the world more clearly and unlock new ways of thinking.(探险家Erling Kagge在到达‘三极’的漫长旅程中经历了很多沉默。通过将世界拒之门外，他学会了更清晰地看待世界，并开启新的思维方式。)”可知，探险家Erling Kagge从沉默中学会了更清晰地看待世界和新的思维方式。由此可推知，作者提到Erling Kagge是为了说明沉默给人带来的帮助，即他学会了更清晰地看待世界，并开启了新的思维方式。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“it’s failing to speak out when you’re anxious or struggling to cope, and that’s a major cause of suicide(自杀)(当你焦虑或难以应对时，你会说不出来，这是自杀的主要原因)”可知，当人处于焦虑或难以应对的情况时，无法宣泄出来是导致自杀的主要原因。由此可推测出，沉默中无助的心态会增加自杀倾向。故选D。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“When we stop bombarding(轰击) the body with sounds, we may see benefits for our brain, our blood pressure and our breathing.(当我们停止用声音轰炸身体时，我们可能会看到对大脑、血压和呼吸的好处。)”和第五段中的“‘Silence is golden,’ but when it comes to your health, can silence also be deadly?(‘沉默是金’，但当涉及到你的健康时，沉默也会致命吗？)”可知，本文主要讲述了沉默对身心的好处和坏处，并没有发表作者个人的偏好。由此可推测出，作者对沉默的影响持客观态度。故选B。 Passage 2 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） Blue-light-filtering glasses (滤蓝光眼镜) have become an increasingly popular solution for protecting our eyes from electronic screens’ near-inescapable glow — light that is commonly associated with eyestrain (眼疲劳). In recent years they’ve even become fashion statements that are recognized by celebrities and ranked in style guides. But a recent review paper shows such glasses might not be as effective as people think. The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers. “It’s an excellent review,” says Mark Rosenfield, a professor at the State University of New York College of Optometry, who was not involved in the study. “The conclusions are no surprise at all. There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have any effect on eyestrain.” He adds that the new review reinforces the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain despite them being specifically marketed for that purpose. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them”. The strain we may feel while staring at our phone or computer screen too long is likely to be caused by multiple factors, such as bad habits or underlying conditions, an associate professor of vision science at the University of Melbourne, Downie says. She argues that how we interact with digital devices contributes more to eyestrain than screens’ blue light does. Changing the frequency and duration of screen usage and distancing one’s eyes from the screens might be more important in reducing discomfort, Downie says. She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease. 5．What can we know about blue-light-filtering glasses from the text? A．They can improve eyesight. B．They may not reduce eyestrain. C．They can promote eye health. D．They can help to cure eye diseases. 6．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．A great many professors were involved in the study. B．Blue-blocking glasses on the market are harmful to eyes. C．The finding of the study comes as a surprise to the public. D．Data from previous trials help the study a lot. 7．What does the underlined word “reinforces” mean in paragraph 3? A．Denies. B．Opposes. C．Strengthens. D．Evaluates. 8．What should we do if we suffer from eyestrain according to Downie? A．Wear blue-light-filtering glasses. B．Have an examination in the hospital. C．Stop staring at the screen for ever. D．Focus on the frequency of phone usage. 【答案】5．B 6．D 7．C 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项研究发现蓝光过滤眼镜并没有减少人们看电子屏幕后的眼睛疲劳。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers.(该研究的作者发现，戴蓝光过滤眼镜并不能减少人们使用电脑后的眼睛疲劳感。)”可知，蓝光过滤眼镜并没有减轻眼睛疲劳。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health.(上周发表在Cochrane系统评价数据库上的这篇论文分析了之前研究蓝光过滤眼镜如何影响视力疲劳和眼睛健康的试验数据。)”可知，这篇论文分析了之前研究蓝光过滤眼镜如何影响视力疲劳和眼睛健康的试验数据，由此可推测出，从前实验的数据对这项研究很有帮助。故选D。 7．词义猜测题。画线词前的“There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have any effect on eyestrain.(有许多研究发现了完全相同的事情，就是没有证据表明阻蓝眼镜对眼睛疲劳有任何影响。)”讲述了之前的研究也发现了没有证据表明阻蓝眼镜能减轻眼睛疲劳，再结合画线词后的“the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain”可推测出，这个新报告进一步强化了没有证据表明阻蓝眼镜对眼睛疲劳有影响的事实。reinforce意为“加强”，与strengthen意思最接近。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease.(她补充说，眼睛疲劳的人应该去看医生，评估他们是否有潜在的健康问题，如远视或干眼病。)”可知，Downie认为如果我们眼睛疲劳，我们应该去医院检查一下。故选B。 Passage 3 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） Eating insects is one of those ideas that never quite seem to catch on. The United Nations spread the idea a decade ago, but, in the West at least, insects remain mostly absent from supermarket shelves. Faced with an unsatisfied public, scientists have been exploring other options. One is to feed the insects instead to farm animals, which are not so picky. Of course, the insects need to eat, too. To date, they have mostly reared (饲养) on leftover chicken feed. But the supply of that is limited, and if insect-reared meat is to take off, new sources will be needed. Niels Eriksen, a biochemist at Aalborg University, suggests feeding them on the waste products of the beer industry. The world knocks back around 185bn litres of beer every year. Each litre produces between three and ten litres of wastewater full of thrown-away grains. The mix is rich in protein but lacking in carbohydrates (碳水化合物), especially compared with chicken feed. Most insects grown for feed depend, in the wild, on the carbohydrates found in bad fruit. Whether insects would actually consider beer waste a square meal was, therefore, unclear. The researchers used the baby insects of the black soldier fly. The young insects were divided into three groups, which were offered beer waste, chicken feed or a mixture of both. The researchers monitored both their weight gain and the amount of CO, they produced. They found the baby insects happily consumed both beer waste and chicken feed, and grew equally well on either food source. Dr Eriksen found few differences in how nutritious the insects would be to farm animals. The experiment may have implications beyond the beer business, too. Bone meal from farms, and waste from other food industries are all likewise plentiful and protein-rich. All now look to be reasonable targets for nutrient recycling by insects. Whether consumers will be willing to eat insect-reared beef, though, remains to be seen. 9．What is the purpose of Niels Eriksen’s research? A．To find alternatives to chicken feed. B．To recycle the wastewater in beer industry. C．To change public’s attitude toward insects. D．To reduce the consumption of waste products. 10．What is paragraph 6 mainly about? A．The future application of the research. B．The importance of protein in the cycle. C．The extended influence of the research. D．The contribution of the beer industry. 11．What is the possible food chain described in the article? A．chickens-insects-cows-humans B．humans-beer waste-insects-cows C．beer waste-insects-cows-humans D．cows-chickens-insects-beer waste 12．What can be a suitable title of the article? A．Waste recycling will be taking off soon B．Eating insects is the new option for people C．Insects could help turn beer waste into beef D．Insects could gain popularity in supermarket 【答案】9．A 10．C 11．C 12．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文中主要讲述了科学家建议用啤酒废料喂养昆虫，然后将昆虫用来喂养牛。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“But the supply of that is limited, and if insect-reared meat is to take off, new sources will be needed. Niels Eriksen, a biochemist at Aalborg University, suggests feeding them on the waste products of the beer industry. (但这种肉的供应是有限的，如果昆虫饲养的肉要大量增加，就需要新的来源。奥尔堡大学的生物化学家尼尔斯·埃里克森建议用啤酒工业的废品喂养它们。)”可知，Niels Eriksen的研究是为了寻找鸡饲料的替代品。故选A。 10．主旨大意题。根据第六段“The experiment may have implications beyond the beer business, too. Bone meal from farms, and waste from other food industries are all likewise plentiful and protein-rich. (该实验的影响也可能超出啤酒行业。来自农场的骨粉和其他食品工业的废物同样丰富且富含蛋白质。)”可知，第六段主要介绍了该研究对其他行业的影响，即该研究所延伸的影响，故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“if insect-reared meat is to take off, new sources will be needed. Niels Eriksen, a biochemist at Aalborg University, suggests feeding them on the waste products of the beer industry. (如果昆虫饲养的肉要大量增加，就需要新的来源。奥尔堡大学的生物化学家尼尔斯·埃里克森建议用啤酒工业的废品喂养它们。)”可知，昆虫吃啤废料，和最后一段中“Whether consumers will be willing to eat insect-reared beef, though, remains to be seen. (不过，消费者是否愿意吃昆虫饲养的牛肉还有待观察。)”可知，吃啤酒废料的昆虫被用来饲养牛，而人类吃牛肉，由此可知，文章中描述的可能的食物链是：啤酒废料——昆虫——牛——人类，故选C。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Faced with an unsatisfied public, scientists have been exploring other options. One is to feed the insects instead to farm animals, which are not so picky. (面对不满意的公众，科学家们一直在探索其他选择。一种是将昆虫喂给不那么挑剔的农场动物。)”和第二段中“Niels Eriksen, a biochemist at Aalborg University, suggests feeding them on the waste products of the beer industry. (奥尔堡大学的生物化学家尼尔斯·埃里克森建议用啤酒工业的废品喂养它们。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家建议用啤酒废料喂养昆虫，然后将昆虫用来喂养牛，由此可知，C项“昆虫可以帮助将啤酒废物转化为牛肉”适合做文章标题，故选C。 主题05 人与社会——文学家 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末） All the Beauty in the World, Patrick Bringley’s memoir (回忆录) about his 10 years working as a guard at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met), brings new meaning to the term “art appreciation”. Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution. But Bringley’s “guard’s-eye view” is unique, and he presents his personal story with sincerity. After his brother Tom’s death in 2008, Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which “I was happy to be going nowhere”. He explains, “I had lost someone. I did not wish to move on from that. In a sense, I didn’t wish to move at all.” All the Beauty in the World offers well-chosen facts about the museum to support Bringley’s personal tale. The Met opened in 1880 and has since expanded to more than 2.5 million square feet — “the size of about 3,000 average New York apartments”. The “salmon run (鲑鱼回游) of visitors” that goes up the Grand Staircase every morning when the museum opens adds up to a crowd of nearly 7 million visitors a year. As interesting as these facts are, it’s Bringley’s reflections on dozens of individual paintings, photographs, sculptures and ancient artifacts that turn this book into a tribute (致敬) to the power of art. I think that “sometimes we need permission to stop and adore things, and a work of art gives us that”. In a Vermeer portrait (肖像) of a dozing maidservant, he is moved to see that the artist captured “that feeling we sometimes have that a private setting possesses a holiness (神圣) of its own. It was my constant feeling in Tom’s hospital room.” As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures, All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not “about art, but from it” and finding peace into art. This is art appreciation at a deep level. 1．What sets All the Beauty in the World apart from other books written by Met staffers? A．The author’s unique writing perspective. B．The author’s opinions on artworks. C．Its focus on historical facts and truth. D．Its detailed introduction to the paintings. 2．What caused Bringley to change his job according to his words? A．His hobby from childhood. B．His failure as a journalist. C．Loss of his beloved brother. D．His ambition of being great. 3．How does Bringley present information about the Met in his memoir? A．By interviewing retired staff members. B．By relating museum facts to his personal life. C．By recording the number of daily visitors yearly. D．By researching the background of each masterpiece. 4．What can be the best title of this passage? A．Finding Peace in Art B．Reflecting on Life with Art C．Little-known Facts about the Met D．Inner Worlds of the Famous Artists 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Patrick Bringley所著的回忆录《这世间一切的美》，这本书记录了他在纽约大都会艺术博物馆当保安时的所见所感，为“艺术欣赏”一词带来了新的意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bringley is not the only Met staffer to write about the institution. But Bringley’s ‘guard’s-eye view’ is unique, and he presents his personal story with sincerity. (Bringley并不是唯一一位写过该机构的大都会艺术博物馆工作人员。但Bringley的‘保安视角’是独一无二的，他真诚地呈现了自己的个人故事。)”可知，作者独一无二的写作视角是让这本书有别于其他大都会艺术博物馆工作人员所写的书的地方。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“After his brother Tom’s death in 2008, Bringley gave up his job as a journalist for a job in which ‘I was happy to be going nowhere’. (2008年，他的哥哥Tom去世后，Bringley放弃了记者的工作，转而从事一份‘我很高兴哪儿也去不了’的工作。)”可知，Bringley决定换工作是因为他心爱的哥哥去世了。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“All the Beauty in the World offers well-chosen facts about the museum to support Bringley’s personal tale. (《这世间一切的美》提供了精心挑选的博物馆事实，以支持Bringley的个人故事。)”可知，Bringley在回忆录中把博物馆的事实与自己的个人生活连接起来，从而向读者呈现博物馆的信息。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“All the Beauty in the World, Patrick Bringley’s memoir (回忆录) about his 10 years working as a guard at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met), brings new meaning to the term ‘art appreciation’. (Patrick Bringley的回忆录《这世间一切的美》讲述了他在纽约大都会艺术博物馆当保安的10年，为‘艺术欣赏’一词带来了新的含义。)”和最后一段“As rich in moving insights as the Met is in treasures, All the Beauty in the World reminds us of the importance of learning not ‘about art, but from it’ and finding peace into art. This is art appreciation at a deep level. (正如大都会艺术博物馆的珍宝一样，《这世间一切的美》充满了感人的见解，提醒我们不要‘学习艺术，而是从中学习’，以及在艺术中找到平静的重要性。这是一种深层次的艺术欣赏。)”可知，本文首尾呼应，讲述了Patrick Bringley根据自己在纽约大都会艺术博物馆当保安的10年经历写了一部回忆录《这世间一切的美》，这本书为“艺术欣赏”一词带来了新的意义，即不要学习艺术，而是要从艺术中学习，寻找艺术中的平静。由此可推测出，A项“在艺术中寻找平静”最适合作本文标题。故选A。 主题06 人与自然——动物 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·江苏泰州兴化·期末） In nature, octopuses (章鱼) hunt mainly with their sense of touch, using their eight arms to feel out their environment for hidden creatures. Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently studied a different way octopuses hunt—when they identify prey (猎物) based on sight. The study findings show that the marine creatures are quite consistent and methodical in how they approach prey. Lead researcher Trevor Wardill and his team placed California two-spot octopuses into water tanks, hiding them in caves where they would have one eye looking out. They then placed either fiddler crabs or white shrimp in the tanks to see how the octopuses would try to catch them, capturing the interactions on video. The crabs and shrimp behave differently when trying to escape from predators (捕猎者), so using both species gave the researchers an opportunity to see whether this led the octopuses to use a different arm for hunting depending on the prey. Wardill’s team found that the octopuses almost always used the same arm to grab their prey. Specifically, the second arm from the middle of the octopuses’ body, on the same side of their body as the eye, caught the prey. If they needed more arms to grab prey, they would use the ones next to the second arm. The octopuses also attacked differently depending on the prey. When faced with crabs, an octopus would move suddenly on top of the crab with its whole body. However, when catching shrimp, the octopuses would take one arm and reach out very slowly toward the shrimp, then grab it and latch (缠住) onto it with its other arms to pull it in. Wardill and his team hope to do more research. They want to study the octopus’s brain as it attacks pre y to develop a better understanding of what role the creature’s nervous system plays in selecting the arms it uses. 1．What is the recent study mainly about? A．Octopuses’ ability to hide itself. B．Octopuses’ way to track prey. C．Octopuses’ hunting mode via eyes. D．Octopuses’ method of perceiving the environment. 2．What can we learn about the octopuses in the study? A．They adopt different strategies to hunt. B．They stretch arms slowly to catch crabs. C．They move suddenly to prey on shrimps. D．They use the second arm to catch prey anytime. 3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the octopuses? A．Whether they’re nervous in hunting. B．How their nerves work during hunting. C．How they choose their arms in hunting. D．Whether they use their brain during hunting. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Octopuses: Skillful Hunters B．Octopuses: One-armed Predators C．Octopuses: A Sharp-eyed Species D．Octopuses: A Mysterious Creature 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了最近的研究发现章鱼的狩猎技巧会因为猎物的不同而发生变化，解释了研究开展的经过以及未来研究的方向。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently studied a different way octopuses hunt—when they identify prey (猎物) based on sight.(明尼苏达大学的研究人员最近研究了章鱼捕猎的另一种方式——它们根据视觉来识别猎物)”可知，最近的研究主要关于章鱼通过眼睛的捕猎模式。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The octopuses also attacked differently depending on the prey.(章鱼的攻击方式也因猎物的不同而不同)”可知，章鱼采用不同的捕猎策略。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“They want to study the octopus’s brain as it attacks pre y to develop a better understanding of what role the creature’s nervous system plays in selecting the arms it uses.(他们想研究章鱼攻击猎物时的大脑，以便更好地了解这种生物的神经系统在选择它使用的手臂时所起的作用)”可知，接下来的测试是为了了解章鱼的神经在狩猎时是如何工作的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In nature, octopuses (章鱼) hunt mainly with their sense of touch, using their eight arms to feel out their environment for hidden creatures. Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently studied a different way octopuses hunt—when they identify prey (猎物) based on sight. The study findings show that the marine creatures are quite consistent and methodical in how they approach prey.(在自然界中，章鱼主要用它们的触觉捕猎，用它们的八只手臂来感知周围环境，寻找隐藏的生物。明尼苏达大学的研究人员最近研究了章鱼捕猎的另一种方式——它们根据视觉来识别猎物。研究结果表明，海洋生物在接近猎物的方式上是相当一致和有条理的)”结合文章主要说明了最近的研究发现章鱼的狩猎技巧会因为猎物的不同而发生变化，解释了研究开展的经过以及未来研究的方向。故A选项“章鱼：熟练的猎手”最符合文章标题。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $