专题11 阅读理解（语篇类型）（知识梳理+高频考点精讲+进阶分级练）（讲义，浙江专用）英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题11 阅读理解（语篇类型） 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文类试题的命题特点分析 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 高考英语阅读理解对语篇类型的考查要求体现了对学生综合语言能力的考查，具体如下： 语篇类型多样：高考阅读理解文本涵盖多种体裁，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。记叙文以人物经历或事件发展为线索，常含“冲突-解决”结构；说明文围绕“现象/概念---分析/解释-结论/应用”展开；议论文遵循“论点-论据-结论”逻辑；应用文注重功能性，语言简洁明了，信息层级清晰。 能力考查全面：根据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》，高考阅读理解主要考查四项核心能力。一是事实细节理解，要求考生识别并提取文章中的具体信息；二是逻辑推理判断，需要考生根据原文信息推断隐含意义；三是主旨大意概括，即归纳文章或段落的核心思想；四是语境词义猜测，要求考生根据上下文推断生词、短语或句子的含义。 命题特点鲜明：阅读材料的选择强调语言的交际原则，题材多样，语言地道，文化含量加大。题型分布以细节理解题为主，推断判断题和主旨大意题的考查呈上升趋势。词汇要求较高，熟词生义频繁出现，语篇较长，长句、难句较多，对考生的阅读速度和信息处理能力要求较高。 类型一：应用文 【核心考点】 信息检索能力：在高考英语阅读理解中，信息检索是解题的核心技能之一。考生需精准定位时间（如具体年份、月份、星期等）、地点（城市、国家、场所名称）、对象（人物身份、机构名称）、要求（任务目标、条件限制）等关键信息。面对 “同义替换” 类干扰项，需识破题干与原文间词汇的同义转换；对于 “信息杂糅” 干扰项，则要学会拆分整合，避免被拼凑的错误信息误导。例如，在新闻报道类文本中，常通过时间状语的微妙变化或人物身份的模糊表述设置陷阱，考生可借助划重点、做标记的方法，快速锁定关键信息，提高答题准确率。 格式与功能识别：不同文体具有独特的结构特征和功能。对于通知类文本，标题往往点明主题，日期标注能帮助确定信息时效性，而加粗关键词则强调核心内容；广告类文本通常以醒目的标语吸引眼球，搭配具体的产品介绍和优惠活动；指南类文本多采用分点式结构，步骤清晰，便于读者快速获取操作方法。考生需熟练掌握这些文体特征，通过观察标题、副标题、段落首句、特殊符号等元素，迅速判断文本用途，从而更高效地理解文本主旨，筛选出所需信息。例如，看到含有 “Notice”“Announcement” 字样的标题，即可预判为通知类文本，着重关注其具体事项和要求。 简洁句式解码：高考英语阅读理解中常出现省略句、祈使句等简洁实用的句式。省略句往往通过省略主语、谓语等成分，使句子更加精炼，考生需结合上下文补全省略部分，理解完整语义；祈使句则常用于表达命令、建议或请求，语气直接明了。在遇到此类句式时，考生应避免因个别生词而陷入理解困境，学会根据句式结构和常见搭配，忽略无关生词，把握句子核心含义。例如，在广告文案 “Limited time offer! Don't miss it!” 中，通过祈使句的强烈语气，可快速理解其传达的促销信息，即使不认识 “offer” 一词，也能根据语境推测出大致含义。 【典型句式】 The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 城市导览团每小时整点从达姆广场出发，每日下午 1 点开始。你可在 MacBike 门店购票或在线预订。 （考点：地点、时间、方式等细节信息定位） Essays (60%): Essay 1=10%; Essay 2=15%; Essay 3=15%; Essay 4=20%. Group Assignments (30%). 论文（60%）：第一篇论文占 10%；第二篇占 15%；第三篇占 15%；第四篇占 20%。小组作业（30%）。 （考点：数据类信息提取与整合） 【解题关键】 采用 “先题后文” 策略，圈出题干中专有名词、数字等定位词，按 “题文同序” 原则快速匹配原文。 类型二：记叙文 【核心考点】 情节与情感线梳理：通过构建 "开端→发展→高潮→结局" 的叙事框架，精准定位关键事件节点。重点关注人物对话中的情感词汇（如 hesitant、reluctant、convincing），以及描写性语句中蕴含的情感倾向（如 "她握紧颤抖的双手，眼中燃起希望的火花"），把握人物从怀疑到认可、从抗拒到接纳的情感转变过程。同时注意情节发展中的伏笔与呼应，如前文提到的 "生锈的钥匙" 可能在结局中成为解开谜团的关键道具。 主题升华识别：着重分析文章结尾处的议论性语句，这些语句往往是作者情感态度和价值观的集中体现。如尾段出现 "真正的勇气不是无所畏惧，而是带着恐惧依然前行"，直接点明文本关于勇气的主题；若出现 "传统技艺在创新中焕发新生"，则暗示传承与发展的主题。同时留意文中反复出现的意象（如灯塔象征希望，候鸟象征迁徙与回归），这些都可能与文章主题紧密相关。 叙事逻辑分析：利用时间状语（如 at dawn、a decade later）和空间转换词（inside the room→outside the window）搭建时空脉络，借助转折词（but、however、nevertheless）、因果连词（therefore、consequently）梳理事件的因果链条和逻辑关系。特别注意插叙、倒叙等叙事手法对正常叙事节奏的影响，例如倒叙开头设置悬念，需要将其与后文情节进行整合，还原事件发展的真实顺序。 【典型句式】 Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only reason I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! 一边是那个让我的成就显得微不足道的女孩，一边是慢跑带来的纯粹无聊，我断定自己再跑步的唯一原因，就是有大狗在后面追。 （考点：人物情感状态与行为动机推断） Murphy might not have known that her smile was contagious and could make a student's day much better after seeing her. 墨菲或许不知道，她的微笑具有感染力，能让见到她的学生一整天都变得开心许多。 （考点：人物行为的隐含影响与主题提炼） 【解题关键】 重点标记人物、时间、事件等六要素，尾段出现的形容词、副词常暗示作者情感或主题。 类型三：说明文 【核心考点】 说明对象与逻辑：明确文本围绕的核心概念（如科技、环保），通过思维导图梳理 “现象→原因→措施” 或 “事物特征→用途” 的逻辑链。例如在介绍新能源汽车的说明文中，先阐述电动汽车普及的现象，再分析能源危机与政策推动的原因，最后列举车企研发与基础设施建设的应对措施。通过标注信号词（如 therefore、consequently）把握段落间的因果、递进关系。 长难句解析：针对定语从句、非谓语动词嵌套结构，采用 “剥洋葱” 法拆解句子。先锁定主句主语、谓语和核心说明对象，再逐步解析修饰成分。例如在句子 "The new technology, which was developed by a team of scientists after years of research, aims to reduce carbon emissions by 30%." 中，主干为 "The new technology aims to reduce carbon emissions by 30%"，从句 "which was developed by a team of scientists after years of research" 补充说明技术的研发背景。建议使用括号标注法，将修饰部分暂时剥离以聚焦核心语义。 说明方法识别：通过举例（for example、such as）、列数据（具体数字、百分比）、作比较（compared with、in contrast）等信号词，识别信息支撑方式。例如在论述人工智能发展的段落中，"In 2023, the global AI market size reached $136 billion, a 25% increase from the previous year" 使用列数据说明行业规模；"Unlike traditional algorithms, deep learning models can self - optimize through continuous data input" 通过对比凸显技术差异。注意识别隐性说明方法，如用具体实验过程暗示举例子的说明方式。 【典型句式】 The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from simple tasks—like identifying the main idea—to ones requiring mental abstraction, such as drawing inferences. 当实验者从识别文章主旨等简单任务，转向从文本中推断信息等需要抽象思维的任务时，纸质阅读的优势尤为突出。 （考点：说明对象的特征与逻辑关系） Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records, Daru's team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 达鲁的团队利用包含 19 亿条记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上反映了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 （考点：说明方法（列数据）与核心信息提取） 【解题关键】 首尾段常点明说明对象，各段首句多为主题句；遇到长难句时，先划分意群（如用括号法）再抓主干。 类型四：议论文 【核心考点】 论点与论据区分：高考英语阅读中议论文常采用 "总 - 分 - 总" 结构。识别首段核心句，如 "In conclusion, it is evident that..." 等标志性语句提炼中心论点；中间段多以 "Firstly...Secondly..." 等逻辑词引入分论点，并结合具体数据（如 "According to a recent survey..."）、名人名言（如 "As Shakespeare once said..."）或生活实例增强说服力；尾段通过 "In summary" 等总结词重申观点，或提出展望。 作者态度判断：除转折词和情感词汇外，关注情态动词（must/should）和程度副词（definitely/obviously）的使用。例如，使用 "absolutely crucial" 表明强烈支持，"highly questionable" 暗示质疑态度。部分文本通过反讽（如使用 "what a wonderful idea" 表否定）或让步句式（"Although...I still believe..."）委婉表达立场，需结合上下文综合判断。 论证逻辑分析：举例论证常伴随 "for instance""such as"等提示词，需分析案例与论点的关联性；对比论证通过"while""in contrast" 等词展开，注意区分对比对象的异同点。部分文本采用因果论证（due to/therefore）或类比论证（similarly），需梳理论据如何层层递进支撑核心观点，例如通过将教育体系与生态系统类比，阐释教育平衡的重要性。 【典型句式】 While the app brings convenience, it also raises privacy concerns—which shows the author's neutral attitude towards the technology. 这款应用虽带来便利，但也引发了隐私担忧 —— 这体现了作者对该技术的中立态度。 （考点：作者态度与论证逻辑） They could have written pages on computers' necessity, but writing itself didn't strike them as important. 他们本可以就计算机的必要性写满好几页，但写作本身并未让他们觉得重要。 （考点：对比论证与论点提炼） 【解题关键】 首段找中心论点，中间段关注 “for one thing...for another” 等分论点信号词，尾段常重申观点。 考点精讲讲练 1 【2025全国I卷】The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbonsThe hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — BatteriesBatteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — ElectricitySome trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogenfuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammoniaLiquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 21．What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A．11.6%. B．45.1%. C．74.5%. D．86.1%. 22．Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A．Planes. B．Trucks. C．Trains. D．Ships. 23．What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A．Limiting fuel consumption. B．Putting more effort into renewables. C．Improving energy efficiency. D．Making electricity more affordable. 【答案】21．C 22．C 23．B 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径。 21．细节理解题。根据图表信息ROAD VEHICLES部分中“ROAD (PASSENGER) 45.1% (道路(客运)45.1%)”以及“ROAD (GOODS) 29.4% (道路(货运)29.4%)”可知，道路车辆总占比为45.1%+29.4%=74.5%，即道路车辆在2018年全球交通排放中占比74.5%。故选C项。 22．细节理解题。根据图表信息TRAINS — Electricity部分中“Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. (一些列车已经通过轨道或电线实现了电气化；其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现电动化)”可知，火车相较其他交通方式更易实现绿色化。故选C项。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We need to speed up the development of green energy and it will all get used,” says Wipke. (Wipke说：“我们需要加速绿色能源的开发，而且这些能源都会被利用起来。”)”可知，Wipke建议加大对可再生能源的投入，即加大对绿色能源的投入。故选B项。 2 【2025浙江1月卷】Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries, as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection. Who Can Borrow? Current students, teachers (including retired) and staff can request items through ILL. Interlibrary loan is not available to former students, guest borrowers or fee-card holders. How Long Does It Take? Articles are usually received within 1-2 days and books in 5-10 days. However, obtaining items that are rare, recently published or in high demand may take longer. To speed up the process, please make sure the information you submit through the ILL Request Form is accurate. Length of Loans Loan periods are established by the lending library. All due dates are noted on the label. Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library. Any restrictions established by the lending library will be indicated on the label. No renewals (续借) are allowed for physical items borrowed through ILL. Notification/Delivery Options For a physical item, you will be notified by email when it arrives. Items are picked up at one of our libraries—the one you selected in the ILL Request Form. For an article or book chapter, you will be notified by email when it is available. To obtain the article or chapter, click on the link provided in the email and log into your ILL account. Once in your account, select Electronic Articles Received. Interlibrary Loan Fees Library Type Loan Cost Article/Chapter Cost Non-Profit Libraries $15 $10 For-Profit Libraries $20 $12 International Libraries $25 $15 21．Who can use the ILL service? A．Former students. B．Guest borrowers. C．Retired teachers. D．Fee-card holders. 22．What is a rule for borrowing a print book through ILL? A．Pay an extra fee for delivery. B．Renew it before the due date. C．Pick it up at the lending library. D．Return it when it is recalled. 23．How much do you pay for two articles obtained from an international library? A．$15. B．$20. C．$24. D．$30. 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．D 【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了图书馆间借阅服务的相关信息。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Current students, teachers (including retired) and staff can request items through ILL.(在校学生、教师（包括退休教师）和工作人员可以通过ILL请求借阅资料。)”可知，退休老师可以使用图书馆间借阅服务。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第四段“Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library.(借阅的物品可能会被借出的图书馆召回。)”可知，通过ILL借阅纸质书的规则是被借出的图书馆召回。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据表格中“International Libraries Article/Chapter Cost $15(国际图书馆 文章/章节费用 15美元)”可知，从国际图书馆获取两篇文章的费用是15×2=30美元。故选D。 3 【2025浙江1月卷】When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact. According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.” Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.” I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.” 24．What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph? A．She is upset by her kids’ weight. B．She is critical of the way she was fed. C．She is interested in making food. D．She is particular about what she eats. 25．Which of the following would Markey disapprove of? A．Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally. B．Offering various foods to kids at fixed times. C．Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks. D．Talking with kids about school at mealtimes. 26．What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”? A．Make diet decisions on their own. B．Share their food with other kids. C．Eat up what is provided for them. D．Help their parents do the dishes. 27．What does the author think of the strategies she has been following? A．Costly. B．Complex. C．Workable. D．Contradictory. 【答案】24．B 25．C 26．A 27．C 【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者自己因童年时被灌输饮食观念而影响了与食物的关系，心理学家建议家长在饮食上少干预，作者尝试策略后发现孩子能做更好的饮食决策。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段中“When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. ‘You don’t want to get fat’ was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. (当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常被告知什么不能吃。“你不想变胖”这句话在我整个童年时期不断重复。这真的搞砸了我与食物的关系 —— 这是我花了多年时间才克服的问题)”可知，作者童年时被灌输的饮食观念对其产生了负面影响，由此可推断出，作者对自己童年时被喂养的方式持批判态度。故选B项。 25．推理判断题。根据第二段“According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. ‘There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,’ she says. ‘It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.’ (根据心理学教授夏洛特·马基的说法，食物是为数不多的家长说得少反而更好的话题之一。“在育儿方面，有很多事情值得深入讨论，但我不认为食物是其中之一，”她说。“这只会给孩子们带来一些不必要的担忧和不安全感，这并不健康。”)”可知，马基不赞成家长和孩子过多谈论食物相关的话题，而向孩子解释吃零食的风险属于谈论食物的话题，所以马基不会赞成。故选C项。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead, she recommends applying a well known concept among nutrition experts called the ‘Division of Responsibility,’ where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. (相反，她建议应用营养专家中一个著名的概念，即‘责任划分’，在这个概念中，家长在固定的时间为孩子提供各种主要是健康的食物，而孩子自己决定想吃什么和吃多少 —— 即使这意味着偶尔吃的饼干比胡萝卜多)”可知，根据“责任划分”，孩子应该自己做饮食决策。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. (我一直在尝试这些策略，我发现当我不那么严格限制时，他们确实会做出更好的决策)”可知，孩子们确实会做出更好的决策，所以作者会认为自己所遵循的策略是可行的。故选C项。 1 A groundbreaking study published in The Lancet Public Health reveals that walking 7,000 steps daily can significantly enhance brain function and lower the risk of major diseases, challenging the widely accepted but unscientific 10,000-step standard. Key Findings: After analyzing data from more than 160,000 adults globally, researchers discovered that compared to just 2,000 steps per day, achieving 7,000 steps leads to: •25% lower risk of heart disease •6% reduced chance of cancer •38% decreased dementia risk •22% lower likelihood of depression Lead researcher Dr. Melody Ding clarifies that the 10,000-step target traces back to a 1960s Japanese pedometer (计步器) marketing strategy rather than medical evidence. Health Expert Opinions: Dr. Daniel Bailey (Brunel University London) recommends 7,000 steps as a “realistic and regular” daily goal, rather than occasional intense efforts. Dr. Andrew Scott (University of Portsmouth) advises that while “more movement is better”, consistency matters most. Prof. Azeem Majeed (Imperial College London) highlights that routine daily activities like gardening or cleaning also contribute meaningfully in the long run. Practical Advice: Make it social: Walk with friends/family to stay motivated and enjoy quality time. Start small: Even 4,000 daily steps show measurable health improvements over inactivity. Focus on feeling good: Regular walker Jon Stride emphasizes that mental well-being benefits outweigh strict step counts. While official guidelines recommend 150 weekly exercise minutes, this study shows regular 7,000-step walking provides major health benefits. The key is consistent movement — whether through walking, daily tasks, or other activities — without overemphasizing perfect numbers. Small, sustainable efforts make the real difference. 1．How many steps per day can significantly lower disease risks according to the study? A．2,000 steps. B．4,000 steps. C．7,000 steps. D．10,000 steps. 2．What do health experts emphasize in walking advice? A．Impressive records. B．Official guidance. C．Intensive movement. D．Sustainable habits. 3．What is recommended to make walking more enjoyable? A．Sharing walks with friends. B．Starting with small goals. C．Focusing on step counts. D．Setting MUST-DO daily tasks. 2 Originally constructed as a jeep road between the gun batteries, the Batteries Loop Trail (小路) now provides access to and allows for exploration of Battery Smith-Guthric, Battery O’Rorke and Battery Alexander. The loop can be completed in either direction from Battery Alexander. Along the trail one can expect to see views of the Pacific, waves crashing upon Rodeo Beach and if the weather is particularly clear, one can even make out the Farallon Islands, some 30 miles in the distance. The Battery Alexander Trailhead provides access to the Batteries Loop Trail and additional parking for the Point Bonita Lighthouse. BEFORE YOU GO Bathrooms An accessible toilet can be found at the Battery Alexander parking area. Additional restrooms can be found at the Field Rd. parking lot. Water Drinking water is not available along the trail. Avoid becoming dehydrated or experiencing heat exhaustion. Drink plenty and drink often, pace yourself, take breaks in the shade, and eat salty snacks. Dogs and Trail Etiquette Leashed (拴住的) dogs are permitted on the Batteries Loop Trail. Please remain on the established trail. Off-trail travel harms plants and causes erosion. Always keep your food within arm’s reach and do not feed the wildlife. Carry out all trash and food waste (fruit peels, shells, etc.). SAFETY TIPS See up-to-date warning s on current park and trail conditions. Stay on the establised trail. Keep an eye out for poison oak. Read our four season guide to poison oak. Observe warning signs and railings — these exist for your safety. Dress in layers and be prepared for varying weather conditions. Sunny days along the coast can turn windy, foggy, and cold very fast. View our Golden Gate Bridge webcams to see current conditions. Do not climb on the constant bluffs or edges — the sand and rocks are loose and eroding and dangerous! People have fallen from these cliffs. 4．What does the Batteries Loop Trail serve as? A．A jeep road. B．A road to the Farallon Islands. C．A challenging hiking route. D．A swimming spot near Rodeo Beach. 5．What is suggested as a safety tip? A．Dressing warm. B．Climbing on the coastal edges. C．Exploring off the trail. D．Checking current information. 6．What is the main purpose of this text? A．To advertise a new tourist attraction. B．To compare different hiking trails. C．To warn against dangerous wildlife. D．To provide essential visitor information. 3 Exercising Leadership: HarvardX Foundational Principles Duration 4 weeks, 2-3 hours per week; start from Nov. 5. About this course The crises of our time generate enormous adaptive challenges for our families, organizations, communities, and societies. The need for leadership that can mobilize people to meet these challenges and improve life is critical. In this introductory course, you will explore strategies for leading in a changing world where adaptive pressures will continue to challenge all of us. You will discover new ways to approach complex organizational systems and take thoughtful action on the work we all face ahead. Most importantly, you will reflect on how to move forward on the leadership challenges you care about most. At a glance ·Institution: HarvardX ·Subject Business & Management ·Level: Introductory ·Language: English ·Video Transcript: English ·Associated skills: Leadership What you'll learn In this short introductory course, you will discover a diagnostic-and-action process for exercising leadership that explores the following foundational principles and strategies: ·How to identify and break down complex challenges. ·How to understand the role of formal and informal authority. ·How to build and renew trust relationships. ·How to approach conflict. About the instructor Ronald Heifetz: Founder, Center for Public Leadership. 7．What is the minimum time required to complete this course? A．2 hours. B．3 hours. C．8 hours. D．12 hours. 8．Who is the course intended for? A．Individuals facing leadership challenges. B．Experienced managers in tech companies. C．Professionals seeking leadership certificates. D．High school students planning to learn business. 9．What key skill does the course teach? A．Rebuilding trust bonds. B．Building personal authority. C．Avoiding daily conflicts. D．Maintaining complex systems. 4 New England Treehouses: Fall’s Nature retreat New England’s fall treehouses mix natural beauty with comfort, offering front-row seats to red, yellow, and orange foliage — a delight even beyond sipping hot apple cider on an inn porch. Airbnb lists 270,000 global treehouses, but North America leads: 2022-2024 bookings rose 65%. James Roth, a 25-year treehouse designer, notes 80% of clients build for rentals: “Escaping phone addiction — finding disconnection from screens — attracts people most.” Its hardwoods provide solid bases and vibrant autumn hues, making it a top spot.Winvian, Litchfield, Connecticut Winvian’s two-story treehouse perches 35 feet up, nested in beech and maple trees. The 113-acre estate borders a historic wildlife sanctuary. Inside, jetted tubs and gas fireplaces add luxury; guests bike to the main house for chef Chris Eddy’s foliage-themed meals or to the spa for massages.Mink Cove, Wareham, Massachusetts Tucked in an Atlantic inlet, Mink Cove began as a sketch by Butch Ripley and his 8-year-old daughter, then built from salvaged wood. Cozy with twinkle lights, it has a private outdoor shower and ocean scents — all surrounded by fall’s red and black oaks.Twin Farm, Barnard, Vermont Near Silver Lake and a historic store, Twin Farm’s treehouses follow “blend with nature” logic. Guests enter at ground level to reach 20-foot decks. Post-sunset, a gas fireplace warms; by day, people can hike to Doug’s Treehouse Folly for a picnic amid Vermont’s fall colors.Tiffany Hill Treehouse, Sunapee, New Hampshire A 5-minute drive from Mount Sunapee Park, this two-bedroom treehouse leans on a strong oak. It has radiant heat, a propane fireplace, a kitchen, and a porch pulley for groceries — ideal for families. Fall surrounds it with yellow and orange conifers, oaks, and birches. Each treehouse turns New England’s fall into an unforgettable stay, merging autumn’s magic with just enough comfort. 10．What mainly draws people to New England’s treehouses according to James Roth? A．Watching fall foliage. B．Sipping hot cider. C．Enjoying comfortable facilities. D．Staying away from screens. 11．What do Winvian and Twin Farms have in common? A．They both offer experience of cycling. B．They both provide access to spa services. C．They both have gas fireplaces for warmth. D．They both feature private outdoor showers. 12．Where is the text probably taken from? A．An outdoor lifestyle blog. B．A travel magazine article. C．An Airbnb rental promotion. D．A local business advertisement. 5 Holding my hands, my grandparents boarded a green-skinned train in Hangzhou, which rocked and swayed for twenty-five hours straight to Ulanqab (乌兰察布市), Inner Mongolia. This is my childhood memory of returning home. As the train journeyed north, the scenery outside the window gradually transformed from the gentle charm of the south to the vast openness of the north. Everything felt so beautiful, even the clamor (喧闹) inside the carriage carried a warmth. Before dawn the next day, I pressed my forehead against the fogged glass, watching the distant sunrise break through the horizon. It seemed as though the morning sun had risen solely to welcome our return. After starting elementary school, trips back to my hometown grew sparse, and that direct train quietly closed down. The rails rusted into dotted lines in memory, and my hometown became a faint shadow on a photographic negative (照相底片). Then, last year, Grandpa passed away, and the frequency of returning home suddenly surged. Yet, the journey no longer held the leisurely comfort of childhood it became a long, exhausting journey. We rushed to the airport before daybreak, weighed down by luggage check-ins. The cramped cabin and turbulent air currents added discomfort, while navigating the maze-like airport and enduring hours of road travel left us arriving under completely dark skies. There was no time to admire the scenery, let alone the endless sea of clouds outside the airplane window. This year, upon hearing that the long-suspended train had resumed operation, an indescribable excitement welled up in my heart. A month ago, I finally boarded this long-missed train again. As night fell, the train slowly set off. The familiar voices in the carriage, mingling with the rhythmic clatter of wheels against tracks, blended into a nostalgic lullaby (怀旧的摇篮曲). Lying on the bunk, I felt the gentle sway of the train, as though cradled in the arms of Mother Earth...Years have blurred the details of my memory, and I have sketched it one by one with my imagination. Finally, the train arrived at my hometown. The moment I met my grandma, the long-accumulated yearning in my heart burst out like a tidal stream now... 13．Why does the author describe the train journey in her childhood? A．To compare the train journey with air travel. B．To show the inconvenience of traveling by train. C．To emphasize the long distance to her hometown. D．To highlight the beauty and warmth of the train journey. 14．What does the underlined word “sparse” in paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Rare. B．Frequent. C．Regular. D．Complex. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards modern travel by air? A．Indifferent. B．Grateful. C．Dissatisfied. D．Enthusiastic. 16．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Memories of My Hometown B．Old tracks Back Home C．The Change of Transportation D．The Beauty of Air Travel 6 Cognitive dissonance, a concept introduced by psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person engages in actions that conflict with their self-perception. According to Festinger’s theory, individuals are motivated to reduce this discomfort by altering their beliefs, justifying their behavior, or avoiding contradictory information. For example, a student who spends excessive money on a new smartphone but later regrets it might convince themselves, “This phone is worth it because it improves my study efficiency,” even if evidence suggests otherwise. This rationalization helps reduce the dissonance between their action (spending money) and their belief (saving money is wise). Another common example is a smoker who knows cigarettes harm health but continues smoking. To ease the discomfort, they might tell themselves, “Smoking helps me relax, and stress is worse for my health anyway.” Here, the contradiction between their behavior (smoking) and knowledge (health risks) drives them to invent justifications. Research shows cognitive dissonance can influence decision-making in areas like health, ethics, and consumer behavior. In a classic experiment, participants who were paid $ 1 to lie about a boring task being enjoyable later reported greater enjoyment of the task than those paid $ 20. Festinger argued that those paid $ 1 experienced stronger dissonance (lying for little reward) and thus adjusted their attitude to be in line with their behavior. While cognitive dissonance theory has been widely applied, critics note that cultural factors may affect how individuals cope with contradictions. For example, in cultures that value group unity (like many Asian societies), people may focus more on avoiding conflict with others than on sticking to their own beliefs. 17．What is cognitive dissonance mainly about? A．A method to enhance decision-making skills and reduce stress. B．Mental stress caused by conflicts between beliefs and actions. C．Cultural variations in solving inner contradictions from views. D．Avoiding truths that cause personal discomfort or pressure. 18．The word “rationalization” in Paragraph 2 most likely means . A．admitting personal mistakes openly B．developing logical plans carefully C．balancing different choices fairly D．inventing seemingly sound excuses 19．Why did participants paid $1 in the experiment report enjoying the task more? A．They found the task genuinely interesting. B．They wanted to please the researchers. C．They needed to justify their low reward. D．They were influenced by peer pressure. 20．In collectivist cultures, how might individuals handle cognitive dissonance? A．They focus on changing personal beliefs over consistency actions. B．They prioritize maintaining group harmony over personal views. C．They avoid all situations that cause mental discomfort. D．They rely on financial benefits to justify contradictions. 7 Researchers are working on making transparent (透明的) wood using natural materials that are good for the environment. This new material could replace plastic in things like smartphones and windows. The problem with plastic is that it is not biodegradable, which means it doesn’t disappear in nature. Transparent wood is made by removing some parts of wood, like lignin (a substance that makes wood hard) and hemicellulose (a type of sugar that helps hold the structure of wood together), leaving only cellulose (the main substance in wood). After that, the wood is soaked in a mixture of egg whites and rice juice to make it strong and semi-transparent. Bharat Baruah, a chemistry professor at Kennesaw State University, was inspired by his hobby of woodworking. He also thought about how buildings were made in his home state of Assam in northeastern India, where builders used a mix of sand, sticky rice, and egg whites to make strong materials. Baruah thought these materials could be used to make transparent wood strong without using harmful plastic. To make transparent wood, the team used a vacuum (真空) and some chemicals like sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, and diluted bleach. These chemicals were used to remove the lignin and hemicellulose. Then, they soaked the wood in the egg white and rice mixture, which filled the holes in the wood and kept it transparent. The result was a wood that is flexible, strong, and semi-transparent. The team also tested the transparent wood in windows. They found that the wood kept a small house cooler than glass windows did. This shows that transparent wood could be a good, energy-saving choice for windows. The researchers also added tiny wires to make the wood able to conduct electricity, which could be useful for things like wearable sensors or solar cells. Although the transparent wood is not completely clear yet, the team is happy with their progress. The materials are natural and cheap, and they hope to make the wood fully biodegradable in the future while still keeping it strong and useful. 21．What makes transparent wood a more eco-friendly option than plastic? A．Its ability to break down naturally. B．Its ability to use wind energy. C．Its strength and long-lasting nature. D．Its lightness and low energy use. 22．What inspired Bharat Baruah to explore transparent wood? A．Interest in plastic alternatives. B．Desire to use metal in construction. C．Research on eco-friendly materials. D．Woodworking and Assam’s building methods. 23．How did the transparent wood perform in windows? A．It broke easily under pressure. B．It was completely clear like glass. C．It was less energy-efficient than glass. D．It helped maintain a cooler indoor temperature. 24．What do researchers aim to achieve with transparent wood? A．To make it more flexible than plastic. B．To make it a good material for furniture. C．To ensure it remains strong and eco-friendly. D．To make it resistant to water and fire damage. 8 Giving blood regularly may not just be saving the lives of other people, it could also be improving your own blood’s health at a genetic level, according to a new study. A team of researchers compared samples from 217 men who had given blood more than 100 times in their lives, to samples from 212 men who had donated less than 10 times, to look for any variance in blood health. While the differences were subtle, the frequent donors’ blood was more likely to have beneficial mutations (突变) in a gene called DNMT3A．Other mutations in DNMT3A have been previously linked to blood cancer. “Our work is a fascinating example of how our genes interact with the environment as we age.” says stem cell biologist Dominique Bonnet, from The Francis Crick Institute in the UK. Specifically, the team looked at blood stem cells, which produce more blood cells on demand. As we get older, these mechanisms can start to break down, leading to problems with blood cancers such as leukemia (白血病). Blood loss triggers the production of the hormone erythropoietin (促红细胞生成素激素). In lab tests on blood stem cells treated with erythropoietin, the researchers found those with the DNMT3A mutation produced blood faster than those without the mutation. This suggests frequent blood loss leads to more production of the mutated blood cells. Research in mice shows the DNMT3A mutation results in healthier blood levels after the stress of blood loss. “Activities that put low levels of stress on blood cell production allow our blood stem cells to renew and we think this favors mutations that further promote stem cell growth rather than disease.” says Bonnet. However, there are limitations to consider. Blood donors are more likely to be healthier anyway (it’s a condition of giving blood), so figuring out any additional health benefit is tricky, because it might actually come from being in better shape to begin with. “Our sample size is quite modest, so we can’t say that blood donation definitely decreases the occurrence of pre-leukemic mutations.” says Bonnet. In the US, there’s such an urgent need for blood donors that someone needs blood or platelets (small fragments in blood) every two seconds. Having healthier blood is an added bonus. While waiting for more detailed studies to confirm these findings, the study tells us more about how blood cancers can get started in the first place. “We’re now aiming to work out how these different types of mutations play a role in developing leukemia or not, and whether they can be targeted therapeutically.” says stem cell biologist Hector Huerga Encabo, from the Francis Crick Institute. 25．What was the primary focus of the study mentioned in the passage? A．The genetic differences between frequent and occasional blood donors. B．The role of erythropoietin in blood cell production. C．The relationship between blood donation and leukemia. D．The therapeutic applications of DNMT3A mutations 26．According to the research, blood loss affects blood stem cells in that ______ . A．It triggers the production of cancerous cells in the DNMT3A gene B．It accelerates the growth of cells with beneficial DNMT3A mutations C．It benefits the overall health condition of the donors D．It weakens the regenerative capacity of blood stem cells 27．What can be inferred about the DNMT3A gene from the passage? A．Its activity is primarily regulated by environmental factors. B．Most mutations in DNMT3A are harmless and non-functional. C．The gene is only responsible for blood cancer development. D．Its beneficial mutations may enhance blood cell production efficiency. 28．What limitation does the study acknowledge? A．Donors’ genetic backgrounds were not fully accounted for. B．Donors’ pre-existing health conditions might influence results. C．Erythropoietin levels were not measured in the experiment. D．Mouse models cannot accurately reflect human genetic mechanisms. 29．Based on the passage, the research team’s next goal is ______ . A．to develop a new drug targeting DNMT3A mutations B．to conduct large-scale human trials of erythropoietin therapy C．to determine which DNMT3A mutations directly cause leukemia D．to analyze environmental factors influencing blood donation behavior 9 Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 30．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 31．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 32．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 33．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. 10 GitHub is going multi-model for its Copilot code completion and programming tool (副驾驶代码完成和编程工具). Developers will soon be able to choose models from Anthropic, Google, and OpenAI for GitHub Copilot. GitHub is also announcing Spark, an AI tool for building web apps, and updates to GitHub Copilot in VS Code, Copilot for Xcode, and more at its GitHub Universe conference today. GitHub Copilot users on the web or VS Code can select Claude 3.5, with Gemini 1.5 Pro in the coming weeks. OpenAI’s GPT-4o, ol-preview, and ol-mini models will also be available in GitHub Copilot soon. Developers will be able to toggle (切换) between models during a conversation with Copilot Chat to find the model that’s best for a particular task. “There is no one model to rule every scenario (场景), and developers expect the agency to build with the models that work best for them,” says GitHub CEO Thomas Dohmke. “It is clear the next phase of AI code generation will not only be defined by multi-model functionality, but by multi-model choice.” Microsoft-owned GitHub was the first to launch its AI tool called Copilot in 2021, ahead of Microsoft’s push to make Copilot the center of its AI efforts. It was the first major result of Microsoft’s initial $1 billion investment into OpenAI, and GitHub Copilot now has more than 1.8 million paid subscribers. It will be interesting to see if Microsoft adopts GitHub’ s multi-model approach and opens up its own Copilot AI assistant to models from rivals like Google and Anthropic. GitHub is also announcing Spark today, an AI tool that makes it easier to build web apps using natural language. An initial prompt (初始提示) uses OpenAI and Anthropic models to produce live previews of what the web app will look like, and GitHub Spark users can compare versions as they make changes. GitHub Spark lets experienced developers directly manage code, while beginners can create a web app entirely using natural language. Once the app is created, you can run it on a desktop, tablet, or mobile device and also share the app with others to let people remix and build on top of Spark apps. GitHub Spark is part of GitHub’s vision (愿景) to get to 1 billion developers. “For too long, there has been a barrier of entry separating a vast majority of the world’s population from building software,” says Dohnke. “With Spark, we will enable over one billion personal computer and mobile phone users to build and share their own micro apps directly on GitHub.” GitHub is also announcing more updates to Copilot at its GitHub Universe today. Multi-file edit for GitHub Copilot in VS Code is arriving on November 1st, allowing users to make edits across multiple files at the same time using Copilot Chat. Copilot Extensions will also be available in early 2025, GitHub Copilot for Xcode enters public preview, and Copilot now has a new code review capability. Sign up for Notepad by Tom Warren, a weekly newsletter uncovering the secrets and strategy behind Microsoft’s era-defining bets on AI, gaming, and computing. Subscribe to get the latest straight to your inbox. 34．Which of the following statement is true? A．Google and Anthropic have used Copilot to develop their own AI assistant. B．Developers cannot modify models during a conversation. C．Developers can choose models from Anthropic, OpenAI and Google for GitHub Copilot shortly. D．GitHub Spark can let beginners directly manage code using natural language. 35．GitHub Copilot has gained a large amount of users because ______. A．people nowadays are increasingly interested in building software B．GitHub Spark can assist individuals in building software more easily C．Microsoft initially invested $1 billion in OpenAI D．developers expect the agency to build with the models that work best for them 36．What can we learn about GitHub Spark from paragraphs 5 and 6? A．GitHub Spark is a part of GitHub’s vision which has got 1 billion developers. B．GitHub Spark can help individuals to create a web app which can be used on an iPad. C．OpenAI and Anthropic models can compare versions as they make changes. D．Individuals can create and share their own micro apps using GitHub Copilot. 37．What is the passage intended to do? A．Share some latest information about GitHub Spark. B．Showcase the AI development of Microsoft. C．Appeal to more users to create apps. D．Make a subscription of a weekly newsletter. 11 When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share? A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.” O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication. Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting. Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention. 38．What does the study focus on? A．Children’s use of mobile phones. B．Parents’ reliance on online advice. C．Methods to improve parenting skills. D．Features of popular screen-time articles. 39．How did researchers measure an article’s lasting influence? A．By checking its shares in BuzzSumo. B．By calculating its evergreen score. C．By counting its total likes on websites. D．By predicting its long-term growth. 40．Which expression increases an article’s sensationalism rating? A．Experts suggest limiting screen time for better sleep quality. B．Researchers noted that screen time effects vary by age group. C．Constant screen time produces non-repairable damage in kids. D．Parents can set an alarm to warn against too much screen time. 41．Which is a finding of the study? A．Negative content gets shared the most. B．Short articles attract more initial attention. C．Emotional language alone drives article popularity. D．Scientific framing influences articles’ long-term popularity. 12 It’s a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny pieces of plastic are flowing through our bodies, a parade of unwelcome houseguests ready to take up residence in some tissue or organ. A wave of new studies has come out recently, and each one seems to paint an ever more vivid picture of how microplastics — and their smaller counterparts, nanoplastics — have infiltrated (渗入) the deepest corners of our body. The lungs, liver and heart, guts and brain — nothing seems to be spared. The outpouring of research has brought enormous visibility to how these fragments (碎片) infiltrate our daily lives. Long studied in oceans, waterways and marine life, researchers have now shifted focus to human health. A decade ago, Heather Leslie could scarcely find anyone to fund her work in this area. “It seemed like nobody wanted to touch it,” says Leslie, a microplastics researcher in the Netherlands whose team was the first to detect these particles in the human bloodstream several years ago. As the work has made progress, so have questions about the damage microplastics could be doing inside of us. Researchers tend to be cautious about making pronouncements because the field is still in a“pioneering phase,” as Leslie put it. And yet there are undoubtedly concerns. Some of the strongest evidence comes from lab studies using animals as well as what’s already known about the damaging effects of chemicals added to plastics. A review of the data published Wednesday concludes that microplastics are suspected to harm human reproductive, digestive and breathing health, with a possible link to colon and lung cancer. “This is a signal that we should be acting now,” says Tracey Woodruff, a senior author on the study who directs the Program on Reproductive Health & the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco. Susanne Brander, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University, says it’s not helpful to“trigger a tremendous state of alarm,” but she agrees that we already know enough about the health risks to push for substantive changes, including a global agreement to limit the rising production of plastics. 42．What does the underlined phrase “parade of unwelcome houseguests” in paragraph 1 imply? A．Beneficial substances entering the body. B．Harmful particles invading the body. C．Organized movement against plastics. D．Medical treatment for plastics. 43．What do lab studies using animals suggest? A．They go against previous findings about plastic additives. B．They prove the safety of microplastics in controlled conditions. C．They offer direct evidence of microplastics’ harm to humans. D．They indicate possible risks needing further study in humans. 44．Which best shows Susanne Brander's attitude? A．Immediate action isn’t needed without definite evidence. B．Global cooperation is important but needs more research. C．Current data is enough to support policy changes. D．The public should be alarmed to drive quick solutions. 45．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To emphasize the health risks of microplastics. B．To put forward solutions for reducing microplastics. C．To introduce Heather Leslie’s research on microplastics. D．To compare microplastics and nanoplastics. 13 How many bosses could rely on their employees threatening to quit in mass if they were abruptly forced out? Sam Altman received such a show of support from more than 700 staff after he was fired from Open AI that he was swiftly restored to his position by the board. But this level of loyalty is not typical and may not always be a good thing. Management experts say staff who are loyal to their employer are inclined to invest more time and effort in their jobs, helping to create an engaged and higher performing workplace. In turn they receive promotions and pay rises. They have a greater sense of belonging and potentially a longer career at the same organisation. But it is not all rosy. People who are too loyal are more likely to take actions that are deemed wrong to keep their jobs and protect their employer, according to a 2021 academic paper. They might overlook wrongdoing and be less likely to expose corruption. Loyalty is sometimes seen as such a force for good that it can be used to justify bad behavior. Often companies and senior bosses are the real winner a of employee loyalty. Research led by Matthew Stanley at Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business published this year, found that managers were more likely to exploit loyal individuals. Stanley recruited almost 1,400 managers to read about a fictional 29-year-old employee called John, who worked for a company that was trying to keep costs down. They had to decide how willing they would be to ask John to work longer hours and take on more work without more pay. Researchers created various situations including labelling John as loyal versus other traits such as honest and fair. Managers were more willing to ask loyal John to take on the burden of unpaid work. However, Consultancy Gallup’s latest state of the workplace report showed that half of the 122, 416 employees who took part in a global survey were looking out for new work. “You can’t guarantee anyone will stick around these days,” says a consultant who advises boards. This is particularly true of younger generations. They trust their bosses less and are not as patient when it comes to career progression, seeing little benefit in keeping their heads down and following orders if they do not see results quickly. 46．What does the author want to say by mentioning Sam Altman in Paragraph 1? A．Open AI’s staff loyalty is quite high. B．Staff loyalty’s rosy side in the work. C．Sam Altman could count on his employees. D．This level of loyalty is not always good. 47．How did Matthew Stanley conduct his research! A．Through global surveys concerning a fictional employee named John. B．By creating different situations to ask John ta take on more unpaid work. C．By asking managers to make decisions about work arrangements of John. D．By recruiting managers to read fiction about work traits like loyal and honest. 48．What can you learn from the passage? A．Loyalty can be used by management to exploit employees. B．Younger generations are more patient towards their employers. C．Employees who are loyal are more likely to report wrongdoing. D．Loyalty to an employer always leads to a positive work environment. 49．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How Job Loyalty Affects the Work Environment? B．Why Staff Loyalty is Not Always a Good Thing? C．Are Loyal Employees More Likely to be Promoted? D．Does Work Loyalty Help Career Progress More Quickly? 14 If you live on this planet, there’s a decent chance you’ve seen the classic Star TrekEpisode, in which captain Kirk and several members find themselves in what appears to be another universe. These days, it seems the idea of the multiverse—many worlds—is having its Hollywood moment. Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious—characters explore a multi-world with varying degrees of similarity to our own, as well as different versions of themselves. Hence, it has been fully established in mainstream pop culture. While Hollywood can’t seem to get enough of the multiverse, it remains deeply controversial (有争议的) among scientists. Advocates on the two sides show no mercy toward each other in their books, on their blogs. But physicists didn’t pull the idea out of thin air—rather, several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence. However, critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative (推测性的) theories from established fact, making it more difficult to keep pseudo-science (伪科学) at bay. Giving credit to such speculation risks “turning fundamental physics into pseudo-science”. The multiverse controversy is rooted in the idea of test ability. If we can’t interact with these other universes, or detect them in any way, some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation. But Carroll, an advocate for “many worlds”, argues that mathematics is the language describing our physical theories. Since Schrdinger’s equation (方程), on which Quanturr (量子) mechanic rests, predicts the existence of many worlds, so be it. Could a more expansive view of the universe itself be the next breakthrough? As Siegfried puts it: “Every time in the past that we’ve thought, ‘We’ve got it; this is what the whole universe is’—the people who’ve said, ‘Maybe there’s more than one of those’ have always turned out to be right.” 50．Why is Hollywood so occupied with the multiverse? A．It makes for engaging plots. B．It is a much-talked-about topic. C．It is helpful to popularize science. D．It dominates the mainstream pop culture. 51．What do the underlined words in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Out of date. B．Out of place. C．Out of nowhere. D．Out of question. 52．According to the opponents, the basic standard of fundamental physics is that ______. A．it can be detected somehow B．it can be reasoned logically C．it can be interpreted philosophically D．it can be predicted by mathematics equation 53．What might be the author’s attitude toward the multiverse? A．Doubtful. B．Dismissive. C．Unclear. D．Approving. 15 Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. These days, you have to make a decision on not only the percentage of fat you want, but also what source you want your milk to be coming from: cows, soybeans... You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused. This phenomenon is known as the paradox (悖论) of choice and it is becoming a concern in the modern world, where more and more options are becoming easily available to us. While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice. The idea was popularized by American psychologist Barry Schwartz when he published his book, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Schwartz, who has long studied the ways in which economics and psychology intersect (交叉), became interested in seeing the way that choices were affecting the happiness of citizens in Western societies. He identified that the range of choices that we have available to us these days is far greater than that people had in the past; however, consumer satisfaction has not increased as much as traditional economics theories might expect. Schwartz identified that the paradox of choice carries the most consequence for people that are maximizers. Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. When there are many options available to maximizers, it becomes harder for them to determine which is the best, which can cause them to feel a great deal of regret after they have made a choice. Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society. 54．What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning buying milk in paragraph 1? A．To lead in the topic. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To show that we have more choices when shopping. D．To indicate that people pay greater attention to health when shopping. 55．What does the paradox of choice suggest? A．More options mean less satisfaction. B．Consumer satisfaction has greatly increased. C．People are happy with more choices. D．Modern people are happier than their ancestors. 56．What can be learned about satisficers? A．They aim for the very best. B．They tend to follow their feelings. C．They often regret their decisions. D．They have trouble making a decision. 57．What does Schwartz suggest people do? A．Hold on to their beliefs. B．Accept their own behavior. C．Give up freedom. D．Limit their own choices. 参考答案 1 1．C 2．D 3．A 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要讲述介绍了一项研究指出每日走7000步可显著改善大脑功能并降低重大疾病风险及专家建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A groundbreaking study published in The Lancet Public Health reveals that walking 7,000 steps daily can significantly enhance brain function and lower the risk of major diseases, challenging the widely accepted but unscientific 10,000-step standard.(发表在《柳叶刀-公共卫生》上的一项开创性研究显示，每日走7000步可以显著改善大脑功能，降低患重大疾病的风险，这对普遍认可但缺乏科学依据的10000步标准提出了挑战)”可知，根据研究，每天走7000步可以显著降低疾病风险。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据Health Expert Opinions部分中“Dr. Daniel Bailey (Brunel University London) recommends 7,000 steps as a “realistic and regular” daily goal, rather than occasional intense efforts.(伦敦布鲁内尔大学的Daniel Bailey博士建议将7000步作为一个“现实而规律的”日常目标，而不是偶尔的剧烈运动)”，“Dr. Andrew Scott (University of Portsmouth) advises that while “more movement is better”, consistency matters most.(朴茨茅斯大学的Andrew Scott博士建议，虽然“运动越多越好”，但最重要的是坚持)”以及“Prof. Azeem Majeed (Imperial College London) highlights that routine daily activities like gardening or cleaning also contribute meaningfully in the long run.(伦敦帝国理工学院的Azeem Majeed教授强调，从长远来看，园艺或清洁等日常活动也有重要意义)”可知，健康专家强调的是可持续的习惯。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据Practical Advice部分中“Make it social: Walk with friends/family to stay motivated and enjoy quality time.(社交化：与朋友/家人一起散步，保持动力，享受美好时光)”可知，建议与朋友分享散步，让散步更愉快。故选A。 2 4．A 5．D 6．D 【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍炮台环路小径的背景、可达景点，还提供出发前的卫生间、饮水、宠物礼仪提示及安全建议，为游客提供实用信息。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Originally constructed as a jeep road between the gun batteries, the Batteries Loop Trail now provides access to and allows for exploration of Battery Smith-Guthric, Battery O’Rorke and Battery Alexander. (炮台环路小径最初是作为炮台之间的吉普车道路修建的，现在可以通往并探索史密斯-格思里炮台、奥罗克炮台和亚历山大炮台。)”可知，该小径最初的用途是吉普车道路。故选A项。 5．细节理解题。根据SAFETY TIPS部分第一句“See up-to-date warnings on current park and trail conditions. (查看关于当前公园和小径状况的最新警告。)”可知，“查看最新信息”是被建议的安全提示。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。通读全文特别是第一段“Originally constructed as a jeep road between the gun batteries, the Batteries Loop Trail now provides access to and allows for exploration of Battery Smith-Guthric, Battery O’Rorke and Battery Alexander. (炮台环路小径最初是作为炮台之间的吉普车道路修建的，现在可以通往并探索史密斯-格思里炮台、奥罗克炮台和亚历山大炮台。)”可知，文章依次介绍了炮台环路小径的背景用途、可达景点、出发前的卫生间和饮水提示、宠物礼仪，以及安全注意事项，整体是为游客提供必要的出行信息。故选D项。 3 7．C 8．A 9．A 【解析】本文是应用文。文章介绍了哈佛大学领导力基础课程，主要包含课程时长、内容、适用人群及教学目标等信息。 7．细节理解题。根据中“Duration”部分“4 weeks, 2-3 hours per week; start from Nov. 5.(4周，每周需2-3小时，从11月5日开始)”可知，最小总时间为每周最少2小时×4周= 8小时。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据“About this course”部分第一段的“The need for leadership that can mobilize people to meet these challenges and improve life is critical.(对于能够动员民众共同应对这些挑战并改善生活的领导能力的需求至关重要。)”以及第二段的“Most importantly, you will reflect on how to move forward on the leadership challenges you care about most.( 最为重要的是，您需要思考如何应对您最为关注的领导方面的挑战并继续前行。)”可知，需要领导力来应对这些挑战，思考如何应对领导方面的挑战，因此推断这项课程针对的是面临领导力挑战的个人。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据“What you'll learn”部分的“In this short introductory course, you will discover a diagnostic-and-action process for exercising leadership that explores the following foundational principles and strategies: ……How to build and renew trust relationships.(在这门简短的入门课程中，您将了解到一种用于开展领导工作的诊断与行动流程，该流程涵盖了以下基本原理和策略：……如何建立和修复信任关系)”可知，这门课程教授的主要技能有：重建信任纽带”。故选A。 4 10．D 11．C 12．B 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍新英格兰地区不同的树屋，及其特色与受欢迎原因。 10．细节理解题。根据第一段中“James Roth, a 25-year treehouse designer, notes 80% of clients build for rentals: “Escaping phone addiction — finding disconnection from screens — attracts people most.”(有着25年树屋设计经验的詹姆斯·罗斯指出，80%的客户建造树屋是为了出租：“摆脱手机成瘾——远离屏幕——最能吸引人。”)”可知，据James Roth所说，主要是远离屏幕吸引了人们来到新英格兰的树屋。故选D。 11．细节理解题。根据Winvian, Litchfield, Connecticut部分中“Inside, jetted tubs and gas fireplaces add luxury; guests bike to the main house for chef Chris Eddy’s foliage-themed meals or to the spa for massages.(室内设有按摩浴缸和燃气壁炉，尽显奢华；客人可以骑自行车前往主屋，品尝主厨克里斯·埃迪以秋叶为主题的佳肴，或前往水疗中心享受按摩服务。)”以及Twin Farm, Barnard, Vermont部分中“Post-sunset, a gas fireplace warms; by day, people can hike to Doug’s Treehouse Folly for a picnic amid Vermont’s fall colors.(日落后，燃气壁炉带来温暖；白天，人们可以徒步前往道格的树屋奇观，在佛蒙特州的秋色中野餐。)”可知，Winvian和Twin Farm的共同点是都有燃气壁炉来取暖。故选C。 12．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章标题“New England Treehouses: Fall’s Nature retreat(新英格兰树屋：秋季的自然度假胜地)”可知，文章主要介绍了新英格兰地区几家适合秋季入住的树屋民宿，包括其特色和周边环境等，由此可推知，文章可能出自一篇旅游杂志文章。故选B。 5 13．D 14．A 15．C 16．B 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者通过停运后又恢复的火车路线回到家乡的怀旧之旅。 13．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“As the train journeyed north, the scenery outside the window gradually transformed from the gentle charm of the south to the vast openness of the north. Everything felt so beautiful, even the clamor (喧闹) inside the carriage carried a warmth.(随着火车向北行驶，窗外的景色逐渐由南方的温婉妩媚变成了北方的广阔开阔。一切都是那么美好，就连车厢里的喧闹声也带着一种温暖)”可知，作者描写她童年的火车之旅是为了突出火车之旅的美丽和温暖。故选D。 14．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“that direct train quietly closed down. The rails rusted into dotted lines in memory, and my hometown became a faint shadow on a photographic negative(那列直达列车悄悄停运了。铁轨在记忆中锈迹斑斑，我的家乡成了底片上模糊的影子)”可知，在文章的上下文中作者开始上小学后，那列直达列车悄然停运了。铁轨在记忆中锈蚀成了点点痕迹，说明回故乡的旅行变得稀少、罕见，sparse的意思是“稀少”，和rare意思相近。故选A。 15．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Yet, the journey no longer held the leisurely comfort of childhood it became a long, exhausting journey. We rushed to the airport before daybreak, weighed down by luggage check-ins. The cramped cabin and turbulent air currents added discomfort, while navigating the maze-like airport and enduring hours of road travel left us arriving under completely dark skies. There was no time to admire the scenery, let alone the endless sea of clouds outside the airplane window.(然而，这段旅程不再有童年的悠闲舒适，它变成了一段漫长而疲惫的旅程。我们在黎明前赶到机场，行李托运工作压得我们喘不过气来。狭窄的机舱和汹涌的气流增加了我们的不适，而在迷宫般的机场穿行和长时间的公路旅行让我们在完全黑暗的天空下到达。没有时间欣赏风景，更不用说飞机窗外无尽的云海了)”可知，作者将现代航空旅行描述为“漫长而疲惫的跋涉”，有“狭窄的客舱”和“颠簸的气流”。她还提到没有时间欣赏风景，这表明与童年时更悠闲、风景更美的火车旅行相比，她有一种不满意的感觉。故选C。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Holding my hands, my grandparents boarded a green-skinned train in Hangzhou, which rocked and swayed for twenty-five hours straight to Ulanqab (乌兰察布市), Inner Mongolia. This is my childhood memory of returning home.(我的祖父母牵着我的手，在杭州登上了一列绿皮火车，火车摇晃了25个小时，直达内蒙古乌兰察布。这是我童年回家的记忆)”和倒数第二段“This year, upon hearing that the long-suspended train had resumed operation, an indescribable excitement welled up in my heart. A month ago, I finally boarded this long-missed train again. As night fell, the train slowly set off. The familiar voices in the carriage, mingling with the rhythmic clatter of wheels against tracks, blended into a nostalgic lullaby (怀旧的摇篮曲). Lying on the bunk, I felt the gentle sway of the train, as though cradled in the arms of Mother Earth...Years have blurred the details of my memory, and I have sketched it one by one with my imagination.(今年，当我听到停运已久的火车恢复运行的消息时，一种说不出的兴奋涌上心头。一个月前，我终于再次登上了这趟久违的列车。夜幕降临，火车慢慢地开动了。车厢里熟悉的声音，加上车轮有节奏地撞击轨道的声音，混成了一首怀旧的摇篮曲。躺在铺位上，我感觉到火车的轻柔摇晃，仿佛被大地母亲抱在怀里……岁月模糊了我记忆中的细节，我用想象把它一一勾勒出来)”可知，本文主要讲述了作者通过停运后又恢复的火车路线回到家乡的怀旧之旅。它突出了与过去的情感联系，以及火车之旅在她记忆中的重要性，因此最恰当的题目是B选项“Old tracks Back Home(家乡的旧轨道)”。故选B。 6 17．B 18．D 19．C 20．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了认知失调的概念、例子、影响以及不同文化下的处理方式。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Cognitive dissonance, a concept introduced by psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person engages in actions that conflict with their self-perception. (认知失调是由心理学家Leon Festinger在1957年提出的一个概念，指的是当一个人采取的行动与他们的自我认知相冲突时所经历的心理不适。)”可知，认知失调主要是关于信念和行动之间的冲突所引起的心理压力。故选B。 18．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“For example, a student who spends excessive money on a new smartphone but later regrets it might convince themselves, “This phone is worth it because it improves my study efficiency,” even if evidence suggests otherwise. This rationalization helps reduce the dissonance between their action (spending money) and their belief (saving money is wise). (例如，一个学生在新智能手机上花了太多钱，但后来后悔了，他可能会说服自己：“这部手机值得买，因为它提高了我的学习效率。”即使有证据表明并非如此。这种rationalization有助于减少他们行动（花钱）和信念（存钱是明智的）之间的不和谐。)”可知，学生给自己找了一个看似合理的借口来减少不和谐，因此rationalization的意思是“创造看似合理的借口”。故选D。 19．推理判断题。根据第三段中“ In a classic experiment, participants who were paid $ 1 to lie about a boring task being enjoyable later reported greater enjoyment of the task than those paid $ 20. Festinger argued that those paid $ 1 experienced stronger dissonance (lying for little reward) and thus adjusted their attitude to be in line with their behavior.(在一个经典的实验中，那些被付1美元去说一个无聊的任务很有趣的人，后来报告说他们比那些被付20美元的人更享受这个任务。Festinger认为，那些得到1美元报酬的人经历了更强烈的不和谐（为了微薄的报酬而说谎），因此他们调整了自己的态度以符合自己的行为。)”可知，实验中支付1美元的参与者报告说更享受这项任务是因为他们需要为自己的低报酬找借口。故选C。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“For example, in cultures that value group unity (like many Asian societies), people may focus more on avoiding conflict with others than on sticking to their own beliefs. (例如，在重视群体团结的文化中（如许多亚洲社会），人们可能更注重避免与他人发生冲突，而不是坚持自己的信念。)”可知，在集体主义文化中，个人可能更注重维护群体和谐，而不是坚持个人观点。故选B。 7 21．A 22．D 23．D 24．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员正在利用对环境有益的天然材料研制透明木材，这种新材料有望取代塑料，并详细阐述了其制作过程、性能优势以及未来的研发目标。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Researchers are working on making transparent (透明的) wood using natural materials that are good for the environment. This new material could replace plastic in things like smartphones and windows. The problem with plastic is that it is not biodegradable, which means it doesn’t disappear in nature. (研究人员正致力于使用对环境有益的天然材料制造透明木材。这种新材料可以取代智能手机和窗户等产品中的塑料。塑料的问题是它不能生物降解，这意味着它不会在自然界中消失)”可推断出，透明木材的主要优点是其生物降解性，与塑料不同，塑料无法自然降解。透明木材能够分解在自然环境中，具有明显的环保优势。故选A。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段“Bharat Baruah, a chemistry professor at Kennesaw State University, was inspired by his hobby of woodworking. He also thought about how buildings were made in his home state of Assam in northeastern India, where builders used a mix of sand, sticky rice, and egg whites to make strong materials. (肯尼索州立大学的化学教授Bharat Baruah的灵感来自于他对木工的爱好。他还想到了自己家乡印度东北部阿萨姆邦的建筑方式，那里的建筑工人用沙子、糯米和蛋清混合制成坚固的材料)”可知，Bharat Baruah探索透明木材的灵感来源于他的木工爱好以及阿萨姆邦的建筑方法。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The team also tested the transparent wood in windows. They found that the wood kept a small house cooler than glass windows did. (研究小组还在窗户上测试了透明木材。他们发现，这种木材比玻璃窗户更能使小房子保持凉爽)”可知，透明木材在窗户上的表现是它有助于保持室内凉爽的温度。故选D。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The materials are natural and cheap, and they hope to make the wood fully biodegradable in the future while still keeping it strong and useful. (这些材料是天然的且价格低廉，他们希望未来能使这种木材完全可生物降解，同时保持其坚固和实用性)”可知，研究人员希望未来能使这种木材完全可生物降解，同时保持其坚固和实用性，即研究人员研究透明木材的目标是确保它既坚固又环保。故选C。 8 25．A 26．B 27．D 28．B 29．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，对比频繁和偶尔献血者的血液样本，发现频繁献血者血液在基因上有好处，但研究存在样本和献血者本身健康状况等局限。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A team of researchers compared samples from 217 men who had given blood more than 100 times in their lives, to samples from 212 men who had donated less than 10 times, to look for any variance in blood health. (一组研究人员将217名一生中献血超过100次的男性的样本与212名献血少于10次的男性的样本进行了比较，以寻找血液健康方面的任何差异)”可知，该研究的主要重点是频繁和偶尔献血者之间的基因差异。故选A项。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Blood loss triggers the production of the hormone erythropoietin (促红细胞生成素激素). In lab tests on blood stem cells treated with erythropoietin, the researchers found those with the DNMT3A mutation produced blood faster than those without the mutation. This suggests frequent blood loss leads to more production of the mutated blood cells. (失血会触发促红细胞生成素激素的产生。在对用促红细胞生成素处理过的造血干细胞进行的实验室测试中，研究人员发现，带有DNMT3A突变的细胞比没有突变的细胞产生血液的速度更快。这表明频繁失血会导致更多突变血细胞的产生)”可知，失血会加速带有有益DNMT3A突变的细胞的生长。故选B项。 27．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In lab tests on blood stem cells treated with erythropoietin, the researchers found those with the DNMT3A mutation produced blood faster than those without the mutation. (在对用促红细胞生成素处理过的造血干细胞进行的实验室测试中，研究人员发现，带有DNMT3A突变的细胞比没有突变的细胞产生血液的速度更快)”可知，带有DNMT3A突变的细胞比没有突变的细胞产生血液的速度更快，所以DNMT3A基因的有益突变可能会提高血细胞的生产效率。故选D项。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Blood donors are more likely to be healthier anyway (it’s a condition of giving blood), so figuring out any additional health benefit is tricky, because it might actually come from being in better shape to begin with. (无论如何，献血者更有可能更健康（这是献血的一个条件），所以要弄清楚任何额外的健康益处是很棘手的，因为这实际上可能一开始就来自于身体状况更好)”可知，研究承认献血者先前的健康状况可能会影响研究结果。故选B项。 29．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“We’re now aiming to work out how these different types of mutations play a role in developing leukemia or not, and whether they can be targeted therapeutically. (我们现在的目标是弄清楚这些不同类型的突变在白血病发展中是否起作用，以及是否可以对它们进行治疗)”可知，研究团队的下一个目标是确定哪些DNMT3A突变直接导致白血病。故选C项。 9 30．A 31．B 32．C 33．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法，其成本低、耐用，未来或用于多领域存储。 30．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. ‘Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,’ notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. ‘Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.’ (将信息输入DNA需要一个称为编码的过程。计算生物学家Karishma Matange指出：‘你的计算机以二进制格式（0和1）存储信息。编码的作用是将这些0和1转换为A、C、G和T，即可以存储信息的DNA碱基。’)”可知，数字信息是通过将二进制数据转换为DNA的四种碱基（A、C、G、T）进行存储的。故选A。 31．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”和第四段“But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. (但T-REX材料可以防潮。研究人员将其加热至75摄氏度。后来，他们通过分解涂层获得了DNA。Banal说，最好的部分是，分解的材料可以再次用于存储DNA。)”可知，T-REX方法既成本低廉，又能防潮，并且可以重复使用材料来存储DNA，因此，T-REX方法的主要优势是提供了一种经济有效的DNA存储方式。故选B。 32．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. (Banal和他的同事们希望使用T-REX方法来保存遗传数据，甚至安全地存储将被发射到太空的生物样本。有一天，我们可能会用它来存储人们每天生成的大量数据。)”可知，DNA存储技术未来将用于保存多样化的样本。故选C。 33．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. (科学家们一直在研究DNA来存储所有类型的数据，不仅是生物数据，还有数字数据。然而，尽管DNA是一种很好的存储材料，但它也很脆弱。)”和文章第三段“James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. ‘Plastics are durable.’ Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA.(加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的科学家James Banal和他的团队提出了一种新的方法T-REX。他的团队使用这种方法将DNA捕获在类似塑料的材料中。巴纳尔指出：‘塑料很耐用。’此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们一直在研究使用DNA来存储各种类型的数据，并介绍了DNA作为存储材料的优缺点，以及一种新的DNA存储方法T-REX的研发和应用。因此，文章的主旨大意是DNA数据存储技术的突破。故选A。 10 34．C 35．D 36．B 37．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了GitHub Copilot即将支持多模型选择功能，并推出新的AI工具Spark以简化网页应用开发，同时宣布了多项更新计划。 34．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Developers will soon be able to choose models from Anthropic, Google, and OpenAI for GitHub Copilot. (开发者很快就能为GitHub Copilot选择来自Anthropic、谷歌和OpenAI的模型)”可知，开发者不久后可以为GitHub Copilot选择来自Anthropic、OpenAI和谷歌的模型，所以C项“Developers can choose models from Anthropic, OpenAI and Google for GitHub Copilot shortly.(开发人员可以在不久的将来为GitHub Copilot选择Anthropic、OpenAI和谷歌的模型)”是正确表述。故选C项。 35．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Developers will be able to toggle (切换) between models during a conversation with Copilot Chat to find the model that’s best for a particular task.(开发人员将能够在与Copilot聊天的对话中切换模型，以找到最适合特定任务的模型)”和第三段中“There is no one model to rule every scenario (场景), and developers expect the agency to build with the models that work best for them (没有一种模型能适用于所有场景，开发者希望能使用最适合他们的模型来进行开发)”可知，没有一种模型能适用于所有场景，开发者都希望能使用最适合他们的模型来进行开发，而GitHub Copilot能让开发者在对话中切换模型，以找到最适合特定任务的模型，从而满足开发者的需求。由此推知，开发人员希望代理软件提供最适合他们的模型进行构建，而GitHub Copilot满足了开发者的需求，所以获得了大量的用户。故选D项。 36．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Once the app is created, you can run it on a desktop, tablet, or mobile device and also share the app with others to let people remix and build on top of Spark apps. (应用程序创建完成后，你可以在桌面、平板电脑或移动设备上运行它，还可以与他人共享该应用程序，让人们在Spark应用程序的基础上进行重新混合和开发)”可知，GitHub Spark可以帮助个人创建一个可以在iPad(平板电脑)上使用的网页应用程序。故选B项。 37．推理判断题。通读全文，结合第一段中“GitHub is going multi-model for its Copilot code completion and programming tool (副驾驶代码完成和编程工具).(GitHub正在为其Copilot代码完成和编程工具采用多模型)”和第五段中“GitHub is also announcing Spark today, an AI tool that makes it easier to build web apps using natural language.(GitHub今天还宣布推出Spark，这是一款AI工具，可以更轻松地使用自然语言构建Web应用程序)”可知，本文主要介绍了GitHub在其Copilot代码完成和编程工具上的多模型选择功能，以及新推出的AI工具Spark的相关信息。故文章的目的是分享关于GitHub Spark的一些最新信息。故选A项。 11 38．D 39．B 40．C 41．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了纽约大学研究人员对关于屏幕时间的文章如何引起家长共鸣的研究，分析了这类文章的特征及其受欢迎的原因。 38．细节理解题。根据第二段“A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents.(纽约大学的研究人员艾琳・奥康纳和罗宾・诺伊豪斯开展了一项新研究，探究有关屏幕使用时间的文章是如何引起家长们的共鸣的。)”可知，研究关注的是关于屏幕使用时间的文章如何与家长产生共鸣，也就是受欢迎的关于屏幕使用时间文章的特点。故选D。 39．细节理解题。根据第三段 “They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.(他们使用了社交媒体分析工具BuzzSumo，来追踪每篇文章在各个网站上的社交媒体分享总数，以及其 ‘常青’ 分数 —— 以此了解文章在首次发布后还能持续获得多少关注。)” 可知，研究人员通过计算文章的 “evergreen score（常青分数）” 来衡量文章的持久影响力。故选B。 40．推理判断题。根据第四段“Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e.g., “alarming,” “skyrocket,” “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”)(轰动效应是通过警告语言的出现来衡量的（比如 ‘令人震惊的’，‘急剧上升’，‘不可逆转的损害’）)”可知，轰动效应通过警告性语言来衡量，C选项“Constant screen time produces non-repairable damage in kids(持续的屏幕时间会对孩子造成不可修复的损害)”中的“non-repairable damage(不可修复的损害)”属于类似“irreversible damage(不可逆转的损害)”的警告性语言，能增加文章的轰动效应评级。故选C。 41．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time.(有趣的是，仅靠警告性语言就能提升文章在短期内的分享量，但只有当警告性语言与有力的科学阐述相结合时，文章才能长时间地吸引人们的关注。)”可知，单独的警告性语言只能促进短期分享，只有与强大的科学表述相结合，文章才能长期吸引人们的兴趣，即科学表述影响文章的长期受欢迎程度。故选D。 12 42．B 43．D 44．C 45．A 【解析】本文是说明文。旨在警示微塑料对人体健康的潜在威胁，强调尽管科学证据尚未完全确凿，但现有研究已足够推动社会采取预防性措施，减少塑料污染对人类与环境的长期风险。 42．词句猜测题。根据第一段“It’s a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny pieces of plastic are flowing through our bodies (这是一个令人不安的想法：就在此时此刻，微小的塑料碎片正在我们的身体里流动)”可知，a parade of unwelcome houseguests直译为“一群不受欢迎的客人”是对“微小的塑料碎片正渗入我们的身体”的进一步描述，这些微小的塑料碎片是有害的，所以这里指的是有害颗粒侵入身体。故选B项。 43． 推理判断题。根据第三段“Some of the strongest evidence comes from lab studies using animals as well as what’s already known about the damaging effects of chemicals added to plastics. A review of the data published Wednesday concludes that microplastics are suspected to harm human reproductive, digestive and breathing health, with a possible link to colon and lung cancer. (一些最有力的证据来自使用动物的实验室研究，以及已知的添加到塑料中的化学物质的破坏性影响。对周三公布的数据进行的一项综述得出结论，微塑料可能会损害人类的生殖、消化和呼吸健康，并可能与结肠癌和肺癌有关。)”可知，使用动物的实验室研究提供了一些证据，表明微塑料被怀疑对人类健康有害，有与结肠癌和肺癌的可能联系，这意味着它们暗示了可能存在的风险，需要在人类身上进一步调查。故选D项。 44．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Susanne Brander, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University, says it’s not helpful to“trigger a tremendous state of alarm,” but she agrees that we already know enough about the health risks to push for substantive changes, including a global agreement to limit the rising production of plastics. (俄勒冈州立大学（Oregon State University）的生态毒理学家Susanne Brander表示，“引发巨大的警报状态”是没有帮助的，但她同意，我们已经对健康风险有了足够的了解，可以推动实质性的改变，包括达成一项限制塑料产量不断增长的全球协议。)”可知，Susanne Brander认为不需要引起巨大的恐慌，但现有的关于健康风险的数据已经足够推动实质性的改变，包括达成全球协议来限制不断上升的塑料生产。故选C项。 45．主旨大意题。根据第一段“It’s a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny pieces of plastic are flowing through our bodies, a parade of unwelcome houseguests ready to take up residence in some tissue or organ. A wave of new studies has come out recently, and each one seems to paint an ever more vivid picture of how microplastics — and their smaller counterparts, nanoplastics — have infiltrated (渗入) the deepest corners of our body. The lungs, liver and heart, guts and brain — nothing seems to be spared. (这是一个令人不安的想法：就在此时此刻，微小的塑料碎片正在我们的身体里流动，一群不受欢迎的客人准备在某些组织或器官中居住。最近出现了一波新的研究，每一项研究似乎都描绘了一幅更加生动的画面，说明微塑料——以及它们的小对手——纳米塑料——是如何渗透到我们身体的最深处的。肺、肝、心脏、内脏和大脑似乎无一幸免。)”以及纵观全文可知，文章开篇指出微小塑料碎片正渗入人体，接着介绍了新的研究表明微塑料已渗透到人体的各个部位，以及对其可能造成的危害的研究和担忧，最后提到应该采取行动。所以文章的主要目的是强调微塑料对健康的风险。故选A项。 13 46．B 47．C 48．A 49．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要针对员工忠诚度的问题，通过引用实例、研究数据和报告，分析了员工忠诚度的利弊，以及它对雇主和员工自身的影响。 46．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“How many bosses could rely on their employees threatening to quit in mass if they were abruptly forced out? Sam Altman received such a show of support from more than 700 staff after he was fired from Open AI that he was swiftly restored to his position by the board. But this level of loyalty is not typical and may not always be a good thing.(有多少老板能相信，如果他们突然被迫离职，他们的员工会威胁集体辞职？Sam Altman在被Open AI解雇后，得到了700多名员工的支持，董事会迅速恢复了他的职位。但这种程度的忠诚并不典型，可能并不总是一件好事。)”可知，Sam Altman在被Open AI解雇后，得到了700多名员工的支持，董事会迅速恢复了他的职位。由此可知，作者在第一段提到Sam Altman是为了说明员工忠诚在工作中的好的一面。故选B。 47．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Stanley recruited almost 1,400 managers to read about a fictional 29-year-old employee called John, who worked for a company that was trying to keep costs down. They had to decide how willing they would be to ask John to work longer hours and take on more work without more pay. Researchers created various situations including labelling John as loyal versus other traits such as honest and fair. Managers were more willing to ask loyal John to take on the burden of unpaid work.(Stanley招募了近1400名经理来阅读一个虚构的29岁员工John的故事，他在一家试图降低成本的公司工作。他们必须决定他们是否愿意让John工作更长时间，承担更多的工作而没有更多的报酬。研究人员创造了不同的情境，包括给John贴上忠诚和诚实、公平等其他特质的标签。经理们更愿意让忠诚的John承担无偿工作的负担。)”可知，Stanley招募了近1400名经理来阅读一个虚构的29岁员工John的故事，从而决定他们是否愿意让John工作更长时间，承担更多的工作而没有更多的报酬。故选C。 48．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Researchers created various situations including labelling John as loyal versus other traits such as honest and fair. Managers were more willing to ask loyal John to take on the burden of unpaid work.(研究人员创造了不同的情境，包括给John贴上忠诚和诚实、公平等其他特质的标签。经理们更愿意让忠诚的John承担无偿工作的负担。)”可推断，管理者可能会利用员工的忠诚度，让他们承担更多的工作，甚至可能是无偿的工作，即管理层可以利用忠诚度来剥削员工。故选A。 49．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But this level of loyalty is not typical and may not always be a good thing.(但这种程度的忠诚并不典型，可能并不总是一件好事。)”、第二段“Management experts say staff who are loyal to their employer are inclined to invest more time and effort in their jobs, helping to create an engaged and higher performing workplace. In turn they receive pro notions and pay rises. They have a greater sense of belonging and potentially a longer career at the same organisation. But it is not all rosy. People who are too loyal are more likely to take actions that are deemed wrong to keep their jobs and protect their employer, according to a 2021 academic paper. (管理专家表示，对雇主忠诚的员工倾向于在工作上投入更多的时间和精力，这有助于创造一个敬业、高效的工作场所。反过来，他们也会得到好处和加薪。他们有更大的归属感，可能在同一家公司有更长的职业生涯。但也不全是美好的。根据2021年的一篇学术论文，过于忠诚的人更有可能采取被认为是错误的行动来保住工作和保护雇主。)”以及全文内容可知，在这篇文章中，作者主要讨论了员工忠诚度对雇主和员工自身的利弊影响，特别是强调了忠诚度并不总是好事，有时可能导致不良行为或对员工造成不公平的负担。选项B“Why Staff Loyalty is Not Always a Good Thing?(为什么员工的忠诚并不总是一件好事？)”最能够概括文章的主要观点，即员工忠诚度并不总是积极的，有时也可能带来负面影响。故选B。 14 50．A 51．C 52．A 53．D 【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了虽然近来好莱坞似乎对多元宇宙欲罢不能，但它在科学家中仍然存在着深刻的争议。 50．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious—characters explore a multi-world with varying degrees of similarity to our own, as well as different versions of themselves.(作为一种讲故事的手段，它的吸引力显而易见——角色探索了一个与我们自己不同程度相似的多元世界，以及不同版本的自己。)”可知，多元宇宙作为一种讲故事的手段，非常具有吸引力。故选A。 51．词句猜测题。根据划线短语后面的“rather, several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence(相反，几个不同的推理路线似乎指向了多元宇宙的存在)”可知，rather前后表示转折，后面说有推理路线证明多元宇宙是存在的，由此可推测出，前面说的是物理学家们并不是凭空得出了这个想法。out of thin air意为“凭空，无中生有地”，和out of nowhere(突然出现)意思相近。故选C。 52．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However, critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative(推测性的) theories from established fact, making it more difficult to keep pseudo-science(伪科学) at bay. Giving credit to such speculation risks ‘turning fundamental physics into pseudo-science’.(然而，批评者警告说，使多元宇宙合法化可能会使公众更难区分推测性理论和既定事实，从而更难遏制伪科学。相信这种推测有可能‘把基础物理学变成伪科学’。)”可知，批评者认为让多元宇宙合法化可能会使公众难以区分推测性理论和既定事实，相信这种推测有可能导致基础物理学变成伪科学。由此可推测出，基础物理学是以既定事实为基础的，可以通过某种方式发现。故选A。 53．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Since Schrdinger’s equation (方程), on which Quanturr (量子) mechanic rests, predicts the existence of many worlds, so be it.(既然量子力学所依据的薛定谔方程预测了许多世界的存在，那就顺其自然吧。)”和最后一段中的“Could a more expansive view of the universe itself be the next breakthrough? As Siegfried puts it: “Every time in the past that we’ve thought, ‘We’ve got it; this is what the whole universe is’—the people who’ve said, ‘Maybe there’s more than one of those’ have always turned out to be right.”(正如齐格弗里德所说：“在过去，每当我们想，‘我们明白了；这就是整个宇宙的样子’——那些说‘也许不止一个’的人总是被证明是对的。”)”可知，作者认为既然有理论预测了许多世界的存在，那就顺其自然吧，那些说“也许不止一个”的人总是被证明是对的；由此推知，作者对多元宇宙的概念持支持态度。故选D。 15 54．A 55．A 56．B 57．D 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。 文章主要介绍了“选择悖论”这一现象，即过多的选择会让人们感到困惑和不满，从而降低消费者的满意度。文章还介绍了“最大化者”和“满足者”的区别，以及心理学和行为经济学在解决这一问题中的作用。 54．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. (想象一下，你需要牛奶，所以你去杂货店买了一些，却发现有几十种选择)”以及“You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused.(你不知道该选什么牛奶。有太多的选择让你感到困惑)”可知，购物时牛奶品类众多，以至于很难做出决策。是下文“选择的悖论”这一现象的一个案例。由此可推知，文章第一段提到买牛奶就是为了引出文章的话题。故选A。 55．推理判断题。根据第二段的“While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice.(虽然我们可能认为，提供多种选择实际上会让我们更容易选择一种我们满意的选择，从而提高消费者满意度，选择太多实际上需要付出更多的努力才能做出决定，这会让我们对自己的选择感到不满意)”可知，选择太多实际上需要付出更多的努力才能做出决定，这会让我们对自己的选择感到不满意。由此可推知，更多的选择意味着更少的满足感。故选A。 56．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. (与满足者不同，最大化者关心的是做出最好的选择，而不是简单地做出他们满意的选择)”可推知，满足者跟随自己的感觉，不纠结于必须做出“最好的”决定。故选B。 57．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society.(施瓦茨不认为选择的自由是无限的，而是主张心理学和行为经济学的作用应该是找到对自由的限制，从而在社会中获得最大程度的幸福)”可知，施瓦茨建议人们限制自己的选择。故选D。 1 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题11 阅读理解（语篇类型） 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文类试题的命题特点分析 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 高考英语阅读理解对语篇类型的考查要求体现了对学生综合语言能力的考查，具体如下： 语篇类型多样：高考阅读理解文本涵盖多种体裁，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。记叙文以人物经历或事件发展为线索，常含“冲突-解决”结构；说明文围绕“现象/概念---分析/解释-结论/应用”展开；议论文遵循“论点-论据-结论”逻辑；应用文注重功能性，语言简洁明了，信息层级清晰。 能力考查全面：根据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》，高考阅读理解主要考查四项核心能力。一是事实细节理解，要求考生识别并提取文章中的具体信息；二是逻辑推理判断，需要考生根据原文信息推断隐含意义；三是主旨大意概括，即归纳文章或段落的核心思想；四是语境词义猜测，要求考生根据上下文推断生词、短语或句子的含义。 命题特点鲜明：阅读材料的选择强调语言的交际原则，题材多样，语言地道，文化含量加大。题型分布以细节理解题为主，推断判断题和主旨大意题的考查呈上升趋势。词汇要求较高，熟词生义频繁出现，语篇较长，长句、难句较多，对考生的阅读速度和信息处理能力要求较高。 类型一：应用文 【核心考点】 信息检索能力：在高考英语阅读理解中，信息检索是解题的核心技能之一。考生需精准定位时间（如具体年份、月份、星期等）、地点（城市、国家、场所名称）、对象（人物身份、机构名称）、要求（任务目标、条件限制）等关键信息。面对 “同义替换” 类干扰项，需识破题干与原文间词汇的同义转换；对于 “信息杂糅” 干扰项，则要学会拆分整合，避免被拼凑的错误信息误导。例如，在新闻报道类文本中，常通过时间状语的微妙变化或人物身份的模糊表述设置陷阱，考生可借助划重点、做标记的方法，快速锁定关键信息，提高答题准确率。 格式与功能识别：不同文体具有独特的结构特征和功能。对于通知类文本，标题往往点明主题，日期标注能帮助确定信息时效性，而加粗关键词则强调核心内容；广告类文本通常以醒目的标语吸引眼球，搭配具体的产品介绍和优惠活动；指南类文本多采用分点式结构，步骤清晰，便于读者快速获取操作方法。考生需熟练掌握这些文体特征，通过观察标题、副标题、段落首句、特殊符号等元素，迅速判断文本用途，从而更高效地理解文本主旨，筛选出所需信息。例如，看到含有 “Notice”“Announcement” 字样的标题，即可预判为通知类文本，着重关注其具体事项和要求。 简洁句式解码：高考英语阅读理解中常出现省略句、祈使句等简洁实用的句式。省略句往往通过省略主语、谓语等成分，使句子更加精炼，考生需结合上下文补全省略部分，理解完整语义；祈使句则常用于表达命令、建议或请求，语气直接明了。在遇到此类句式时，考生应避免因个别生词而陷入理解困境，学会根据句式结构和常见搭配，忽略无关生词，把握句子核心含义。例如，在广告文案 “Limited time offer! Don't miss it!” 中，通过祈使句的强烈语气，可快速理解其传达的促销信息，即使不认识 “offer” 一词，也能根据语境推测出大致含义。 【典型句式】 The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 城市导览团每小时整点从达姆广场出发，每日下午 1 点开始。你可在 MacBike 门店购票或在线预订。 （考点：地点、时间、方式等细节信息定位） Essays (60%): Essay 1=10%; Essay 2=15%; Essay 3=15%; Essay 4=20%. Group Assignments (30%). 论文（60%）：第一篇论文占 10%；第二篇占 15%；第三篇占 15%；第四篇占 20%。小组作业（30%）。 （考点：数据类信息提取与整合） 【解题关键】 采用 “先题后文” 策略，圈出题干中专有名词、数字等定位词，按 “题文同序” 原则快速匹配原文。 类型二：记叙文 【核心考点】 情节与情感线梳理：通过构建 "开端→发展→高潮→结局" 的叙事框架，精准定位关键事件节点。重点关注人物对话中的情感词汇（如 hesitant、reluctant、convincing），以及描写性语句中蕴含的情感倾向（如 "她握紧颤抖的双手，眼中燃起希望的火花"），把握人物从怀疑到认可、从抗拒到接纳的情感转变过程。同时注意情节发展中的伏笔与呼应，如前文提到的 "生锈的钥匙" 可能在结局中成为解开谜团的关键道具。 主题升华识别：着重分析文章结尾处的议论性语句，这些语句往往是作者情感态度和价值观的集中体现。如尾段出现 "真正的勇气不是无所畏惧，而是带着恐惧依然前行"，直接点明文本关于勇气的主题；若出现 "传统技艺在创新中焕发新生"，则暗示传承与发展的主题。同时留意文中反复出现的意象（如灯塔象征希望，候鸟象征迁徙与回归），这些都可能与文章主题紧密相关。 叙事逻辑分析：利用时间状语（如 at dawn、a decade later）和空间转换词（inside the room→outside the window）搭建时空脉络，借助转折词（but、however、nevertheless）、因果连词（therefore、consequently）梳理事件的因果链条和逻辑关系。特别注意插叙、倒叙等叙事手法对正常叙事节奏的影响，例如倒叙开头设置悬念，需要将其与后文情节进行整合，还原事件发展的真实顺序。 【典型句式】 Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only reason I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! 一边是那个让我的成就显得微不足道的女孩，一边是慢跑带来的纯粹无聊，我断定自己再跑步的唯一原因，就是有大狗在后面追。 （考点：人物情感状态与行为动机推断） Murphy might not have known that her smile was contagious and could make a student's day much better after seeing her. 墨菲或许不知道，她的微笑具有感染力，能让见到她的学生一整天都变得开心许多。 （考点：人物行为的隐含影响与主题提炼） 【解题关键】 重点标记人物、时间、事件等六要素，尾段出现的形容词、副词常暗示作者情感或主题。 类型三：说明文 【核心考点】 说明对象与逻辑：明确文本围绕的核心概念（如科技、环保），通过思维导图梳理 “现象→原因→措施” 或 “事物特征→用途” 的逻辑链。例如在介绍新能源汽车的说明文中，先阐述电动汽车普及的现象，再分析能源危机与政策推动的原因，最后列举车企研发与基础设施建设的应对措施。通过标注信号词（如 therefore、consequently）把握段落间的因果、递进关系。 长难句解析：针对定语从句、非谓语动词嵌套结构，采用 “剥洋葱” 法拆解句子。先锁定主句主语、谓语和核心说明对象，再逐步解析修饰成分。例如在句子 "The new technology, which was developed by a team of scientists after years of research, aims to reduce carbon emissions by 30%." 中，主干为 "The new technology aims to reduce carbon emissions by 30%"，从句 "which was developed by a team of scientists after years of research" 补充说明技术的研发背景。建议使用括号标注法，将修饰部分暂时剥离以聚焦核心语义。 说明方法识别：通过举例（for example、such as）、列数据（具体数字、百分比）、作比较（compared with、in contrast）等信号词，识别信息支撑方式。例如在论述人工智能发展的段落中，"In 2023, the global AI market size reached $136 billion, a 25% increase from the previous year" 使用列数据说明行业规模；"Unlike traditional algorithms, deep learning models can self - optimize through continuous data input" 通过对比凸显技术差异。注意识别隐性说明方法，如用具体实验过程暗示举例子的说明方式。 【典型句式】 The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from simple tasks—like identifying the main idea—to ones requiring mental abstraction, such as drawing inferences. 当实验者从识别文章主旨等简单任务，转向从文本中推断信息等需要抽象思维的任务时，纸质阅读的优势尤为突出。 （考点：说明对象的特征与逻辑关系） Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records, Daru's team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 达鲁的团队利用包含 19 亿条记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上反映了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 （考点：说明方法（列数据）与核心信息提取） 【解题关键】 首尾段常点明说明对象，各段首句多为主题句；遇到长难句时，先划分意群（如用括号法）再抓主干。 类型四：议论文 【核心考点】 论点与论据区分：高考英语阅读中议论文常采用 "总 - 分 - 总" 结构。识别首段核心句，如 "In conclusion, it is evident that..." 等标志性语句提炼中心论点；中间段多以 "Firstly...Secondly..." 等逻辑词引入分论点，并结合具体数据（如 "According to a recent survey..."）、名人名言（如 "As Shakespeare once said..."）或生活实例增强说服力；尾段通过 "In summary" 等总结词重申观点，或提出展望。 作者态度判断：除转折词和情感词汇外，关注情态动词（must/should）和程度副词（definitely/obviously）的使用。例如，使用 "absolutely crucial" 表明强烈支持，"highly questionable" 暗示质疑态度。部分文本通过反讽（如使用 "what a wonderful idea" 表否定）或让步句式（"Although...I still believe..."）委婉表达立场，需结合上下文综合判断。 论证逻辑分析：举例论证常伴随 "for instance""such as"等提示词，需分析案例与论点的关联性；对比论证通过"while""in contrast" 等词展开，注意区分对比对象的异同点。部分文本采用因果论证（due to/therefore）或类比论证（similarly），需梳理论据如何层层递进支撑核心观点，例如通过将教育体系与生态系统类比，阐释教育平衡的重要性。 【典型句式】 While the app brings convenience, it also raises privacy concerns—which shows the author's neutral attitude towards the technology. 这款应用虽带来便利，但也引发了隐私担忧 —— 这体现了作者对该技术的中立态度。 （考点：作者态度与论证逻辑） They could have written pages on computers' necessity, but writing itself didn't strike them as important. 他们本可以就计算机的必要性写满好几页，但写作本身并未让他们觉得重要。 （考点：对比论证与论点提炼） 【解题关键】 首段找中心论点，中间段关注 “for one thing...for another” 等分论点信号词，尾段常重申观点。 考点精讲讲练 1 【2025全国I卷】The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbonsThe hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — BatteriesBatteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — ElectricitySome trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogenfuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammoniaLiquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 21．What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A．11.6%. B．45.1%. C．74.5%. D．86.1%. 22．Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A．Planes. B．Trucks. C．Trains. D．Ships. 23．What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A．Limiting fuel consumption. B．Putting more effort into renewables. C．Improving energy efficiency. D．Making electricity more affordable. 【答案】21．C 22．C 23．B 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径。 21．细节理解题。根据图表信息ROAD VEHICLES部分中“ROAD (PASSENGER) 45.1% (道路(客运)45.1%)”以及“ROAD (GOODS) 29.4% (道路(货运)29.4%)”可知，道路车辆总占比为45.1%+29.4%=74.5%，即道路车辆在2018年全球交通排放中占比74.5%。故选C项。 22．细节理解题。根据图表信息TRAINS — Electricity部分中“Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. (一些列车已经通过轨道或电线实现了电气化；其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现电动化)”可知，火车相较其他交通方式更易实现绿色化。故选C项。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We need to speed up the development of green energy and it will all get used,” says Wipke. (Wipke说：“我们需要加速绿色能源的开发，而且这些能源都会被利用起来。”)”可知，Wipke建议加大对可再生能源的投入，即加大对绿色能源的投入。故选B项。 2 【2025浙江1月卷】Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries, as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection. Who Can Borrow? Current students, teachers (including retired) and staff can request items through ILL. Interlibrary loan is not available to former students, guest borrowers or fee-card holders. How Long Does It Take? Articles are usually received within 1-2 days and books in 5-10 days. However, obtaining items that are rare, recently published or in high demand may take longer. To speed up the process, please make sure the information you submit through the ILL Request Form is accurate. Length of Loans Loan periods are established by the lending library. All due dates are noted on the label. Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library. Any restrictions established by the lending library will be indicated on the label. No renewals (续借) are allowed for physical items borrowed through ILL. Notification/Delivery Options For a physical item, you will be notified by email when it arrives. Items are picked up at one of our libraries—the one you selected in the ILL Request Form. For an article or book chapter, you will be notified by email when it is available. To obtain the article or chapter, click on the link provided in the email and log into your ILL account. Once in your account, select Electronic Articles Received. Interlibrary Loan Fees Library Type Loan Cost Article/Chapter Cost Non-Profit Libraries $15 $10 For-Profit Libraries $20 $12 International Libraries $25 $15 21．Who can use the ILL service? A．Former students. B．Guest borrowers. C．Retired teachers. D．Fee-card holders. 22．What is a rule for borrowing a print book through ILL? A．Pay an extra fee for delivery. B．Renew it before the due date. C．Pick it up at the lending library. D．Return it when it is recalled. 23．How much do you pay for two articles obtained from an international library? A．$15. B．$20. C．$24. D．$30. 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．D 【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了图书馆间借阅服务的相关信息。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Current students, teachers (including retired) and staff can request items through ILL.(在校学生、教师（包括退休教师）和工作人员可以通过ILL请求借阅资料。)”可知，退休老师可以使用图书馆间借阅服务。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第四段“Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library.(借阅的物品可能会被借出的图书馆召回。)”可知，通过ILL借阅纸质书的规则是被借出的图书馆召回。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据表格中“International Libraries Article/Chapter Cost $15(国际图书馆 文章/章节费用 15美元)”可知，从国际图书馆获取两篇文章的费用是15×2=30美元。故选D。 3 【2025浙江1月卷】When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact. According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.” Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.” I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.” 24．What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph? A．She is upset by her kids’ weight. B．She is critical of the way she was fed. C．She is interested in making food. D．She is particular about what she eats. 25．Which of the following would Markey disapprove of? A．Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally. B．Offering various foods to kids at fixed times. C．Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks. D．Talking with kids about school at mealtimes. 26．What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”? A．Make diet decisions on their own. B．Share their food with other kids. C．Eat up what is provided for them. D．Help their parents do the dishes. 27．What does the author think of the strategies she has been following? A．Costly. B．Complex. C．Workable. D．Contradictory. 【答案】24．B 25．C 26．A 27．C 【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者自己因童年时被灌输饮食观念而影响了与食物的关系，心理学家建议家长在饮食上少干预，作者尝试策略后发现孩子能做更好的饮食决策。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段中“When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. ‘You don’t want to get fat’ was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. (当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常被告知什么不能吃。“你不想变胖”这句话在我整个童年时期不断重复。这真的搞砸了我与食物的关系 —— 这是我花了多年时间才克服的问题)”可知，作者童年时被灌输的饮食观念对其产生了负面影响，由此可推断出，作者对自己童年时被喂养的方式持批判态度。故选B项。 25．推理判断题。根据第二段“According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. ‘There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,’ she says. ‘It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.’ (根据心理学教授夏洛特·马基的说法，食物是为数不多的家长说得少反而更好的话题之一。“在育儿方面，有很多事情值得深入讨论，但我不认为食物是其中之一，”她说。“这只会给孩子们带来一些不必要的担忧和不安全感，这并不健康。”)”可知，马基不赞成家长和孩子过多谈论食物相关的话题，而向孩子解释吃零食的风险属于谈论食物的话题，所以马基不会赞成。故选C项。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead, she recommends applying a well known concept among nutrition experts called the ‘Division of Responsibility,’ where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. (相反，她建议应用营养专家中一个著名的概念，即‘责任划分’，在这个概念中，家长在固定的时间为孩子提供各种主要是健康的食物，而孩子自己决定想吃什么和吃多少 —— 即使这意味着偶尔吃的饼干比胡萝卜多)”可知，根据“责任划分”，孩子应该自己做饮食决策。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. (我一直在尝试这些策略，我发现当我不那么严格限制时，他们确实会做出更好的决策)”可知，孩子们确实会做出更好的决策，所以作者会认为自己所遵循的策略是可行的。故选C项。 1 A groundbreaking study published in The Lancet Public Health reveals that walking 7,000 steps daily can significantly enhance brain function and lower the risk of major diseases, challenging the widely accepted but unscientific 10,000-step standard. Key Findings: After analyzing data from more than 160,000 adults globally, researchers discovered that compared to just 2,000 steps per day, achieving 7,000 steps leads to: •25% lower risk of heart disease •6% reduced chance of cancer •38% decreased dementia risk •22% lower likelihood of depression Lead researcher Dr. Melody Ding clarifies that the 10,000-step target traces back to a 1960s Japanese pedometer (计步器) marketing strategy rather than medical evidence. Health Expert Opinions: Dr. Daniel Bailey (Brunel University London) recommends 7,000 steps as a “realistic and regular” daily goal, rather than occasional intense efforts. Dr. Andrew Scott (University of Portsmouth) advises that while “more movement is better”, consistency matters most. Prof. Azeem Majeed (Imperial College London) highlights that routine daily activities like gardening or cleaning also contribute meaningfully in the long run. Practical Advice: Make it social: Walk with friends/family to stay motivated and enjoy quality time. Start small: Even 4,000 daily steps show measurable health improvements over inactivity. Focus on feeling good: Regular walker Jon Stride emphasizes that mental well-being benefits outweigh strict step counts. While official guidelines recommend 150 weekly exercise minutes, this study shows regular 7,000-step walking provides major health benefits. The key is consistent movement — whether through walking, daily tasks, or other activities — without overemphasizing perfect numbers. Small, sustainable efforts make the real difference. 1．How many steps per day can significantly lower disease risks according to the study? A．2,000 steps. B．4,000 steps. C．7,000 steps. D．10,000 steps. 2．What do health experts emphasize in walking advice? A．Impressive records. B．Official guidance. C．Intensive movement. D．Sustainable habits. 3．What is recommended to make walking more enjoyable? A．Sharing walks with friends. B．Starting with small goals. C．Focusing on step counts. D．Setting MUST-DO daily tasks. 2 Originally constructed as a jeep road between the gun batteries, the Batteries Loop Trail (小路) now provides access to and allows for exploration of Battery Smith-Guthric, Battery O’Rorke and Battery Alexander. The loop can be completed in either direction from Battery Alexander. Along the trail one can expect to see views of the Pacific, waves crashing upon Rodeo Beach and if the weather is particularly clear, one can even make out the Farallon Islands, some 30 miles in the distance. The Battery Alexander Trailhead provides access to the Batteries Loop Trail and additional parking for the Point Bonita Lighthouse. BEFORE YOU GO Bathrooms An accessible toilet can be found at the Battery Alexander parking area. Additional restrooms can be found at the Field Rd. parking lot. Water Drinking water is not available along the trail. Avoid becoming dehydrated or experiencing heat exhaustion. Drink plenty and drink often, pace yourself, take breaks in the shade, and eat salty snacks. Dogs and Trail Etiquette Leashed (拴住的) dogs are permitted on the Batteries Loop Trail. Please remain on the established trail. Off-trail travel harms plants and causes erosion. Always keep your food within arm’s reach and do not feed the wildlife. Carry out all trash and food waste (fruit peels, shells, etc.). SAFETY TIPS See up-to-date warning s on current park and trail conditions. Stay on the establised trail. Keep an eye out for poison oak. Read our four season guide to poison oak. Observe warning signs and railings — these exist for your safety. Dress in layers and be prepared for varying weather conditions. Sunny days along the coast can turn windy, foggy, and cold very fast. View our Golden Gate Bridge webcams to see current conditions. Do not climb on the constant bluffs or edges — the sand and rocks are loose and eroding and dangerous! People have fallen from these cliffs. 4．What does the Batteries Loop Trail serve as? A．A jeep road. B．A road to the Farallon Islands. C．A challenging hiking route. D．A swimming spot near Rodeo Beach. 5．What is suggested as a safety tip? A．Dressing warm. B．Climbing on the coastal edges. C．Exploring off the trail. D．Checking current information. 6．What is the main purpose of this text? A．To advertise a new tourist attraction. B．To compare different hiking trails. C．To warn against dangerous wildlife. D．To provide essential visitor information. 3 Exercising Leadership: HarvardX Foundational Principles Duration 4 weeks, 2-3 hours per week; start from Nov. 5. About this course The crises of our time generate enormous adaptive challenges for our families, organizations, communities, and societies. The need for leadership that can mobilize people to meet these challenges and improve life is critical. In this introductory course, you will explore strategies for leading in a changing world where adaptive pressures will continue to challenge all of us. You will discover new ways to approach complex organizational systems and take thoughtful action on the work we all face ahead. Most importantly, you will reflect on how to move forward on the leadership challenges you care about most. At a glance ·Institution: HarvardX ·Subject Business & Management ·Level: Introductory ·Language: English ·Video Transcript: English ·Associated skills: Leadership What you'll learn In this short introductory course, you will discover a diagnostic-and-action process for exercising leadership that explores the following foundational principles and strategies: ·How to identify and break down complex challenges. ·How to understand the role of formal and informal authority. ·How to build and renew trust relationships. ·How to approach conflict. About the instructor Ronald Heifetz: Founder, Center for Public Leadership. 7．What is the minimum time required to complete this course? A．2 hours. B．3 hours. C．8 hours. D．12 hours. 8．Who is the course intended for? A．Individuals facing leadership challenges. B．Experienced managers in tech companies. C．Professionals seeking leadership certificates. D．High school students planning to learn business. 9．What key skill does the course teach? A．Rebuilding trust bonds. B．Building personal authority. C．Avoiding daily conflicts. D．Maintaining complex systems. 4 New England Treehouses: Fall’s Nature retreat New England’s fall treehouses mix natural beauty with comfort, offering front-row seats to red, yellow, and orange foliage — a delight even beyond sipping hot apple cider on an inn porch. Airbnb lists 270,000 global treehouses, but North America leads: 2022-2024 bookings rose 65%. James Roth, a 25-year treehouse designer, notes 80% of clients build for rentals: “Escaping phone addiction — finding disconnection from screens — attracts people most.” Its hardwoods provide solid bases and vibrant autumn hues, making it a top spot.Winvian, Litchfield, Connecticut Winvian’s two-story treehouse perches 35 feet up, nested in beech and maple trees. The 113-acre estate borders a historic wildlife sanctuary. Inside, jetted tubs and gas fireplaces add luxury; guests bike to the main house for chef Chris Eddy’s foliage-themed meals or to the spa for massages.Mink Cove, Wareham, Massachusetts Tucked in an Atlantic inlet, Mink Cove began as a sketch by Butch Ripley and his 8-year-old daughter, then built from salvaged wood. Cozy with twinkle lights, it has a private outdoor shower and ocean scents — all surrounded by fall’s red and black oaks.Twin Farm, Barnard, Vermont Near Silver Lake and a historic store, Twin Farm’s treehouses follow “blend with nature” logic. Guests enter at ground level to reach 20-foot decks. Post-sunset, a gas fireplace warms; by day, people can hike to Doug’s Treehouse Folly for a picnic amid Vermont’s fall colors.Tiffany Hill Treehouse, Sunapee, New Hampshire A 5-minute drive from Mount Sunapee Park, this two-bedroom treehouse leans on a strong oak. It has radiant heat, a propane fireplace, a kitchen, and a porch pulley for groceries — ideal for families. Fall surrounds it with yellow and orange conifers, oaks, and birches. Each treehouse turns New England’s fall into an unforgettable stay, merging autumn’s magic with just enough comfort. 10．What mainly draws people to New England’s treehouses according to James Roth? A．Watching fall foliage. B．Sipping hot cider. C．Enjoying comfortable facilities. D．Staying away from screens. 11．What do Winvian and Twin Farms have in common? A．They both offer experience of cycling. B．They both provide access to spa services. C．They both have gas fireplaces for warmth. D．They both feature private outdoor showers. 12．Where is the text probably taken from? A．An outdoor lifestyle blog. B．A travel magazine article. C．An Airbnb rental promotion. D．A local business advertisement. 5 Holding my hands, my grandparents boarded a green-skinned train in Hangzhou, which rocked and swayed for twenty-five hours straight to Ulanqab (乌兰察布市), Inner Mongolia. This is my childhood memory of returning home. As the train journeyed north, the scenery outside the window gradually transformed from the gentle charm of the south to the vast openness of the north. Everything felt so beautiful, even the clamor (喧闹) inside the carriage carried a warmth. Before dawn the next day, I pressed my forehead against the fogged glass, watching the distant sunrise break through the horizon. It seemed as though the morning sun had risen solely to welcome our return. After starting elementary school, trips back to my hometown grew sparse, and that direct train quietly closed down. The rails rusted into dotted lines in memory, and my hometown became a faint shadow on a photographic negative (照相底片). Then, last year, Grandpa passed away, and the frequency of returning home suddenly surged. Yet, the journey no longer held the leisurely comfort of childhood it became a long, exhausting journey. We rushed to the airport before daybreak, weighed down by luggage check-ins. The cramped cabin and turbulent air currents added discomfort, while navigating the maze-like airport and enduring hours of road travel left us arriving under completely dark skies. There was no time to admire the scenery, let alone the endless sea of clouds outside the airplane window. This year, upon hearing that the long-suspended train had resumed operation, an indescribable excitement welled up in my heart. A month ago, I finally boarded this long-missed train again. As night fell, the train slowly set off. The familiar voices in the carriage, mingling with the rhythmic clatter of wheels against tracks, blended into a nostalgic lullaby (怀旧的摇篮曲). Lying on the bunk, I felt the gentle sway of the train, as though cradled in the arms of Mother Earth...Years have blurred the details of my memory, and I have sketched it one by one with my imagination. Finally, the train arrived at my hometown. The moment I met my grandma, the long-accumulated yearning in my heart burst out like a tidal stream now... 13．Why does the author describe the train journey in her childhood? A．To compare the train journey with air travel. B．To show the inconvenience of traveling by train. C．To emphasize the long distance to her hometown. D．To highlight the beauty and warmth of the train journey. 14．What does the underlined word “sparse” in paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Rare. B．Frequent. C．Regular. D．Complex. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards modern travel by air? A．Indifferent. B．Grateful. C．Dissatisfied. D．Enthusiastic. 16．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Memories of My Hometown B．Old tracks Back Home C．The Change of Transportation D．The Beauty of Air Travel 6 Cognitive dissonance, a concept introduced by psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person engages in actions that conflict with their self-perception. According to Festinger’s theory, individuals are motivated to reduce this discomfort by altering their beliefs, justifying their behavior, or avoiding contradictory information. For example, a student who spends excessive money on a new smartphone but later regrets it might convince themselves, “This phone is worth it because it improves my study efficiency,” even if evidence suggests otherwise. This rationalization helps reduce the dissonance between their action (spending money) and their belief (saving money is wise). Another common example is a smoker who knows cigarettes harm health but continues smoking. To ease the discomfort, they might tell themselves, “Smoking helps me relax, and stress is worse for my health anyway.” Here, the contradiction between their behavior (smoking) and knowledge (health risks) drives them to invent justifications. Research shows cognitive dissonance can influence decision-making in areas like health, ethics, and consumer behavior. In a classic experiment, participants who were paid $ 1 to lie about a boring task being enjoyable later reported greater enjoyment of the task than those paid $ 20. Festinger argued that those paid $ 1 experienced stronger dissonance (lying for little reward) and thus adjusted their attitude to be in line with their behavior. While cognitive dissonance theory has been widely applied, critics note that cultural factors may affect how individuals cope with contradictions. For example, in cultures that value group unity (like many Asian societies), people may focus more on avoiding conflict with others than on sticking to their own beliefs. 17．What is cognitive dissonance mainly about? A．A method to enhance decision-making skills and reduce stress. B．Mental stress caused by conflicts between beliefs and actions. C．Cultural variations in solving inner contradictions from views. D．Avoiding truths that cause personal discomfort or pressure. 18．The word “rationalization” in Paragraph 2 most likely means . A．admitting personal mistakes openly B．developing logical plans carefully C．balancing different choices fairly D．inventing seemingly sound excuses 19．Why did participants paid $1 in the experiment report enjoying the task more? A．They found the task genuinely interesting. B．They wanted to please the researchers. C．They needed to justify their low reward. D．They were influenced by peer pressure. 20．In collectivist cultures, how might individuals handle cognitive dissonance? A．They focus on changing personal beliefs over consistency actions. B．They prioritize maintaining group harmony over personal views. C．They avoid all situations that cause mental discomfort. D．They rely on financial benefits to justify contradictions. 7 Researchers are working on making transparent (透明的) wood using natural materials that are good for the environment. This new material could replace plastic in things like smartphones and windows. The problem with plastic is that it is not biodegradable, which means it doesn’t disappear in nature. Transparent wood is made by removing some parts of wood, like lignin (a substance that makes wood hard) and hemicellulose (a type of sugar that helps hold the structure of wood together), leaving only cellulose (the main substance in wood). After that, the wood is soaked in a mixture of egg whites and rice juice to make it strong and semi-transparent. Bharat Baruah, a chemistry professor at Kennesaw State University, was inspired by his hobby of woodworking. He also thought about how buildings were made in his home state of Assam in northeastern India, where builders used a mix of sand, sticky rice, and egg whites to make strong materials. Baruah thought these materials could be used to make transparent wood strong without using harmful plastic. To make transparent wood, the team used a vacuum (真空) and some chemicals like sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, and diluted bleach. These chemicals were used to remove the lignin and hemicellulose. Then, they soaked the wood in the egg white and rice mixture, which filled the holes in the wood and kept it transparent. The result was a wood that is flexible, strong, and semi-transparent. The team also tested the transparent wood in windows. They found that the wood kept a small house cooler than glass windows did. This shows that transparent wood could be a good, energy-saving choice for windows. The researchers also added tiny wires to make the wood able to conduct electricity, which could be useful for things like wearable sensors or solar cells. Although the transparent wood is not completely clear yet, the team is happy with their progress. The materials are natural and cheap, and they hope to make the wood fully biodegradable in the future while still keeping it strong and useful. 21．What makes transparent wood a more eco-friendly option than plastic? A．Its ability to break down naturally. B．Its ability to use wind energy. C．Its strength and long-lasting nature. D．Its lightness and low energy use. 22．What inspired Bharat Baruah to explore transparent wood? A．Interest in plastic alternatives. B．Desire to use metal in construction. C．Research on eco-friendly materials. D．Woodworking and Assam’s building methods. 23．How did the transparent wood perform in windows? A．It broke easily under pressure. B．It was completely clear like glass. C．It was less energy-efficient than glass. D．It helped maintain a cooler indoor temperature. 24．What do researchers aim to achieve with transparent wood? A．To make it more flexible than plastic. B．To make it a good material for furniture. C．To ensure it remains strong and eco-friendly. D．To make it resistant to water and fire damage. 8 Giving blood regularly may not just be saving the lives of other people, it could also be improving your own blood’s health at a genetic level, according to a new study. A team of researchers compared samples from 217 men who had given blood more than 100 times in their lives, to samples from 212 men who had donated less than 10 times, to look for any variance in blood health. While the differences were subtle, the frequent donors’ blood was more likely to have beneficial mutations (突变) in a gene called DNMT3A．Other mutations in DNMT3A have been previously linked to blood cancer. “Our work is a fascinating example of how our genes interact with the environment as we age.” says stem cell biologist Dominique Bonnet, from The Francis Crick Institute in the UK. Specifically, the team looked at blood stem cells, which produce more blood cells on demand. As we get older, these mechanisms can start to break down, leading to problems with blood cancers such as leukemia (白血病). Blood loss triggers the production of the hormone erythropoietin (促红细胞生成素激素). In lab tests on blood stem cells treated with erythropoietin, the researchers found those with the DNMT3A mutation produced blood faster than those without the mutation. This suggests frequent blood loss leads to more production of the mutated blood cells. Research in mice shows the DNMT3A mutation results in healthier blood levels after the stress of blood loss. “Activities that put low levels of stress on blood cell production allow our blood stem cells to renew and we think this favors mutations that further promote stem cell growth rather than disease.” says Bonnet. However, there are limitations to consider. Blood donors are more likely to be healthier anyway (it’s a condition of giving blood), so figuring out any additional health benefit is tricky, because it might actually come from being in better shape to begin with. “Our sample size is quite modest, so we can’t say that blood donation definitely decreases the occurrence of pre-leukemic mutations.” says Bonnet. In the US, there’s such an urgent need for blood donors that someone needs blood or platelets (small fragments in blood) every two seconds. Having healthier blood is an added bonus. While waiting for more detailed studies to confirm these findings, the study tells us more about how blood cancers can get started in the first place. “We’re now aiming to work out how these different types of mutations play a role in developing leukemia or not, and whether they can be targeted therapeutically.” says stem cell biologist Hector Huerga Encabo, from the Francis Crick Institute. 25．What was the primary focus of the study mentioned in the passage? A．The genetic differences between frequent and occasional blood donors. B．The role of erythropoietin in blood cell production. C．The relationship between blood donation and leukemia. D．The therapeutic applications of DNMT3A mutations 26．According to the research, blood loss affects blood stem cells in that ______ . A．It triggers the production of cancerous cells in the DNMT3A gene B．It accelerates the growth of cells with beneficial DNMT3A mutations C．It benefits the overall health condition of the donors D．It weakens the regenerative capacity of blood stem cells 27．What can be inferred about the DNMT3A gene from the passage? A．Its activity is primarily regulated by environmental factors. B．Most mutations in DNMT3A are harmless and non-functional. C．The gene is only responsible for blood cancer development. D．Its beneficial mutations may enhance blood cell production efficiency. 28．What limitation does the study acknowledge? A．Donors’ genetic backgrounds were not fully accounted for. B．Donors’ pre-existing health conditions might influence results. C．Erythropoietin levels were not measured in the experiment. D．Mouse models cannot accurately reflect human genetic mechanisms. 29．Based on the passage, the research team’s next goal is ______ . A．to develop a new drug targeting DNMT3A mutations B．to conduct large-scale human trials of erythropoietin therapy C．to determine which DNMT3A mutations directly cause leukemia D．to analyze environmental factors influencing blood donation behavior 9 Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber. DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process. Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA． To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. 30．How is digital information stored into DNA? A．By turning binary code into DNA bases. B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures. C．By coating the DNA with amber material. D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples. 31．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage? A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals. B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA． C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness. D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs. 32．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future? A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution. C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration. 33．What’s the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology. B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis. C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system. D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research. 10 GitHub is going multi-model for its Copilot code completion and programming tool (副驾驶代码完成和编程工具). Developers will soon be able to choose models from Anthropic, Google, and OpenAI for GitHub Copilot. GitHub is also announcing Spark, an AI tool for building web apps, and updates to GitHub Copilot in VS Code, Copilot for Xcode, and more at its GitHub Universe conference today. GitHub Copilot users on the web or VS Code can select Claude 3.5, with Gemini 1.5 Pro in the coming weeks. OpenAI’s GPT-4o, ol-preview, and ol-mini models will also be available in GitHub Copilot soon. Developers will be able to toggle (切换) between models during a conversation with Copilot Chat to find the model that’s best for a particular task. “There is no one model to rule every scenario (场景), and developers expect the agency to build with the models that work best for them,” says GitHub CEO Thomas Dohmke. “It is clear the next phase of AI code generation will not only be defined by multi-model functionality, but by multi-model choice.” Microsoft-owned GitHub was the first to launch its AI tool called Copilot in 2021, ahead of Microsoft’s push to make Copilot the center of its AI efforts. It was the first major result of Microsoft’s initial $1 billion investment into OpenAI, and GitHub Copilot now has more than 1.8 million paid subscribers. It will be interesting to see if Microsoft adopts GitHub’ s multi-model approach and opens up its own Copilot AI assistant to models from rivals like Google and Anthropic. GitHub is also announcing Spark today, an AI tool that makes it easier to build web apps using natural language. An initial prompt (初始提示) uses OpenAI and Anthropic models to produce live previews of what the web app will look like, and GitHub Spark users can compare versions as they make changes. GitHub Spark lets experienced developers directly manage code, while beginners can create a web app entirely using natural language. Once the app is created, you can run it on a desktop, tablet, or mobile device and also share the app with others to let people remix and build on top of Spark apps. GitHub Spark is part of GitHub’s vision (愿景) to get to 1 billion developers. “For too long, there has been a barrier of entry separating a vast majority of the world’s population from building software,” says Dohnke. “With Spark, we will enable over one billion personal computer and mobile phone users to build and share their own micro apps directly on GitHub.” GitHub is also announcing more updates to Copilot at its GitHub Universe today. Multi-file edit for GitHub Copilot in VS Code is arriving on November 1st, allowing users to make edits across multiple files at the same time using Copilot Chat. Copilot Extensions will also be available in early 2025, GitHub Copilot for Xcode enters public preview, and Copilot now has a new code review capability. Sign up for Notepad by Tom Warren, a weekly newsletter uncovering the secrets and strategy behind Microsoft’s era-defining bets on AI, gaming, and computing. Subscribe to get the latest straight to your inbox. 34．Which of the following statement is true? A．Google and Anthropic have used Copilot to develop their own AI assistant. B．Developers cannot modify models during a conversation. C．Developers can choose models from Anthropic, OpenAI and Google for GitHub Copilot shortly. D．GitHub Spark can let beginners directly manage code using natural language. 35．GitHub Copilot has gained a large amount of users because ______. A．people nowadays are increasingly interested in building software B．GitHub Spark can assist individuals in building software more easily C．Microsoft initially invested $1 billion in OpenAI D．developers expect the agency to build with the models that work best for them 36．What can we learn about GitHub Spark from paragraphs 5 and 6? A．GitHub Spark is a part of GitHub’s vision which has got 1 billion developers. B．GitHub Spark can help individuals to create a web app which can be used on an iPad. C．OpenAI and Anthropic models can compare versions as they make changes. D．Individuals can create and share their own micro apps using GitHub Copilot. 37．What is the passage intended to do? A．Share some latest information about GitHub Spark. B．Showcase the AI development of Microsoft. C．Appeal to more users to create apps. D．Make a subscription of a weekly newsletter. 11 When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share? A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.” O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication. Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting. Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention. 38．What does the study focus on? A．Children’s use of mobile phones. B．Parents’ reliance on online advice. C．Methods to improve parenting skills. D．Features of popular screen-time articles. 39．How did researchers measure an article’s lasting influence? A．By checking its shares in BuzzSumo. B．By calculating its evergreen score. C．By counting its total likes on websites. D．By predicting its long-term growth. 40．Which expression increases an article’s sensationalism rating? A．Experts suggest limiting screen time for better sleep quality. B．Researchers noted that screen time effects vary by age group. C．Constant screen time produces non-repairable damage in kids. D．Parents can set an alarm to warn against too much screen time. 41．Which is a finding of the study? A．Negative content gets shared the most. B．Short articles attract more initial attention. C．Emotional language alone drives article popularity. D．Scientific framing influences articles’ long-term popularity. 12 It’s a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny pieces of plastic are flowing through our bodies, a parade of unwelcome houseguests ready to take up residence in some tissue or organ. A wave of new studies has come out recently, and each one seems to paint an ever more vivid picture of how microplastics — and their smaller counterparts, nanoplastics — have infiltrated (渗入) the deepest corners of our body. The lungs, liver and heart, guts and brain — nothing seems to be spared. The outpouring of research has brought enormous visibility to how these fragments (碎片) infiltrate our daily lives. Long studied in oceans, waterways and marine life, researchers have now shifted focus to human health. A decade ago, Heather Leslie could scarcely find anyone to fund her work in this area. “It seemed like nobody wanted to touch it,” says Leslie, a microplastics researcher in the Netherlands whose team was the first to detect these particles in the human bloodstream several years ago. As the work has made progress, so have questions about the damage microplastics could be doing inside of us. Researchers tend to be cautious about making pronouncements because the field is still in a“pioneering phase,” as Leslie put it. And yet there are undoubtedly concerns. Some of the strongest evidence comes from lab studies using animals as well as what’s already known about the damaging effects of chemicals added to plastics. A review of the data published Wednesday concludes that microplastics are suspected to harm human reproductive, digestive and breathing health, with a possible link to colon and lung cancer. “This is a signal that we should be acting now,” says Tracey Woodruff, a senior author on the study who directs the Program on Reproductive Health & the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco. Susanne Brander, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University, says it’s not helpful to“trigger a tremendous state of alarm,” but she agrees that we already know enough about the health risks to push for substantive changes, including a global agreement to limit the rising production of plastics. 42．What does the underlined phrase “parade of unwelcome houseguests” in paragraph 1 imply? A．Beneficial substances entering the body. B．Harmful particles invading the body. C．Organized movement against plastics. D．Medical treatment for plastics. 43．What do lab studies using animals suggest? A．They go against previous findings about plastic additives. B．They prove the safety of microplastics in controlled conditions. C．They offer direct evidence of microplastics’ harm to humans. D．They indicate possible risks needing further study in humans. 44．Which best shows Susanne Brander's attitude? A．Immediate action isn’t needed without definite evidence. B．Global cooperation is important but needs more research. C．Current data is enough to support policy changes. D．The public should be alarmed to drive quick solutions. 45．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To emphasize the health risks of microplastics. B．To put forward solutions for reducing microplastics. C．To introduce Heather Leslie’s research on microplastics. D．To compare microplastics and nanoplastics. 13 How many bosses could rely on their employees threatening to quit in mass if they were abruptly forced out? Sam Altman received such a show of support from more than 700 staff after he was fired from Open AI that he was swiftly restored to his position by the board. But this level of loyalty is not typical and may not always be a good thing. Management experts say staff who are loyal to their employer are inclined to invest more time and effort in their jobs, helping to create an engaged and higher performing workplace. In turn they receive promotions and pay rises. They have a greater sense of belonging and potentially a longer career at the same organisation. But it is not all rosy. People who are too loyal are more likely to take actions that are deemed wrong to keep their jobs and protect their employer, according to a 2021 academic paper. They might overlook wrongdoing and be less likely to expose corruption. Loyalty is sometimes seen as such a force for good that it can be used to justify bad behavior. Often companies and senior bosses are the real winner a of employee loyalty. Research led by Matthew Stanley at Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business published this year, found that managers were more likely to exploit loyal individuals. Stanley recruited almost 1,400 managers to read about a fictional 29-year-old employee called John, who worked for a company that was trying to keep costs down. They had to decide how willing they would be to ask John to work longer hours and take on more work without more pay. Researchers created various situations including labelling John as loyal versus other traits such as honest and fair. Managers were more willing to ask loyal John to take on the burden of unpaid work. However, Consultancy Gallup’s latest state of the workplace report showed that half of the 122, 416 employees who took part in a global survey were looking out for new work. “You can’t guarantee anyone will stick around these days,” says a consultant who advises boards. This is particularly true of younger generations. They trust their bosses less and are not as patient when it comes to career progression, seeing little benefit in keeping their heads down and following orders if they do not see results quickly. 46．What does the author want to say by mentioning Sam Altman in Paragraph 1? A．Open AI’s staff loyalty is quite high. B．Staff loyalty’s rosy side in the work. C．Sam Altman could count on his employees. D．This level of loyalty is not always good. 47．How did Matthew Stanley conduct his research! A．Through global surveys concerning a fictional employee named John. B．By creating different situations to ask John ta take on more unpaid work. C．By asking managers to make decisions about work arrangements of John. D．By recruiting managers to read fiction about work traits like loyal and honest. 48．What can you learn from the passage? A．Loyalty can be used by management to exploit employees. B．Younger generations are more patient towards their employers. C．Employees who are loyal are more likely to report wrongdoing. D．Loyalty to an employer always leads to a positive work environment. 49．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How Job Loyalty Affects the Work Environment? B．Why Staff Loyalty is Not Always a Good Thing? C．Are Loyal Employees More Likely to be Promoted? D．Does Work Loyalty Help Career Progress More Quickly? 14 If you live on this planet, there’s a decent chance you’ve seen the classic Star TrekEpisode, in which captain Kirk and several members find themselves in what appears to be another universe. These days, it seems the idea of the multiverse—many worlds—is having its Hollywood moment. Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious—characters explore a multi-world with varying degrees of similarity to our own, as well as different versions of themselves. Hence, it has been fully established in mainstream pop culture. While Hollywood can’t seem to get enough of the multiverse, it remains deeply controversial (有争议的) among scientists. Advocates on the two sides show no mercy toward each other in their books, on their blogs. But physicists didn’t pull the idea out of thin air—rather, several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence. However, critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative (推测性的) theories from established fact, making it more difficult to keep pseudo-science (伪科学) at bay. Giving credit to such speculation risks “turning fundamental physics into pseudo-science”. The multiverse controversy is rooted in the idea of test ability. If we can’t interact with these other universes, or detect them in any way, some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation. But Carroll, an advocate for “many worlds”, argues that mathematics is the language describing our physical theories. Since Schrdinger’s equation (方程), on which Quanturr (量子) mechanic rests, predicts the existence of many worlds, so be it. Could a more expansive view of the universe itself be the next breakthrough? As Siegfried puts it: “Every time in the past that we’ve thought, ‘We’ve got it; this is what the whole universe is’—the people who’ve said, ‘Maybe there’s more than one of those’ have always turned out to be right.” 50．Why is Hollywood so occupied with the multiverse? A．It makes for engaging plots. B．It is a much-talked-about topic. C．It is helpful to popularize science. D．It dominates the mainstream pop culture. 51．What do the underlined words in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Out of date. B．Out of place. C．Out of nowhere. D．Out of question. 52．According to the opponents, the basic standard of fundamental physics is that ______. A．it can be detected somehow B．it can be reasoned logically C．it can be interpreted philosophically D．it can be predicted by mathematics equation 53．What might be the author’s attitude toward the multiverse? A．Doubtful. B．Dismissive. C．Unclear. D．Approving. 15 Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. These days, you have to make a decision on not only the percentage of fat you want, but also what source you want your milk to be coming from: cows, soybeans... You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused. This phenomenon is known as the paradox (悖论) of choice and it is becoming a concern in the modern world, where more and more options are becoming easily available to us. While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice. The idea was popularized by American psychologist Barry Schwartz when he published his book, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Schwartz, who has long studied the ways in which economics and psychology intersect (交叉), became interested in seeing the way that choices were affecting the happiness of citizens in Western societies. He identified that the range of choices that we have available to us these days is far greater than that people had in the past; however, consumer satisfaction has not increased as much as traditional economics theories might expect. Schwartz identified that the paradox of choice carries the most consequence for people that are maximizers. Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. When there are many options available to maximizers, it becomes harder for them to determine which is the best, which can cause them to feel a great deal of regret after they have made a choice. Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society. 54．What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning buying milk in paragraph 1? A．To lead in the topic. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To show that we have more choices when shopping. D．To indicate that people pay greater attention to health when shopping. 55．What does the paradox of choice suggest? A．More options mean less satisfaction. B．Consumer satisfaction has greatly increased. C．People are happy with more choices. D．Modern people are happier than their ancestors. 56．What can be learned about satisficers? A．They aim for the very best. B．They tend to follow their feelings. C．They often regret their decisions. D．They have trouble making a decision. 57．What does Schwartz suggest people do? A．Hold on to their beliefs. B．Accept their own behavior. C．Give up freedom. D．Limit their own choices. 1 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $