专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，江苏专用）高一英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与自然—人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） Each fall, the California coast welcomes large numbers of North America’s monarch butterflies(黑脉金斑蝶). In the past, millions of the brightly colored insects gathered in groups of California trees to spend the winter. But over the last few decades, the number of these monarchs has fallen sharply. Poisoning may partly explain this loss, a new study finds. People use pesticides(杀虫剂) to kill off different types of pests and weeds(害虫和杂草).Pesticides can also poison non-pests. Scientists had worried that such pollutants might be harming monarchs. But no one knew how much risk these insects faced. To find out, a team of scientists focused on California’s Central Valley. It’s home to cities,towns and natural areas; it is also an important place for the monarchs to give birth. The researchers sampled (取样) more than 200 milkweed plants across the valley, which monarch caterpillars(幼虫) only feed on. They recognized 64 different pesticides on their samples. The average plant contained nine. Some had as many as 25. Nearly one in every three of the plants had pesticide levels known to be deadly to monarchs. “We were surprised that we found pesticides in all of the samples,” says Sarah Hoyle, a pesticide expert. “Everywhere we looked — home gardens, parks, agricultural lands, wildlife reserves — pesticides were present.” The highest levels of pesticides were found on milkweeds for sale at garden stores. Garden stores want their plants to look attractive, Hoyle notes, and “one way to help with this is to use chemicals.” But people who buy milkweed plants often don’t know they have been treated with pesticides. Of course, pesticides are unlikely to be the only cause for the monarchs’ decrease, Hoyle notes. Both habitat(栖息地) loss and climate change also could present risks. However, the new findings point to the need for stronger action to limit pesticide pollution, Hoyle argues. Many people are planting milkweed plants to feed monarch caterpillars. It now appears necessary to ask garden stores if their plants were grown without the use of long-lasting pesticides, she says. That way your gardens can host milkweeds without accidentally harming monarch caterpillars. 1．What should be responsible for the monarchs’ decrease according to the study? A．The use of chemicals. B．Extreme weather. C．Wildfires in California. D．Reduction of food resources. 2．What do we know about milkweed plants? A．They mainly grow in the valleys of California. B．They play a key role in the life circle of monarchs. C．They are very popular with people who love gardening. D．They are used by researchers to feed monarch caterpillars. 3．Which milkweeds may have the most harmful effects on monarchs? A．Those in parks. B．Those at garden stores. C．Those in wildlife reserves D．Those on agricultural lands. 4．What is Sarah Hoyle’s advice for people? A．Not using pesticides in their fields. B．Planting more flowers in their gardens. C．Not buying milk weeds from garden stores. D．Managing to grow pesticide-free milkweeds. Passage 2 （23-24高一上·江苏镇江·期末） Spending your nights sleeping for just four seconds at a time might sound painful, but not for chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅), which fall asleep thousands of times a day, new research finds. Scientists studying the chinstrap penguins on King George Island in Antarctica found they nod off more than10,000 times a day, allowing them to keep an eye on their nests all the time, protecting eggs and chicks from predators (捕食性动物). “Nesting penguins took over 600 ‘microsleeps’ an hour, each lasting only four seconds,” researchers wrote in the paper, published in the journal Science. The findings suggest “microsleeps can perform at least some of the functions of sleep”. Sleep seems to be common among animals, but it makes them vulnerable because they lose the ability to respond quickly to the outside environment. The researchers studied chinstrap penguins in the wild using electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring. Microsleeps were shown by sleep-related brain activity and eye-closure. They noticed a slight increase in the depth of sleep at around noon, when risk of predation could be at its lowest. Studies have shown some species routinely sleep very little, seemingly without negative costs to their performance while awake. African bush elephants sleep on average for two hours a day, and mostly while standing up, one study found. Sometimes they went 48 hours without sleeping. Giant frigate birds can spend months on the wing during ocean migrations (迁徙). During this period they can sleep for less than an hour a day, while still flying and hunting. When they get back to the nest they sleep for nearly 13 hours a day. “Sleep seems to be flexible among species,” a researcher said. “I believe that there are still many things unknown about animal sleep.” 5．Why do Chinstrap Penguins nod off more than 10,000 times a day? A．To find family meals. B．To guard their newborns. C．To enjoy good sleep. D．To get more rest. 6．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” mean in paragraph 4? A．Easily hurt. B．Fully prepared. C．Totally satisfied. D．Widely known. 7．What can affect the depth of sleep according to paragraph 5? A．Potential attacks from predators. B．Movements of eyes. C．The number of nests. D．Changes of temperature. 8．What do the examples of African bush elephants and giant frigate birds suggest? A．Larger animals are likely to have less sleep. B．Some animals sleep more during migration. C．Birds can sleep when they are standing up. D．Sleeping little may not affect waking performance. Passage 3 （23-24高一上·江苏镇江·期末） Dogs are born with the ability of self-awareness according to a study published in 2019 in Animal Cognition. The tested dogs in the lab slowed down and hesitated before walking through uncomfortably small openings, showing that they rely on awareness of their body size to make decisions. What about cats? Cats may seem solid (固体), but to some degree they’re actually liquid (液体) —at least according to one 2017 theoretical physics paper inspired by videos of cats squeezing (挤过) under doors, into small vases and down narrow gaps. Now, one researcher has taken this idea a step further, testing a group of cats to see when they act more like liquids or solids. But cats are difficult to test in the lab. With help from his co-workers, Pongrácz built a special lab that they set up in the homes of 29 cat owners. In each home, the team attached two large, cardboard panels (嵌板) to a doorframe (门框): one with five holes of the same height but reducing width and another with five holes of the same width but reducing height. An owner stood on one side of the panel while the cat and the experimenter stood on the other. The cat had to squeeze from the experimenter’s side to the owner’s side through the holes while being filmed. Thirty out of 38 cats finished the experiment. When faced with holes of different height, 22 cats hesitated to move through the shortest. When The holes differed in width, only eight cats hesitated before approaching the narrowest hole. Most cats tried to squeeze through slim openings immediately without thinking of whether they fit or not. In nature, this hesitation in the experiment to move through short holes may be a self-protection approach, Pongrácz says. If a cat squeezes through a hole without being able to see what’s on the other side, they may be making themselves easy to hurt potentially. The fact that they still hesitate in the safety of their homes suggests that the cats also rely on their body size to plan their approach. 9．Why does the author mention the experiment on dogs in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To compare dogs with cats. C．To present the findings of a study. D．To attract attention to dog’s behaviors. 10．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Steps of the experiment. B．Subjects of the experiment. C．Results of the experiment. D．Purposes of the experiment. 11．What do cats tend to consider when squeezing through a hole? A．Area of a hole. B．Width of a hole. C．Height of a hole. D．Shape of a hole. 12．What does cats’ hesitation imply in the experiment? A．They are solid instead of liquid. B．They are trying to see the other side. C．They are deciding a self-protection way. D．They are waiting for their owners’ orders. Passage 4 （24-25高一上·江苏天一中学·期末） A roomful of hundreds of blooming orchids (盛开的兰花) is always a breathtaking sight. But Smithsonian Gardens has gone even further with its 28th annual orchid show held in the Kogod Courtyard. For the first time, Smithsonian Gardens used art to enrich the showy natural display, selecting the work of Baltimore-based artist Phaan Howng. Howng hopes her art inspires audiences to take action to support the protection of orchid species. Accompanying around 350 live orchids, Howng’s original artwork features brightly colored flowerpots, hand-painted tree wraps, and three-dimensional sculptures (雕塑作品) of a select group of orchids. To construct the sculptures, she used 3D prints of plants in the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection and then mounted them onto a steel base. They were then revised and finished with various artificial (人造的) materials. The orchid plants can spend only a short time outside their ideal growing conditions: 60 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit with 65 to 80 percent humidity (湿度). Those conditions are maintained year-round at the Smithsonian’s 16,000-square-foot greenhouse. Justin Kondrat, lead horticulturist (园艺家) for the Smithsonian Gardens Orchard Collection, says the 28,000-square-foot Kogod Courtyard is an acceptable environment in the short term. Smithsonian Gardens employees regularly maintain humidity and provide nutrients during the exhibition. The annual show educates visitors about orchids’ precarious situation in some areas of the world. The number of orchids has significantly declined due to illegal harvesting in some regions, and many species are now threatened by changes in climate and habitat. Orchids are found around the globe everywhere except in Antarctica, says Kondrat. The largest diversity is in the tropics (热带地区), though they are under the most threat there due to disappearing habitats. Horticulturists periodically enhance the collection. Smithsonian Gardens aims to use appropriate collection techniques and safeguard the orchids for future generations and for scientific research and use, Kondrat says. Every orchid “is a living collection item,” Kondrat notes, adding that it is given “the same level of care and attention to detail as any of the photos hanging in the National Portrait Gallery.” 13．What can be learned about Smithsonian Gardens’ 28th orchid show? A．It focuses on orchids’ symbolic significance. B．It has long been known for its artistic element. C．It promotes technology use in art. D．It displays both real and artificial flowers. 14．Which aspect of orchids does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A．Their biological effects. B．Their environmental sensitivity. C．Their soil conditions. D．Their healthy growth. 15．What is the underlined word “precarious” in paragraph 4 closest in meaning to? A．Unlikely. B．Ideal. C．Dangerous. D．Different 16．What does Justin Kondrat want to show by mentioning the National Portrait Gallery? A．High-standard care for displayed orchids. B．Its cooperation with Smithsonian Gardens. C．Its contribution to the orchid exhibition. D．Effective techniques for collecting orchids. 主题02 人与社会——竞技/比赛 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏扬州·期末） Although different kinds of ball game existed throughout the world during the ancient times, the development of football took place on the British Isles and there are many recorded cases that prove this. As early as the 12th century, “football” was practiced by people throughout Britain. This type of ball game, of course, was quite different from modern football. The name “football” referred to the game being played on foot and not because it was played by using the feet. Actually, all parts of the body were allowed to be used to move the ball. The game was simply called “ball” or “gameball”. Most often, the “football” match took place in the open country but sometimes they were played inside the towns and villages, which caused noisy confusion and goods damage. Of course, once again, the ball game served different kinds of purposes for the communities. Sometimes it was used to settle arguments and other times it was used as some kind of ceremony, serving some religious(宗教的)needs. The “Goals” were sometimes set a couple of miles apart and there were very few rules, or none at all. The teams may have been made up of 300 to 500 people each. Wrestling(摔跤), falling, kicking and other aggressive behavior was as normal as it is today in the Mixed Martial Arts fights. Due to the noisy and violent nature of the game, property damage and injuries to the people who took part in the game were quite the usual result. In some cases, the injuries were so bad that they led to the death of the players. Due to the rough nature of the game then, it comes as quite a surprise that there were types of the game kept only for women. They sometimes played, divided into two teams, one of which would be the married women who would play against the other team which would be made up of the unmarried ones. That proves that football was a very popular game during those times. 1．How did the early football get the name of “ball” or “gameball”? A．All parts of the body could be used. B．The game was played in many ways. C．People could only use their feet. D．It took place in the open country. 2．What might be the purpose of football games in communities? A．To struggle for equality. B．To educate all villagers. C．To solve disagreements. D．To create more wealth. 3．What does the underlined word “aggressive” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Flexible. B．Fighting. C．Fancy. D．Faint. 4．What do we know about the women’s football games? A．Only women could watch their games. B．Different women could be in one team. C．They often played with men’s team. D．They had their own way to form teams. 主题03 人与社会——中国文化与节日 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·江苏常州·期末） The Longtaitou Festival, which means “dragon-raises head” in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese festival held on the second day of the second month in the Chinese lunar calendar. So, it’s also called Eryueer Festival. In Chinese culture, the dragon is an auspicious (吉利的) animal that dominates clouds and rains. The 2nd day of the 2nd lunar month is thought to be the day when dragon awakes and raises its head according to the Chinese folk legend. So the day is called Dragon Heads-raising Day. After the day, spring is coming and there will be more and more rain. People think these credits (功劳) go to the dragon. So the day is also called Spring Dragon Festival. Since the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), Chinese people have had the custom of spending the Spring Dragon Festival. The most popular custom on the Dragon Heads-raising Day is cutting hair. Dragon is highly honored for its dignity (尊贵) and power for good. It is thought to be auspicious to cut hair on the Dragon Heads-raising Day. Luck and opportunities will always knock you in the year. So, on that day, barbershops’ (理发店的) businesses are growing and full of customers. The most common foods for celebrating the festival are popcorns, pancakes, noodles, dumplings, fired soy beans and pig’s head. People in different areas have different traditions about the food on the day. In Beijing, people eat Lvdagunr (Glutinous Rice Rolls with Sweet Bean Flour) and spring pancakes on the day. In Shanxi, people like to eat fried dough twists (油条) and pancakes. In Shandong, fried soy beans, noodles and dumplings are the festival food. In Fuzhou, the salted porridge made of glutinous rice, celery, scallion, garlic, fry dried shrimps and shredded meat is eaten. These show people’s hope to be blessed (保佑) with favorable weather and plentiful grain harvest by the dragon. 1．Which of the following is true about the Longtaitou Festival? A．It dates back to Song Dynasty. B．It is celebrated for two days. C．It attracts fewer people than other festivals. D．It suggests the return of spring. 2．Why do people cut hair on the Dragon Heads-raising Day? A．It is the most popular custom. B．It is in honor of dragon’s dignity and power. C．It is people’s wish for luck and opportunities. D．It is a sign of barbershops’ prospering businesses. 3．What can we infer from the third paragraph about the Longtaitou Festival? A．People in China share the similar traditional foods on the day. B．Foods for celebrating the festival usually bear people’s best wishes. C．Salted foods are used to celebrate the festival throughout China. D．Traditional foods on the day are prepared for the dragon to eat. 4．What might be the best title for the text? A．The Dragon Heads-raising Day. B．The celebrations of the Longtaitou Festival. C．The origin of the Longtaitou Festival. D．The purpose of the Dragon Heads-raising Day. Passage 2 （23-24高一上·江苏盐城·期末） People perform graceful moves, all while standing on a bamboo strip in the river. You may think it’s a scene from an art movie, but actually it is a form of intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产): bamboo drifting (独竹漂). Bamboo drifting dates back to over 2,000 years ago in the Chishui River area of Guizhou. During the Qin Dynasty, the Bozhou district of Zunyi city was known for its high-quality nanmu. It was in great demand by the royal court more than 2,000 kilometers to the north. With no transportation along the Chishui River, people had to stand on one log (原木) to drift down the river. Later, local people began to compete along the way and the game of wood drifting was born. In the Qing Dynasty, wood drifting became bamboo drifting because of bamboo’s lower price. Now, communities in Guizhou hold bamboo drifting competitions every year during Dragon Boat Festival. Due to the great strength and balance it takes for one to get the hang of this act, bamboo drifting was included in the national intangible cultural heritage list in 2021. Yang Liu, 24, is an inheritor (继承人) of bamboo drifting. Yang said the most challenging part of bamboo drifting was keeping one’s balance. “I fell in the water several times when I was practising,” she said. But the love for the ancient skill keeps Yang going. In the past 17 years, she has drifted all year round, in winter cold and summer heat. Yang also produces new ideas when spreading the culture of bamboo drifting. For example, she connects dance with bamboo drifting to make it more graceful and wears hanfu when performing, creating a beautiful feel. In 2020, Yang registered on social media platforms and posted her videos. “I want to spread it to other countries so that more people around the world will like Chinese culture,” she told China Daily. 5．What can be learned from the first two paragraphs? A．Nanmu was transported to the north by land. B．Bamboo was expensive in Guizhou 2,000 years ago. C．The martial arts movie is a form of cultural heritage. D．Bamboo drifting involves lots of skills. 6．What does the underlined phrase “get the hang of” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Master. B．Change. C．Prepare. D．Improve. 7．What is the most difficult for bamboo drifting in Yang Liu’s opinion? A．Designing moves. B．Keeping balance. C．Choosing bamboos. D．Transporting goods. 8．What can we infer about Yang Liu? A．She has become the leader of bamboo drifting. B．She learned bamboo drifting very easily. C．She inherits bamboo drifting creatively. D．She began learning bamboo drifting at 17. 主题05人与社会——闲暇活动 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏·期末） Middle school students in Valdosta are learning the importance of agriculture (农业). Joshua Dawson, a Lowndes County Extension agent, helped seventh grade students at J.L. Newbern Middle School build raised bed plant boxes to grow crops. Dawson’s work with the school gardens began in 2014 as a part of the Valdosta School Garden and Orchard Project. Through support from local businesses and members of the community, it is used to introduce Valdosta elementary and middle school students to gardening and agriculture. Some of the crops grown in the gardens include sweet potatoes, carrots and so on. The harvested produce is used by the school dining rooms to serve during lunch and students are allowed to take produce home depending on the harvest size. Members of the local Master Gardener programme are helping Dawson with the gardens. With his daily responsibilities as a County Extension agent, Dawson depends heavily on their support. “Without the Master Gardeners, I don’t know if any of this would be possible. They look after the gardens and work with the teachers closely, and provide necessary feet on the ground for a lot of things,” Dawson said. In the beginning, the students were worried about working in the garden, but Dawson said those doubts disappeared quickly. “I like watering the plants and working with the soil,” said Anthony Aikens, a seventh grader. Anthony said his favourite subject is science and wants to be a zoologist or a full-time gardener when he grows up. Dr Elena Ponder, principal of J.L. Newbern Middle School, said many students are interested in this project. She said working in the garden provides students with a cross-curriculum (交叉课程) where they use different skills to solve problems. “Once you plant a garden, you have to attend to that garden. That shows you have the work ethic (职业道德), patience and time to put into something. That will translate into skills they will need in the future jobs,” she said. 1．What does the project aim to do? A．To encourage students to take responsibility. B．To let students know more about agriculture. C．To improve the living conditions of students. D．To offer students healthy vegetables lunches. 2．How do the Master Gardeners support Joshua Dawson? A．By introducing him to an expert. B．By taking care of the gardens. C．By communicating with students. D．By providing farming training. 3．What attitude did the students hold to the project at first? A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Hopeful. 4．What does Dr Elena Ponder say about the project for students? A．It helps them explore interests. B．It makes them value their spare time. C．It helps them concentrate in class. D．It promotes their future development. 主题06 人与社会——哲理感悟 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） In a world that often stresses physical appearance, it’s important not to concern ourselves with external beauty or ugliness. True beauty and strength lie within. Our focus on outward looks can lead to self-doubt and insecurity. For instance, many people feel sad when they don’t match the perfect images (形象) presented in the media. They might fight for an unachievable standard of beauty, frequently comparing themselves to others. However, this often leaves us empty and dissatisfied. Inner strength, on the other hand, enables us to face life’s challenges with courage and resilience (恢复力). It gives us the ability to bear hardships and come out of failures. A person like Malala Yousafzai, who fought for girls’ education despite facing great danger, shows that a strong and beautiful heart is more important than appearance. A person with a strong and beautiful heart is kind, empathetic (有同理心的), and generous. They focus on building meaningful relationships and having a positive influence on the world around them. They don’t let the opinions of others about their appearance affect them. Instead, they draw confidence from their values and character. Consider the volunteers in local charities. They give their time and love selflessly, not worried by their outward looks but rather the warmth they can bring. Even in daily life, simple acts like helping an elderly cross the street or comforting a sad friend show the beauty within. Rather than spending a large amount of time and energy on perfecting our looks, we should focus on self-improvement and self-reflection. We can read, learn new skills, and take part in activities that nourish (滋养) our souls. By doing so, we will discover a beauty that is far more lasting and satisfying than any external charm. Let’s remember that it’s our inner selves that truly matter and have the power to change not only our lives but also the lives of those we touch. 1．What can be inferred about the role of the media in relation to self-awareness from this article? A．It helps people build a realistic self-image. B．It promotes a healthy focus on inner beauty. C．It may contribute to unrealistic beauty standards. D．It has no important effect on how people view themselves. 2．Why does the author mention Malala Yousafzai and volunteers? A．As an example of inner beauty. B．As an example different from volunteers in charities. C．To show the importance of girls’ education. D．To show the power of changing one’s life. 3．What writing technique is used in this article in order to express the main point of view? A．Exaggeration (夸张). B．Metaphor (暗喻). C．Contrast (对比). D．Personification (拟人). 4．Which of the following would he the best title for the article? A．True Beauty: The strength Hard to Achieve. B．From Within: The True Beauty of a Person. C．Self-improvement: The Way to Nourish Our Soul. D．Difficult to Judge: The True Meaning of Inner Beauty. 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏常州·期末） A sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle eventually does harm to health but breaking out of long inactivity can be discouraging. Now, however, there may be a simple way to ease into more activity. A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day — climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework — can provide great health benefits. “It’s quite simple, but it’s not an idea that’s out there,” says University of Sydney exercise scientist Emmanuel Stamatakis who led the research. “Many people, including many health professionals, still think of physical activity as something that you do during your free time, and you need to go somewhere to do it.” Stamatakis and his colleagues, on the other hand, wanted to understand if daily life activities done somewhat vigorously in short bouts could also provide health benefits compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle. To study this, his team used data from nearly 25,000 adults who were non-exercisers. Without these data, it was almost impossible to continue the study. Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death. The team found that people who did at least four one-to-two-minute high intensity physical activities every day had a nearly 40 percent less risk of dying from cancer and a roughly 49 percent lower chance of dying from a cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, “The more, the better.” 1．What did the recent study find? A．An inactive lifestyle is harmful but hard to change. B．More physical exercises can make you more active. C．Doing daily housework is also a kind of exercise. D．Daily short but intense activities do good to health. 2．What does the underlined word “vigorously” most probably mean? A．Energetically. B．Continuously. C．Frequently. D．Creatively. 3．Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5? A．Research purposes. B．Research limitations. C．Research findings. D．Research methods. 4．What would Stamatakis suggest? A．Going to exercise at fixed time and place. B．Avoiding movement of light intensity. C．Doing only 8 minutes intense activity every day. D．Carrying out more short bouts of intense activity. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song! Earworm is common and there are a few theories (理论) behind it. The brain is very sensitive to music, according to neurologist Oliver Sacks, who says music affects us whether we pay attention to it or not. Sacks wonders if there are earworms today because we’re surrounded by music all the time in our everyday lives. Research on the auditory cortex supports Sacks’s ideas. The auditory cortex is the part of the brain that deals with sound. It’s a short-term storage system for small amounts of auditory (sound) information. Some of this auditory information is forgotten, and some of it goes into long-term memory. However, songs appear to stay in the auditory cortex for a long time. James Kellaris (“Dr. Earworm,” as some people call him) is a professor of marketing at the University of Cincinnati. He thinks that only certain types of songs become earworms. These songs have certain characteristics that other songs do not. The characteristics are repetitiveness, simplicity, and incongruity. Your brain pays a lot of attention to a song which is repetitive, simple and incongruous — something unexpected such as uneven (不均匀的) beats, Kellaris says. Because of this, a song which is repeated and unusual stays longer in the auditory cortex. No wonder, advertisers often use jingles — short songs that are easy to remember to promote sales. Is there any way to get rid of an earworm? Here are some tips Kellaris collected: Replace the earworm song with another song, try to distract yourself by doing an intense activity such as exercising, or tell someone about your earworm. What if none of these strategies work? Then perhaps you should just sit back and try to enjoy the music in your head! 5．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By listing rules. B．By drawing conclusions. C．By telling stories. D．By describing experiences. 6．Why is “auditory cortex” mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To show what earworms are like. B．To discuss how earworms affect us. C．To explain why we get earworms. D．To tell where earworms come from. 7．Which of the following is most likely to become an earworm? A．A soft ring from the speaker in the classroom. B．A slow song that makes you think in a bookshop. C．A piece of music you hear for a short time in the cinema. D．A unique jingle that plays over and over in a supermarket. 8．What might be the best title for the text? A．Earworms — the typical jingles B．Earworms — the power of music C．Earworms — the songs in your head D．Earworms — the music of everyday life Passage 3 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） Altruists (利他主义者) in the workplace are more likely to help fellow workers, more satisfied with and less likely to leave their job, new research by UW-Madison’s La Follette School of Public Affairs shows. And these workplace altruists enjoy a pretty important benefit themselves — they are happier than other workers. “More and more research shows the power of altruism,” says La Follette professor Donald Moynihan, “but many people hold the view that we behave altruistically because of hidden self-interest, such as the desire to improve how others see us.” “Our findings make a simple but important point about altruism: helping others makes us happier. Altruism is not a form of self-sacrifice (自我牺牲) out of self-interest, but functions for many as part of a healthy psychological reward (心理奖励) system,” Moynihan explains. Previous research suggests that volunteering makes people happier, but this new study offers new findings — showing altruism in the work environment also increases happiness. Funded by the UW-Madison Center for Demography of Health and Aging, the study tested the relationship between altruism in the workplace and happiness in two ways. First, using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study of more than 10, 000 Wisconsin high school graduates in 1957, the authors found that individuals in their mid-30s who rated helping others in their work as important said they were happier with their life when surveyed again almost 30 years later. Then the authors tested the same model using the General Social Survey and found similar connections among the desire to help others and happiness. “The new research adds to the growing study on happiness. In line with earlier research, public service workers reported a higher desire to help others, but the effect of altruism on happiness was the same for both public and private workers,” Moynihan notes. 9．What can we learn about altruists according to the new research? A．They are likely to stay longer in the company. B．They have more chances to be promoted. C．They care more about others than themselves. D．They tend to make other workers happier. 10．Many people mistake altruism as _______. A．something leading to job satisfaction B．something driven by individual benefits C．something connected with self-reflection D．something centering around others’ happiness 11．How was the research carried out? A．By doing two follow-up surveys. B．By studying figures from experiments. C．By having interviews with workers. D．By revising previous research results. 12．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Altruists undoubtedly feel happy in helping others. B．Public workers are as happy as private workers. C．There’s growing concern on the effect of altruism. D．The new research has gained a different result. Passage 4 （24-25高一上·江苏宿迁·期末） Dolphins love to play around, doing things like surfing, playing with stuff, and running after each other. However, have you ever been to a wildlife park and seen dolphins opening their mouths wide? Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack. Other animals use their faces to show they want to play, but it wasn’t known if sea creatures do the same thing. This led the team to carry out this study. They recorded videos of 22 dolphins that lived at two wildlife parks. The dolphins were recorded when they were playing in pairs, playing with their human trainers and playing on their own. During the 80 hours of video footage, the scientists counted 1,288 times when the dolphins used the “smile” expression. The team said 92% of those happened when dolphins were playing with each other. They seldom used the expression when they were playing on their own or with humans. Nearly 90% of the expressions happened when a dolphin could see their playmate’s face. If other dolphins spotted their “smile”, they returned the expression about a third of the time. Elisabetta Palagi, a biologist, said that the relaxed open mouth “is a universal sign of playfulness, helping animals and us signal fun and avoid misunderstanding”. The research focused on dolphins in parks. Those living in the wild could behave differently when playing. It’s possible that while playing in more open spaces, dolphins might prefer to communicate using sounds instead of facial expressions. “Future research should study eye-tracking to explore how dolphins see their world and take advantage of acoustic signals (声学信号) in their communication during play,” added Livio Favaro, a co-author and zoologist, in the press. This research throws light on the unique communication skills used by these intelligent sea creatures as well as the importance of facial expressions to set the right intentions (意图). 13．What does an “open mouth” in dolphins indicate according to the researchers? A．A sign of attack. B．A desire to bite. C．An expression of joy. D．An intention to escape. 14．What research method did the researchers use? A．Making a comparison. B．Analyzing cause and effect. C．Doing experiments in labs. D．Reviewing previous studies. 15．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A．Dolphins in different areas behave similarly. B．Future research would include wild dolphins. C．Eye-tracking was widely used in this research. D．Dolphins prefer to use sounds to communicate. 16．What is the most suitable title of this passage? A．Dolphins in Parks “Smile” More. B．Dolphins “Smile” While Playing. C．Dolphins Copy Each Other to Smile. D．Dolphins Behave Better When Alone. Passage 5 （24-25高一上·江苏·期末） Does adversity (逆境) warm hearts or harden them? Recently, my graduate student Daniel and I set out to explore the relationship between adversity and compassion (同情). We conducted a study online and reached more than 200 people from all walks of life. After asking them about the hardships they faced and how often they experienced compassion, we offered them the chance to donate some of the money they were about to be paid for taking part in the study to help people in need. The result showed that those who had faced serious adversities in life feel more compassion for suffering people. And as a result, they donated more money. Now, if experiencing any type of hardship can make a person more compassionate, you might assume that the compassion would be reached when someone has experienced the exact misfortune that another person is facing. Interestingly, this turns out to be dead wrong. In an article recently published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, the Kellogg School of Management professor Loran Nordgren and his team found that the human mind refuses to work as usual when it comes to remembering its own past hardships: it regularly makes them appear to be less painful than they actually were. Therefore, recalling a bad experience in your own past may make you underestimate (低估) the difficulty of others’ challenges. You overcame it, you think; so should he. The result? You lack compassion. Our findings, taken together with those of Professor Nordgren and his team, are that living through hardships doesn’t either warm hearts or harden them; it does both. Knowing suffering in life usually enhances the compassion we feel for others, except when the suffering involves specific painful events that we know all too well. 17．Which of the following is TRUE about the author’s study? A．Those attending it had to pay for it. B．Those attending it were asked questions only. C．It is meant to encourage people to help those in need. D．It tries to reveal the relationship between adversity and compassion. 18．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．People’s compassion for suffering people. B．People’s understanding of others’ misfortune. C．The findings of Loran Nordgren and his team. D．The assumption that shared misfortune may lead to compassion. 19．What did Professor Nordgren and his team find? A．Hardships make people lost in sad memories. B．Hardships lead to people’s lack of compassion. C．People tend to remember their hardships easily. D．People suffering from adversity are easy to break down. 20．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Hidden Power of Compassion B．Surprising link of Adversity and Compassion C．Compassion: A Gift from Personal Adversity D．Adversity: A Pathway to Deeper Compassion 主题02 人与自然——人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏盐城·期末） With China’s ecological environment improving, there have been more wild boars (野猪) across the country, leading to more human-wildlife fights. On Nov 24, a wild boar broke into a house, attacked and killed an elderly person in Shaanxi province. Also, on Oct 27, a worker checking the damage of a train hit by a wild boar was killed by another train. Sun Quanhui, a scientist with the World Animal Protection Association, said that although wild boars seldom attack people, adult males are strong and can be dangerous. According to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, a total of 2 million wild boars live in China and accidents or attacks involving boars have been reported. Xie Yi, a professor at Beijing Forestry University, said that due to their strong ability to adapt to the environment and have babies, wild boars’ population grows faster than their natural enemies like wolves. This has led to an increase in their areas of activity. Also, wild boars often come down from the hills to search for food in spring and autumn, which is why people have been seeing them more often recently. “They are not picky (挑剔的) eaters and will eat anything edible (可食用的),” said Sun. Wild boars are thus an important part of the ecosystem and biodiversity (生物多样性). Sun also stressed that without natural enemies, “the only way to control the wild boar population and bring it to a reasonable (合理的) level is by hunting”. In June last year, wild boars were taken off the protected wildlife list, allowing them to be hunted without a license. Several places like Shaanxi and the Ningxia Hui autonomous region have hired hunters to control their populations. However, Sun noted that hunting is only a short-term solution. Long-term control requires bringing back enemies of boars and making habitats bigger to reduce problems between humans and wildlife. In February, a plan was put forward by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration to prevent and control damage caused by wildlife, including wild boars. It plans to set up legal measures and improve the compensation (赔偿) and assistance system (援助制度) by next year. 1．What problem is caused by the increase in wild boar populations? A．Fights with humans. B．Environmental damage. C．Harms to other animals. D．Overuse of farmland. 2．According to Xie Yi, why has the range of wild boar activity increased? A．They are well-protected by the law. B．Their food sources are running out. C．They are picky and require more habitats for food. D．Their population is growing faster than natural enemies. 3．What is Sun’s opinion about hunting wild boars? A．It’s not practical in the long run. B．It’s beneficial to local communities. C．It requires legal protection. D．It is the most cost-effective solution. 4．What is a long-term solution for controlling wild boar populations? A．Relocating boars to different areas. B．Increasing the number of hunters. C．Providing food sources for boars from time to time. D．Reintroducing their natural enemies and enlarging habitats. 主题03 人与自我——学校活动 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏南京·期末） School is still out for the summer, but at Eastern Senior High School in Washington, D．C．, students are hard at work outdoors. In a garden filled with flowers and beds bursting with vegetables and herbs, nearly a dozen teenagers are harvesting (收获) vegetables for the weekend’s farmers market. Roshawn Little is going into her junior year at Eastern, and has been working in this garden for three years now. During the summer, Little gets paid to work Tuesday through Saturday from 9 a. m. until 2 p. m. with City Blossoms, a nonprofit that brings community gardens to schools in urban areas. She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables. City Blossoms is one of many groups across the country teaming up with local communities to build school gardens, like the one at Eastern. It works with schools to create learning gardens and trains teachers on how to use them to get students engaged (使参与) and improve academic performance. These gardens are really outdoor classrooms. For example, the gardens can be used for math lessons, like calculating the area of a plant bed or learning the science of how plants grow. For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates. 1．What does Roshawn Little think of the summer outdoor activity? A．It is a good way to earn pocket money. B．It has improved her family relationship. C．It contributes to her healthy eating habit. D．It is helpful to her academic performance. 2．What is the purpose of the school gardens? A．To invite students to care for plants. B．To advance teachers’ teaching skills. C．To get students interested in science. D．To provide a creative way of learning. 3．What does the last paragraph focus on about the project of City Blossoms? A．Its evaluations. B．Its effects. C．Its operations. D．Its expectations. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．City Blossoms: Team up with Local Community Teachers B．Happy Holiday, Sweet Memory: How Kids Enjoy the Harvest C．Outdoor Classrooms: Get out for the Weekend’s Farmers Market. D．Healthy Eaters, Smart Minds: What School Gardens Teach Kids 主题04 人与社会——旅游观光 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·江苏南通·期末） The metaverse, a virtual universe that combines augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the Internet, is rapidly transforming various industries, including the travel industry. The metaverse’s ability to create immersive and interactive environments allows users to explore new destinations and cultures without leaving the comfort of their homes. This technological innovation has the potential to change the travel industry, providing opportunities for growth and sustainability in an increasingly digital world. With the help of VR headsets and other devices, users can explore distant destinations and experience unique cultural events from their living rooms. This allows individuals who have physical disabilities to travel the world to engage with different cultures and environments. Moreover, virtual tourism can help address issues of overtourism, as it enables users to visit popular sites without contributing to overcrowding or environmental destruction. Virtual tourism is able to provide immersive experiences. By using advanced technology, virtual reality developers can create realistic simulations (模拟) of various destinations, complete with sights, sounds, and even smells. These simulations can be tailored to individual preferences, allowing users to explore at their own pace and focus on the aspects of a destination that interest them most. What’s more, virtual tourism can improve educational experiences, enabling users to learn about a location in an engaging and interactive manner. In addition to virtual tourism, the metaverse offers other opportunities for the travel industry. For instance, AR technology can provide real-time information and interactive content. Imagine walking through the streets of Rome and having your smartphone or AR glasses overlay historical facts, accommodation recommendations, and navigation (导航) assistance directly onto your field of view. This combination of digital and physical experiences can enrich travelers’ understanding of their surroundings and create more memorable journeys. However, the rise of virtual tourism also presents challenges for the travel industry. Traditional businesses must adapt to the changing landscape by embracing (欣然接受) digital technologies and developing new strategies to remain competitive. Additionally, concerns about data privacy and security must be addressed to ensure that users feel safe engaging with virtual experiences. 1．How does the metaverse transform the travel industry? A．By offering free interactive facilities. B．By providing new tourist destinations. C．By creating physical experiences at home. D．By attracting more tourists to scenic spots. 2．What feature of virtual tourism is stressed by referring to the physically disabled? A．Its easy accessibility. B．Its cultural events. C．Its educational function. D．Its green effects. 3．What may be a disadvantage of virtual tourism according to the text? A．High expenses for tourists. B．Risks of personal safety. C．Difficulty in using digital skills. D．Insecurity of private information. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．New challenges faced by the travel industry. B．Virtual tourism — a promising way to travel. C．The technological innovation of the digital field. D．The metaverse — a virtual universe widely used. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与自然—人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） Each fall, the California coast welcomes large numbers of North America’s monarch butterflies(黑脉金斑蝶). In the past, millions of the brightly colored insects gathered in groups of California trees to spend the winter. But over the last few decades, the number of these monarchs has fallen sharply. Poisoning may partly explain this loss, a new study finds. People use pesticides(杀虫剂) to kill off different types of pests and weeds(害虫和杂草).Pesticides can also poison non-pests. Scientists had worried that such pollutants might be harming monarchs. But no one knew how much risk these insects faced. To find out, a team of scientists focused on California’s Central Valley. It’s home to cities,towns and natural areas; it is also an important place for the monarchs to give birth. The researchers sampled (取样) more than 200 milkweed plants across the valley, which monarch caterpillars(幼虫) only feed on. They recognized 64 different pesticides on their samples. The average plant contained nine. Some had as many as 25. Nearly one in every three of the plants had pesticide levels known to be deadly to monarchs. “We were surprised that we found pesticides in all of the samples,” says Sarah Hoyle, a pesticide expert. “Everywhere we looked — home gardens, parks, agricultural lands, wildlife reserves — pesticides were present.” The highest levels of pesticides were found on milkweeds for sale at garden stores. Garden stores want their plants to look attractive, Hoyle notes, and “one way to help with this is to use chemicals.” But people who buy milkweed plants often don’t know they have been treated with pesticides. Of course, pesticides are unlikely to be the only cause for the monarchs’ decrease, Hoyle notes. Both habitat(栖息地) loss and climate change also could present risks. However, the new findings point to the need for stronger action to limit pesticide pollution, Hoyle argues. Many people are planting milkweed plants to feed monarch caterpillars. It now appears necessary to ask garden stores if their plants were grown without the use of long-lasting pesticides, she says. That way your gardens can host milkweeds without accidentally harming monarch caterpillars. 1．What should be responsible for the monarchs’ decrease according to the study? A．The use of chemicals. B．Extreme weather. C．Wildfires in California. D．Reduction of food resources. 2．What do we know about milkweed plants? A．They mainly grow in the valleys of California. B．They play a key role in the life circle of monarchs. C．They are very popular with people who love gardening. D．They are used by researchers to feed monarch caterpillars. 3．Which milkweeds may have the most harmful effects on monarchs? A．Those in parks. B．Those at garden stores. C．Those in wildlife reserves D．Those on agricultural lands. 4．What is Sarah Hoyle’s advice for people? A．Not using pesticides in their fields. B．Planting more flowers in their gardens. C．Not buying milk weeds from garden stores. D．Managing to grow pesticide-free milkweeds. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了加利福尼亚黑脉金斑蝶数量锐减的原因，研究发现这可能与杀虫剂的使用有关，并且提出了保护黑脉金斑蝶的一些建议。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Nearly one in every three of the plants had pesticide levels known to be deadly to monarchs.(几乎三分之一的植物中杀虫剂水平已知对黑脉金斑蝶是致命的)”可知，化学药品的使用是导致黑脉金斑蝶数量减少的原因之一。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The researchers sampled (取样) more than 200 milkweed plants across the valley, which monarch caterpillars (幼虫) only feed on.(研究人员在山谷中取样了200多株乳草植物，黑脉金斑蝶幼虫仅以此为食)”可知，乳草在黑脉金斑蝶的生命周期中起着重要作用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The highest levels of pesticides were found on milkweeds for sale at garden stores.(在园艺商店出售的乳草中发现了最高水平的杀虫剂)”可知，在园艺商店的乳草可能对黑脉金斑蝶有最有害的影响。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“It now appears necessary to ask garden stores if their plants were grown without the use of long-lasting pesticides, she says. That way your gardens can host milkweeds without accidentally harming monarch caterpillars.(她说，现在似乎有必要询问园艺商店，他们的植物是否在没有使用长效杀虫剂的情况下种植。这样你的花园就可以容纳乳草，而不会意外伤害黑脉金斑蝶的幼虫)”可知，Sarah Hoyle建议人们设法种植不含杀虫剂的乳草。故选D。 Passage 2 （23-24高一上·江苏镇江·期末） Spending your nights sleeping for just four seconds at a time might sound painful, but not for chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅), which fall asleep thousands of times a day, new research finds. Scientists studying the chinstrap penguins on King George Island in Antarctica found they nod off more than10,000 times a day, allowing them to keep an eye on their nests all the time, protecting eggs and chicks from predators (捕食性动物). “Nesting penguins took over 600 ‘microsleeps’ an hour, each lasting only four seconds,” researchers wrote in the paper, published in the journal Science. The findings suggest “microsleeps can perform at least some of the functions of sleep”. Sleep seems to be common among animals, but it makes them vulnerable because they lose the ability to respond quickly to the outside environment. The researchers studied chinstrap penguins in the wild using electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring. Microsleeps were shown by sleep-related brain activity and eye-closure. They noticed a slight increase in the depth of sleep at around noon, when risk of predation could be at its lowest. Studies have shown some species routinely sleep very little, seemingly without negative costs to their performance while awake. African bush elephants sleep on average for two hours a day, and mostly while standing up, one study found. Sometimes they went 48 hours without sleeping. Giant frigate birds can spend months on the wing during ocean migrations (迁徙). During this period they can sleep for less than an hour a day, while still flying and hunting. When they get back to the nest they sleep for nearly 13 hours a day. “Sleep seems to be flexible among species,” a researcher said. “I believe that there are still many things unknown about animal sleep.” 5．Why do Chinstrap Penguins nod off more than 10,000 times a day? A．To find family meals. B．To guard their newborns. C．To enjoy good sleep. D．To get more rest. 6．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” mean in paragraph 4? A．Easily hurt. B．Fully prepared. C．Totally satisfied. D．Widely known. 7．What can affect the depth of sleep according to paragraph 5? A．Potential attacks from predators. B．Movements of eyes. C．The number of nests. D．Changes of temperature. 8．What do the examples of African bush elephants and giant frigate birds suggest? A．Larger animals are likely to have less sleep. B．Some animals sleep more during migration. C．Birds can sleep when they are standing up. D．Sleeping little may not affect waking performance. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．A 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究发现，每晚只睡四秒钟听起来很痛苦，但对企鹅来说并不是这样，它们一天要睡几千次。一些物种通常睡得很少，似乎对它们清醒时的表现没有负面影响。文章对此进行了详细介绍。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Scientists studying the chinstrap penguins on King George Island in Antarctica found they nod off more than10,000 times a day, allowing them to keep an eye on their nests all the time, protecting eggs and chicks from predators (捕食性动物).(科学家们在南极洲乔治王岛上研究帽带企鹅时发现，它们每天打盹超过1万次，这样它们就能一直盯着自己的巢穴，保护蛋和雏鸟不受捕食者的伤害)”可知，帽带企鹅每天打盹超过1万次是为了保护它们的新生儿。故选B。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“because they lose the ability to respond quickly to the outside environment(因为它们失去了对外界环境做出快速反应的能力)”可知，此处是指睡眠让动物变得脆弱。由此可知，划线词vulnerable意为“脆弱的”，与Easily hurt(容易受伤的)意思接近。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“They noticed a slight increase in the depth of sleep at around noon, when risk of predation could be at its lowest.(他们注意到，中午左右的睡眠深度略有增加，而此时被捕食的风险可能最低)”可知，掠食者的潜在攻击会影响睡眠深度。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据第六段第一句“Studies have shown some species routinely sleep very little, seemingly without negative costs to their performance while awake.(研究表明，一些物种通常睡得很少，似乎对它们清醒时的表现没有负面影响)”及非洲丛林象和巨型军舰鸟的例子可知，非洲丛林象和巨型军舰鸟的例子说明睡得少可能不会影响清醒时的表现。故选D。 Passage 3 （23-24高一上·江苏镇江·期末） Dogs are born with the ability of self-awareness according to a study published in 2019 in Animal Cognition. The tested dogs in the lab slowed down and hesitated before walking through uncomfortably small openings, showing that they rely on awareness of their body size to make decisions. What about cats? Cats may seem solid (固体), but to some degree they’re actually liquid (液体) —at least according to one 2017 theoretical physics paper inspired by videos of cats squeezing (挤过) under doors, into small vases and down narrow gaps. Now, one researcher has taken this idea a step further, testing a group of cats to see when they act more like liquids or solids. But cats are difficult to test in the lab. With help from his co-workers, Pongrácz built a special lab that they set up in the homes of 29 cat owners. In each home, the team attached two large, cardboard panels (嵌板) to a doorframe (门框): one with five holes of the same height but reducing width and another with five holes of the same width but reducing height. An owner stood on one side of the panel while the cat and the experimenter stood on the other. The cat had to squeeze from the experimenter’s side to the owner’s side through the holes while being filmed. Thirty out of 38 cats finished the experiment. When faced with holes of different height, 22 cats hesitated to move through the shortest. When The holes differed in width, only eight cats hesitated before approaching the narrowest hole. Most cats tried to squeeze through slim openings immediately without thinking of whether they fit or not. In nature, this hesitation in the experiment to move through short holes may be a self-protection approach, Pongrácz says. If a cat squeezes through a hole without being able to see what’s on the other side, they may be making themselves easy to hurt potentially. The fact that they still hesitate in the safety of their homes suggests that the cats also rely on their body size to plan their approach. 9．Why does the author mention the experiment on dogs in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To compare dogs with cats. C．To present the findings of a study. D．To attract attention to dog’s behaviors. 10．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Steps of the experiment. B．Subjects of the experiment. C．Results of the experiment. D．Purposes of the experiment. 11．What do cats tend to consider when squeezing through a hole? A．Area of a hole. B．Width of a hole. C．Height of a hole. D．Shape of a hole. 12．What does cats’ hesitation imply in the experiment? A．They are solid instead of liquid. B．They are trying to see the other side. C．They are deciding a self-protection way. D．They are waiting for their owners’ orders. 【答案】9．A 10．A 11．C 12．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于猫是否能意识到自己的身体大小的一项实验。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Dogs are born with the ability of self-awareness according to a study published in 2019 in Animal Cognition. The tested dogs in the lab slowed down and hesitated before walking through uncomfortably small openings, showing that they rely on awareness of their body size to make decisions.(根据2019年发表在《动物认知》杂志上的一项研究，狗天生具有自我认知能力。实验室里接受测试的狗在穿过令人不适的小开口时会放慢速度并犹豫，这表明它们依靠对身体大小的意识来做出决定)”和第二段“What about cats?(那么猫呢？)”可知，作者在第一段提到关于狗的实验是为了引出对猫的相关讨论，也就是为了引出话题。故选A。 10．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“But cats are difficult to test in the lab. With help from his co-workers, Pongrácz built a special lab that they set up in the homes of 29 cat owners. In each home, the team attached two large, cardboard panels (嵌板) to a doorframe (门框): one with five holes of the same height but reducing width and another with five holes of the same width but reducing height. An owner stood on one side of the panel while the cat and the experimenter stood on the other. The cat had to squeeze from the experimenter’s side to the owner’s side through the holes while being filmed.(但是，在实验室里对猫进行测试很困难。在同事们的帮助下，庞格拉茨（Pongrácz）建立了一个特殊的实验室，他们将其设置在29位猫主人的家中。在每个家庭里，团队在门框上安装了两块大型的纸板嵌板：一块嵌板上有五个高度相同但宽度逐渐减小的洞，另一块嵌板上有五个宽度相同但高度逐渐减小的洞。猫主人站在嵌板的一侧，而猫和实验者站在另一侧。在拍摄过程中，猫需要从实验者所在的一侧挤过洞到达主人所在的一侧)”可知，第三段主要讲述了实验是如何进行的，即实验的步骤。故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“When faced with holes of different height, 22 cats hesitated to move through the shortest. When The holes differed in width, only eight cats hesitated before approaching the narrowest hole.(当面对不同高度的洞时，22只猫犹豫着不愿穿过最短的洞。当洞的宽度不同时，只有八只猫在接近最窄的洞之前犹豫了一下)”可知，在面对不同高度的洞时，更多的猫会犹豫，这说明猫在挤过一个洞时更倾向于考虑洞的高度。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In nature, this hesitation in the experiment to move through short holes may be a self-protection approach, Pongrácz says.(Pongrácz说，在自然界中，实验中穿过短洞时的这种犹豫可能是一种自我保护的方法)”可推知，在实验中，猫的犹豫意味着它们正在决定一种自我保护的方式。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25高一上·江苏天一中学·期末） A roomful of hundreds of blooming orchids (盛开的兰花) is always a breathtaking sight. But Smithsonian Gardens has gone even further with its 28th annual orchid show held in the Kogod Courtyard. For the first time, Smithsonian Gardens used art to enrich the showy natural display, selecting the work of Baltimore-based artist Phaan Howng. Howng hopes her art inspires audiences to take action to support the protection of orchid species. Accompanying around 350 live orchids, Howng’s original artwork features brightly colored flowerpots, hand-painted tree wraps, and three-dimensional sculptures (雕塑作品) of a select group of orchids. To construct the sculptures, she used 3D prints of plants in the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection and then mounted them onto a steel base. They were then revised and finished with various artificial (人造的) materials. The orchid plants can spend only a short time outside their ideal growing conditions: 60 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit with 65 to 80 percent humidity (湿度). Those conditions are maintained year-round at the Smithsonian’s 16,000-square-foot greenhouse. Justin Kondrat, lead horticulturist (园艺家) for the Smithsonian Gardens Orchard Collection, says the 28,000-square-foot Kogod Courtyard is an acceptable environment in the short term. Smithsonian Gardens employees regularly maintain humidity and provide nutrients during the exhibition. The annual show educates visitors about orchids’ precarious situation in some areas of the world. The number of orchids has significantly declined due to illegal harvesting in some regions, and many species are now threatened by changes in climate and habitat. Orchids are found around the globe everywhere except in Antarctica, says Kondrat. The largest diversity is in the tropics (热带地区), though they are under the most threat there due to disappearing habitats. Horticulturists periodically enhance the collection. Smithsonian Gardens aims to use appropriate collection techniques and safeguard the orchids for future generations and for scientific research and use, Kondrat says. Every orchid “is a living collection item,” Kondrat notes, adding that it is given “the same level of care and attention to detail as any of the photos hanging in the National Portrait Gallery.” 13．What can be learned about Smithsonian Gardens’ 28th orchid show? A．It focuses on orchids’ symbolic significance. B．It has long been known for its artistic element. C．It promotes technology use in art. D．It displays both real and artificial flowers. 14．Which aspect of orchids does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A．Their biological effects. B．Their environmental sensitivity. C．Their soil conditions. D．Their healthy growth. 15．What is the underlined word “precarious” in paragraph 4 closest in meaning to? A．Unlikely. B．Ideal. C．Dangerous. D．Different 16．What does Justin Kondrat want to show by mentioning the National Portrait Gallery? A．High-standard care for displayed orchids. B．Its cooperation with Smithsonian Gardens. C．Its contribution to the orchid exhibition. D．Effective techniques for collecting orchids. 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．C 16．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了史密森尼花园第28届兰花展首融艺术，展350株活兰与艺术家作品，介绍兰花对环境敏感特性，警示其生存危机并强调高水准养护。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Accompanying around 350 live orchids, Howng’s original artwork features brightly colored flowerpots, hand-painted tree wraps, and three-dimensional sculptures (雕塑作品) of a select group of orchids. To construct the sculptures, she used 3D prints of plants in the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection and then mounted them onto a steel base. They were then revised and finished with various artificial (人造的) materials.(霍恩的原作作品中包含了约350株活兰花，其画面中有着色彩鲜艳的花盆、手工绘制的树皮装饰以及精选兰花的三维雕塑作品。为了制作这些雕塑，她先使用了史密森尼花园兰花收藏中的植物的3D打印模型，然后将其固定在钢质底座上。之后，她还对这些雕塑进行了修改，并使用了各种人造材料进行完善)”可知，史密森尼花园的第28届兰花展既展示了真正的花朵，也展示了人造花朵。故选D。 14．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The orchid plants can spend only a short time outside their ideal growing conditions: 60 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit with 65 to 80 percent humidity (湿度). Those conditions are maintained year-round at the Smithsonian’s 16,000-square-foot greenhouse. Justin Kondrat, lead horticulturist (园艺家) for the Smithsonian Gardens Orchard Collection, says the 28,000-square-foot Kogod Courtyard is an acceptable environment in the short term. Smithsonian Gardens employees regularly maintain humidity and provide nutrients during the exhibition.(兰花植物离开理想的生长环境只能短暂存活：温度需保持在60至80华氏度，湿度需维持在65%至80%之间。而这些条件全年都在史密森尼博物馆占地16000平方英尺的温室中得以维持。史密森尼花园果园收藏项目的首席园艺家贾斯汀·康德拉特表示，占地28000平方英尺的科戈德庭院是这些兰花植物短期生长的适宜环境。史密森尼花园的员工会定期调节湿度，并在展览期间提供养分)”可知，第三段主要侧重于描述兰花的对环境的敏感性。故选B。 15．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“The number of orchids has significantly declined due to illegal harvesting in some regions, and many species are now threatened by changes in climate and habitat.(由于某些地区的非法采挖，兰花的数量已大幅减少，而且许多物种如今正受到气候和栖息地变化的威胁)”可知，后文明确解释兰花面临数量锐减以及气候与栖息地变化的威胁，说明其生存状态是危险的。故划线词意思是“危险的”。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Every orchid “is a living collection item,” Kondrat notes, adding that it is given “the same level of care and attention to detail as any of the photos hanging in the National Portrait Gallery.”(康德拉特指出：“每株兰花都堪称一件鲜活的展品。”他还表示，这些兰花所受到的照料程度与国家肖像馆里展出的任何一幅画像一样，都极为细致入微)”可知，贾斯汀·康德拉特提及国家肖像画廊意在表明对展出兰花的精心照料。故选A。 主题02 人与社会——竞技/比赛 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏扬州·期末） Although different kinds of ball game existed throughout the world during the ancient times, the development of football took place on the British Isles and there are many recorded cases that prove this. As early as the 12th century, “football” was practiced by people throughout Britain. This type of ball game, of course, was quite different from modern football. The name “football” referred to the game being played on foot and not because it was played by using the feet. Actually, all parts of the body were allowed to be used to move the ball. The game was simply called “ball” or “gameball”. Most often, the “football” match took place in the open country but sometimes they were played inside the towns and villages, which caused noisy confusion and goods damage. Of course, once again, the ball game served different kinds of purposes for the communities. Sometimes it was used to settle arguments and other times it was used as some kind of ceremony, serving some religious(宗教的)needs. The “Goals” were sometimes set a couple of miles apart and there were very few rules, or none at all. The teams may have been made up of 300 to 500 people each. Wrestling(摔跤), falling, kicking and other aggressive behavior was as normal as it is today in the Mixed Martial Arts fights. Due to the noisy and violent nature of the game, property damage and injuries to the people who took part in the game were quite the usual result. In some cases, the injuries were so bad that they led to the death of the players. Due to the rough nature of the game then, it comes as quite a surprise that there were types of the game kept only for women. They sometimes played, divided into two teams, one of which would be the married women who would play against the other team which would be made up of the unmarried ones. That proves that football was a very popular game during those times. 1．How did the early football get the name of “ball” or “gameball”? A．All parts of the body could be used. B．The game was played in many ways. C．People could only use their feet. D．It took place in the open country. 2．What might be the purpose of football games in communities? A．To struggle for equality. B．To educate all villagers. C．To solve disagreements. D．To create more wealth. 3．What does the underlined word “aggressive” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Flexible. B．Fighting. C．Fancy. D．Faint. 4．What do we know about the women’s football games? A．Only women could watch their games. B．Different women could be in one team. C．They often played with men’s team. D．They had their own way to form teams. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了足球在英国的发展。文章不仅讲述了足球名字的由来，也提到了它在社区的作用以及女子足球队的分组规则等信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The name “football” referred to the game being played on foot and not because it was played by using the feet. Actually, all parts of the body were allowed to be used to move the ball. The game was simply called “ball” or “gameball”.( “足球”这个名字是指用脚踢的比赛，而不是因为它是用脚踢的。实际上，身体的所有部位都可以用来移动球。这种游戏被简单地称为“ball”或“gameball”。)”可知，事实上，早期的足球，身体的所有部位都可以用来移动这个球，这就是它被称作为“ball”or“game ball”的原因。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Of course, once again, the ball game served different kinds of purposes for the communities. Sometimes it was used to settle arguments and other times it was used as some kind of ceremony, serving some religious (宗教的) needs.( 当然，再一次，球类运动为社区服务了不同的目的。有时它被用来解决争论，有时它被用作某种仪式，满足某些宗教需求。)”可知，足球比赛在社区中的目的是解决分歧和争论。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词句中“Wrestling(摔跤), falling, kicking and other aggressive behavior was as normal as it is today in the Mixed Martial Arts fights.( 摔跤、摔倒、踢腿和其他aggressive行为在今天的综合格斗比赛中是很正常的。)”由此可知，摔跤，跌倒和踢是一些具有进攻性的行为，B选项Fighting“好战的，好斗的”的意思与其最接近。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“They sometimes played, divided into two teams, one of which would be the married women who would play against the other team which would be made up of the unmarried ones. That proves that football was a very popular game during those times.( 她们有时会分成两队，一组是已婚女性，另一组是未婚女性。这证明在那个时代足球是一项非常流行的运动。)”可知，我们对女子足球比赛可以知道她们有自己组建团队的方式。故选D。 主题03 人与社会——中国文化与节日 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·江苏常州·期末） The Longtaitou Festival, which means “dragon-raises head” in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese festival held on the second day of the second month in the Chinese lunar calendar. So, it’s also called Eryueer Festival. In Chinese culture, the dragon is an auspicious (吉利的) animal that dominates clouds and rains. The 2nd day of the 2nd lunar month is thought to be the day when dragon awakes and raises its head according to the Chinese folk legend. So the day is called Dragon Heads-raising Day. After the day, spring is coming and there will be more and more rain. People think these credits (功劳) go to the dragon. So the day is also called Spring Dragon Festival. Since the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), Chinese people have had the custom of spending the Spring Dragon Festival. The most popular custom on the Dragon Heads-raising Day is cutting hair. Dragon is highly honored for its dignity (尊贵) and power for good. It is thought to be auspicious to cut hair on the Dragon Heads-raising Day. Luck and opportunities will always knock you in the year. So, on that day, barbershops’ (理发店的) businesses are growing and full of customers. The most common foods for celebrating the festival are popcorns, pancakes, noodles, dumplings, fired soy beans and pig’s head. People in different areas have different traditions about the food on the day. In Beijing, people eat Lvdagunr (Glutinous Rice Rolls with Sweet Bean Flour) and spring pancakes on the day. In Shanxi, people like to eat fried dough twists (油条) and pancakes. In Shandong, fried soy beans, noodles and dumplings are the festival food. In Fuzhou, the salted porridge made of glutinous rice, celery, scallion, garlic, fry dried shrimps and shredded meat is eaten. These show people’s hope to be blessed (保佑) with favorable weather and plentiful grain harvest by the dragon. 1．Which of the following is true about the Longtaitou Festival? A．It dates back to Song Dynasty. B．It is celebrated for two days. C．It attracts fewer people than other festivals. D．It suggests the return of spring. 2．Why do people cut hair on the Dragon Heads-raising Day? A．It is the most popular custom. B．It is in honor of dragon’s dignity and power. C．It is people’s wish for luck and opportunities. D．It is a sign of barbershops’ prospering businesses. 3．What can we infer from the third paragraph about the Longtaitou Festival? A．People in China share the similar traditional foods on the day. B．Foods for celebrating the festival usually bear people’s best wishes. C．Salted foods are used to celebrate the festival throughout China. D．Traditional foods on the day are prepared for the dragon to eat. 4．What might be the best title for the text? A．The Dragon Heads-raising Day. B．The celebrations of the Longtaitou Festival. C．The origin of the Longtaitou Festival. D．The purpose of the Dragon Heads-raising Day. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是龙抬头的一些习俗。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“After the day, spring is coming and there will be more and more rain.(一天过后，春天来了，雨会越来越多。)”可知，龙抬头预示着春天的回归。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It is thought to be auspicious to cut hair on the Dragon Heads-raising Day. Luck and opportunities will always knock you in the year.(人们认为在龙抬头日剪头发是吉祥的。在这一年运气和机会总是敲你的门。)”可知，人们在在龙抬头日剪头发是人们对好运和机会的渴望。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“These show people’s hope to be blessed (保佑) with favorable weather and plentiful grain harvest by the dragon.(这些表达了人们希望龙能保佑他们风和日丽、五谷丰登。)”可知，庆祝龙抬头的食物通常承载着人们最美好的祝愿。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“The Longtaitou Festival, which means “dragon-raises head” in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese festival held on the second day of the second month in the Chinese lunar calendar.(龙抬头节，中文意思是“龙抬头”，是中国的传统节日，在农历二月初二举行。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是中国的传统节日——龙抬头节，因此最好的题目是A选项“The Dragon Heads-raising Day.(龙抬头节。)”。故选A。 Passage 2 People perform graceful moves, all while standing on a bamboo strip in the river. You may think it’s a scene from an art movie, but actually it is a form of intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产): bamboo drifting (独竹漂). Bamboo drifting dates back to over 2,000 years ago in the Chishui River area of Guizhou. During the Qin Dynasty, the Bozhou district of Zunyi city was known for its high-quality nanmu. It was in great demand by the royal court more than 2,000 kilometers to the north. With no transportation along the Chishui River, people had to stand on one log (原木) to drift down the river. Later, local people began to compete along the way and the game of wood drifting was born. In the Qing Dynasty, wood drifting became bamboo drifting because of bamboo’s lower price. Now, communities in Guizhou hold bamboo drifting competitions every year during Dragon Boat Festival. Due to the great strength and balance it takes for one to get the hang of this act, bamboo drifting was included in the national intangible cultural heritage list in 2021. Yang Liu, 24, is an inheritor (继承人) of bamboo drifting. Yang said the most challenging part of bamboo drifting was keeping one’s balance. “I fell in the water several times when I was practising,” she said. But the love for the ancient skill keeps Yang going. In the past 17 years, she has drifted all year round, in winter cold and summer heat. Yang also produces new ideas when spreading the culture of bamboo drifting. For example, she connects dance with bamboo drifting to make it more graceful and wears hanfu when performing, creating a beautiful feel. In 2020, Yang registered on social media platforms and posted her videos. “I want to spread it to other countries so that more people around the world will like Chinese culture,” she told China Daily. 5．What can be learned from the first two paragraphs? A．Nanmu was transported to the north by land. B．Bamboo was expensive in Guizhou 2,000 years ago. C．The martial arts movie is a form of cultural heritage. D．Bamboo drifting involves lots of skills. 6．What does the underlined phrase “get the hang of” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Master. B．Change. C．Prepare. D．Improve. 7．What is the most difficult for bamboo drifting in Yang Liu’s opinion? A．Designing moves. B．Keeping balance. C．Choosing bamboos. D．Transporting goods. 8．What can we infer about Yang Liu? A．She has become the leader of bamboo drifting. B．She learned bamboo drifting very easily. C．She inherits bamboo drifting creatively. D．She began learning bamboo drifting at 17. 【答案】5．D 6．A 7．B 8．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了非物质文化遗产独竹漂的历史和传承。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“People perform graceful moves, all while standing on a bamboo strip in the river.(人们站在河中的竹竿上表演优美的动作)”和第二段中“Due to the great strength and balance it takes(由于它需要巨大的力量和平衡)”可知，独竹漂需要很多技巧。故选D。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线短语前“Due to the great strength and balance it takes for one to get the hang of this act(由于它需要巨大的力量和平衡才能……)”可知，此处指一个人需要巨大的力量和平衡才能掌握独竹漂的窍门，划线部分与A项Master“掌握”的意思相近。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Yang said the most challenging part of bamboo drifting was keeping one’s balance.(Yang说，独竹漂最具挑战性的部分是保持平衡)”可知，Yang认为独竹漂最困难的是保持平衡，故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yang also produces new ideas when spreading the culture of bamboo drifting. For example, she connects dance with bamboo drifting to make it more graceful and wears hanfu when performing, creating a beautiful feel.(Yang在传播独竹漂文化的同时，也产生了新的想法。例如，她将舞蹈与独竹漂结合起来，使舞蹈更加优雅，表演时穿着汉服，营造出一种美丽的感觉)”可知，她创造性地继承了独竹漂，故选C。 主题04 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·江苏泰州·期末） Do you experience worse car sickness in electric cars than in petrol cars? You’re not alone - and when it comes to self-driving cars, it may be even worse. Although scientists aren’t exactly sure what causes motion sickness, it has to do with passengers losing the ability to predict future movements. When you read a magazine in a car, your eyes will signal to your brain that the car is not moving. However, your brain will recognize the vibrations (振动) and turns that the car makes. This can confuse the mind and make you start to feel sick. As for electric cars, one-pedal (单踏板) driving is often linked to feelings of car sickness, according to the US Department of Energy. The one pedal does both the accelerating (加速) and braking (刹车) - the driver steps on the pedal to increase speed and takes their foot off the pedal to slow down. If you stop accelerating, the one-pedal will automatically slow and stop the car. The deceleration caused by this system is thus more rapid than that of petrol cars, which may lead to motion sickness. Another technological advance that can also be related to car sickness is the larger and increasing number of screens inside vehicles. These screens overburden users with visual information, which discourages them from looking outside, according to The Conversation. Passengers thereby lose their ability to take in the “correct” visual signals, such as the moving surroundings, which can lead to sickness. Unfortunately, even when people get used to the movements of electric cars and experience less car sickness, self-driving vehicles might be another challenge for them. According to a 2015 study, as much as 12 percent of the US population may feel carsick while riding in autonomous vehicles. To ensure the widespread usage of new types of vehicles, car producers are working to solve such problems with better technology. For example, Japanese company Honda is working on reducing the car’s “violent (猛烈的) ”acceleration by making changes to the engine, said Car Magazine. 1．What is the possible cause of passengers experiencing motion sickness? A．Lack of visual signals in the car. B．Unpredictable movements of the car. C．Inability to sense vibrations and turns. D．The brain’s confusion about movements. 2．What makes electric cars more likely to cause car sickness than petrol cars? A．Their unique driving mode. B．Their slow way of braking. C．Their violent acceleration. D．Their constant pedal adjustment. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Potential dangers of placing screens in cars. B．A technology to reduce car sickness. C．A design aspect in vehicles that causes car sickness. D．Passengers’ different responses to car sickness. 4．What is Honda doing to improve its cars? A．Developing a more powerful engine. B．Reducing their cars’ deceleration time. C．Making the cars’ acceleration smoother. D．Adding more automatic adjustment features. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了为什么在电动汽车和自动驾驶汽车中会更容易产生晕车，并对相关科学原理、技术方案以及汽车生产商的努力进行了阐述。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“When you read a magazine in a car, your eyes will signal to your brain that the car is not moving. However, your brain will recognize the vibrations (振动) and turns that the car makes. This can confuse the mind and make you start to feel sick.(当你在车里看杂志时，你的眼睛会向你的大脑发出信号，告诉你车没有动。然而，你的大脑会识别出汽车的振动和转动。这会使你的大脑混乱，让你开始感到恶心)”可知，晕车是因为眼睛让大脑认为车是静止的，但同时大脑又能感知到车的移动，即大脑对车运动的感知出现了混乱。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“As for electric cars, one-pedal (单踏板) driving is often linked to feelings of car sickness, according to the US Department of Energy. The one pedal does both the accelerating (加速) and braking (刹车) - the driver steps on the pedal to increase speed and takes their foot off the pedal to slow down. If you stop accelerating, the one-pedal will automatically slow and stop the car. The deceleration caused by this system is thus more rapid than that of petrol cars, which may lead to motion sickness.(至于电动汽车，据美国能源部称，单踏板驾驶往往与晕车感有关。一个踏板既能加速又能刹车——司机踩上踏板加速，把脚从踏板上移开减速。如果你停止加速，单脚踏板会自动减速并停车。因此，该系统造成的减速比汽油车更快，这可能导致晕动病)”可知，电车由于单踏板的驾驶方式让减速时比油车更急，从而更容易引起晕车。故选A。 3．主旨大意。根据第四段“Another technological advance that can also be related to car sickness is the larger and increasing number of screens inside vehicles. These screens overburden users with visual information, which discourages them from looking outside, according to The Conversation. Passengers thereby lose their ability to take in the “correct” visual signals, such as the moving surroundings, which can lead to sickness.(另一项可能与晕车有关的技术进步是车内屏幕越来越大，数量也越来越多。据The Conversation网站报道，这些屏幕给用户带来了过多的视觉信息负担，阻碍了他们向外看。乘客因此失去了接收“正确”视觉信号的能力，比如移动的环境，这可能导致晕车)”可知，本段介绍的是车辆设计方面导致晕车。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For example, Japanese company Honda is working on reducing the car’s “violent (猛烈的) ”acceleration by making changes to the engine, said Car Magazine.(例如，据《汽车杂志》报道，日本本田公司正致力于通过改变发动机来减少汽车的“剧烈加速”)”可知，Honda正在研究通过改进引擎来减少车的猛烈加速，即让车的加速更加平稳。故选C。 主题05人与社会——闲暇活动 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏·期末） Middle school students in Valdosta are learning the importance of agriculture (农业). Joshua Dawson, a Lowndes County Extension agent, helped seventh grade students at J.L. Newbern Middle School build raised bed plant boxes to grow crops. Dawson’s work with the school gardens began in 2014 as a part of the Valdosta School Garden and Orchard Project. Through support from local businesses and members of the community, it is used to introduce Valdosta elementary and middle school students to gardening and agriculture. Some of the crops grown in the gardens include sweet potatoes, carrots and so on. The harvested produce is used by the school dining rooms to serve during lunch and students are allowed to take produce home depending on the harvest size. Members of the local Master Gardener programme are helping Dawson with the gardens. With his daily responsibilities as a County Extension agent, Dawson depends heavily on their support. “Without the Master Gardeners, I don’t know if any of this would be possible. They look after the gardens and work with the teachers closely, and provide necessary feet on the ground for a lot of things,” Dawson said. In the beginning, the students were worried about working in the garden, but Dawson said those doubts disappeared quickly. “I like watering the plants and working with the soil,” said Anthony Aikens, a seventh grader. Anthony said his favourite subject is science and wants to be a zoologist or a full-time gardener when he grows up. Dr Elena Ponder, principal of J.L. Newbern Middle School, said many students are interested in this project. She said working in the garden provides students with a cross-curriculum (交叉课程) where they use different skills to solve problems. “Once you plant a garden, you have to attend to that garden. That shows you have the work ethic (职业道德), patience and time to put into something. That will translate into skills they will need in the future jobs,” she said. 1．What does the project aim to do? A．To encourage students to take responsibility. B．To let students know more about agriculture. C．To improve the living conditions of students. D．To offer students healthy vegetables lunches. 2．How do the Master Gardeners support Joshua Dawson? A．By introducing him to an expert. B．By taking care of the gardens. C．By communicating with students. D．By providing farming training. 3．What attitude did the students hold to the project at first? A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Hopeful. 4．What does Dr Elena Ponder say about the project for students? A．It helps them explore interests. B．It makes them value their spare time. C．It helps them concentrate in class. D．It promotes their future development. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一个旨在让学生更多地了解园艺和农业的项目。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Through support from local businesses and members of the community, it is used to introduce Valdosta elementary and middle school students to gardening and agriculture.(通过当地企业及社区成员的大力支持，该项目被用于向瓦尔多斯塔的小学和初中学生普及园艺和农业知识)”可知，这个项目是为了让学生对园艺和农业有更多了解。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段““They look after the gardens and work with the teachers closely, and provide necessary feet on the ground for a lot of things,” Dawson said.(道森说：“他们负责打理花园，并与教师密切合作，为许多事务提供了实际的执行力量。”)”可知，Master Gardeners帮助Joshua Dawson打理菜园。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In the beginning, the students were worried about working in the garden, but Dawson said those doubts disappeared quickly.(起初，学生们对于在园子里劳作有些担心，但道森说这些顾虑很快就消失了)”可知，学生起初对这个项目是持怀疑态度的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““That shows you have the work ethic (职业道德), patience and time to put into something. That will translate into skills they will need in the future jobs,” she said.( 她说：“这表明你具备敬业精神、耐心以及投入时间去做事的能力。这些品质将转化为你在未来工作中所需具备的技能。”)”可知，Dr Elena Ponder认为这个项目对学生未来的发展有好处。故选D。 主题06 人与社会——哲理感悟 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） In a world that often stresses physical appearance, it’s important not to concern ourselves with external beauty or ugliness. True beauty and strength lie within. Our focus on outward looks can lead to self-doubt and insecurity. For instance, many people feel sad when they don’t match the perfect images (形象) presented in the media. They might fight for an unachievable standard of beauty, frequently comparing themselves to others. However, this often leaves us empty and dissatisfied. Inner strength, on the other hand, enables us to face life’s challenges with courage and resilience (恢复力). It gives us the ability to bear hardships and come out of failures. A person like Malala Yousafzai, who fought for girls’ education despite facing great danger, shows that a strong and beautiful heart is more important than appearance. A person with a strong and beautiful heart is kind, empathetic (有同理心的), and generous. They focus on building meaningful relationships and having a positive influence on the world around them. They don’t let the opinions of others about their appearance affect them. Instead, they draw confidence from their values and character. Consider the volunteers in local charities. They give their time and love selflessly, not worried by their outward looks but rather the warmth they can bring. Even in daily life, simple acts like helping an elderly cross the street or comforting a sad friend show the beauty within. Rather than spending a large amount of time and energy on perfecting our looks, we should focus on self-improvement and self-reflection. We can read, learn new skills, and take part in activities that nourish (滋养) our souls. By doing so, we will discover a beauty that is far more lasting and satisfying than any external charm. Let’s remember that it’s our inner selves that truly matter and have the power to change not only our lives but also the lives of those we touch. 1．What can be inferred about the role of the media in relation to self-awareness from this article? A．It helps people build a realistic self-image. B．It promotes a healthy focus on inner beauty. C．It may contribute to unrealistic beauty standards. D．It has no important effect on how people view themselves. 2．Why does the author mention Malala Yousafzai and volunteers? A．As an example of inner beauty. B．As an example different from volunteers in charities. C．To show the importance of girls’ education. D．To show the power of changing one’s life. 3．What writing technique is used in this article in order to express the main point of view? A．Exaggeration (夸张). B．Metaphor (暗喻). C．Contrast (对比). D．Personification (拟人). 4．Which of the following would he the best title for the article? A．True Beauty: The strength Hard to Achieve. B．From Within: The True Beauty of a Person. C．Self-improvement: The Way to Nourish Our Soul. D．Difficult to Judge: The True Meaning of Inner Beauty. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了只关注外在美会导致的问题，强调内在美才是真正的美。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“For instance, many people feel sad when they don’t match the perfect images (形象) presented in the media. They might fight for an unachievable standard of beauty, frequently comparing themselves to others. (例如，当他们与媒体上呈现的完美形象不符时，许多人会感到悲伤。他们可能会为一个无法达到的美丽标准而奋斗，经常把自己和别人比较。)”可知，媒体在自我意识方面可能导致不切实际的审美标准。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“A person like Malala Yousafzai, who fought for girls’ education despite facing great danger, shows that a strong and beautiful heart is more important than appearance. (像马拉拉·尤萨夫扎伊这样的人，不顾巨大的危险为女孩的教育而奋斗，表明了坚强美丽的内心比外表更重要。)”以及第三段“Consider the volunteers in local charities. They give their time and love selflessly, not worried by their outward looks but rather the warmth they can bring. (想想当地慈善机构的志愿者。他们无私地付出自己的时间和爱，不担心他们的外表，而是他们能带来的温暖。)”可知，作者提到马拉拉·尤萨夫扎伊和志愿者是为了作为内在美的一个例子。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“Our focus on outward looks can lead to self-doubt and insecurity. (我们对外表的关注会导致自我怀疑和不安全感。)”以及第三段“A person with a strong and beautiful heart is kind, empathetic (有同理心的), and generous. (拥有一颗强大而美丽的心的人是善良、善解人意和慷慨的。)”可知，作者通过将外在美与内在美进行对比，来强调内在美的重要性，所以文章使用了对比的写作技巧，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“By doing so, we will discover a beauty that is far more lasting and satisfying than any external charm. Let’s remember that it’s our inner selves that truly matter and have the power to change not only our lives but also the lives of those we touch. (通过这样做，我们将发现一种比任何外在魅力更持久、更令人满意的美。让我们记住，真正重要的是我们内心的自我，它不仅能改变我们的生活，也能改变我们所接触到的人的生活。)”结合文章主要说明了只关注外在美会导致的问题，强调内在美才是真正的美。可知，B选项“发自内心：一个人的真正美”最符合文章标题。故选B。 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏常州·期末） A sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle eventually does harm to health but breaking out of long inactivity can be discouraging. Now, however, there may be a simple way to ease into more activity. A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day — climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework — can provide great health benefits. “It’s quite simple, but it’s not an idea that’s out there,” says University of Sydney exercise scientist Emmanuel Stamatakis who led the research. “Many people, including many health professionals, still think of physical activity as something that you do during your free time, and you need to go somewhere to do it.” Stamatakis and his colleagues, on the other hand, wanted to understand if daily life activities done somewhat vigorously in short bouts could also provide health benefits compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle. To study this, his team used data from nearly 25, 000 adults who were non-exercisers. Without these data, it was almost impossible to continue the study. Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death. The team found that people who did at least four one-to-two-minute high intensity physical activities every day had a nearly 40 percent less risk of dying from cancer and a roughly 49 percent lower chance of dying from a cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, “The more, the better.” 1．What did the recent study find? A．An inactive lifestyle is harmful but hard to change. B．More physical exercises can make you more active. C．Doing daily housework is also a kind of exercise. D．Daily short but intense activities do good to health. 2．What does the underlined word “vigorously” most probably mean? A．Energetically. B．Continuously. C．Frequently. D．Creatively. 3．Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5? A．Research purposes. B．Research limitations. C．Research findings. D．Research methods. 4．What would Stamatakis suggest? A．Going to exercise at fixed time and place. B．Avoiding movement of light intensity. C．Doing only 8 minutes intense activity every day. D．Carrying out more short bouts of intense activity. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明短时间高强度的活动有益健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day—climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework— can provide great health benefits.(最近的一项研究表明，每天短时间的剧烈运动——爬楼梯、搬运重物或加快家务劳动的步伐——对健康大有好处)”可知，最近的研究表明，短时间高强度的活动有益健康的。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。done somewhat vigorously in short bouts在句中作后置定语修饰daily life activities，根据后面“compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle(与久坐或不太活跃的生活方式相比)”可推测，划线词应该和less active意思相反，应该是“高强度地，剧烈地”的意思。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death.(在七天的过程中，他们使用机器学习工具来确定一个人是久坐、站立、行走，还是在重复的10秒窗口中进行剧烈活动，如跑步。研究人员还将任何运动分为轻度、中度和高强度。然后，在接下来的七年里，他们记录了哪些研究参与者死亡以及导致死亡的原因)”可知，本段主要讲到了研究过程中的数据收集及分析方法。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段末“More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, ‘The more, the better.’(Stamatakis说，这种剧烈运动的次数越多，就意味着死亡风险得到了更大的保护，‘越多越好’)”可知，Stamatakis认为短时间高强度的活动有益健康，降低死亡风险，他建议多做这样的活动，越多越好。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song! Earworm is common and there are a few theories (理论) behind it. The brain is very sensitive to music, according to neurologist Oliver Sacks, who says music affects us whether we pay attention to it or not. Sacks wonders if there are earworms today because we’re surrounded by music all the time in our everyday lives. Research on the auditory cortex supports Sacks’s ideas. The auditory cortex is the part of the brain that deals with sound. It’s a short-term storage system for small amounts of auditory (sound) information. Some of this auditory information is forgotten, and some of it goes into long-term memory. However, songs appear to stay in the auditory cortex for a long time. James Kellaris (“Dr. Earworm,” as some people call him) is a professor of marketing at the University of Cincinnati. He thinks that only certain types of songs become earworms. These songs have certain characteristics that other songs do not. The characteristics are repetitiveness, simplicity, and incongruity. Your brain pays a lot of attention to a song which is repetitive, simple and incongruous — something unexpected such as uneven (不均匀的) beats, Kellaris says. Because of this, a song which is repeated and unusual stays longer in the auditory cortex. No wonder, advertisers often use jingles — short songs that are easy to remember to promote sales. Is there any way to get rid of an earworm? Here are some tips Kellaris collected: Replace the earworm song with another song, try to distract yourself by doing an intense activity such as exercising, or tell someone about your earworm. What if none of these strategies work? Then perhaps you should just sit back and try to enjoy the music in your head! 5．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By listing rules. B．By drawing conclusions. C．By telling stories. D．By describing experiences. 6．Why is “auditory cortex” mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To show what earworms are like. B．To discuss how earworms affect us. C．To explain why we get earworms. D．To tell where earworms come from. 7．Which of the following is most likely to become an earworm? A．A soft ring from the speaker in the classroom. B．A slow song that makes you think in a bookshop. C．A piece of music you hear for a short time in the cinema. D．A unique jingle that plays over and over in a supermarket. 8．What might be the best title for the text? A．Earworms — the typical jingles B．Earworms — the power of music C．Earworms — the songs in your head D．Earworms — the music of everyday life 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．D 8．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了什么是“耳虫”，并介绍了“耳虫”的原因和解决办法。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song! (你边读边听一首歌。你在考试时听到它。你甚至在试图入睡时听到它。你不能让它停下来，它快把你逼疯了！这发生在你身上吗？也许你患有耳虫，一首歌的记忆！)”可知，为了引出“耳虫”现象，作者列举了一些生活中的经历，例如你边读边听一首歌，你甚至在试图入睡时听它等，这些都是“耳虫”现象，由此可知，作者通过描述经历引出话题。故选D。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“Sacks wonders if there are earworms today because we’re surrounded by music all the time in our everyday lives. Research on the auditory cortex supports Sacks’s ideas. The auditory cortex is the part of the brain that deals with sound. It’s a short-term storage system for small amounts of auditory (sound) information. Some of this auditory information is forgotten, and some of it goes into long-term memory. However, songs appear to stay in the auditory cortex for a long time. (萨克斯想知道今天是否有耳虫，因为我们在日常生活中一直被音乐包围着。对听觉皮层的研究支持萨克斯的观点。听觉皮层是大脑中处理声音的部分。这是一个用于存储少量听觉（声音）信息的短期存储系统。其中一些听觉信息被遗忘，而另一些则进入长期记忆。然而，歌曲似乎在听觉皮层中停留了很长时间。)”可知，“听觉皮层”解释了“耳虫”现象的原因，听觉皮层是大脑中处理声音的部分，歌曲在听觉皮层中停留的时间很长，所以出现了“耳虫”现象，由此可知，在第2段提到“听觉皮层”是为了解释我们为什么会得“耳虫”。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据第三段关键句“The characteristics are repetitiveness, simplicity, and incongruity. (其特点是重复性、简单性和不协调性。)”和“No wonder, advertisers often use jingles—short songs that are easy to remember to promote sales. (难怪广告商经常使用广告歌曲——易于记忆的短歌来促进销售。)”可知，“耳虫”歌曲的特点是重复性、简单性和不协调性，例如易于记忆的广告歌曲，由此可知，一首在超市里反复播放的独特广告歌最有可能成为“耳虫”。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段内容“You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song! (你边读边听一首歌。你在考试时听到它。你甚至在试图入睡时听到它。你不能让它停下来，它快把你逼疯了！这发生在你身上吗？也许你患有耳虫，一首歌的记忆！)”可知，本文主要介绍了什么是“耳虫”，即一首歌曲在你脑海中反复出现，并介绍了“耳虫”的原因和解决办法，“Earworms—the songs in your head”意为“耳虫——你脑海中的歌曲”，能够概括文章主要内容，为最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末） Altruists (利他主义者) in the workplace are more likely to help fellow workers, more satisfied with and less likely to leave their job, new research by UW-Madison’s La Follette School of Public Affairs shows. And these workplace altruists enjoy a pretty important benefit themselves — they are happier than other workers. “More and more research shows the power of altruism,” says La Follette professor Donald Moynihan, “but many people hold the view that we behave altruistically because of hidden self-interest, such as the desire to improve how others see us.” “Our findings make a simple but important point about altruism: helping others makes us happier. Altruism is not a form of self-sacrifice (自我牺牲) out of self-interest, but functions for many as part of a healthy psychological reward (心理奖励) system,” Moynihan explains. Previous research suggests that volunteering makes people happier, but this new study offers new findings — showing altruism in the work environment also increases happiness. Funded by the UW-Madison Center for Demography of Health and Aging, the study tested the relationship between altruism in the workplace and happiness in two ways. First, using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study of more than 10, 000 Wisconsin high school graduates in 1957, the authors found that individuals in their mid-30s who rated helping others in their work as important said they were happier with their life when surveyed again almost 30 years later. Then the authors tested the same model using the General Social Survey and found similar connections among the desire to help others and happiness. “The new research adds to the growing study on happiness. In line with earlier research, public service workers reported a higher desire to help others, but the effect of altruism on happiness was the same for both public and private workers,” Moynihan notes. 9．What can we learn about altruists according to the new research? A．They are likely to stay longer in the company. B．They have more chances to be promoted. C．They care more about others than themselves. D．They tend to make other workers happier. 10．Many people mistake altruism as _______. A．something leading to job satisfaction B．something driven by individual benefits C．something connected with self-reflection D．something centering around others’ happiness 11．How was the research carried out? A．By doing two follow-up surveys. B．By studying figures from experiments. C．By having interviews with workers. D．By revising previous research results. 12．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Altruists undoubtedly feel happy in helping others. B．Public workers are as happy as private workers. C．There’s growing concern on the effect of altruism. D．The new research has gained a different result. 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．A 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于利他主义者的研究，解释了研究开展的过程以及研究发现。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“ Altruists (利他主义者) in the workplace are more likely to help fellow workers, more satisfied with and less likely to leave their job, new research by UW-Madison’s La Follette School of Public Affairs shows.(威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校拉福莱特公共事务学院的一项新研究显示，工作场所的利他主义者更有可能帮助同事，对自己的工作更满意，也更不可能离职)”可知，利他主义者可能会在公司待更长的时间。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段““More and more research shows the power of altruism,” says La Follette professor Donald Moynihan, “but many people hold the view that we behave altruistically because of hidden self-interest, such as the desire to improve how others see us.”(“越来越多的研究显示了利他主义的力量，”拉福莱特教授唐纳德·莫伊尼汉说，“但许多人认为，我们的利他行为是出于隐藏的自利，比如想要改善别人对我们的看法。”)”可知，许多人误以为利他主义是由个人利益驱动的。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Funded by the UW-Madison Center for Demography of Health and Aging, the study tested the relationship between altruism in the workplace and happiness in two ways. First, using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study of more than 10, 000 Wisconsin high school graduates in 1957, the authors found that individuals in their mid-30s who rated helping others in their work as important said they were happier with their life when surveyed again almost 30 years later. Then the authors tested the same model using the General Social Survey and found similar connections among the desire to help others and happiness.(这项研究由威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校健康与老龄化人口统计中心资助，从两方面测试了工作场所的利他主义与幸福感之间的关系。首先，在1957年对1万多名威斯康星高中毕业生进行的威斯康星纵向研究中，作者发现，在30年后再次接受调查时，认为在工作中帮助他人很重要的35岁左右的人表示，他们对自己的生活更快乐。然后，作者使用综合社会调查测试了相同的模型，发现帮助他人的愿望和幸福之间存在类似的联系)”可知，这项研究通过做两次后续调查进行。故选A。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段““The new research adds to the growing study on happiness. In line with earlier research, public service workers reported a higher desire to help others, but the effect of altruism on happiness was the same for both public and private workers,” Moynihan notes.(这项新的研究增加了对幸福的研究。莫伊尼汉指出：“与早期的研究一致，公共服务工作者报告说，他们有更高的帮助他人的愿望，但利他主义对幸福感的影响对公共和私人工作者都是一样的。”)”可知，毫无疑问，利他主义者在帮助别人的过程中感到快乐。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25高一上·江苏宿迁·期末） Dolphins love to play around, doing things like surfing, playing with stuff, and running after each other. However, have you ever been to a wildlife park and seen dolphins opening their mouths wide? Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack. Other animals use their faces to show they want to play, but it wasn’t known if sea creatures do the same thing. This led the team to carry out this study. They recorded videos of 22 dolphins that lived at two wildlife parks. The dolphins were recorded when they were playing in pairs, playing with their human trainers and playing on their own. During the 80 hours of video footage, the scientists counted 1,288 times when the dolphins used the “smile” expression. The team said 92% of those happened when dolphins were playing with each other. They seldom used the expression when they were playing on their own or with humans. Nearly 90% of the expressions happened when a dolphin could see their playmate’s face. If other dolphins spotted their “smile”, they returned the expression about a third of the time. Elisabetta Palagi, a biologist, said that the relaxed open mouth “is a universal sign of playfulness, helping animals and us signal fun and avoid misunderstanding”. The research focused on dolphins in parks. Those living in the wild could behave differently when playing. It’s possible that while playing in more open spaces, dolphins might prefer to communicate using sounds instead of facial expressions. “Future research should study eye-tracking to explore how dolphins see their world and take advantage of acoustic signals (声学信号) in their communication during play,” added Livio Favaro, a co-author and zoologist, in the press. This research throws light on the unique communication skills used by these intelligent sea creatures as well as the importance of facial expressions to set the right intentions (意图). 13．What does an “open mouth” in dolphins indicate according to the researchers? A．A sign of attack. B．A desire to bite. C．An expression of joy. D．An intention to escape. 14．What research method did the researchers use? A．Making a comparison. B．Analyzing cause and effect. C．Doing experiments in labs. D．Reviewing previous studies. 15．What can we infer from paragraph 4? A．Dolphins in different areas behave similarly. B．Future research would include wild dolphins. C．Eye-tracking was widely used in this research. D．Dolphins prefer to use sounds to communicate. 16．What is the most suitable title of this passage? A．Dolphins in Parks “Smile” More. B．Dolphins “Smile” While Playing. C．Dolphins Copy Each Other to Smile. D．Dolphins Behave Better When Alone. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．B 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过对海豚的行为研究发现，海豚在玩耍时会用“张嘴微笑”的表情表达快乐，并探讨了这种行为在不同环境下的表现及其意义。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack.(研究人员发现，海豚使用“张嘴”的面部表情来表达它们的快乐，而不是攻击)”可知，海豚的“张嘴”表示快乐。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Other animals use their faces to show they want to play, but it wasn’t known if sea creatures do the same thing. This led the team to carry out this study. They recorded videos of 22 dolphins that lived at two wildlife parks. The dolphins were recorded when they were playing in pairs, playing with their human trainers and playing on their own.(其他动物会用面部表情来表示它们想要玩耍，但之前并不清楚海洋生物是否也会这样做。这促使研究团队进行了这项研究。他们记录了生活在两个野生动物公园的22只海豚的视频。这些海豚在成对玩耍、与人类训练师玩耍以及独自玩耍时都被记录下来)”可推知，研究人员是通过对比其他动物和海洋生物的行为来进行研究的。故选A。 15．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The research focused on dolphins in parks. Those living in the wild could behave differently when playing. It’s possible that while playing in more open spaces, dolphins might prefer to communicate using sounds instead of facial expressions.(这项研究主要集中在公园里的海豚。那些生活在野外的海豚在玩耍时可能会有不同的行为。在更开阔的空间玩耍时，海豚可能会更喜欢使用声音而不是面部表情进行交流)”以及“Future research should study eye-tracking to explore how dolphins see their world and take advantage of acoustic signals (声学信号) in their communication during play,(未来的研究应该研究眼动追踪，以探索海豚如何看待它们的世界，以及在玩耍时如何利用声学信号进行交流)”可推知，未来的研究会包括野生海豚。故选B。 16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其第一段中“Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack.(研究人员发现，海豚使用“张嘴”的面部表情来表达它们的快乐，而不是攻击)”以及最后一段“This research throws light on the unique communication skills used by these intelligent sea creatures as well as the importance of facial expressions to set the right intentions (意图).(这项研究揭示了这些聪明的海洋生物所使用的独特交流技巧，以及面部表情在设定正确意图方面的重要性)”可知，。全文主要讨论了研究人员对海豚“微笑”表情的研究发现，特别是在玩耍时这种表情的使用情况及其意义，B选项“Dolphins “Smile” While Playing.(海豚在玩耍时“微笑”)”准确反映了文章的核心内容和研究重点，是文章的最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 5 （24-25高一上·江苏·期末） Does adversity (逆境) warm hearts or harden them? Recently, my graduate student Daniel and I set out to explore the relationship between adversity and compassion (同情). We conducted a study online and reached more than 200 people from all walks of life. After asking them about the hardships they faced and how often they experienced compassion, we offered them the chance to donate some of the money they were about to be paid for taking part in the study to help people in need. The result showed that those who had faced serious adversities in life feel more compassion for suffering people. And as a result, they donated more money. Now, if experiencing any type of hardship can make a person more compassionate, you might assume that the compassion would be reached when someone has experienced the exact misfortune that another person is facing. Interestingly, this turns out to be dead wrong. In an article recently published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, the Kellogg School of Management professor Loran Nordgren and his team found that the human mind refuses to work as usual when it comes to remembering its own past hardships: it regularly makes them appear to be less painful than they actually were. Therefore, recalling a bad experience in your own past may make you underestimate (低估) the difficulty of others’ challenges. You overcame it, you think; so should he. The result? You lack compassion. Our findings, taken together with those of Professor Nordgren and his team, are that living through hardships doesn’t either warm hearts or harden them; it does both. Knowing suffering in life usually enhances the compassion we feel for others, except when the suffering involves specific painful events that we know all too well. 17．Which of the following is TRUE about the author’s study? A．Those attending it had to pay for it. B．Those attending it were asked questions only. C．It is meant to encourage people to help those in need. D．It tries to reveal the relationship between adversity and compassion. 18．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．People’s compassion for suffering people. B．People’s understanding of others’ misfortune. C．The findings of Loran Nordgren and his team. D．The assumption that shared misfortune may lead to compassion. 19．What did Professor Nordgren and his team find? A．Hardships make people lost in sad memories. B．Hardships lead to people’s lack of compassion. C．People tend to remember their hardships easily. D．People suffering from adversity are easy to break down. 20．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Hidden Power of Compassion B．Surprising link of Adversity and Compassion C．Compassion: A Gift from Personal Adversity D．Adversity: A Pathway to Deeper Compassion 【答案】17．D 18．D 19．B 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了对逆境和同情之间关系的探索和研究，以及研究的有趣发现。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Recently, my graduate student Daniel and I set out to explore the relationship between adversity and compassion (同情).(最近，我和我的研究生丹尼尔开始探索逆境和同情之间的关系。)”可知，作者进行这项研究是为了揭示逆境和同情之间的关系。故选D。 18．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Now, if experiencing any type of hardship can make a person more compassionate, you might assume that the compassion would be reached when someone has experienced the exact misfortune that another person is facing. Interestingly, this turns out to be dead wrong.(现在，如果经历任何类型的困难都能让一个人更有同情心，你可能会认为，当一个人经历了另一个人所面临的确切不幸时，就会有同情心。有趣的是，事实证明这是大错特错的。)”可知，this指代的是上文提到的“the compassion would be reached when someone has experienced the exact misfortune that another person is facing”这一观点，即共同的不幸可能会使人产生同情这种观点。故选D。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Therefore, recalling a bad experience in your own past may make you underestimate (低估) the difficulty of others’ challenges. You overcame it, you think; so should he. The result? You lack compassion.(因此，回忆起自己过去的糟糕经历可能会让你低估他人挑战的难度。你认为，你克服了它；他也应该如此。结果如何？你缺乏同情心。)”可知， Nordgren和其团队发现：困难经历会使人缺乏同情心。故选B。 20．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Recently, my graduate student Daniel and I set out to explore the relationship between adversity and compassion (同情).(最近，我和我的研究生丹尼尔开始探索逆境和同情之间的关系。)”并结合下文内容可知，本文主要通过研究讨论了逆境和同情之间的关系，逆境可以使人有同情心，但如果人们太过了解某一特定的痛苦经历，这会使人缺乏同情心，所以B项“逆境和同情心之间的惊人联系”最适合作本文标题。故选B。 主题02 人与自然——人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏盐城·期末） With China’s ecological environment improving, there have been more wild boars (野猪) across the country, leading to more human-wildlife fights. On Nov 24, a wild boar broke into a house, attacked and killed an elderly person in Shaanxi province. Also, on Oct 27, a worker checking the damage of a train hit by a wild boar was killed by another train. Sun Quanhui, a scientist with the World Animal Protection Association, said that although wild boars seldom attack people, adult males are strong and can be dangerous. According to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, a total of 2 million wild boars live in China and accidents or attacks involving boars have been reported. Xie Yi, a professor at Beijing Forestry University, said that due to their strong ability to adapt to the environment and have babies, wild boars’ population grows faster than their natural enemies like wolves. This has led to an increase in their areas of activity. Also, wild boars often come down from the hills to search for food in spring and autumn, which is why people have been seeing them more often recently. “They are not picky (挑剔的) eaters and will eat anything edible (可食用的),” said Sun. Wild boars are thus an important part of the ecosystem and biodiversity (生物多样性). Sun also stressed that without natural enemies, “the only way to control the wild boar population and bring it to a reasonable (合理的) level is by hunting”. In June last year, wild boars were taken off the protected wildlife list, allowing them to be hunted without a license. Several places like Shaanxi and the Ningxia Hui autonomous region have hired hunters to control their populations. However, Sun noted that hunting is only a short-term solution. Long-term control requires bringing back enemies of boars and making habitats bigger to reduce problems between humans and wildlife. In February, a plan was put forward by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration to prevent and control damage caused by wildlife, including wild boars. It plans to set up legal measures and improve the compensation (赔偿) and assistance system (援助制度) by next year. 1．What problem is caused by the increase in wild boar populations? A．Fights with humans. B．Environmental damage. C．Harms to other animals. D．Overuse of farmland. 2．According to Xie Yi, why has the range of wild boar activity increased? A．They are well-protected by the law. B．Their food sources are running out. C．They are picky and require more habitats for food. D．Their population is growing faster than natural enemies. 3．What is Sun’s opinion about hunting wild boars? A．It’s not practical in the long run. B．It’s beneficial to local communities. C．It requires legal protection. D．It is the most cost-effective solution. 4．What is a long-term solution for controlling wild boar populations? A．Relocating boars to different areas. B．Increasing the number of hunters. C．Providing food sources for boars from time to time. D．Reintroducing their natural enemies and enlarging habitats. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，随着中国生态环境的改善，野猪数量增多，引发了更多人与野生动物的冲突。文章介绍了野猪数量增加的原因、带来的问题以及控制野猪数量的短期和长期解决方案等。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“With China’s ecological environment improving, there have been more wild boars (野猪) across the country, leading to more human-wildlife fights(随着中国生态环境的改善，全国各地出现了更多的野猪，导致更多人类与野生动物之间的冲突)”可知，野猪数量增加导致了更多人与野生动物的争斗，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Xie Yi, a professor at Beijing Forestry University, said that due to their strong ability to adapt to the environment and have babies, wild boars’ population grows faster than their natural enemies like wolves. This has led to an increase in their areas of activity(北京林业大学教授谢屹表示，由于野猪对环境和繁殖的适应能力很强，其种群数量增长速度比天敌（如狼）更快。这导致了它们活动范围的扩大)”可知，谢屹认为野猪活动范围增加是因为它们的数量增长速度比天敌快，故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“However, Sun noted that hunting is only a short-term solution(然而，孙教授指出，捕猎只是一个短期的解决方案)”可知，然而，孙指出，捕猎只是一个短期的解决方案，由此可推知，孙全辉认为狩猎野猪从长远来看不是一个实用的方法，故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Long-term control requires bringing back enemies of boars and making habitats bigger to reduce problems between humans and wildlife(长期控制需要重新引入野猪的天敌，并且扩大它们的栖息地，以减少人类与野生动物之间的冲突)”可知，控制野猪数量的长期解决方案是重新引入它们的天敌并扩大栖息地，故选D。 主题03 人与自我——学校活动 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·江苏南京·期末） School is still out for the summer, but at Eastern Senior High School in Washington, D．C．, students are hard at work outdoors. In a garden filled with flowers and beds bursting with vegetables and herbs, nearly a dozen teenagers are harvesting (收获) vegetables for the weekend’s farmers market. Roshawn Little is going into her junior year at Eastern, and has been working in this garden for three years now. During the summer, Little gets paid to work Tuesday through Saturday from 9 a. m. until 2 p. m. with City Blossoms, a nonprofit that brings community gardens to schools in urban areas. She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables. City Blossoms is one of many groups across the country teaming up with local communities to build school gardens, like the one at Eastern. It works with schools to create learning gardens and trains teachers on how to use them to get students engaged (使参与) and improve academic performance. These gardens are really outdoor classrooms. For example, the gardens can be used for math lessons, like calculating the area of a plant bed or learning the science of how plants grow. For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates. 1．What does Roshawn Little think of the summer outdoor activity? A．It is a good way to earn pocket money. B．It has improved her family relationship. C．It contributes to her healthy eating habit. D．It is helpful to her academic performance. 2．What is the purpose of the school gardens? A．To invite students to care for plants. B．To advance teachers’ teaching skills. C．To get students interested in science. D．To provide a creative way of learning. 3．What does the last paragraph focus on about the project of City Blossoms? A．Its evaluations. B．Its effects. C．Its operations. D．Its expectations. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．City Blossoms: Team up with Local Community Teachers B．Happy Holiday, Sweet Memory: How Kids Enjoy the Harvest C．Outdoor Classrooms: Get out for the Weekend’s Farmers Market. D．Healthy Eaters, Smart Minds: What School Gardens Teach Kids 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了华盛顿特区Eastern Senior High School的学生们在暑假期间参与学校花园的工作，以及与City Blossoms非营利组织合作，将社区花园带到城市学校的情况。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Roshawn Little is going into her junior year at Eastern, and has been working in this garden for three years now. During the summer, Little gets paid to work Tuesday through Saturday from 9 a. m. until 2 p. m. with City Blossoms, a nonprofit that brings community gardens to schools in urban areas. She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables.(罗肖恩·利特尔即将在东方大学读大三，她已经在这个花园里工作了三年了。在夏季，利特尔从周二到周六上午9点到下午2点为城市之花工作，这是一家将社区花园引入城市地区学校的非营利组织。她认为，在花园里工作教会了她尝试各种新事物，比如更经常地吃不同种类的蔬菜。她把这些健康的行为带回家，她的饮食习惯鼓励她的家人买更多的水果和蔬菜)”可知，罗肖恩·利特尔认为夏季户外活动有助于她养成健康的饮食习惯。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“City Blossoms is one of many groups across the country teaming up with local communities to build school gardens, like the one at Eastern. It works with schools to create learning gardens and trains teachers on how to use them to get students engaged (使参与) and improve academic performance. These gardens are really outdoor classrooms. For example, the gardens can be used for math lessons, like calculating the area of a plant bed or learning the science of how plants grow.(城市之花是全国各地与当地社区合作建造学校花园的众多团体之一，就像东方大学的花园一样。它与学校合作创建学习花园，并培训教师如何利用它们让学生参与进来，提高学习成绩。这些花园是真正的户外教室。例如，花园可以用来上数学课，比如计算植物床的面积或学习植物生长的科学)”可知，学校花园的目的是提供创造性的学习方式。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates.(对于学生们来说，这段经历可以让他们在营养学上大开眼界，完全改变了他们对食物来源和生产食物所需条件的看法。根据PEER协会进行的一项独立评估，合作学校通过标准化考试的学生人数也增加了12%至15%，94%的教师报告说，学生的参与度有所提高)”可知，城市之花项目的重点是它的影响。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables.(她认为，在花园里工作教会了她尝试各种新事物，比如更经常地吃不同种类的蔬菜。她把这些健康的行为带回家，她的饮食习惯鼓励她的家人买更多的水果和蔬菜)”以及最后一段“For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates.(对于学生们来说，这段经历可以让他们在营养学上大开眼界，完全改变了他们对食物来源和生产食物所需条件的看法。根据PEER协会进行的一项独立评估，合作学校通过标准化考试的学生人数也增加了12%至15%，94%的教师报告说，学生的参与度有所提高)”和纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了学校花园的好处，所以D项“健康的饮食，聪明的头脑：学校花园教给孩子们什么”是本文最好的标题。故选D。 主题04 人与社会——旅游观光 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·江苏南通·期末） The metaverse, a virtual universe that combines augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the Internet, is rapidly transforming various industries, including the travel industry. The metaverse’s ability to create immersive and interactive environments allows users to explore new destinations and cultures without leaving the comfort of their homes. This technological innovation has the potential to change the travel industry, providing opportunities for growth and sustainability in an increasingly digital world. With the help of VR headsets and other devices, users can explore distant destinations and experience unique cultural events from their living rooms. This allows individuals who have physical disabilities to travel the world to engage with different cultures and environments. Moreover, virtual tourism can help address issues of overtourism, as it enables users to visit popular sites without contributing to overcrowding or environmental destruction. Virtual tourism is able to provide immersive experiences. By using advanced technology, virtual reality developers can create realistic simulations (模拟) of various destinations, complete with sights, sounds, and even smells. These simulations can be tailored to individual preferences, allowing users to explore at their own pace and focus on the aspects of a destination that interest them most. What’s more, virtual tourism can improve educational experiences, enabling users to learn about a location in an engaging and interactive manner. In addition to virtual tourism, the metaverse offers other opportunities for the travel industry. For instance, AR technology can provide real-time information and interactive content. Imagine walking through the streets of Rome and having your smartphone or AR glasses overlay historical facts, accommodation recommendations, and navigation (导航) assistance directly onto your field of view. This combination of digital and physical experiences can enrich travelers’ understanding of their surroundings and create more memorable journeys. However, the rise of virtual tourism also presents challenges for the travel industry. Traditional businesses must adapt to the changing landscape by embracing (欣然接受) digital technologies and developing new strategies to remain competitive. Additionally, concerns about data privacy and security must be addressed to ensure that users feel safe engaging with virtual experiences. 1．How does the metaverse transform the travel industry? A．By offering free interactive facilities. B．By providing new tourist destinations. C．By creating physical experiences at home. D．By attracting more tourists to scenic spots. 2．What feature of virtual tourism is stressed by referring to the physically disabled? A．Its easy accessibility. B．Its cultural events. C．Its educational function. D．Its green effects. 3．What may be a disadvantage of virtual tourism according to the text? A．High expenses for tourists. B．Risks of personal safety. C．Difficulty in using digital skills. D．Insecurity of private information. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．New challenges faced by the travel industry. B．Virtual tourism — a promising way to travel. C．The technological innovation of the digital field. D．The metaverse — a virtual universe widely used. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了元宇宙如何改变旅游行业，特别是虚拟旅游的优势和挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The metaverse’s ability to create immersive and interactive environments allows users to explore new destinations and cultures without leaving the comfort of their homes.(元宇宙创造沉浸式和互动环境的能力，使用户无需离开舒适的家就能探索新的目的地和文化)”可知，元宇宙通过在家中创造沉浸式和互动式的体验来变革旅游行业，让用户即使在家中也能探索新的目的地和文化。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“This allows individuals who have physical disabilities to travel the world to engage with different cultures and environments.(这使得身体残疾的人也能‘旅行’世界，与不同的文化和环境互动)”可知，虚拟旅游使得身体残疾的人也能体验旅游，强调了虚拟旅游的易接近性或可访问性。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Additionally, concerns about data privacy and security must be addressed to ensure that users feel safe engaging with virtual experiences.(此外，还必须解决数据隐私和安全问题，以确保用户在参与虚拟体验时感到安全)”可知，虚拟旅游的一个可能缺点是私人信息的不安全性。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了元宇宙如何改变旅游行业，特别是虚拟旅游的优势和挑战，强调虚拟旅游作为一种有前途的旅行方式，能够为用户提供沉浸式的体验，同时也提到了它面临的挑战，如数据隐私和安全问题，选项B“虚拟旅游——一种有前途的旅行方式”最能概括文章主旨，作为标题最合适。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $