第11讲 句子还原六选四满分策略（复习讲义）（上海高考专用）2026年春季高考英语

专题11 句子还原六选四满分策略 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 4 考点一：结构衔接——根据空格的位置判断（重点） 4 考点二：词汇衔接——从词汇关系上判断（重点） 11 考点三：逻辑衔接——根据前后文逻辑关系判断（难点） 14 实战精练与提升 18 考情解读 一、考试要求 句子还原六选四阅读文章一般以说明文和议论文为主，选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅，间或考查段属的结论概括性语句。六个备选项意义都与文章内容相关，有一定的干扰迷惑性。试题主要依据句子在上下文中衔接情况来命制，衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。 二、命题分析 题型与分值 4道题，每题 2 分，共8 分 语篇特征 1. 题材：以议论文、说明文为主，聚焦社会、科技、文化、哲理，贴合学生认知。 2. 结构：多为 “总 - 分 - 总” 或 “问题解决” 框架，逻辑连贯，衔接线索清晰。 3. 篇幅：原文 400-500 词，挖空 4 处，选项 6 个，长度与原文句子匹配。 核心考查 1. 逻辑理解：判断句间（因果、转折等）、段间（承上启下等）逻辑关系。 2. 信息匹配：通过词汇复现、话题一致，实现空格与选项的语义呼应。 3. 结构把控：识别空格功能（主题句、支撑句、总结句等），把握语篇整体框架。 命题特点 1. 挖空：多在段落中间（承上启下）或段尾（总结），上下文线索充足。 2. 干扰项：局部信息呼应但逻辑不连贯，或逻辑相似但语义偏离。 3. 线索：选项与原文含显性衔接词（however/so）、代词（it/they）等，引导匹配。 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：结构衔接——根据空格的位置判断 解题策略 一、读懂段意定两头——段首、段尾题 (1) 挖空在段首，常是主题句或承上启下句 假如挖空出现在段首，通常为主题句。要认真阅读空后内容，根据段落一致性原则，推断出主题句。若不是主题句，则考虑是承上启下句。 (2) 挖空在段尾，常是结论句或承上启下句 挖空出现在段尾，通常是所在段的结论和概括。解题时注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的关联词（如：therefore, as a result, thus, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word）或句子；挖空在段尾的空格可以起到承上启下的作用，即通过空格把本段与下一段有机地结合起来。这时，我们不光要看空格前面的句子，对于下一段的内容也要特别关注。(段首类的承上启下句同样适用此法) 二、细辨关系定中间——段中题 若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。一般说来，文章的行文通常需要一定的衔接手段来实现，而该题型的衔接手段主要有以下两种渠道： 一是词汇线索，二是行文逻辑。 (1) 从词汇线索上判断 (2) 从行文逻辑上判断 【典例剖析】 【上海市延安中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月评估英语试题】 All this suggests paying attention to nightmares is a good idea. Where they are a symptom, they can warn of trouble ahead. And where they are a cause, treatments to reduce nightmares can be undertaken as a priority. 12 In the cases of depression and anxiety, nightmares are both symptom and cause. In conditions such as Parkinson’s and dementia, though, which are the results of neurological damage, nightmares are unlikely to be anything other than symptomatic. A．That is not to say the two are always easy to distinguish. B．He reached this conclusion by analyzing six long-term studies from America and Britain, involving more than 180,000 individuals. C．Consequently, medical interventions should be the first line of treatment. D．Instead, it has been confirmed. 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题】 The fires themselves cannot be stopped; they are fueled by climate change layered on top of an ecosystem that burns regularly as part of its natural cycle. Hotter temperatures and drier landscapes mean more fires. 13 . It has made itself more vulnerable with out-of-date regulations and self-defeating policies. Furthermore, the codes date back to 2008 and have not yet been updated to include the latest science on why buildings burn. 15 . Today, landscapers can still draw up designs where bark mulch — an almost perfect fuel — is laid down around a home, office, or even hospital. A．However, much of California’s mess nowadays is of its-own-making. B．They also do nothing about the need to improve most of the existing houses and other properties. C．California has failed to encourage homeowners to move out of the most dangerous areas. F．That includes strong evidence that the first five feet around a structure are key to its defense but all too often consist of flammable materials. 【2026届上海市七宝中学高三上学期模拟预测】 Doctors and scientists have proposed a number of possible reasons for this connection. One common factor is inflammation (炎症), which occurs when the body senses a threat and sends white blood cells to attack it. This leads to painful swelling, which is the main symptom of gum disease. While inflammation hasn’t been shown to cause heart disease, it often accompanies it. __________7__________ C．The right type of exercise in the right quantities lowers systemic inflammation, while too much of the wrong kind increases it. D．Certainly, brushing and flossing are no substitute for exercise and a healthy diet. E．But many in the medical field agree that psycho-social stress, activity level, and genetic elements may also contribute. F．And it turns out that the same types of bacteria often lead to inflammation in both diseases. （2025·上海徐汇·二模） In a 2008 study, psychologists asked participants to rate the steepness (陡度) of a hill. Those who were accompanied by a friend judged the hill to be less steep than people who were alone. This is just one of many ways friendships can change how we see and move through the world. Friendships can boost our academic performance, help us deal with setbacks, and even improve our health. 1 If you struggle with approaching new people, you are far from alone. In a series of studies, participants had conversations of varying lengths with strangers. Afterward, they were asked to estimate how much they thought each stranger liked them. Across the board, participants rated their own likability much lower than others had actually rated them. D．And the more friends you make, the more confident you’ll likely feel. E．For example, there might be a situation that puts two friends in competition. F．It’s clear that friendships are important, but making and maintaining friends isn’t always easy. （2025·上海杨浦·二模） 1 Eventually, with the stability that her career gave her, she was able to take a film photography class. When her first print developed in a darkroom tray, she says she experienced that “defining moment” people speak of when they’ve just discovered what they will spend the rest of their life pursuing. From there, Guzy took classes in photo journalism and secured newspaper traineeships while in school. A．Guzy says she discovered that being honest and sharing openly is the only way to lighten a burden no one should carry alone. B．She never hesitates to inform the public of complex social issues. C．“Storytelling is my oxygen,” she says. D．Growing up, Guzy’s family struggled to make ends meet, which led her to choose what she perceived as a sensible career: nursing. （2025·上海金山·二模） 3 In a team, you may take on roles such as leading a project, assigning tasks, or motivating others. These experiences teach you how to manage group dynamics and inspire people to work toward a common goal. At the same time, you learn to cooperate effectively, balancing your contributions with those of others. These skills are particularly important in today’s interconnected work environment, where projects often require input from multiple participants. A．Teamwork also enhances leadership and collaboration skills. B．Additionally, teamwork can increase your contributions in the workplace. C．By pooling resources and ideas, teams can tackle complex problems more effectively. （2025·上海青浦·二模） Wolves in Europe, for example, are under the spotlight. Following reintroductions and careful protection, there are now 21,500 of these awesome animals across the continent. But as numbers increase, there is a rising tide of opposition. Even Switzerland is undergoing an effort to eliminate 70 per cent of its wolf population (currently 300 animals in 32 packs). 2 The Norwegian government, meanwhile, seems determined to limit its wolf population to just a few breeding pairs — which it says is enough to keep them from extinction. More accurately, it will push them to the edge of extinction. A．Comparatively, more people are killed by livestock (牲口). B．The hunting for wolves has initiated long-lasting debates among researchers and policymakers. C．This is despite the fact that attacks on livestock have declined sharply while wolf numbers have increased. D．We should stay alert to occasional wolf attacks on humans. （2025·上海静安·二模） What qualifies as a snack or a meal is still a matter of perspective. 1 General Mills, Quaker Oats and other brands are adding to their lineup of small-packaged bars and yogurts. And Jimmy Dean this summer introduced mini-breakfast sandwiches. It’s breakfast in stages. People will eat something at home, then stop at a convenience store for coffee and maybe a little something.   2 The number of times Americans snack is rising faster in the morning than during the afternoon or evening. After all, it’s easier and less time- consuming to pop a few snacks in your backpack for later enjoyment than to sit down for a prepared meal. A．Sustaining energy while on the move all day without sacrificing flavor is the overall rule. B．Nutritional benefits of packaged goodies are repeatedly mentioned. C．There is a commonly held idea that more frequent meals can help influence weight loss. D．But food companies are already rolling out smaller bites that feed the growing appetite for morning treats. E．Marketing morning snacks is trickier, though. F．The deconstruction of breakfast is definitely happening. （2025·上海宝山·二模） Students create and share videos of themselves studying earnestly, usually for an exam. Many of the videos are shot in a quiet room. The camera often focuses on a clean desk with a tidy display of books, notebooks, a computer and a timer. Throughout most of the videos, no words are spoken; the focus is on the creator as he or she studies. 2 Next, observing the diligence of the creator often motivates viewers, especially those who have trouble studying. Finally, viewer gain emotional support by knowing that they are part of a group with perhaps thousands others, all working toward the same goal. Some viewers have said that Study with Me “satisfies the need for belonging and social contact” by providing a sense of companionship. 4 A．The point is not to teach anything but simply to provide a study companion. B．The creator becomes a study partner, which reduces the isolation many students feel. C．That is why SWM comes into being, and becomes more and more popular these days. D．That’s where Study with Me (SWM) videos come into play. （2025·上海奉贤·二模） The Rise of Plushie(毛绒玩具)Culture It looked like a typical fish-and-chip shop. Chefs tended to frying baskets and wrapped orders in newspaper. However, this “catch of the day” was entirely inedible. The London pop-up shop by Jellycat, a famous plush toy brand, sold soft fish with plushie lemons instead of real seafood. 1 TikTok videos with the Plushies tag, showing different kinds of stuffed toys like cartoon characters and creative shapes, have been watched almost 8 billion times. Crazy shopping scenes in some pop-up shops are extremely mind-blowing. A．The target instead is “kidults” (aged 12+), accounting for over 25% of toy sales. B．The playful concept mirrored a global trend: the world has gone soft for soft toys. C．That is because more children turned to plush companions for emotional support. · 考点二：词汇衔接——从词汇关系上判断 解题策略 1）代词 英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例如it可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子;these 或those指代前句的复数名词。 2）词汇复现/同义词/反义词 英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。 3）同一范畴词（上下义词） 上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。你可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。 【典例剖析】 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） You may have bought a drink recently and noticed something odd: the once removable cap is now tied to the bottle by a small piece of plastic. This is one of several policies designed to limit the amount of plastic litter. It specifically targets the caps from single-use plastic bottles. 1 D．Bottle caps are also one of the most common items consumed by marine animals. E．Having bottle caps attached could lead to higher instances of plastic going to landfill. F．They are more likely to find their way into the environment and pose risks to wildlife. （2025年静安一模） The coming of a new year marks a fresh start and motivates many people to break bad habits. Some are easier to shake than others. However, the tendency to procrastinate is among the stickiest. Whether it’s finishing a piece of work, sending an email or going for a run, some tasks can become unconquerable. The easiest way to deal with these tasks is to put them off until later or never at all. It’s procrastination. It is a specific form of delay that is both unnecessary and voluntary. ____47____ At its heart, procrastination is about avoidance. Rather than the task itself, it’s often the emotions attached to an activity that cause people to pause. Handling the first lines of a college essay may bring up feelings of self-doubt, for example. When you’re faced with a broad question or topic to write about, the lack of clear instructions can produce a fear of not getting it right or of what might happen if you get it wrong. A. But that doesn’t mean you’re stuck and that’s who you are. B. Procrastination becomes an easy and ‘dirty’ way of reaction when your handling resources are maxed out. C. Chances are that you will find yourself supported by procrastination all along. D. It isn’t caused by the person’s need to prioritize other tasks or by an unexpected emergency. E. You will become increasingly frustrated with yourself for not getting the task done. F. However, the threat can also come from something tiny. （2025年奉贤一模） Ratting on Crimes ___50___ They will be armed with custom-made vests (马甲) . With their front paws, they will be able to pull a small ball attached to the chest of their vest, which gives out a beeping sound. This way rats will be able to alert handlers when they detect a target. Once fully trained and prepared, these giant rats could become illegal hunters' worst enemy. A. Previously, they've trained packs of hero rats to detect dangerous bacteria. B. Then they were introduced to common scents used to mask illegal wildlife trade. C. This effort aims to provide a low-cost detection system to prevent illegal hunting. D. However, there are concerns that the rats might be distracted by some common scents. E. Existing screening tools are expensive and time intensive, necessitating a new approach. F. For this purpose, these trained rats will be expected to work in likely hotspots for illegal wildlife trade. · 考点三：逻辑衔接——根据前后文逻辑关系判断 解题策略 1）因果关系 (Eg: As a result/ thus/therefore/so (such)…) 因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。 2） 转折关系 (Eg: However/nevertheless/nonetheless/though/yet/in spite of/on the contrary /in contrast /by contrast/ in comparison/otherwise/not...but) 转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。 3）并列关系 (Eg: first/second/third/to begin with/to conclude) 并列关系主要指前后的句子间是平等的关系，可以互换位置。 4）递进关系 (Eg: also/ furthermore/ similarly/ moreover/ in addition/what’s more） 递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。 5） 例证关系 (Eg: such as /for examples/One of the examples is …) 前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。 【典例剖析】 （2025·上海黄浦·二模） Absorbing yourself in nature is good for you. Being outdoors has been shown to improve your mood, concentration and mental health, among other things. 1 Get your hands in the soil. Touching soil, even if it’s in pots by your window, may improve your health as well. Dirt can benefit your microbiome (菌群), with possible benefits such as a stronger immune system (免疫系统). 2 So don’t see plants as something to look at; instead, report plants with your gloves off. A．Tend to yourself while you tend your plants. D．Viewing nature indoors can lower your heart rate and blood pressure. E．Research suggests you may get the same reaction from caring for houseplants. F．But indoor green spaces, even small ones, have benefits for our physical and mental well-being, too. （2024年浦东新区二模） A recent study looked at the effect of fear-based strategies on British secondary school students. As is so often the case, it’s complicated. They found that if a test is seen as important, and students are optimistic that they can succeed, then the fear of failure can be used successfully by teachers to motivate these learners. ______48______ It can in turn lead them to do worse on the test than they would have done otherwise. The study also found that if students are disengaged and don’t care about the test in the first place, then, unsurprisingly, the fear of failure is not likely to motivate them. A. Nevertheless, confidence plays a significant role in determining the effectiveness of fear-based motivation strategies. B. However, if students are not confident, then fear-based approaches could trigger feelings of anxiety. C. Leaders, managers, and teachers have often used one of these ideas to inspire people to work harder and achieve more. D. Taken together, these studies show that fear-based motivation is complicated. E. They may be inspired to learn new things that will help their business or find mentors who can support them. F. But does this motivate or discourage business people? Again, it’s not straightforward. （2025·上海崇明·二模） About one in four people on Earth live in an area so close to the mountains or downhill that extreme rain and flooding would hit them, Ombadi said. 3 He mentioned California department of agriculture estimates of $89m in crop and farm animal losses from this year’s extreme rains. But in the long term, another problem is water supply. In times of drought, water managers like to keep water levels high in reservoirs, which they can do with heavy snowpacks because it melts slowly. 4 So as warming causes rainier extremes, society is going to have to choose between cutting water use because of low water levels in reservoirs to absorb a possible large sudden mountain runoff event or build expensive new reservoirs. A．But they can’t do that with heavy rainfall. B．He pointed out the flooding can also hurt food production. C．Heavy snow’s flooding impact is lessened because it takes time to melt. 实战训练 一、名校最新试题 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月阶段测试英语试题 The essence of friendship is two brains resonating with the world in the same way Friendship often feels like magic: a sudden click, a sense that someone else’s mind works in rhythm with your own. For years, we’ve explained this as shared interests or compatible personalities. But neuroscience is beginning to suggest something deeper: 1 In one striking study published in Nature Human Behavior, researchers asked strangers to watch the same film clips while their brain activity was scanned. Then, over the following eight months, they tracked who became friends. The results were striking: those who eventually formed close bonds had displayed remarkably similar patterns of neural activity from the very beginning. The overlap was most pronounced in the frontoparietal (额顶的) control network, a region central to how we process emotion and direct our attention. The finding explains a common frustration: Why some people never feel at home in certain circles, however hard they try, while others walk into a new environment and instantly find confidants (知己). 2 And the mismatch can be quietly exhausting, forcing us to translate ourselves again and again, only to realize that the conversation never lands in the same emotional register. 3 It suggests that some friendships are, in a sense, predestined — not by fate, but by the invisible architecture of the mind. The most moving friendships, then, are not achievements of persistence, but gifts of recognition. We do not build it from scratch — we notice it. And when we notice it, the experience feels effortless, as if our minds were already tuned to the same frequency, waiting only to connect. This perspective does not make friendship any less precious. On the contrary, it reveals why finding a true companion feels so rare and profound. 4 When that happens, the relationship carries a quiet certainty: No matter how life bends or scatters us, the resonance is already written into the wiring of our brains. A．The difference may not lie in social skill or charm, but in the compatibility of neural circuits. B．This finding also challenges the comforting belief that time alone creates intimacy. C．Our nervous system detects who processes the chaos of life in ways that mirror our own. D．The miracle is not that we create friendship out of nothing, but that among billions of minds, two can light up in harmony. E．True friendship is rooted not in hobbies or character traits, but in the way our brains are wired to perceive the world. F．The deeper force at work was the way their brains naturally made sense of the world. Passage 2 【来源】上海市大同中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 Crop-growing skyscrapers By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. 5 The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical (垂直的) Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. 6 It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. 7 This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops. The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures and all the food could be grown organically. 8 Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems of a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment. A．Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. B．One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays (托) that move on rails. C．A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. D．It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping. E．What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on? F．If successfully implemented, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply. Passage 3 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. 9 . A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson. There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. 10 When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them. In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story. There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. 11 Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check. Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. 12 A．But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater amount of nonsense and lies. B．The organizations are making efforts to change it. C．The editors can never disagree with him. D．So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. E．The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth. F．Soon many other editors make up stories. Passage 4 【来源】上海市格致中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试卷 Chemical Waste Can Be Recycled into a Range of Drugs and Fertilizers More than 300 ways to convert widely available chemical waste into a range of drugs and fertilizers have been identified by a software program. The researchers behind the tool believe it will optimize the chemical industry and allow the recycling of by-products that would otherwise need to be stored. Bartosz Grzybowski at US software and chemistry company Allchemy and his colleagues used their software, also known as Allchemy, to look for useful products from 189 small molecules that are regularly created as by-products of large-scale industrial processes around the world. 13 The software created a vast database of all the possible combinations of chemicals and the processes that could be used to combine them. Running on a single high-end server, the program took about a month to calculate the hundreds of billions of combinations. These were then narrowed down to only those processes that led to the creation of drugs, fertilizers or other useful molecules. Grzybowski says that all of the discovered processes could eventually have been found by humans, but the vast scale of possible processes made them incredibly hard to spot. 14 However, Grzybowski says that his favorite result was an antibiotic that can be produced from lactate, which comes from waste plastic bottles, and phenol, a by-product of coalmining. “I was hoping to find aspirin or something, but it’s actually much more interesting than that,” he says. “It actually solves the problem of circular chemistry, pretty much in an exhaustive way.” 15 He says that this software works in the other direction: it takes a list of available resources and finds all the possible uses for them. “This chemistry is pretty straightforward. The difficulty is in spotting the opportunity.” he says. “The building blocks are very simple, but when you start talking about 200 waste molecules, within one step of combinations you have 40,000 options.” Grzybowski says he hopes that Allchemy will eventually lead to a “Tinder for molecules”. Chemical companies could put in details of all of their available waste products, other companies could list molecules they would like to have synthesized for a specific purpose, and third parties could bid to perform the waste-to-drug synthesis. 16 A．Among the discovered molecules were drugs to treat leprosy and heart disease. B．But something that’s developed in the lab needs to be translated in a profitable way into a large pilot scale. C．An additional 56 molecules that are commonly created from chemical waste during recycling processes were also included. D．Identifying uses for chemical waste in the lab is useful, but scaling up that process may be more difficult. E．Grzybowski had previously worked on projects to create new methods to synthesize specific molecules. F．This would reduce waste from the global chemical supply chain and perhaps also lower the cost of drugs and other products. Passage 5 【来源】上海市浦东复旦附中分校2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题 Researchers should stop being so secretive about their studies These days, I often wonder: since we human beings already have so much knowledge, why haven’t we solved more everyday problems? Take breaking bad habits, for example. Many of us make New Year’s resolutions to eat less junk food but give up after a few weeks. We all want to do better, but we often don’t know how. Research psychologists, whose work fills the journals in university libraries, likely have the answers. 17 Since taxpayers fund much of this research, shouldn’t we demand that it addresses our concerns? Many researchers do study these issues, but their findings are stuck in academic literature. Psychologists have been studying how to break bad habits for decades, and their methods have been proven effective. But accessing this information requires knowing where to look. 18 Now, Google Scholar can help, but you need to use the right keywords. Searching for “breaking bad habits” might give you a mix of academic and self-help materials. To find the best research, you need specific terms like “meta-analysis” or “goal attainment.” Even then, paywalls often block access. You can get around these paywalls by contacting researchers directly for reprints, though these can still be full of jargon (行话). To save you time, here’s a summary of what many researchers believe is the best way to stick to goals like New Year’s resolutions. Set your goal, think of common obstacles, and plan your responses. 19 For example, someone on a diet might say, “If I’m invited out for dinner, then I’ll skip the alcohol and dessert.” Studies show that having such plans greatly increases the chances of success. Doubtless some self-help experts include this kind of advice in their pricey books-plus-dedicated-websites. 20 So, here’s a New Year’s resolution for researchers: work together more often and share your findings with the public regularly. Give us updates on your research without the jargon and paywalls. A．But why should we have to pay yet again to find out what the academics all know, but are too busy writing grant requests to tell us about? B．These plans, known as “implementation intentions”, usually take the form of “if-then” statements. C．Or rather, it does if you can get past the journal paywalls that block access to those who, er, funded the research. D．However, this information is often difficult to access and understand. E．Many studies show that having such plans greatly boosts the chances of succeeding with resolutions. F．Until recently, academic libraries were the main source for free access to research papers. 二、真题演练 【2023年1月上海高考英语真题】 A. Before you stock up at cafe , know that it is possible to drink too much coffee. B. Coffee has its advantages and disadvantages according to different people. C. Researchers found that caffeine , particularly coffee , had a protective effect against depression. D. So by all means , grab that extra cup of coffee , but be sure to limit your intake. E.The mood-boosting news doesn't stop there. F. To sum up, more researchers should be done to clarify the relation between caffeine and depression. If you needed another excuse to grab another cup of coffee, consider this research a blessing to do so. A comprehensive analysis of 12 studies looked at nearly 350,000 individuals and more than 8 .000 cases of depression. (67)__________ In China, researchers analyzed 15 studies with more than 330 ,000 total participants. Their results showed that for every cup of coffee people drank, they reduced their risk of depression by 8 percent. (68)______________ Harvard researchers studied 10 years’ worth of data from 51 ,000 women ,none of whom had depression to begin with, The results showed that the women who drank the most coffee ( four or more cups a day) were 20 percent less likely to develop depression than those who drank little or none. Yes, coffee just got more magical than you thought possible. But why is this? The secret is in the brew's anti-inflammatory properties. Coffee contains chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, all of which reduce the inflammation of nerve cells that bring on depression. Caffeine also has some antioxidant properties, which can help soothe inflamed areas of the brain. (69) _________Some side effects of a heavy caffeine intake include anxiety , headaches.brain.restlessness, and increased blood pressure. Ir the body experiences these too often, it could actually trigger the inflammation that may contribute to depression. Once the caffeine wears off, coffee drinkers may experience a drop in mood, and those who are already depressed can feel those effects more strongly. One interesting study found that drinking more coffee decreased chances of suicide , until participants drank eight or more cups a day. Then the risk increased by 58 percent. (70)__________If you have some leftover, here are surprising ways to use those spare coffee grounds. （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries? When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. 1 Is this fair? This year, the government has distributed almost a $22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections, creators receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52. The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between $100 — 500 annually. Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work. E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. 2 But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, would not qualify for any remuneration. 3 Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet. One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free. Creators only receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52 for each book in public library collections. At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. 4 While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. A．However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B．This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C．Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D．Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E．Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F．For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books. 【2022年1月上海高考英语真题】 A.However,this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books. Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries? When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. (67 )________________________ Is this fair? This year, the government has distributed almost a $ 22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections creators receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52. The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work.. E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. (68)____________ But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles , if lent by libraries ,would not qualify for any remuneration. (69) _____________ Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013 , nothing has happened of yet. One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free.Creators only receive $2. 11 and publishers receive $0. 52 for each book in public library collections. At present, in the case of -books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries.( 70)_______ While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题11 句子还原六选四满分策略 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 4 考点一：结构衔接——根据空格的位置判断（重点） 4 考点二：词汇衔接——从词汇关系上判断（重点） 11 考点三：逻辑衔接——根据前后文逻辑关系判断（难点） 14 实战精练与提升 18 考情解读 一、考试要求 句子还原六选四阅读文章一般以说明文和议论文为主，选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅，以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅，间或考查段属的结论概括性语句。六个备选项意义都与文章内容相关，有一定的干扰迷惑性。试题主要依据句子在上下文中衔接情况来命制，衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。 二、命题分析 题型与分值 4道题，每题 2 分，共8 分 语篇特征 1. 题材：以议论文、说明文为主，聚焦社会、科技、文化、哲理，贴合学生认知。 2. 结构：多为 “总 - 分 - 总” 或 “问题解决” 框架，逻辑连贯，衔接线索清晰。 3. 篇幅：原文 400-500 词，挖空 4 处，选项 6 个，长度与原文句子匹配。 核心考查 1. 逻辑理解：判断句间（因果、转折等）、段间（承上启下等）逻辑关系。 2. 信息匹配：通过词汇复现、话题一致，实现空格与选项的语义呼应。 3. 结构把控：识别空格功能（主题句、支撑句、总结句等），把握语篇整体框架。 命题特点 1. 挖空：多在段落中间（承上启下）或段尾（总结），上下文线索充足。 2. 干扰项：局部信息呼应但逻辑不连贯，或逻辑相似但语义偏离。 3. 线索：选项与原文含显性衔接词（however/so）、代词（it/they）等，引导匹配。 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：结构衔接——根据空格的位置判断 解题策略 一、读懂段意定两头——段首、段尾题 (1) 挖空在段首，常是主题句或承上启下句 假如挖空出现在段首，通常为主题句。要认真阅读空后内容，根据段落一致性原则，推断出主题句。若不是主题句，则考虑是承上启下句。 (2) 挖空在段尾，常是结论句或承上启下句 挖空出现在段尾，通常是所在段的结论和概括。解题时注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的关联词（如：therefore, as a result, thus, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word）或句子；挖空在段尾的空格可以起到承上启下的作用，即通过空格把本段与下一段有机地结合起来。这时，我们不光要看空格前面的句子，对于下一段的内容也要特别关注。(段首类的承上启下句同样适用此法) 二、细辨关系定中间——段中题 若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。一般说来，文章的行文通常需要一定的衔接手段来实现，而该题型的衔接手段主要有以下两种渠道： 一是词汇线索，二是行文逻辑。 (1) 从词汇线索上判断 (2) 从行文逻辑上判断 【典例剖析】 【上海市延安中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月评估英语试题】 All this suggests paying attention to nightmares is a good idea. Where they are a symptom, they can warn of trouble ahead. And where they are a cause, treatments to reduce nightmares can be undertaken as a priority. 12 In the cases of depression and anxiety, nightmares are both symptom and cause. In conditions such as Parkinson’s and dementia, though, which are the results of neurological damage, nightmares are unlikely to be anything other than symptomatic. A．That is not to say the two are always easy to distinguish. B．He reached this conclusion by analyzing six long-term studies from America and Britain, involving more than 180,000 individuals. C．Consequently, medical interventions should be the first line of treatment. D．Instead, it has been confirmed. 【答案】 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了噩梦对身体的危害，建议人们要多加注意。目前对噩梦的研究还是一个未被充分探索的医学领域，对噩梦的治疗是非常困难的。 12．根据上文“Where they are a symptom, they can warn of trouble ahead. And where they are a cause, treatments to reduce nightmares can be undertaken as a priority.(当它们表现为一种症状时，它们可能预示着即将出现的问题。而当它们成为病因时，应优先采取措施来减少噩梦的发生)”和下文“In the cases of depression and anxiety, nightmares are both symptom and cause. (在抑郁症和焦虑症的病例中，噩梦既是症状也是病因)”可知，空处应该表明症状和病因是难以清楚地区分的。故选项A. That is not to say the two are always easy to distinguish.(这并不是说这两者总是容易区分的)中的the two指代上文中的symptom和cause，指出了两者不易区分，符合语境。故选A。 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题】 The fires themselves cannot be stopped; they are fueled by climate change layered on top of an ecosystem that burns regularly as part of its natural cycle. Hotter temperatures and drier landscapes mean more fires. 13 . It has made itself more vulnerable with out-of-date regulations and self-defeating policies. Furthermore, the codes date back to 2008 and have not yet been updated to include the latest science on why buildings burn. 15 . Today, landscapers can still draw up designs where bark mulch — an almost perfect fuel — is laid down around a home, office, or even hospital. A．However, much of California’s mess nowadays is of its-own-making. B．They also do nothing about the need to improve most of the existing houses and other properties. C．California has failed to encourage homeowners to move out of the most dangerous areas. F．That includes strong evidence that the first five feet around a structure are key to its defense but all too often consist of flammable materials. 【答案】13．A 15．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章解释了加州野火频发且损失惨重的原因：气候变化加剧了本就易燃的生态环境，加州的防火建筑法规陈旧且执行不力。 13．上文“The fires themselves cannot be stopped; they are fueled by climate change layered on top of an ecosystem that burns regularly as part of its natural cycle. Hotter temperatures and drier landscapes mean more fires. (这些火灾本身无法被阻止；它们的燃料来自于气候变化，而气候变化又叠加在一个本就会定期燃烧的生态系统之上 —— 燃烧本就是该系统自然循环的一部分。更高的温度和更干燥的地貌意味着会有更多的火灾)”指出燃烧是自然循环的一部分，更高的温度和更干燥的地貌意味着更多的火灾，即自然原因导致火灾。下文“It has made itself more vulnerable with out-of-date regulations and self-defeating policies.(过时的法规和弄巧成拙的政策使它变得更加脆弱)”指出法规和政策使加利福尼亚变得更脆弱。由此可知，火灾不仅是自然造成的，加利福尼亚州本身也要负责。A项“然而，如今加州的许多混乱都是它自己造成的。”符合语境，承上启下。故选A。 15．上文“Furthermore, the codes date back to 2008 and have not yet been updated to include the latest science on why buildings burn.(此外，这些规范可追溯到2008年，尚未更新以包括有关建筑物燃烧原因的最新科学)”指出规范未更新，没有指出建筑物燃烧原因的最新科学。由此推知，下文可能举例陈述规范的不足之处。F项“这其中包括有力的证据表明，建筑物周围最初的五英尺范围是其防御的关键，但这一区域却往往布满了易燃材料。”符合语境。故选F。 【2026届上海市七宝中学高三上学期模拟预测】 Doctors and scientists have proposed a number of possible reasons for this connection. One common factor is inflammation (炎症), which occurs when the body senses a threat and sends white blood cells to attack it. This leads to painful swelling, which is the main symptom of gum disease. While inflammation hasn’t been shown to cause heart disease, it often accompanies it. __________7__________ C．The right type of exercise in the right quantities lowers systemic inflammation, while too much of the wrong kind increases it. D．Certainly, brushing and flossing are no substitute for exercise and a healthy diet. E．But many in the medical field agree that psycho-social stress, activity level, and genetic elements may also contribute. F．And it turns out that the same types of bacteria often lead to inflammation in both diseases. 【答案】 7．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牙龈疾病与心脏病之间的关联，分析了两者可能存在联系的原因，并基于这种关联为人们的健康提出了相关建议。 7．根据上文“One common factor is inflammation (炎症), which occurs when the body senses a threat and sends white blood cells to attack it. This leads to painful swelling, which is the main symptom of gum disease. While inflammation hasn’t been shown to cause heart disease, it often accompanies it.(一个共同的因素是炎症，当身体感知到威胁并发送白细胞攻击它时，就会发生炎症。这会导致疼痛的肿胀，这是牙龈疾病的主要症状。虽然炎症尚未被证明会导致心脏病，但它经常伴随着心脏病)” 可知，前文指出炎症是牙龈疾病和心脏病的共同因素。F项“而且事实证明，相同类型的细菌往往会导致这两种疾病中的炎症”进一步解释了“炎症成为两者共同因素”的原因——相同细菌引发炎症，补充了前文关于炎症的论述，使逻辑更完整，符合语境。故选F。 （2025·上海徐汇·二模） In a 2008 study, psychologists asked participants to rate the steepness (陡度) of a hill. Those who were accompanied by a friend judged the hill to be less steep than people who were alone. This is just one of many ways friendships can change how we see and move through the world. Friendships can boost our academic performance, help us deal with setbacks, and even improve our health. 1 If you struggle with approaching new people, you are far from alone. In a series of studies, participants had conversations of varying lengths with strangers. Afterward, they were asked to estimate how much they thought each stranger liked them. Across the board, participants rated their own likability much lower than others had actually rated them. D．And the more friends you make, the more confident you’ll likely feel. E．For example, there might be a situation that puts two friends in competition. F．It’s clear that friendships are important, but making and maintaining friends isn’t always easy. 【答案】1．F 【导语】本文是说明文。主要探讨了友谊的持久性及其影响因素。 1．根据上文“Friendships can boost our academic performance, help us deal with setbacks, and even improve our health.(友谊可以提高我们的学习成绩，帮助我们应对挫折，甚至改善我们的健康)”讲述友谊的好处，以及后文“If you struggle with approaching new people, you are far from alone.(如果你在接近新朋友时遇到困难，那么你并不是一个人)”可知，本段主要讲述结交朋友是困难的，所以F项“It’s clear that friendships are important, but making and maintaining friends isn’t always easy.(很明显，友谊很重要，但结交和维持朋友并不总是那么容易)”承接上文，并引出下文，符合文意。故选F项。 （2025·上海杨浦·二模） 1 Eventually, with the stability that her career gave her, she was able to take a film photography class. When her first print developed in a darkroom tray, she says she experienced that “defining moment” people speak of when they’ve just discovered what they will spend the rest of their life pursuing. From there, Guzy took classes in photo journalism and secured newspaper traineeships while in school. A．Guzy says she discovered that being honest and sharing openly is the only way to lighten a burden no one should carry alone. B．She never hesitates to inform the public of complex social issues. C．“Storytelling is my oxygen,” she says. D．Growing up, Guzy’s family struggled to make ends meet, which led her to choose what she perceived as a sensible career: nursing. 【答案】1．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Carol Guzy的摄影生涯。 1．根据后文“Eventually, with the stability that her career gave her, she was able to take a film photography class. When her first print developed in a darkroom tray, she says she experienced that “defining moment” people speak of when they’ve just discovered what they will spend the rest of their life pursuing. From there, Guzy took classes in photo journalism and secured newspaper traineeships while in school.(最终，凭借她的事业给她带来的稳定，她能够参加电影摄影课程。她说，当她在暗室的托盘里冲洗出第一张照片时，她经历了人们所说的“决定性时刻”，即他们刚刚发现了他们将用余生追求的东西。从那以后，Guzy参加了摄影新闻课程，并在学校期间获得了报纸实习机会)”可知，后文介绍了她的职业经历，且提到了事业带来的稳定，推测本句是在说明一开始从事的职业。故D选项“在她的成长过程中，Guzy的家庭一直在努力维持收支平衡，这让她选择了她认为明智的职业：护士”符合语境，故选D。 （2025·上海金山·二模） 3 In a team, you may take on roles such as leading a project, assigning tasks, or motivating others. These experiences teach you how to manage group dynamics and inspire people to work toward a common goal. At the same time, you learn to cooperate effectively, balancing your contributions with those of others. These skills are particularly important in today’s interconnected work environment, where projects often require input from multiple participants. A．Teamwork also enhances leadership and collaboration skills. B．Additionally, teamwork can increase your contributions in the workplace. C．By pooling resources and ideas, teams can tackle complex problems more effectively. 【答案】 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了团队合作在职业规划和个人职业成长中的重要性，介绍了团队合作能培养解决问题能力、提升沟通能力等好处。 3．下文“In a team, you may take on roles such as leading a project, assigning tasks, or motivating others. These experiences teach you how to manage group dynamics and inspire people to work toward a common goal.(在团队中，你可能会承担诸如领导一个项目、分配任务或激励他人等角色。这些经历会教你如何管理团队动态，激励人们朝着一个共同的目标努力)”描述了在团队中能获得领导和合作相关的经验。A选项“Teamwork also enhances leadership and collaboration skills.(团队合作还能提升领导和合作能力)”正好引出下文关于团队合作在领导和合作方面的内容，与下文逻辑关系紧密。故选A项。 （2025·上海青浦·二模） Wolves in Europe, for example, are under the spotlight. Following reintroductions and careful protection, there are now 21,500 of these awesome animals across the continent. But as numbers increase, there is a rising tide of opposition. Even Switzerland is undergoing an effort to eliminate 70 per cent of its wolf population (currently 300 animals in 32 packs). 2 The Norwegian government, meanwhile, seems determined to limit its wolf population to just a few breeding pairs — which it says is enough to keep them from extinction. More accurately, it will push them to the edge of extinction. A．Comparatively, more people are killed by livestock (牲口). B．The hunting for wolves has initiated long-lasting debates among researchers and policymakers. C．This is despite the fact that attacks on livestock have declined sharply while wolf numbers have increased. D．We should stay alert to occasional wolf attacks on humans. 【答案】 2．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了欧洲对食肉动物保护的错误做法，呼吁寻找保护食肉动物与保障人类利益之间的平衡。 2．由上文“Even Switzerland is undergoing an effort to eliminate 70 per cent of its wolf population (currently 300 animals in 32 packs) (甚至瑞士也在努力消灭70%的狼群（目前有32个狼群，共300只狼）)”可知，本空要说明在狼数量增加的情况下，这种消灭狼群的做法不合理，C选项“This is despite the fact that attacks on livestock have declined sharply while wolf numbers have increased (尽管狼的数量增加了，但对牲畜的攻击却急剧减少)”承接上文，说明消灭狼群做法的不合理之处，符合题意。故选C。 （2025·上海静安·二模） What qualifies as a snack or a meal is still a matter of perspective. 1 General Mills, Quaker Oats and other brands are adding to their lineup of small-packaged bars and yogurts. And Jimmy Dean this summer introduced mini-breakfast sandwiches. It’s breakfast in stages. People will eat something at home, then stop at a convenience store for coffee and maybe a little something.   2 The number of times Americans snack is rising faster in the morning than during the afternoon or evening. After all, it’s easier and less time- consuming to pop a few snacks in your backpack for later enjoyment than to sit down for a prepared meal. A．Sustaining energy while on the move all day without sacrificing flavor is the overall rule. B．Nutritional benefits of packaged goodies are repeatedly mentioned. C．There is a commonly held idea that more frequent meals can help influence weight loss. D．But food companies are already rolling out smaller bites that feed the growing appetite for morning treats. E．Marketing morning snacks is trickier, though. F．The deconstruction of breakfast is definitely happening. 【答案】1．D 2．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国人早餐习惯的变化，即分阶段进食，食品公司推出小份早餐 食品，同时指出推广早餐零食有挑战及应对策略。 1．上文“What qualifies as a snack or a meal is still a matter of perspective.(什么算零食或正餐仍是个见仁见智的问题)”提到零食和正餐的界定不明确。D选项“But food companies are already rolling out smaller bites that feed the growing appetite for morning treats.(但食品公司已经在推出小份食品，以满足人们对早餐零食日益增长的需求)”与上文形成转折，表明尽管界定不明确，但食品公司已经开始行动推出适合早餐吃的小份食品，同时与下文“General Mills, Quaker Oats and other brands are adding to their lineup of small packaged bars and yogurts.(通用磨坊、桂格燕麦等品牌正在增加其小包装棒状食品和酸奶的产品线)”相呼应，介绍了公司的具体行动。故选D项。 2．上文“It’s breakfast in stages. People will eat something at home, then stop at a convenience store for coffee and maybe a little something.(早餐是分阶段进行的。人们会先在家吃点东西，然后在便利店停下来喝杯咖啡，可能再吃点小零食)”描述了美国人分阶段吃早餐的方式。F选项“The deconstruction of breakfast is definitely happening.(早餐的拆分现象确实正在发生)”对上文内容进行总结概括，指出早餐不再是传统的一顿，而是被拆分了。故选F项。 （2025·上海宝山·二模） Students create and share videos of themselves studying earnestly, usually for an exam. Many of the videos are shot in a quiet room. The camera often focuses on a clean desk with a tidy display of books, notebooks, a computer and a timer. Throughout most of the videos, no words are spoken; the focus is on the creator as he or she studies. 2 Next, observing the diligence of the creator often motivates viewers, especially those who have trouble studying. Finally, viewer gain emotional support by knowing that they are part of a group with perhaps thousands others, all working toward the same goal. Some viewers have said that Study with Me “satisfies the need for belonging and social contact” by providing a sense of companionship. 4 A．The point is not to teach anything but simply to provide a study companion. B．The creator becomes a study partner, which reduces the isolation many students feel. C．That is why SWM comes into being, and becomes more and more popular these days. D．That’s where Study with Me (SWM) videos come into play. 【答案】 2．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体上兴起的学习陪伴视频（SWM）现象，探讨了其形 式、益处及受欢迎的原因。 2．由上文“Throughout most of the videos, no words are spoken; the focus is on the creator as he or she studies. (在大多数视频中，没有人说话；重点是创作者在学习时的状态。)”可知，上文描述了SWM视频的拍摄场景和特点，所以本空应进一步说明这种视频的重点或目的。A选项“The point is not to teach anything but simply to provide a study companion. (重点不是教任何东西，而是提供一个学习伙伴。)”能够承接上文，解释SWM视频的重点，符合题意。故选A。 4．由上文“Some viewers have said that Study with Me "satisfies the need for belonging and social contact" by providing a sense of companionship. (一些观众表示，学习陪伴视频通过提供陪伴感“满足了归属感和社交接触的需求”。)”可知，本空应进一步解释这种陪伴感如何影响观众。B选项“The creator becomes a study partner, which reduces the isolation many students feel. (创作者成为学习伙伴，这减少了许多学生感到的孤独感。)”进 一步阐述了SWM视频如何减少学生的孤独感，能承接上文，符合题意。故选B。 （2025·上海奉贤·二模） The Rise of Plushie(毛绒玩具)Culture It looked like a typical fish-and-chip shop. Chefs tended to frying baskets and wrapped orders in newspaper. However, this “catch of the day” was entirely inedible. The London pop-up shop by Jellycat, a famous plush toy brand, sold soft fish with plushie lemons instead of real seafood. 1 TikTok videos with the Plushies tag, showing different kinds of stuffed toys like cartoon characters and creative shapes, have been watched almost 8 billion times. Crazy shopping scenes in some pop-up shops are extremely mind-blowing. A．The target instead is “kidults” (aged 12+), accounting for over 25% of toy sales. B．The playful concept mirrored a global trend: the world has gone soft for soft toys. C．That is because more children turned to plush companions for emotional support. 【答案】1．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了毛绒玩具文化的兴起。毛绒玩具不再只是小孩子的玩具，在这个快节奏、压力巨大的世界里，毛绒玩具让人联想到更简单、更快乐的时代，而不是不成熟的标志，毛绒玩具热潮可能只是突显了人类对舒适和快乐的普遍需求，无论年龄大小。 1．根据上文“It looked like a typical fish-and-chip shop. Chefs tended to frying baskets and wrapped orders in newspaper. However, this “catch of the day” was entirely inedible. The London pop-up shop by Jellycat, a famous plush toy brand, sold soft fish with plushie lemons instead of real seafood.(这家店乍看是一家典型的炸鱼薯条店。系围裙的厨师们忙着照看油炸篮和用报纸包裹的餐点。但这家位于伦敦百货公司塞尔福里奇的店铺有着别样的收获：顾客们争相抢购的是毛茸茸的鱼和柠檬玩具，而非真正的海鲜)”及下文“TikTok videos with the Plushies tag, showing different kinds of stuffed toys like cartoon characters and creative shapes, have been watched almost 8 billion times.(带有Plushies标签的TikTok视频，展示了卡通人物和创意形状等不同种类的填充玩具，已经被浏览了近80亿次)”可知，此处应该解释上文的奇特现象，指出人们对毛绒玩具的追捧痴迷。由此可知，B. The playful concept mirrored a global trend: the world has gone soft for soft toys.(这个好玩的概念反映了一种全球趋势：世界对毛绒玩具的喜爱程度越来越高)符合语境。故选B项。 · 考点二：词汇衔接——从词汇关系上判断 解题策略 1）代词 英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例如it可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子;these 或those指代前句的复数名词。 2）词汇复现/同义词/反义词 英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。 3）同一范畴词（上下义词） 上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。你可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。 【典例剖析】 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） You may have bought a drink recently and noticed something odd: the once removable cap is now tied to the bottle by a small piece of plastic. This is one of several policies designed to limit the amount of plastic litter. It specifically targets the caps from single-use plastic bottles. 1 D．Bottle caps are also one of the most common items consumed by marine animals. E．Having bottle caps attached could lead to higher instances of plastic going to landfill. F．They are more likely to find their way into the environment and pose risks to wildlife. 【答案】1．F 1．根据上文“You may have bought a drink recently and noticed something odd: the once removable cap is now tied to the bottle by a small piece of plastic. This is one of several policies designed to limit the amount of plastic litter. It specifically targets the caps from single-use plastic bottles.(你可能最近买了一杯饮料，发现了一些奇怪的事情：曾经可拆卸的瓶盖现在被一小块塑料绑在了瓶子上。这是旨在限制塑料垃圾数量的几项政策之一。它专门针对一次性塑料瓶的瓶盖)”及下一段首句“Plastic bottle caps are now among the top ten litter items found in rivers and the ocean.(塑料瓶盖现在是河流和海洋中十大垃圾之一)”可知，本段主要介绍了一项环保新措施，针对一次性塑料瓶的瓶盖在海洋和河流中泛滥成灾的现象。由此可知，F. They are more likely to find their way into the environment and pose risks to wildlife.(它们更有可能进入环境，对野生动物构成威胁)符合语境，其中they指代the caps from single-use plastic bottles。故选F项。 （2025年静安一模） The coming of a new year marks a fresh start and motivates many people to break bad habits. Some are easier to shake than others. However, the tendency to procrastinate is among the stickiest. Whether it’s finishing a piece of work, sending an email or going for a run, some tasks can become unconquerable. The easiest way to deal with these tasks is to put them off until later or never at all. It’s procrastination. It is a specific form of delay that is both unnecessary and voluntary. ____47____ At its heart, procrastination is about avoidance. Rather than the task itself, it’s often the emotions attached to an activity that cause people to pause. Handling the first lines of a college essay may bring up feelings of self-doubt, for example. When you’re faced with a broad question or topic to write about, the lack of clear instructions can produce a fear of not getting it right or of what might happen if you get it wrong. A. But that doesn’t mean you’re stuck and that’s who you are. B. Procrastination becomes an easy and ‘dirty’ way of reaction when your handling resources are maxed out. C. Chances are that you will find yourself supported by procrastination all along. D. It isn’t caused by the person’s need to prioritize other tasks or by an unexpected emergency. E. You will become increasingly frustrated with yourself for not getting the task done. F. However, the threat can also come from something tiny. 【答案】47. D 【47题详解】 前文“It’s procrastination. It is a specific form of delay that is both unnecessary and voluntary. (这是拖延。这是一种既不必要又自愿的特殊延迟形式。)”引入拖延的话题，介绍其性质，后文“At its heart, procrastination is about avoidance. Rather than the task itself, it’s often the emotions attached to an activity that cause people to pause. (拖延的核心是逃避。导致人们暂停的往往不是任务本身，而是与活动相关的情绪。)”指出拖延是由逃避与任务相关的情绪导致的，因此D项“It isn’t caused by the person’s need to prioritize other tasks or by an unexpected emergency. (它不是由人们需要优先处理其他任务或意外的紧急情况引起的。)”符合语境，指出拖延不是由什么原因导致的，承前启后，其中的It指代前文的procrastination。故选D。 （2025年奉贤一模） Ratting on Crimes ___50___ They will be armed with custom-made vests (马甲) . With their front paws, they will be able to pull a small ball attached to the chest of their vest, which gives out a beeping sound. This way rats will be able to alert handlers when they detect a target. Once fully trained and prepared, these giant rats could become illegal hunters' worst enemy. A. Previously, they've trained packs of hero rats to detect dangerous bacteria. B. Then they were introduced to common scents used to mask illegal wildlife trade. C. This effort aims to provide a low-cost detection system to prevent illegal hunting. D. However, there are concerns that the rats might be distracted by some common scents. E. Existing screening tools are expensive and time intensive, necessitating a new approach. F. For this purpose, these trained rats will be expected to work in likely hotspots for illegal wildlife trade. 【答案 50. F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员训练非洲老鼠识别濒危动物制品气味的相关研究，以及利用这些训练有素的老鼠来打击非法野生动物贸易。 【50题详解】 根据下文“They will be armed with custom-made vests (马甲) . With their front paws, they will be able to pull a small ball attached to the chest of their vest, which gives out a beeping sound. This way rats will be able to alert handlers when they detect a target. Once fully trained and prepared, these giant rats could become illegal hunters' worst enemy. (他们将装备定制的背心。它们会用前爪拉一个小球，小球附着在背心的胸前，并发出哔哔声。这样，当老鼠发现目标时，它们就能提醒处理者。一旦经过充分训练和准备，这些巨型老鼠可能成为非法猎人最大的敌人)。”可知本段是关于老鼠工作的过程，所以F选项“为此目的，这些经过训练的老鼠将在非法野生动物贸易的热点地区工作。”符合题意，并且选项中的this purpose呼应上文（上一段）的停止捕获、杀害和收获动植物的行为，故选F。 · 考点三：逻辑衔接——根据前后文逻辑关系判断 解题策略 1）因果关系 (Eg: As a result/ thus/therefore/so (such)…) 因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。 2） 转折关系 (Eg: However/nevertheless/nonetheless/though/yet/in spite of/on the contrary /in contrast /by contrast/ in comparison/otherwise/not...but) 转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。 3）并列关系 (Eg: first/second/third/to begin with/to conclude) 并列关系主要指前后的句子间是平等的关系，可以互换位置。 4）递进关系 (Eg: also/ furthermore/ similarly/ moreover/ in addition/what’s more） 递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。 5） 例证关系 (Eg: such as /for examples/One of the examples is …) 前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。 【典例剖析】 （2025·上海黄浦·二模） Absorbing yourself in nature is good for you. Being outdoors has been shown to improve your mood, concentration and mental health, among other things. 1 Get your hands in the soil. Touching soil, even if it’s in pots by your window, may improve your health as well. Dirt can benefit your microbiome (菌群), with possible benefits such as a stronger immune system (免疫系统). 2 So don’t see plants as something to look at; instead, report plants with your gloves off. A．Tend to yourself while you tend your plants. D．Viewing nature indoors can lower your heart rate and blood pressure. E．Research suggests you may get the same reaction from caring for houseplants. F．But indoor green spaces, even small ones, have benefits for our physical and mental well-being, too. 【答案】1．F 2．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了室内植物对健康的益处。 1．由上文“Absorbing yourself in nature is good for you. Being outdoors has been shown to improve your mood, concentration and mental health, among other things. (沉浸在大自然中对你有益。事实证明，户外活动可以改善你的情绪、注意力和心理健康等。)”可知，上文主要讲述了户外活动对人的好处，而文章的标题为“Houseplants Can Make You Healthier (室内植物能让你更健康)”，本空应强调室内的绿色空间也有好处，与上文形成对比或补充。F选项“But indoor green spaces, even small ones, have benefits for our physical and mental well-being, too. (但室内绿色空间，即使是很小的空间，对我们的身心健康也有好处。)”可知，能承接上文，符合题意。故选F。 2．由上文“Touching soil, even if it’s in pots by your window, may improve your health as well. Dirt can benefit your microbiome (菌群), with possible benefits such as a stronger immune system (免疫系统). (接触土壤，即使是你窗边花盆里的土壤，也可能改善你的健康。泥土对你的微生物群有益，可能带来诸如更强的免疫系统等好处。)”及下文“So don’t see plants as something to look at; instead, report plants with your gloves off. (所以不要把植物仅仅看作是观赏的东西；相反，不戴手套去侍弄植物。)”可知，本空应进一步说明照顾室内植物也能带来类似的健康益处。E选项“Research suggests you may get the same reaction from caring for houseplants. (研究表明，照顾室内植物也可能会让你有同样的反应。)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选 E。 （2024年浦东新区二模） A recent study looked at the effect of fear-based strategies on British secondary school students. As is so often the case, it’s complicated. They found that if a test is seen as important, and students are optimistic that they can succeed, then the fear of failure can be used successfully by teachers to motivate these learners. ______48______ It can in turn lead them to do worse on the test than they would have done otherwise. The study also found that if students are disengaged and don’t care about the test in the first place, then, unsurprisingly, the fear of failure is not likely to motivate them. A. Nevertheless, confidence plays a significant role in determining the effectiveness of fear-based motivation strategies. B. However, if students are not confident, then fear-based approaches could trigger feelings of anxiety. C. Leaders, managers, and teachers have often used one of these ideas to inspire people to work harder and achieve more. D. Taken together, these studies show that fear-based motivation is complicated. E. They may be inspired to learn new things that will help their business or find mentors who can support them. F. But does this motivate or discourage business people? Again, it’s not straightforward. 【答案】 48. B 【48题详解】 前文“They found that if a test is seen as important, and students are optimistic that they can succeed, then the fear of failure can be used successfully by teachers to motivate these learners.(他们发现，如果一项测试被视为重要的，并且学生对自己能够成功持乐观态度，那么老师可以成功地利用对失败的恐惧来激励这些学习者。)”讲述了在一项测试被认为非常重要且学生对该测试持乐观态度的情况下，老师可以有效利用对失败的恐惧来激励学生，后文“It can in turn lead them to do worse on the test than they would have done otherwise.(这反过来会导致他们在测试中表现得比其他情况下更差。)”讲述了会导致学生表现差，由此可知，空处讲述的应是不能有效利用对失败的恐惧进行激励的情况，B项“然而，如果学生不自信，那么基于恐惧的方法可能会引发焦虑感。”符合题意，However表明前后之间为转折关系。故选B。 （2025·上海崇明·二模） About one in four people on Earth live in an area so close to the mountains or downhill that extreme rain and flooding would hit them, Ombadi said. 3 He mentioned California department of agriculture estimates of $89m in crop and farm animal losses from this year’s extreme rains. But in the long term, another problem is water supply. In times of drought, water managers like to keep water levels high in reservoirs, which they can do with heavy snowpacks because it melts slowly. 4 So as warming causes rainier extremes, society is going to have to choose between cutting water use because of low water levels in reservoirs to absorb a possible large sudden mountain runoff event or build expensive new reservoirs. A．But they can’t do that with heavy rainfall. B．He pointed out the flooding can also hurt food production. C．Heavy snow’s flooding impact is lessened because it takes time to melt. 【答案】 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项新研究发现，全球变暖正在将一些山区的大雪转变为极端降雨，从而加剧了危险洪水和长期水资源短缺的问题。 3．根据上文“About one in four people on Earth live in an area so close to the mountains or downhill that extreme rain and flooding would hit them, Ombadi said. (Ombadi说，地球上大约四分之一的人生活在离山区或下坡很近的地区，极端降雨和洪水会袭击他们。)”和下文“He mentioned California department of agriculture estimates of $89m in crop and farm animal losses from this year’s extreme rains. (他提到，加利福尼亚州农业部估计，今年的极端降雨导致农作物和家畜损失8900万美元。)”可知，空白处的内容应该与极端降雨和洪水对农业或粮食生产的影响有关。选项B“他指出，洪水还可能损害粮食生产。”符合语境。故选B。 4．根据上文“In times of drought, water managers like to keep water levels high in reservoirs, which they can do with heavy snowpacks because it melts slowly. (在干旱时期，水资源管理者喜欢保持水库的高水位，他们可以用厚厚的积雪来做到这一点，因为积雪融化得很慢。)”和下文“So as warming causes rainier extremes, society is going to have to choose between cutting water use because of low water levels in reservoirs to absorb a possible large sudden mountain runoff event or build expensive new reservoirs. (因此，随着气候变暖导致极端降雨增多，社会将不得不在减少用水以应对水库水位低以吸收可能发生的突然大量山区径流，或者建造昂贵的新水库之间做出选择。)”可知，空白处的内容应该与大雨对水库水位管理的影响有关，且与上文形成对比。选项A“但是大雨做不到这一点。”符合语境，其中that指代上文中的“keep water levels high in reservoirs”。故选A。 实战训练 一、名校最新试题 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月阶段测试英语试题 The essence of friendship is two brains resonating with the world in the same way Friendship often feels like magic: a sudden click, a sense that someone else’s mind works in rhythm with your own. For years, we’ve explained this as shared interests or compatible personalities. But neuroscience is beginning to suggest something deeper: 1 In one striking study published in Nature Human Behavior, researchers asked strangers to watch the same film clips while their brain activity was scanned. Then, over the following eight months, they tracked who became friends. The results were striking: those who eventually formed close bonds had displayed remarkably similar patterns of neural activity from the very beginning. The overlap was most pronounced in the frontoparietal (额顶的) control network, a region central to how we process emotion and direct our attention. The finding explains a common frustration: Why some people never feel at home in certain circles, however hard they try, while others walk into a new environment and instantly find confidants (知己). 2 And the mismatch can be quietly exhausting, forcing us to translate ourselves again and again, only to realize that the conversation never lands in the same emotional register. 3 It suggests that some friendships are, in a sense, predestined — not by fate, but by the invisible architecture of the mind. The most moving friendships, then, are not achievements of persistence, but gifts of recognition. We do not build it from scratch — we notice it. And when we notice it, the experience feels effortless, as if our minds were already tuned to the same frequency, waiting only to connect. This perspective does not make friendship any less precious. On the contrary, it reveals why finding a true companion feels so rare and profound. 4 When that happens, the relationship carries a quiet certainty: No matter how life bends or scatters us, the resonance is already written into the wiring of our brains. A．The difference may not lie in social skill or charm, but in the compatibility of neural circuits. B．This finding also challenges the comforting belief that time alone creates intimacy. C．Our nervous system detects who processes the chaos of life in ways that mirror our own. D．The miracle is not that we create friendship out of nothing, but that among billions of minds, two can light up in harmony. E．True friendship is rooted not in hobbies or character traits, but in the way our brains are wired to perceive the world. F．The deeper force at work was the way their brains naturally made sense of the world. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了友谊的本质并非仅仅基于共同的兴趣或性格相投，而是源于大脑感知世界方式的共鸣，这种共鸣使得某些友谊在某种程度上似乎是注定的。 1．由上文“Friendship often feels like magic: a sudden click, a sense that someone else’s mind works in rhythm with your own. For years, we’ve explained this as shared interests or compatible personalities.(友谊往往感觉像魔法：突然的契合，一种别人的思维与你自己的思维同步的感觉。多年来，我们一直将其解释为共同的兴趣或兼容的个性。)”和“But neuroscience is beginning to suggest something deeper:(但神经科学开始提出更深层次的建议：)”及下文“The results were striking: those who eventually formed close bonds had displayed remarkably similar patterns of neural activity from the very beginning. The overlap was most pronounced in the frontoparietal (额顶的) control network, a region central to how we process emotion and direct our attention.(结果令人震惊：那些最终形成亲密关系的人从一开始就表现出非常相似的神经活动模式。这种重叠在额顶控制网络中最为明显，额顶控制网络是我们处理情绪和引导注意力的核心区域。)”可知，本空要阐述神经科学在友谊本质方面揭示的深层次内容，即真正的友谊不是基于爱好或性格特征，而是基于我们大脑感知世界的方式。E选项“True friendship is rooted not in hobbies or character traits, but in the way our brains are wired to perceive the world.(真正的友谊并不植根于爱好或性格特征，而是植根于我们大脑感知世界的方式。)”能够承上启下，符合题意。故选E。 2．由上文“The finding explains a common frustration: Why some people never feel at home in certain circles, however hard they try, while others walk into a new environment and instantly find confidants (知己). (这一发现解释了一个常见的困惑：为什么有些人无论多么努力，在某些圈子里都永远找不到归属感，而另一些人走进一个新的环境，立刻就能找到知己。)”及下文“And the mismatch can be quietly exhausting, forcing us to translate ourselves again and again, only to realize that the conversation never lands in the same emotional register.(这种不匹配会让人筋疲力尽，迫使我们一次又一次地解释自己，结果却发现对话从未落在相同的情感层面上。)”可知，有些人找不到归属感，有些人能找到知己，本空应针对上述现象给出原因解释，即差异在于神经回路的兼容性。A选项“The difference may not lie in social skill or charm, but in the compatibility of neural circuits.(这种差异可能不在于社交技巧或魅力，而在于神经回路的兼容性。)”能够承上启下，符合题意。故选A。 3．由下文“It suggests that some friendships are, in a sense, predestined — not by fate, but by the invisible architecture of the mind. The most moving friendships, then, are not achievements of persistence, but gifts of recognition. We do not build it from scratch — we notice it.(这表明，从某种意义上说，一些友谊是命中注定的——不是命运，而是无形的心灵结构。因此，最感人的友谊不是坚持不懈的成就，而是认可的礼物。我们不会从头开始构建它，我们会注意到它。)”可知，本空应指出这一发现对传统观念（仅靠时间建立亲密关系）的挑战。B选项“This finding also challenges the comforting belief that time alone creates intimacy.(这一发现也挑战了那种令人欣慰的信念，即仅靠时间就能建立亲密关系。)”与上文关于友谊形成的新观点相呼应，进一步深化了主题，符合题意。故选B。 4．由上文“This perspective does not make friendship any less precious. On the contrary, it reveals why finding a true companion feels so rare and profound.(这种观点并没有让友谊变得不那么珍贵。相反，它揭示了为什么找到一个真正的伴侣感觉如此罕见和深刻)”可知，本空应强调在这种观点下友谊的奇妙之处。D选项“The miracle is not that we create friendship out of nothing, but that among billions of minds, two can light up in harmony.(奇迹不在于我们凭空创造友谊，而在于在数十亿个大脑中，有两个大脑能够和谐共鸣。)”进一步阐述了友谊的奇迹所在，即两个大脑能够和谐共鸣的罕见性，与上文相呼应，符合题意。故选D。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市大同中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 Crop-growing skyscrapers By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. 5 The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical (垂直的) Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. 6 It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. 7 This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops. The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures and all the food could be grown organically. 8 Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems of a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment. A．Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. B．One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays (托) that move on rails. C．A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. D．It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping. E．What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on? F．If successfully implemented, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply. 【答案】5．E 6．F 7．A 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要围绕“种植作物的摩天大楼（垂直农场）”这一概念展开。 5．上文“Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices.(按照目前的人口趋势进行最保守的估计，到那时，人口将增加约30亿。目前，在世界范围内，超过80%的适合种植作物的土地已被利用。从历史上看，由于管理不善，其中约15%被浪费掉了。)”说明了能种植作物的土地不够，空处需承接土地资源紧张、人口增长的问题，引出解决方案的话题，E选项“What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?(我们可以做些什么来确保世界人口有足够的食物来生存？)”提出了我们要怎么确保世界上的人有足够的食物的问题，承接了上文说的土地不够的问题，因此符合语境，故选E。 6．空前“One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical (垂直的) Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions.(其中一个建议就是打造“垂直农场”。其理念是建造多层建筑，在环境可控的条件下种植粮食作物。)”提出了垂直农场这个概念，空处需进一步补充“垂直农场”的具体形式或变体，丰富对该概念的说明，F选项“If successfully implemented, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply.(如果成功实施，垂直农场为城市更新、可持续生产安全和多样化的食品供应提供了希望。)”说明了垂直农场的优点，承接上文，符合语境，故选F。 7．空前“It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted.(人类花了一万年的时间才学会如何种植我们现在认为理所当然的大多数作物。)”讲述了人类种植作物的发展历程，下文“This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food - bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year.(这意味着，对大多数人来说，我们人类有遮风挡雨的地方，但我们却让我们的粮食作物承受室外恶劣环境的考验，只能祈求一年风调雨顺。)”指出了人类居住环境与农作物生长环境的差异，空处承上启下，A选项“Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities.(在同一时间段内，我们进化成了城市物种，其中60%的人口现在垂直生活在城市中。)”呼应上文，又为下文“人类有庇护所，作物却暴露在外”的对比做铺垫，符合语境，故选A。 8．空后“Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system.(没有它，那些离窗户最近的植物就会暴露在更多的阳光下，生长得更快，从而降低了系统的效率。)”说明在没有某个东西的情况下，植物会暴露在更多的阳光下，生长得更快，从而降低了系统的效率，空处需提及一种对垂直农场系统效率至关重要的事物，C选项“A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light.(然而，垂直农业的一个主要缺点是植物需要人工光照。)”说明了垂直农业需要人工光照，引起下文，符合语境，故选C。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. 9 . A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson. There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. 10 When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them. In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story. There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. 11 Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check. Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. 12 A．But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater amount of nonsense and lies. B．The organizations are making efforts to change it. C．The editors can never disagree with him. D．So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. E．The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth. F．Soon many other editors make up stories. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．A 12．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章提及信息经济时代机构借公关传播信息、媒体受权力或商业影响，同时讲述了互联网信息利弊，最后建议人们要么隔绝信息要么寻找可信信息来源。 9．前文“Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information.( 各行各业的组织都在做更多的工作来传播他们的信息。)”提到“各行各业的机构都在努力传播信息”，D 项“So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them.( 因此他们会雇佣公关人员为自己发声。)”中的“因此”承接前文“传播信息”的需求，“雇佣公关人员”是机构传播信息的具体做法，且与后文“A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists.( 我们的许多新闻实际上是从新闻稿和故意为记者准备的事件报道中收集的。)”新闻多来自新闻稿和为记者安排的活动形成逻辑闭环，说明公关人员的作用，衔接自然。故选D项。 10．后文“When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.”(当他对某事是正确的时候，他们回答“绝对”，当他错了的时候，他们说“在某种程度上，Lord Copper。”)”提到“当他（Lord Copper）说对时，编辑们回答‘当然’；说错时，回答‘在某种程度上，Lord Copper’”，C项“The editors can never disagree with him.( 编辑们绝不能反对他。)”是对后文编辑态度的概括，作为总起句，准确统领“编辑们始终迎合 Lord Copper”的具体描述，符合段落逻辑。故选C项。 11．前文“People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms.( 世界各地的人们将能够发表自己的目击报道，并在平等的条件下与被广泛接受的新闻采集者竞争。)”提到“互联网让每个人都能发布信息，与主流新闻采集者平等竞争”，A项“But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater amount of nonsense and lies.( 但这也意味着我们将面临更多无意义的内容和谎言。)”通过“but”形成转折，指出互联网信息传播的负面影响，与后文“博客可能包含真实信息，也可能是无法核实的虚假故事”呼应，补充了前文未提及的风险，语义完整。故选A项。 12．前文“In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust.( 在一个每个人都希望你听他们的版本的世界里，你只有两个选择：完全关闭或开始寻找你可以信任的来源。)”提到“在人人都想让你相信他们说法的世界里，你只有两个选择：完全隔绝信息，或寻找可信任的来源”，E项“The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.( 未来的调查记者是每一个想知道真相的人)”承接“寻找可信任来源”的建议，指出“想知道真相的人”会主动调查、成为“调查记者”，为“寻找可信来源”提供了具体方向，符合语境。故选E项。 Passage 4 【来源】上海市格致中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试卷 Chemical Waste Can Be Recycled into a Range of Drugs and Fertilizers More than 300 ways to convert widely available chemical waste into a range of drugs and fertilizers have been identified by a software program. The researchers behind the tool believe it will optimize the chemical industry and allow the recycling of by-products that would otherwise need to be stored. Bartosz Grzybowski at US software and chemistry company Allchemy and his colleagues used their software, also known as Allchemy, to look for useful products from 189 small molecules that are regularly created as by-products of large-scale industrial processes around the world. 13 The software created a vast database of all the possible combinations of chemicals and the processes that could be used to combine them. Running on a single high-end server, the program took about a month to calculate the hundreds of billions of combinations. These were then narrowed down to only those processes that led to the creation of drugs, fertilizers or other useful molecules. Grzybowski says that all of the discovered processes could eventually have been found by humans, but the vast scale of possible processes made them incredibly hard to spot. 14 However, Grzybowski says that his favorite result was an antibiotic that can be produced from lactate, which comes from waste plastic bottles, and phenol, a by-product of coalmining. “I was hoping to find aspirin or something, but it’s actually much more interesting than that,” he says. “It actually solves the problem of circular chemistry, pretty much in an exhaustive way.” 15 He says that this software works in the other direction: it takes a list of available resources and finds all the possible uses for them. “This chemistry is pretty straightforward. The difficulty is in spotting the opportunity.” he says. “The building blocks are very simple, but when you start talking about 200 waste molecules, within one step of combinations you have 40,000 options.” Grzybowski says he hopes that Allchemy will eventually lead to a “Tinder for molecules”. Chemical companies could put in details of all of their available waste products, other companies could list molecules they would like to have synthesized for a specific purpose, and third parties could bid to perform the waste-to-drug synthesis. 16 A．Among the discovered molecules were drugs to treat leprosy and heart disease. B．But something that’s developed in the lab needs to be translated in a profitable way into a large pilot scale. C．An additional 56 molecules that are commonly created from chemical waste during recycling processes were also included. D．Identifying uses for chemical waste in the lab is useful, but scaling up that process may be more difficult. E．Grzybowski had previously worked on projects to create new methods to synthesize specific molecules. F．This would reduce waste from the global chemical supply chain and perhaps also lower the cost of drugs and other products. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．E 16．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国软件和化学公司Allchemy开发了一款软件，能够识别并转化化学废物为药物和肥料，优化化学工业并实现废物回收。 13．由上文“Bartosz Grzybowski at US software and chemistry company Allchemy and his colleagues used their software, also known as Allchemy, to look for useful products from 189 small molecules that are regularly created as by-products of large-scale industrial processes around the world.(美国软件和化学公司Allchemy的Bartosz Grzybowski和他的同事们使用他们的软件Allchemy，从世界各地大规模工业生产过程中经常产生的189种小分子中寻找有用的产品。)”可知，本空需要补充说明他们研究的内容，C选项“An additional 56 molecules that are commonly created from chemical waste during recycling processes were also included.(另外还包括了56种在回收过程中通常由化学废物产生的分子。)”补充了他们研究的分子种类。故选C。 14．由上文“Grzybowski says that all of the discovered processes could eventually have been found by humans, but the vast scale of possible processes made them incredibly hard to spot.(Grzybowski说，所有被发现的流程最终都可能被人类发现，但可能的流程规模巨大，使得它们极难被发现。)”以及下文“However, Grzybowski says that his favorite result was an antibiotic that can be produced from lactate, which comes from waste plastic bottles, and phenol, a by-product of coalmining.(然而，Grzybowski说，他最喜欢的结果是一种抗生素，它可以由来自废旧塑料瓶的乳酸和煤矿开采的副产品苯酚制成。)”可知，本空应说明在发现的分子中有哪些具体的药物。A选项“Among the discovered molecules were drugs to treat leprosy and heart disease.(在发现的分子中，有治疗麻风病和心脏病的药物。)”是对发现药物的具体说明，能承上启下，符合题意。故选A。 15．由下文“He says that this software works in the other direction: it takes a list of available resources and finds all the possible uses for them. “This chemistry is pretty straightforward. The difficulty is in spotting the opportunity.” he says. “The building blocks are very simple, but when you start talking about 200 waste molecules, within one step of combinations you have 40,000 options.”(他说，这个软件在另一个方向上工作：它获取可用资源的列表，并找到它们的所有可能用途。他说：“这种化学反应非常简单。困难在于发现机会。”。“构建块非常简单，但当你开始谈论200个废物分子时，在一个组合步骤中，你有40000个选择。”)”可知，本空应说明Grzybowski之前的工作与现在软件工作的不同，以引出下文对软件功能的进一步阐述。E选项“Grzybowski had previously worked on projects to create new methods to synthesize specific molecules.(Grzybowski此前曾致力于开发合成特定分子的新方法。)”是对Grzybowski之前工作的说明，与下文形成对比，符合题意。故选E。 16．由上文“Grzybowski says he hopes that Allchemy will eventually lead to a ‘Tinder for molecules’. Chemical companies could put in details of all of their available waste products, other companies could list molecules they would like to have synthesized for a specific purpose, and third parties could bid to perform the waste-to-drug synthesis.(Grzybowski说，他希望Allchemy最终能成为“分子的Tinder”。化学公司可以输入他们所有可用废物的详细信息，其他公司可以列出他们希望为特定目的合成的分子，第三方可以竞标进行废物到药物的合成。)”可知，本空应说明这样做的好处。F选项“This would reduce waste from the global chemical supply chain and perhaps also lower the cost of drugs and other products.(这将减少全球化学供应链中的废物，或许还能降低药品和其他产品的成本。)”是对上文做法好处的说明，符合题意。故选F。 Passage 5 【来源】上海市浦东复旦附中分校2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题 Researchers should stop being so secretive about their studies These days, I often wonder: since we human beings already have so much knowledge, why haven’t we solved more everyday problems? Take breaking bad habits, for example. Many of us make New Year’s resolutions to eat less junk food but give up after a few weeks. We all want to do better, but we often don’t know how. Research psychologists, whose work fills the journals in university libraries, likely have the answers. 17 Since taxpayers fund much of this research, shouldn’t we demand that it addresses our concerns? Many researchers do study these issues, but their findings are stuck in academic literature. Psychologists have been studying how to break bad habits for decades, and their methods have been proven effective. But accessing this information requires knowing where to look. 18 Now, Google Scholar can help, but you need to use the right keywords. Searching for “breaking bad habits” might give you a mix of academic and self-help materials. To find the best research, you need specific terms like “meta-analysis” or “goal attainment.” Even then, paywalls often block access. You can get around these paywalls by contacting researchers directly for reprints, though these can still be full of jargon (行话). To save you time, here’s a summary of what many researchers believe is the best way to stick to goals like New Year’s resolutions. Set your goal, think of common obstacles, and plan your responses. 19 For example, someone on a diet might say, “If I’m invited out for dinner, then I’ll skip the alcohol and dessert.” Studies show that having such plans greatly increases the chances of success. Doubtless some self-help experts include this kind of advice in their pricey books-plus-dedicated-websites. 20 So, here’s a New Year’s resolution for researchers: work together more often and share your findings with the public regularly. Give us updates on your research without the jargon and paywalls. A．But why should we have to pay yet again to find out what the academics all know, but are too busy writing grant requests to tell us about? B．These plans, known as “implementation intentions”, usually take the form of “if-then” statements. C．Or rather, it does if you can get past the journal paywalls that block access to those who, er, funded the research. D．However, this information is often difficult to access and understand. E．Many studies show that having such plans greatly boosts the chances of succeeding with resolutions. F．Until recently, academic libraries were the main source for free access to research papers. 【答案】17．D 18．F 19．B 20．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章指出研究人员应减少研究的保密性，认为纳税人资助的研究应更易被公众获取，探讨了当前学术研究成果难以接触和理解的问题，并呼吁研究者多与公众分享研究发现。 17．上文“Research psychologists, whose work fills the journals in university libraries, likely have the answers.(研究心理学家的研究成果充斥着大学图书馆的期刊，他们或许有答案)”说明了心理学家可能有解决日常问题的答案，但暗示获取这些答案存在障碍。选项D“然而，这些信息往往难以获取和理解。”符合语境。与上文为转折关系。故选D。 18．上文“But accessing this information requires knowing where to look.(但获取这些信息需要知道去哪里找)”和下文“ Now, Google Scholar can help, but you need to use the right keywords. Searching for “breaking bad habits” might give you a mix of academic and self-help materials. To find the best research, you need specific terms like “meta-analysis” or “goal attainment.” Even then, paywalls often block access.(现在，谷歌Scholar可以提供帮助，但你需要使用正确的关键词。搜索“改掉坏习惯”可能会给你提供各种学术和自助材料。为了找到最好的研究，你需要一些具体的术语，比如“元分析”或“目标实现”。即便如此，付费墙通常也会阻碍访问)”指出了如何进行搜索。由此推测，空处指出了可以免费获得信息的地方。选项F“直到最近，学术图书馆还是免费获取研究论文的主要来源。”符合语境，承上启下。故选F。 19．上文“Set your goal, think of common obstacles, and plan your responses.(设定目标，考虑常见障碍，并计划应对措施)”提到了计划应对措施，下文“For example, someone on a diet might say, ‘If I’m invited out for dinner, then I’ll skip the alcohol and dessert.’(例如，节食的人可能会说：‘如果我被邀请出去吃饭，我会不喝酒和甜点。’)”是对某种计划的举例。选项 B“这些计划被称为‘执行意图’，通常采取‘如果-那么’的陈述形式。”既解释了上文的计划，又引出下文的例子，衔接紧密。故选B。 20．上文“Doubtless some self-help experts include this kind of advice in their pricey books-plus-dedicated-websites.(毫无疑问，一些自助专家在他们昂贵的书籍和专门的网站中包含了这类建议)”提到自助专家的建议需要付费，下文呼吁研究者分享研究成果。选项A“但我们为什么要再次付费去了解学术界早已知道，却忙着写资助申请而不告诉我们的东西呢？”通过反问质疑付费获取已知研究成果的合理性，引出下文对研究者的呼吁，逻辑连贯。故选A。 二、真题演练 【2023年1月上海高考英语真题】 A. Before you stock up at cafe , know that it is possible to drink too much coffee. B. Coffee has its advantages and disadvantages according to different people. C. Researchers found that caffeine , particularly coffee , had a protective effect against depression. D. So by all means , grab that extra cup of coffee , but be sure to limit your intake. E.The mood-boosting news doesn't stop there. F. To sum up, more researchers should be done to clarify the relation between caffeine and depression. If you needed another excuse to grab another cup of coffee, consider this research a blessing to do so. A comprehensive analysis of 12 studies looked at nearly 350,000 individuals and more than 8 .000 cases of depression. (67)__________ In China, researchers analyzed 15 studies with more than 330 ,000 total participants. Their results showed that for every cup of coffee people drank, they reduced their risk of depression by 8 percent. (68)______________ Harvard researchers studied 10 years’ worth of data from 51 ,000 women ,none of whom had depression to begin with, The results showed that the women who drank the most coffee ( four or more cups a day) were 20 percent less likely to develop depression than those who drank little or none. Yes, coffee just got more magical than you thought possible. But why is this? The secret is in the brew's anti-inflammatory properties. Coffee contains chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, all of which reduce the inflammation of nerve cells that bring on depression. Caffeine also has some antioxidant properties, which can help soothe inflamed areas of the brain. (69) _________Some side effects of a heavy caffeine intake include anxiety , headaches.brain.restlessness, and increased blood pressure. Ir the body experiences these too often, it could actually trigger the inflammation that may contribute to depression. Once the caffeine wears off, coffee drinkers may experience a drop in mood, and those who are already depressed can feel those effects more strongly. One interesting study found that drinking more coffee decreased chances of suicide , until participants drank eight or more cups a day. Then the risk increased by 58 percent. (70)__________If you have some leftover, here are surprising ways to use those spare coffee grounds. 【答案】67-70 CEAD 【导读】文章大意是，通过对多项研究的综合分析发现，咖啡与抑郁之间存在一定的关联。研究表明，喝咖啡可以降低患抑郁症的风险。一项研究在中国发现，每喝一杯咖啡，降低患抑郁症的风险就会减少8%。另外，哈佛大学的研究发现，喝咖啡的女性患抑郁症的可能性要比不喝咖啡的女性低20%。咖啡中的抗炎成分可以减轻导致抑郁症的神经细胞的炎症反应。然而，过量摄入咖啡因可能会引起一些副作用，如焦虑、头痛、躁动和血压升高。在咖啡因消退后，咖啡饮用者可能会情绪低落，而那些已经抑郁的人可能更加明显地感受到这种影响。此外，研究还发现，喝咖啡可以降低自杀的风险，但每天喝八杯或更多的咖啡则会增加自杀风险。文章最后提到了一些关于如何利用剩余咖啡渣的意外方法。 【解析】 67.C【解析]句意:研究人员发现，咖啡因，尤其是咖啡，有抑郁的作用。结合该空前后提及的A comprehensive analysis of 12 studies looked at nearly 350,000 individuals and more than 8,000 cases of depression.和Their results showed that for every cup of coffee people drank, they reduced their risk of depression by 8 percent.可推知该空处的内容与“咖啡能够降低患抑郁症的风险”相关，结合选项分析，C项符合文意，故选C。 68.E【解析]句意:令人振奋的消息还不止于此。结合该段内容可知，该段依旧在讲述喝咖啡的好处。根据The results showed that the women who drank the most coffee (four or more cups a day) were 20 percent less likely to develop depression than those who drank little or none.可知，咖啡对于女性降低患抑郁症的可能性也有效果，结合相关选项，E项能更好地衔接上下文，故选E。 69.A【解析]句意:在咖啡馆囤货之前，要知道人们可能会喝太多的咖啡。结合该段内容可知,该段讲述的是“咖啡带来的副作用”,且该空之后提及的Some side effects of a heavy caffeine intake与过量饮用咖啡相关，结合选项分析，A项提及的 it is possible to drink too much coffee能够与heavy caffeine intake对应,故选A。 70.D【解析]句意:所以，无论如何，多喝一杯咖啡，但一定要限制你的摄入量。结合上文讲述的咖啡对于“降低患抑郁症的风险”以及“过量摄入咖啡的副作用”可推知，该文章不仅仅说明喝咖啡的好处，也在 劝诫人们喝咖啡要适量。D项能够概括文章观点，故选D。 （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries? When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. 1 Is this fair? This year, the government has distributed almost a $22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections, creators receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52. The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between $100 — 500 annually. Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work. E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. 2 But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, would not qualify for any remuneration. 3 Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet. One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free. Creators only receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52 for each book in public library collections. At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. 4 While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. A．However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B．This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C．Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D．Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E．Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F．For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．F 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了现在图书馆的电子图书借阅正在增加，而电子图书的作者也应该获得借阅带来的报酬。 1．根据文章的标题“Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries?(图书馆出借电子书的作者应该得到报酬吗？)”，上文“When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes.(图书馆向公众出借图书时，作者和出版商会根据借阅权计划从政府那里获得报酬)”以及下文“Is this fair?(这公平吗？)”说明此处是对两种图书借阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。空处需要说明电子书借阅收益情况，和普通图书借阅的收益情况进行比较，以引出下面的问题。所以A项(However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books.然而，图书馆出借电子书的情况并非如此。)符合语境。故选A。 2．上文“E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes (然而，这些这些借阅权计划不包括电子书)”以及下文“But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020.(但电子书借阅量正在增加，根据澳大利亚图书馆和信息协会的数据，到2020年，电子书可能会占图书馆藏书的20%)”说明电子书目前没有受到相关拨款政策的支持，但是电子书的借阅确实在不断增加。空处承上启下，B项中的This指代前文“这些这些借阅权计划不包括电子书”这件事，“e-books are minor in publishing”和下文中的“e-book lending is increasing”形成转折关系，所以B项This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing.(这现在可能不是什么大问题，因为电子书在出版中是次要的。)符合语境。故选B。 3．上文“But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. (但电子书借阅量正在增加，根据澳大利亚图书馆和信息协会的数据，到2020年，电子书可能会占图书馆藏书的20%。此外，大多数（如果不是全部的话）自行出版的书籍都只是以数字格式出版的)”以及下文“Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013 , nothing has happened of yet.(尽管图书行业合作委员会已经在2013年的一份报告中提出了这样的建议，但目前还没有任何进展)”说明因为看到了电子书将来的发展趋势，所以相关部门已经提出了建议，但并未得到实施。空处承上启下，F项For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books.(出于这个原因，作者和出版商一直在与政府谈判，将借阅权计划扩展到电子书。)符合语境，其中的this指代上文中提到的“电子书借阅量正在增加”这件事，“talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books”和下文中的“the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal ”相呼应。故选F。 4．上文“At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. (目前，就电子书而言，许多出版商选择不向图书馆出售这些书)”以及下段内容“While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. (虽然出版商向图书馆收取高昂的电子书价格，但作家们抱怨这些金额到不了他们手里)”说明电子书出版商未将电子书卖给图书馆，而是通过向图书馆收取费用获得相关收益。空处和上文是递进关系，并引出下文，表明出版商认为从读者支付更多费用的图书馆获得更多利润，但是这些钱并没有完全到作者的手里。所以C项Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more.(此外，出版商认为从读者支付更多费用的图书馆能获得更多利润。)符合语境。故选C。 【2022年1月上海高考英语真题】 A.However,this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books. Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries? When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. (67 )________________________ Is this fair? This year, the government has distributed almost a $ 22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections creators receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52. The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work.. E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. (68)____________ But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles , if lent by libraries ,would not qualify for any remuneration. (69) _____________ Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013 , nothing has happened of yet. One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free.Creators only receive $2. 11 and publishers receive $0. 52 for each book in public library collections. At present, in the case of -books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries.( 70)_______ While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. 【答案】67-70 ABFC 【解析】 67. A[解析]根据文章标题以及该空前提及的 When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes 和该空后提及的 Is this fair?可推知，此处是对两种图书代阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。结合相关选项推知，上文讲述了实体书的借阅收益来源情况，此处应该说明电子书借阅收益情况，故选 A。句意. 然而，当图书馆借出电子书时，情况并非如此。 68. B [解析]结合该空前提及的 E-books,however,are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes 可知，电子书目前没有受到相关拨款政策的支持，再结合下段内容分析，这里对电子书之后发展收益情况有所担忧。因此结合相关选项分析，此处需要将现在情况与将来情况进行衔接，B 项表述的内容符合文意，故选 B。句意:现在这可能不是一个大问题，因为电子书在出版方面是次要的。 69. F [解析]结合上段提及的关于电子书将来的发展猜想，以及该空之后提及的Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet 可知，相关部门已经提出了建议，但并未得到实施。结合相关选项分析，该空处与“提出相关建议”有关，故选 F。句意:因此，作者和出版商一直在说服政府将借阅权计划扩展到电子书。 70.C [解析]结合该空前提及的 At present,in the case of e-books,many publishers chose not lo sell these books to libraries 和下段内容可知，此处在讲述有关于电子节出版商未将电子书卖给图书馆，而是通过向图书馆收取费用获得相关收益。结合相关选项分析，与电子书收益相关只有 C项符合，故选 C。句意:此外，出版商认为读者支付更多的图书馆会带来更多的利润。 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $