语法 1 第一讲 厘清各司其职的8大句子成分（教师用书Word）-【金版新学案】2026年高考英语高三总复习大一轮复习讲义（人教版）

该高中英语讲义围绕高考英语8大句子成分核心考点，按主语、谓语、宾语等成分的定义、功能及充当词类系统梳理，通过考点解析、方法指导（如划分技巧）及高考真题例句（2024-2025年新课标卷等）训练，帮助学生构建句子成分知识框架，突破长难句理解难点。 讲义以真题为载体，创新采用“定义+真题实例+针对性练习”教学模式，结合2024新课标卷读后续写等例句引导学生划分成分，拆分长难句，培养语言能力与思维品质。设置基础识别到综合运用分层练习，配合即时反馈，保障复习效率，助力学生提升句子理解与表达能力，为教师提供系统复习路径。

第一讲　厘清各司其职的8大句子成分 句子不清、理解不明、一见长难句就发蒙，皆因句子成分没划清。划分句子成分、拆分长难句是正确理解、应用复杂句式的必备手段。 句子有若干个组成部分，分别发挥着不同的作用，这些组成部分就叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive)。 主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台 主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。当主语为动词不定式(短语)或从句时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。 ①(2024·新课标卷应用文)The spring scenery in the park was breathtaking.(名词短语作主语) ②(2024·新课标卷应用文)I painted the scenery of the park.(代词作主语) ③(2025·河北省邯郸市模拟预测)It is our duty to live a low­carbon life.(it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语) ④(2024·浙江1月卷应用文)Jumping rope is a lot of fun.(动名词短语作主语) 谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行 谓语置于主语之后，描述主语所发出的动作或主语具有的特征或状态。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应，即主谓一致。 ①(2024·新课标卷读后续写)A feeling of gratitude washed over me.(动词短语作谓语) ②(2024·全国甲卷) Last week，I saw a program about Chongqing hotpot on TV.(实义动词作谓语) ③(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)Changes in transportation will bring great changes to people's lives.(助动词＋实义动词作谓语) ④(2023·全国乙卷书面表达)This summer was significant to me as I had the opportunity to learn Suzhou embroidery.(系表结构作谓语) ⑤(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文)I do hope that you can join us in the next art outing class.(强调谓语动词的助动词do＋实义动词作谓语) ⑥(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact(影响) travel to undisturbed places.(助动词＋实义动词作谓语，谓语动词是被动形式) 宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱” 宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到谓语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动词­ing形式(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句等充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。 ①(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher.(名词短语作宾语) 学生用书第317页 ②(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文) We saw so many beautiful things and learned to use different perspectives and colors.(名词短语、动词不定式短语作宾语) ③(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文)I do hope that you can join us in the next art outing class.(从句作宾语) ④(2021·浙江1月卷)Then mom told me that she had just filmed me managing to pull my head out of the pumpkin.(me为间接宾语，that引导的宾语从句作直接宾语) 表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色 表语一般位于系动词(如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之后，用来说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态，一般由名词(短语)、名词性物主代词、形容词(短语)、分词(短语)、数词、动词不定式(短语)、介词短语、副词及从句等充当。 ①(2024·浙江1月卷读后续写)．..Eva was surprised.(形容词作表语) ②(2024·浙江1月卷读后续写) It was a six­story building.(名词短语作表语) ③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight.(介词短语作表语) ④(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文)Our task was to create a work of our own inspired by the natural scenery.(动词不定式短语作表语) ⑤(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写) That was when I met Gunter.(从句作表语) ⑥I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking programme.(形容词作表语) 　　　 定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵 修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词(短语)、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。定语分为前置和后置两种情况，若短语、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。 ①(2023·全国乙卷书面表达)Overall，it was a wonderful experience that I will always remember.(形容词作定语) ②(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) This beautiful structure，named Glasshouse，is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.(动词­ed形式作后置定语) ③(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)Today I'd like to focus on some major developments，which include shared bicycles，high­speed trains and new energy vehicles.(从句作定语) 状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟” 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。 高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。 ①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet.(副词短语作状语) ②(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.(从句作状语) ③(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)Currently，advanced new energy vehicles have entered our lives，helping reduce air pollution.(副词作状语， 分词作状语) ④(2024·浙江1月卷应用文) If you're looking for a way to get more exercise during the day，I highly recommend trying jump rope as a 10­minute break time sport.(从句作状语) 学生用书第318页 ⑤(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)My teacher wanted me to enjoy success and glory alone while he chose to support me in silence.(介词短语作状语) ⑥(2023·浙江1月卷应用文)To let us get to know the plants around us，the organizers led us to a nearby botanic garden.(动词不定式短语作状语) 补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人” 补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词(短语)、形容词(短语)、副词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语或从句等充当。 ①We'll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.(形容词短语作宾语补足语) ②(2021·全国甲卷书面表达)Because this activity will be presented on the English website，I sincerely want you to offer me some advice.(动词不定式短语作宾语补足语) 同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形” 对句子中的名词或代词做进一步解释、说明，与该名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面名词或代词的具体内容做进一步的说明，则需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有名词(短语)、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、动词­ing形式(短语)或从句等。 ①(2023·全国甲卷书面表达)Zhang Qian，a well­known figure in Chinese history，was one of the pioneers of the Silk Road.(名词短语作同位语) ②(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)Gradually，a beautiful friendship was born，built on the foundation of trust，kindness，and the belief that a simple act of generosity can make a difference.(从句作同位语) 写出下列句中加黑部分所作的成分 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写) Fortunately，I didn't miss the whole arrangements for the conference.宾语 2．(2024·全国甲卷应用文)What impresses me most about China's transportation development is the rapid expansion of high­speed rail networks and modernized urban transit systems.主语 3．(2022·全国甲卷书面表达)In addition，we should call on people around us to take action，too.谓语 4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写) Satisfied，he gave me a thumbs­up.状语 5．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文)It is one of the most impressive art classes I've ever had.定语 6．(2024·浙江1月卷读后续写)The mind trick made hard things easier，and even gave her power and inspiration.宾语补足语 7．(2022·浙江1月卷读后续写)One day I got word that he was admitted to the hospital for a serious disease.同位语 8．(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)Besides，China's high­speed railway network has connected various cities effectively，greatly saving travel time and promoting economic development.状语 学生用书第319页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $