主题17.自然灾害面前的温情-2026年高考二轮复习英语读后续写【主题·语篇·策略】进阶强化

主题17.自然灾害面前的温情 素材积累 一、主题解析 “自然灾害面前的温情” 聚焦极端环境下的人性光辉，是读后续写的高频主题。此类文本以地震、洪水、飓风等灾害为背景，核心矛盾并非灾难本身，而是灾难中个体或群体的善意互动 —— 可能是救援者用身体庇护他人的决绝（如汶川地震中士兵为强天林挡落石），可能是幸存者间共享物资的默契，也可能是跨越十年的感恩追寻。 温情的体现具有鲜明特征：它往往诞生于混乱与绝望的反差中，如临时避难所里传递的热水、余震中紧握的双手；它超越身份与血缘，士兵、邻里、陌生人皆可成为温情的载体；它更具有延续性，被救者长大后成为救援者的转变（如强天林参军），让善意形成闭环。 这一主题的写作核心是 “以小见大”：通过动作细节（shielding from rocks）、场景细节（tents in temporary shelter）和情感细节（teary reunion），展现灾难无法磨灭的人性温度，最终实现 “苦难中生长希望” 的主旨升华。 二、词句储备 1. 基本词汇及短语 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 6 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 natural disaster 自然灾害 earthquake 地震 flood 洪水 hurricane 飓风 landslide 山体滑坡 aftershock 余震 survivor 幸存者 rescuer 救援者 military personnel 军人 temporary shelter 临时避难所 search and rescue 搜救 supply 物资 deliver 派送 shield 保护 grab 抓住 evacuate 撤离 injure 受伤 bleed 流血 survive 幸存 perish 丧生 chaos 混乱 panic 恐慌 despair 绝望 hope 希望 kindness 善意 gratitude 感恩 reunion 重逢 comfort 安慰 assist 帮助 support 支持 donate 捐赠 volunteer 志愿者 emergency 紧急情况 crisis 危机 wreckage 残骸 collapse 坍塌 tremble 颤抖 calm 安抚 bond 联结 memory 回忆 2. 高分词汇及短语 calamity（灾难；灾祸） 【例句】The earthquake turned the village into ruins, but kindness emerged amid the calamity.（地震将村庄变为废墟，但灾难中涌现出善意。） catastrophe（特大灾难） 【例句】After the flood catastrophe, neighbors shared whatever food they had left.（洪水浩劫后，邻里们分享了仅剩的食物。） shelter（v. 庇护；n. 避难所） 【例句】The old man sheltered three orphans under his broken roof during the hurricane.（飓风期间，老人在破屋顶下庇护了三个孤儿。） alleviate（缓解；减轻） 【例句】The soldier's smile alleviated the child's fear amid aftershocks.（士兵的微笑缓解了孩子在余震中的恐惧。） consolation（安慰；慰藉） 【例句】The warm blanket became a small consolation for the homeless survivor.（温暖的毯子成了无家可归幸存者的一点慰藉。） selfless（无私的） 【例句】His selfless act of saving strangers cost him a broken arm.（他拯救陌生人的无私行为让他摔断了手臂。） compassion（同情心） 【例句】Compassion drove the nurse to work 48 hours straight in the disaster zone.（同情心驱使护士在灾区连续工作 48 小时。） endeavor（努力；尝试） 【例句】Rescuers made every endeavor to pull the girl out of the collapsed building.（救援者竭尽全力将女孩从坍塌的建筑中救出。） perseverance（坚韧不拔） 【例句】Their perseverance in helping each other kept them alive through the snowstorm.（他们互帮互助的坚韧让他们熬过了暴风雪。） reassure（使安心） 【例句】The officer reassured the villagers that supplies would arrive soon.（军官向村民保证物资很快会到。） devastate（摧毁；使荒芜） 【例句】Although the earthquake devastated the town, it couldn't break their bonds.（地震摧毁了小镇，却无法打破他们的联结。） rally（v. 团结；集结） 【例句】The community rallied together to rebuild homes after the flood.（洪水后，社区团结起来重建家园。） benevolence（仁慈；善行） 【例句】The stranger's benevolence—giving his last bottle of water—saved the hiker.（陌生人的善行 —— 给出最后一瓶水 —— 救了徒步者。） traumatize（使受创伤） 【例句】The child was traumatized by the hurricane, but daily kindness healed him gradually.（孩子因飓风受创，但日常的善意逐渐治愈了他。） sustain（支撑；维持） 【例句】Hope sustained them during the days without food.（没有食物的日子里，希望支撑着他们。） frantic（狂乱的；焦急的） 【例句】She made frantic calls until she found her family in the shelter.（她焦急地打电话，直到在避难所找到家人。） heartwarming（暖心的） 【例句】The reunion between the rescuer and survivor was a heartwarming moment.（救援者与幸存者的重逢是暖心的时刻。） undaunted（无畏的） 【例句】Undaunted by aftershocks, the team continued searching for survivors.（团队不惧余震，继续搜救幸存者。） solace（慰藉；安慰） 【例句】Talking about his lost family brought him solace from the volunteer.（与志愿者谈起逝去的家人，他得到了慰藉。） legacy（遗产；遗留影响） 【例句】The soldier's kindness left a legacy of courage for the young survivor.（士兵的善意给年轻幸存者留下了勇气的遗产。） 3. 高分句式 Amid the chaos of the earthquake, a soldier's selfless act became the light in the darkness.（在地震的混乱中，一名士兵的无私行为成了黑暗中的光。） Had it not been for the neighbor's help, she couldn't have survived the flood.（若非邻居相助，她无法在洪水中幸存。） The moment he saw the bleeding rescuer, tears welled up in his eyes.（看到流血的救援者那一刻，他热泪盈眶。） It was the warmth from strangers that sustained them through the harsh winter after the disaster.（正是陌生人的温暖支撑他们度过了灾后的严冬。） No matter how devastating the hurricane was, it could never destroy people's compassion.（无论飓风多么具毁灭性，都无法摧毁人们的同情心。） As aftershocks kept coming, the old man held the orphan tightly in his arms.（余震不断，老人将孤儿紧紧抱在怀里。） What impressed her most was the rescuer's smile despite his injured hands.（最让她印象深刻的是救援者虽双手受伤却依然微笑。） It dawned on him that kindness is the most powerful force in adversity.（他逐渐明白，善意是逆境中最强大的力量。） Tired as they were, the volunteers kept distributing supplies to the survivors.（尽管疲惫，志愿者们仍在给幸存者分发物资。） The little girl gave the soldier a drawing, which became his most precious possession.（小女孩给了士兵一幅画，那成了他最珍贵的物品。） Not until he became a rescuer did he understand the courage of his savior.（直到成为救援者，他才明白拯救者的勇气。） With debris falling around them, they helped each other climb to safety.（碎片在周围坠落，他们互相帮助爬向安全地带。） The memory of the nurse's comfort kept him going during his recovery.（护士的安慰回忆支撑他度过康复期。） Such is human nature—we tend to show our best selves when disaster strikes.（这就是人性 —— 灾难来临时，我们往往展现出最好的一面。） He searched for his savior for ten years, determined to pass on the kindness.（他寻找拯救者十年，决心传递这份善意。） The shelter, though simple, was filled with laughter and mutual care.（避难所虽简陋，却充满笑声与互相关怀。） It was not wealth but compassion that helped the community rebuild.（帮助社区重建的不是财富，而是同情心。） When the supply truck arrived, cheers erupted from the crowd of survivors.（物资车到达时，幸存者人群中爆发出欢呼。） She will never forget the day when a stranger shared his last piece of bread with her.（她永远不会忘记陌生人与她分享最后一片面包的那天。） Hard as the situation was, everyone tried their best to help those in need.（尽管处境艰难，每个人都尽力帮助有需要的人。） The bond formed in the disaster linked two families across thousands of miles.（灾难中形成的联结将两个家庭跨越千里联系在一起。） Seeing the children's smiling faces, the rescuers felt all their efforts were worthwhile.（看到孩子们的笑脸，救援者觉得所有努力都值得。） It is in times of crisis that we realize how precious human connection is.（正是在危机时刻，我们才意识到人际联结多么珍贵。） The soldier shielded the boy with his body, ignoring the falling rocks.（士兵不顾落石，用身体护住男孩。） Years later, she still remembers the warmth of the blanket given by the volunteer.（多年后，她仍记得志愿者给的毯子的温暖。） No sooner had the earthquake stopped than people started rescuing each other.（地震一停，人们就开始互相救援。） The story of their reunion touched millions of people online.（他们重逢的故事感动了网上数百万人。） What kept them hopeful was the belief that help would arrive soon.（支撑他们抱有希望的是相信救援很快会到。） Despite the trauma, the survivors chose to help others instead of feeling desperate.（尽管受创，幸存者选择帮助他人而非陷入绝望。） The kindness shown in the disaster became a lifelong inspiration for the young man.（灾难中展现的善意成了年轻人一生的激励。） 三、写作策略 【策略解析】 主题类型 段落主体 典型词句 写作要求 写作策略 救援互助型 1. 灾难突发（环境描写 + 人物反应）；2. 善意行动（动作细节 + 心理描写）；3. 即时影响（情感变化 + 场景收尾） shield from rocks, distribute supplies, tears welled up, warmth in chaos 1. 动作描写具体（如 “grabbed tightly” 而非 “helped”）；2. 情感真实可感；3. 符合灾难场景逻辑 1. 用环境反差烘托温情（如 “frantic cries vs. soft comfort”）；2. 加入微动作（“tiptoed to give water”）增强画面感；3. 借物品串联情节（如毯子、画） 跨时感恩型 1. 回忆触发（眼前事物 + 灾难记忆）；2. 追寻过程（努力 + 波折）；3. 重逢升华（情感碰撞 + 主旨点题） search for years, reunion, pass on kindness, legacy of courage 1. 今昔对比鲜明；2. 感恩动机清晰；3. 结尾呼应初心 1. 用时间线索串联（如 “10 years later”）；2. 借对话还原过往（“I remember your bleeding hands”）；3. 用主旨句升华（如 “The search was for kindness itself”） 群体支撑型 1. 困境呈现（群体遭遇 + 共同焦虑）；2. 团结行动（分工合作 + 互相鼓励）；3. 希望显现（集体力量 + 未来期许） rally together, mutual care, sustain each other, rebuild homes 1. 兼顾个体与群体描写；2. 体现协作细节；3. 传递积极信念 1. 用排比展现群像（“Some carried supplies, some comforted kids”）；2. 以小见大（如共享食物反映集体精神）；3. 用环境变化暗示希望（“sunlight through broken windows”） 【策略应用】 [写作试题] （2025届福建省厦门市高三下学期第二次质检英语试题）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 This morning, I asked Mom to take me to the pool. But she reminded me I’d watch kids for her as she got a job interview at the radio station. Still, I asked, “Couldn’t Julie watch them instead?” “She can help, Jess, but she’s only ten. I’ll feel better with a fifteen-year-old in charge, honey.” Mom gave me a hug and off she went. So there I was, stuck watching my five year-old sister Lyssa and three-year-old brother Dougie. I usually don’t mind watching the kids, but the problem was our little rented trailer house(拖车房屋). It’s like living in a barbecue cooker in hot days. Well, as is said, “What is, is.” and I decided to make the best of it. We moved out into the front yard and I filled a paddling pool for the kids. I noticed that the sky looked a little strange — greenish-yellow, with gray clouds rising for miles — but I didn’t think anything of it. As kids jumped in the pool, I settled down to read my magazine. I put on headphones and turned the volume up loud enough to block out their noise. Before long I got lost in a cool story. I was almost at the end when Julie came over to me, dropping water on my article. I took my headphones off, “Hey, what’s wrong with you? ” She pointed upwards. That’s when I saw the sky and about fell off my chair. Not only had the clouds moved toward us, they were swirling(打旋). I hadn’t realized how much the wind had picked up. A huge, gray-black funnel(漏斗)snaked down from the sky to the ground—a real, live tornado! And it headed our way at a high speed! Though I had learned about tornado safety, at that moment, the only thing I could remember was that a tornado develops fast and that trailer houses are the worst place to take shelter. I tried hard to remember other safety tips. Get low. Yeah. If you’re caught outside, find the lowest spot. Scanning around, my eye stopped on a line of bushes. 注意： (1)续写词数应为150个左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。 There was a ditch(沟渠)there for shelter, a hundred yards off. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [范文实践] 【参考范文】       There was a ditch (沟渠) there for shelter, a hundred yards off. I quickly gathered the kids, yelling, “Run to the ditch! As fast as you can!” The wind howled, and debris flew everywhere. Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly, and I grabbed Lyssa. We ran with all our might. The force of the wind pushed against us, making each step a struggle. When we reached the ditch, we huddled together. I covered the kids with my body, praying the tornado would pass. The noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring. I could feel the ground shaking beneath us. But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over. The howling wind gradually died down, and the debris stopped flying. I slowly lifted my head and looked around. The world seemed a bit surreal. Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer were scattered. We climbed out of the ditch. The kids were shaken but unhurt. I felt a huge sense of relief wash over me. As we made our way back to the damaged trailer, I knew we were lucky to be alive. And I was proud of us for handling the terrifying situation so bravely. 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在一个可能遭遇龙卷风的日子里，负责照看年幼的弟弟妹妹，当意识到龙卷风即将来临时，作者迅速采取行动，带领弟弟妹妹们跑到附近的沟渠躲避，最终大家安全无恙的故事。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“那里有一条沟渠可以躲避，距离我们一百码远。”以及第二段首句内容“但几分钟后，龙卷风过去了。”可知，第一段可描写作者带着弟弟妹妹们跑到了沟渠，紧紧挤在了一起。 ②由第二段首句内容“但几分钟后，龙卷风过去了。”可知，第二段可描写龙卷风过去了，看着周围的废墟，作者感到自己和弟弟妹妹们非常幸运。 2.续写线索：作者发现一百码开外的一条沟渠可以让他们躲避龙卷风——于是，作者召集弟弟妹妹们跑到沟渠那儿——终于他们挣扎着到达了沟渠——作者用身体护住了弟弟妹妹——心中祈祷着龙卷风赶紧过去——幸运的是，几分钟后，龙卷风过去了——他们环顾四周，看到了一片废墟——作者觉得自己和弟弟妹妹们非常幸运，同时也为自己感到自豪 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①抓住：grab/catch ②到达：reach/arrive at ③处理：handle/deal with 情绪类 ①幸运的：lucky/fortunate ②对……感到自豪：be proud of/take pride in 【高分句型1】When we reached the ditch, we huddled together.（运用了when引导的状语从句） 【高分句型2】As we made our way back to the damaged trailer, I knew we were lucky to be alive.（运用了as引导的状语从句和省略that的宾语从句） [策略示例] 一、紧扣 “危机应对与成长”，锚定叙事核心 该试题的主题类型属于 “突发危机下的责任担当与生存自救”，核心线索围绕 “龙卷风突袭时，15 岁的作者如何带领弟弟妹妹、邻居孩子安全避险” 展开。这类主题要求续写内容必须紧扣 “危机应对” 的真实性和 “人物成长” 的合理性，既要符合现实中龙卷风灾害的场景逻辑，也要体现主角从 “不情愿照看孩子” 到 “主动承担责任” 的心理转变。 从材料来看，前文铺垫了 “拖车房不适合避险”“作者学过龙卷风安全知识” 等关键信息，续写需紧密承接这些伏笔。例如答案中 “Though I had learned about tornado safety... Get low. Yeah. If you’re caught outside, find the lowest spot” 的表述，既呼应了前文的知识储备，又符合 “危机中调动已有经验” 的现实逻辑；而 “我 covered the kids with my body” 的动作描写，则凸显了主角在危机中的责任担当，与主题中 “成长” 的内核高度契合。 二、遵循 “承接 - 发展 - 收尾” 逻辑，保证叙事连贯 读后续写的每个段落需严格遵循 “给定开头句承接 - 情节自然发展 - 段落意义收尾” 的结构，同时两段之间要形成 “危机发生 - 危机结束” 的完整叙事链。 （一）第一段：聚焦 “危机应对过程”，强化紧张感 给定开头句 “There was a ditch there for shelter, a hundred yards off” 明确了 “躲避地点” 这一核心信息，续写需围绕 “如何到达沟渠、在沟渠中如何避险” 展开，通过动作、环境、心理描写营造紧张氛围。 承接开头：答案以 “I quickly gathered the kids, yelling, ‘Run to the ditch! As fast as you can!’” 直接承接 “沟渠可避险” 的信息，用 “quickly”“yelling” 等词瞬间激活紧张场景； 情节发展：通过 “The wind howled, and debris flew everywhere”“The force of the wind pushed against us, making each step a struggle” 等环境描写，展现避险过程的艰难，同时用 “Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly, and I grabbed Lyssa” 的动作细节，体现团队协作； 段落收尾：以 “I covered the kids with my body, praying the tornado would pass... I could feel the ground shaking beneath us” 收尾，既完成了 “到达沟渠并避险” 的情节闭环，又留下 “危机仍在持续” 的悬念，为第二段铺垫。 （二）第二段：聚焦 “危机后的场景与感悟”，传递情感价值 给定开头句 “But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over” 标志着 “危机结束”，续写需围绕 “环境变化、人物状态、心理感悟” 展开，形成叙事的情感升华。 承接开头：答案用 “The howling wind gradually died down, and the debris stopped flying” 承接 “龙卷风结束”，通过 “gradually” 体现场景变化的层次感； 情节发展：通过 “Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer were scattered” 的环境描写展现灾害的破坏力，与前文 “拖车房炎热但平静” 的场景形成对比，同时用 “The kids were shaken but unhurt” 交代人物安全状态，缓解紧张情绪； 段落收尾：以 “I felt a huge sense of relief... I was proud of us for handling the terrifying situation so bravely” 收尾，既呼应了前文 “不情愿照看孩子” 的初始心态，又完成了 “责任担当与自我认可” 的情感升华，让叙事完整且有深度。 三、兼顾 “场景适配性” 与 “情感表达力”，增强文本感染力 读后续写的词句选择需满足两个核心要求：一是符合场景的 “真实性”，二是传递人物的 “情感性”。该试题中，答案通过精准的动词、环境描写词和情感表达句，让文本更具画面感和感染力。 （一）动作描写：凸显 “紧迫性” 与 “主动性” 体现危机中的紧迫感：“gathered the kids”“yelling”“ran with all our might”“huddled together”“covered the kids with my body” 等短语，用连续的动作链展现 “发现危机 - 采取行动 - 保护他人” 的过程，符合 “龙卷风突袭时反应迅速” 的场景逻辑； 体现危机后的状态：“slowly lifted my head”“climbed out of the ditch”“made our way back” 等动作，用 “slowly”“made our way” 等词体现 “危机后谨慎、疲惫但安全” 的状态，与前文的紧张形成对比。 （二）环境描写：营造 “紧张感” 与 “反差感” 危机中的环境：“The wind howled”“debris flew everywhere”“The noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring”“the ground shaking beneath us” 等描写，用 “howled”“deafening”“roaring” 等拟声词和比喻，将龙卷风的破坏力具象化，让读者身临其境； 危机后的环境：“Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer were scattered”“The world seemed a bit surreal” 等描写，既客观展现灾害后果，又通过 “surreal” 传递人物对灾难的震惊，增强文本情感共鸣。 （三）情感表达：实现 “隐性铺垫” 与 “显性升华” 隐性情感铺垫：前文 “I usually don’t mind watching the kids, but the problem was...” 体现作者对照看孩子的 “轻微抵触”，答案中 “I felt a huge sense of relief... I was proud of us” 则通过 “relief”“proud” 完成情感转变，这种 “抵触 - 担当 - 自豪” 的情感线，让人物形象更立体； 显性情感表达：“praying the tornado would pass”“we were lucky to be alive” 等句子，直接传递 “担忧”“庆幸” 的情感，符合 “危机中普通人的真实心理”，避免情感表达空洞。 四、把控 “词数限制” 与 “逻辑连贯”，确保符合规范 题目明确要求 “续写词数应为 150 个左右” 且 “构成一篇完整的短文”，这需要在写作中兼顾 “内容充实” 与 “简洁凝练”，同时保证与前文的逻辑衔接。 （一）词数控制：精准分配情节，避免详略失衡 第一段（约 75 词）：聚焦 “跑向沟渠 - 在沟渠避险” 的核心情节，用 “召集孩子（15 词）- 艰难奔跑（20 词）- 沟渠避险（40 词）” 的结构分配内容，既完整展现过程，又不冗余； 第二段（约 75 词）：聚焦 “龙卷风结束 - 查看环境 - 情感感悟”，用 “环境变化（20 词）- 人物状态（20 词）- 情感升华（35 词）” 的结构，确保每个部分有足够细节支撑，同时不超出词数限制。 （二）逻辑连贯：依托 “伏笔呼应” 与 “过渡词句”，避免断层 伏笔呼应：前文提到 “trailer houses are the worst place to take shelter”“learned about tornado safety”，答案中 “parts of the trailer were scattered”“Get low... find the lowest spot” 分别呼应这两个伏笔，让续写与前文形成 “问题 - 应对 - 结果” 的逻辑闭环； 过渡词句：第一段用 “The wind howled”“When we reached the ditch” 等词句衔接 “奔跑” 与 “避险” 的情节，第二段用 “But in a couple of minutes”“As we made our way back” 衔接 “危机结束” 与 “返回查看” 的情节，避免情节跳跃。 五、写作策略：运用 “场景还原法” 与 “情感代入法”，提升创作质量 针对该类 “突发危机” 主题的读后续写，可采用以下策略确保内容优质： （一）场景还原法：基于现实常识，让情节更真实 写作前需调动 “龙卷风灾害” 的现实认知：龙卷风伴随强风、 debris（碎片）、巨大噪音；避险需远离建筑物、寻找低洼处；灾害后会出现树木倒伏、房屋损毁等场景。答案中 “a huge, gray-black funnel snaked down”“debris flew everywhere”“Trees were uprooted” 等描写，均符合现实中龙卷风的特征，避免出现 “在拖车房内避险”“龙卷风持续半小时” 等违背常识的情节。 （二）情感代入法：立足人物身份，让心理更合理 主角是 15 岁的青少年，既有 “学过安全知识” 的理性，也有 “面对灾害时的紧张”；照看的是 5 岁和 3 岁的孩子，需体现 “保护弱小” 的责任感。答案中 “我 tried hard to remember other safety tips” 体现理性，“praying the tornado would pass” 体现紧张，“covered the kids with my body” 体现责任，这些心理和行为符合 “15 岁青少年” 的身份设定，避免出现 “冷静指挥如成人”“忽视孩子安全” 等不符合人物身份的情节。 （三）细节补充法：添加 “微小动作” 与 “感官描写”，让文本更生动 在核心情节中加入细节：如 “Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly” 中 “tightly” 体现孩子的恐惧，“I slowly lifted my head” 中 “slowly” 体现危机后的谨慎，“the noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring” 中 “like a thousand trains roaring” 用听觉比喻增强画面感。这些细节无需过多词数，却能让文本从 “完成叙事” 升级为 “感染读者”。 实战演练 1．（24-25高三上·湖南娄底·阶段练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 By nature, I’m a shy person. I don’t like to be front and center. I am uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations, and I dislike being the “new kid” in a group of people. My retired husband and I had moved to California to be near our daughter and her family. After everything was settled, I felt restless and somewhat lonely. When I told my elderly neighbor that I still didn’t know anyone, she said, “Nobody is going to come knocking on your door. Get out there and look for them.” One afternoon, I noticed a small ad in our local newspaper asking for Support Volunteers to help out at the fire department. Maybe I could do some filing or other office work. I called and was told they were starting a class to train new volunteers. When I realized that everyone was going to be new at the same time, I smiled. I was interviewed, and passed. I was nervous on the first day. But as soon as I met the other new volunteers, I discovered this particular group was made up of retired people with interests similar to my own. They wanted to be active and wanted to be of service to the community. The Support Volunteers came from many different walks of life. Together, we made up an efficient, knowledgeable, and capable team. When the training was completed, we were issued fire-department dress uniforms. Each of us was on duty for twenty-four hours, one day a week, with a partner. While on duty, we transferred mail and equipment to and from the city’s seven fire stations, and fire/police headquarters. We also taught businesses and the public how to use fire extinguishers (灭火器) , and handed out fire-prevention information at community events. I became well qualified for my service. Although I initially joined the volunteers to meet people, I continued my satisfying work with the Support Volunteers because of something that happened a few years ago. In that particular summer night, in the place I lived, a large wildfire was burning, causing a threat to people in the city. The department where I volunteered had been asked to gather up everyone to the shelter center in case the fire lost control. 注意： 1. 续写词数应为150个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。 Upon receiving the order, we sprang into action. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Wheeling the elderly man to the center, I knew we had to put up there. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．（2022·山东·模拟预测）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Winter and spring are always rainy in northwest Washington State. But this time the clouds outdid themselves, dipping the town of Oso in twice the usual rainfall. When the sun at last shone on Saturday, Anna’s three older kids ran outside to play with friends. Inside, Anna nursed their youngest, four-month-old Kristian. Suddenly Anna heard a sound — like the roar of a jet. The lights began to shine in an unsteady way. She rushed outside in time to see a half-mile-wide tsunami (海啸) of mud and sand thundering down the hill toward them. Scared, Anna gathered everyone into the bedroom farthest from the falling hillside. Kris, Anna’s husband, a 31-year-old carpenter, was pulling woods with great effort when he got a hysterical call from Anna. The mountain had fallen, she cried. Houses had been swept away. He knew it was the landslide. The man sped back toward State Route530 and home. But traffic on SR 530 had come to a stop. The highway and everything on both sides of it were covered with sand, fallen trees, and chunks of what used to be homes. A roof sat in the middle of what had been the road. Kris jumped out of the truck and ran along the highway. Almost immediately, the mud came up to his knees. After stepping across fallen trees and pieces of walls, he heard a woman scream for help. As he followed the sound through mud that was now waist-high, he found the river was rising. Soon he had to climb over the house to reach the source of the cries, about 100 yards from the road. He finally reached a dark-haired young woman buried under pieces of walls, furniture, and trees. Her head was bloody and she was holding a baby boy. The baby wasn’t looking good, and the mother said she couldn’t feel her own legs. Kris kept her talking while he pulled away the wood, metal, and furniture springs trapping the mother and child. At last, he was able to free them. 注意： 1.续写词数应为 150 左右； 2.请按如下格式作答。 Paragraph 1: Meanwhile, Kris heard a man letting out a cry of pain from the ruins. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: With the rescue team now taking the lead in freeing the man, Kris moved on to rushing home. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3．（23-24高三上·湖北武汉·阶段练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 I woke up to the sound of rumbling (隆隆声). At first, I thought it was thunder, but then I felt the ground shake beneath me. I sat up in bed, my heart pounding in my chest. It took a few moments for me to realize what was happening — an earthquake. I had always heard stories about earthquakes, but I had never experienced one myself. I knew that I needed to act fast to ensure my survival. The room was shaking violently, and I struggled to keep my balance. I quickly got out of bed and tried to make my way to the door. I stumbled and fell a few times, but I managed to make it to the door and open it. As I stepped outside, I met with chaos. The ground was still shaking, and I could hear the sound of buildings collapsing in the distance. People were running in all directions, screaming and crying. I knew that I needed to find a safe place to take cover. I remembered reading that doorways were one of the safest places during an earthquake, so I made my way to the nearest doorway and waited there. The ground continued to shake, and I had never felt so scared in my life. After what seemed like an eternity (永恒), the shaking finally stopped. I cautiously stepped out of the doorway, looking around at the destruction that the earthquake had caused.Buildings had crumbled to the ground, and fires were burning in the distance. I remembered that I had a survival kit in my car, so I made my way to the parking lot. When I got there, I saw that my car had been crushed by debris (碎片) from a nearby building. I realized that I was on my own. I knew that I needed to stay calm and think rationally. I looked around and saw a group of people huddled together across the street. I made my way over to them, and they welcomed me into their group. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150个左右； 2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 Together, we worked to find a safe place to take shelter. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Eventually, after a few days, help arrived, and we were brought to safety. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4．（2022·广东茂名·二模）阅读下面文章，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一个完整短文。 A narrow escape A holiday in Penang is an annual affair for my family. My parents grew up in Penang and are very fond of Penang food. In December every year, we drive up to the island to spend three days visiting their favorite food spots. This year, we started our journey up north on a Friday morning. The drive was interrupted by stops at Bidor Town and Kampar so it took us six hours to reach our destination. We stayed at one of the hotels in Batu Ferringhi. The beach was just a short walk from the hotel entrance and our rooms had a lovely view of the sea. We spent our first evening playing on the beach. After dinner, we returned to our rooms to play Monopoly. My parents have a rule for our holidays which is that we should spend time doing things together. There was to be no TV and no Internet. The next morning, we went to Bukit Bendera and then spent the rest of the afternoon in town visiting our favorite hawker stalls (小贩摊位). As we were having tea at a shop, we overheard people talking about an earthquake near Sumatera, an island in Indonesia. But we didn’t care too much. Afterwards we headed back to the hotel and then went to the beach. We took a walk along the beach, picking up seashells along the way. Suddenly, I noticed a strange thing. The sea seemed to be retreating (后退) from the shore. I felt a little uneasy, so I asked my father to look at the curious occurrence. My father took one look and went pale. We saw a grey line in the distance moving towards the shore. It seemed to grow taller by the second. It was a tsunami (海啸)! 注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按如下格式作答。 My farther should shouted at us to run back to the hotel. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ We waited a long time before going downstairs. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 As Hurricane Lan bore down on Florida, many residents who stayed put found themselves unable to leave even if they tried. For hours they were forced to fight heavy winds and attempt to escape flooding inside long-loved homes that had become frightening, deadly traps. Within days, around 100 deaths in the state would be attributed to the hurricane, many of them were older residents who drowned. When the water slipped in under the door of their home, it was just a glimmer on the floor, a sign that it was time to go. It was Wednesday, Sept.28, around noon, and Bishop woke up her two brothers, who had been resting after lunch. She pulled the wheelchair up to the oldest, Russell, 67. Her other brother, Todd, 63, could manage with a walker. Both men had been born with cerebral palsy (脑瘫), and their mental development was like that of a young child. About 10 years ago, they started showing signs of Parkinson’s disease. But they found joy in their surroundings. Todd liked collecting cans at the beach. Russell loved riding the bus and going to parks. Bishop, 61, was their lifeline, their little sister who had long felt an obligation to keep them safe. “We’ve got to get going!” she shouted to them. She went to open the front door. It would not move. The weight of the water on the other side had made it shut. She rushed to try the door to the garage. It, too, was stuck. That’s when the house began to flood. It went from ankle-deep to knee-deep in less than five minutes. Bishop knew that there was no way out. Now Bishop and her brothers were trapped. At 12:34 p.m., she called 911 but couldn’t get through. There was no one she could get in touch with. To try her fortune, she texted a neighbor, Walters, who was always there when neighbors were in need, “Water’s coming in.” Around her, she could hear the dining room hutch (餐具柜) tipping and crashing, the china breaking, the refrigerator toppling over. 注意： (1)续写词数应为150左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6．（2023·湖南郴州·三模）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Ken Scott kicked of the covers and leapt out of bed at his home in the Rocky Mountain town of Mullan,Idaho.It was 6 a.m.on January 7, 2020, and he was on a mission: He’d just heard on the radio that the nearby Silver Mountain Resort had been blessed with nearly a foot and a half of new snow. As a ski addict who’d worked in the industry for the past 30 years as a ski patroller (滑雪巡逻员)and equipment salesperson, he didn’t want to miss this perfect skiing chance. These conditions are what skiers live for-even experienced and skilled as Scott, who, at 55, still skied 100 days a year. When Scott reached Silver Mountain’s locker room, he ran into his friend Warren, 58, a former ski instructor who had also been a regular on these slopes for more than two decades. “Can you believe it?” he said as they changed into their boots. “Sixteen inches! Are you ready?” For the next hour, the pair skied on various runs under a lightly gloomy sky, making fresh tracks. They were both in a playful mood. Finally, they reached 16-to-1, an expert-level trail, which was now open. It had been closed all season over concerns that skiers might cause an avalanche (雪崩). But that morning, patrollers had cleared loose snow on the peak, reducing the chance of a snowslide. “What do you think?” asked Warren. “Let’s go for it!” Scott replied. When they reached the top of 16-to-1, Warren excitedly looked back at Scott. The huge, toothy grin on his bearded face was what he needed. He pointed his skis downhill and took off. So thrilled were they that they isolated everything around them. Flying on the trail, despite the biting wind, their hearts burnt with passion for this great skiing. Whoomph! A sudden roar from behind nearly deafened them. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150左右； 2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 In a second, they realized what was happening. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Bring help! Ken was missing,” Warren said anxiously on the phone. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7．（21-22高三上·河北沧州·阶段练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头句子，续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 When I worked as a nurse, I was on day duty while my workmates were on night duty. On one shift, I sensed something just before going off duty at 11 am. I put down the tray(托盘） on the table and suddenly it fell off the table. At first I thought I had accidentally knocked it over, but then I felt the whole building shaking and heard patients were screaming.   I realized that an earthquake was happening. I quickly caught hold of a nearby patient, who was terribly frightened and pushed her under a bed. And then, I got under another bed myself.  As soon as the earthquake stopped, I decided to try and get the patient safely outside. I carried her out and helped her down to the grassland, where several other people had gathered. Afraid that my other workmates were in danger, I went back inside the building again. When I met Lucy ,our ward sister(护士长），I found her patient couldn't walk. We made a seat for the patient by linking our hands and arms, and carried her outside together. We went back through the building to check no one was left behind in our ward(病房）. Just then, we saw that a man doctor was calling for volunteers to go down to other wards with him to help more people. So we went together. The doctor went ahead of us and found one of the nurses partially covered with rubble（碎石），luckily still alive. Suddenly, the aftershock (余震）struck and the doctor ordered us to leave. The brave doctor intended to stay alone and risk his own life to save the nurse. 注意：续写字数应为150词左右。 Paragraph 1: However, without any hesitation, we made up our minds to stay with the doctor and save the nurse together. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: Later in the afternoon, I had time to look around and saw some destroyed buildings. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8．（21-22高三上·湖北武汉·阶段练习）阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。 When a tornado(龙卷风) touched down in a small town nearby,many families were left completed ruined. Afterward all the local newspapers carried many human-interest stories featuring some of the families who suffered the hardest. One Sunday, a particular picture especially touched me. A young woman stood in front of an entirely shattered(破碎的) mobile home, a depressed expression on her face. A young boy, seven or eight years old, stood at her side, eyes downward. Clutching(紧握) at her skirt was a tiny girl who stared into the camera, eyes wide with confusion and fear. The article that went with the picture gave the clothing sizes of each family member. With growing interest, I noticed that their sizes closely matched ours. This would be a good opportunity to teach my children to help those less fortunate than themselves. I stuck the picture of the young family on our refrigerator, explaining their difficulty to my seven-year-old twins, Brad and Brett, and to three-year-old Meghan. “These poor people now have nothing,” I said. “We’ll share what we have with them. I brought three large boxes down from the room upstairs and placed them on the living room floor. Meghan watched seriously, as the boys and I filled one of the boxes with canned goods and foods. While I sorted through our clothes, I encouraged the boys to go through their toys and donate some of their less favorite things. Meghan watched quietly as the boys piled up old toys and games. Meghan walked up with Lucy, her worn, much-loved rag doll hugged tightly to her chest. She came to the box that held the toys, pressed her round little face into Lucy's flat, painted-on-face, gave her a final kiss, then laid her gently on top of the other toys. “Oh, Honey,” I said.” You don’t have to give Lucy. You love her so much.” Meghan nodded seriously, eyes filled with held-back tears. "Lucy makes me happy, Mommy. Maybe she’ll make that other little girl happy,too.” Paragraph. 1: The boys had watched,open-mouthed,as their baby sister placed her favorite doll in the box. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph. 2: I looked my children for a long moment. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案 1． Upon receiving the order, we sprang into action. Divided into several groups, we were sent to different neighborhoods of the city. Just as I was looking into the neighborhood, an elderly man in his wheelchair caught my attention. From the confusion on his face, I could tell that he didn’t know what was actually happening, and where everyone else had gone to. Hurrying up to him, I explained what was happening and what everyone was asked to do. He gladly allowed me to wheel him to the shelter center. Wheeling the elderly man to the center, I knew we had to put up there. Before long, we volunteers went about our duties, taking out the food we’d prepared and presenting it to everyone present. Meanwhile, we cooked delicious supper for them. Seeing the contented expression on their faces, I felt wonderful that I could do something for everyone. The fire could be controlled, and everything would return to normal. Nothing could be better than the feeling that I was helping to make a difference in the life of other people. 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了性格内向的作者随丈夫搬到加利福尼亚后，感到寂寞烦躁，于是应聘成为了一名帮助消防部门的志愿者，希望可以结交一些朋友。培训结束后，作者与同伴们相处融洽，顺利上岗。一次巨大的野火让作者真正投入到了志愿工作中去，尽职的工作帮助了很多人，也得到了人们的认可，作者也因此一直继续着这份志愿者工作。 1. 段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“一接到命令，我们就立即行动起来。”可知，第一段可描写作者和其他志愿者们具体的行动，以及对一个坐着轮椅的老人的帮助。 ②由第二段首句内容“我把老人推到中心，我知道我们必须在那里过夜。”可知，第二段可描写作者和其他志愿者们在中心为准备人们的露宿所做的具体服务，以及作者的感受。 2. 续写线索：立即行动——分组援助——注意到坐轮椅的老人——解释、安抚——推老人到中心——分发食物——制作晚餐——感受——点明主题 3. 词汇激活： 行为类： ①发生：happen/take place ②允许：allow/permit ③被要求做：be asked to do/be requested to do ④展示、呈现：present/display 情绪类： ①困惑：confusion/puzzlement ②满意的：contented/satisfied 【高分句型1】From the confusion on his face, I could tell that he didn’t know what was actually happening, and where everyone else had gone to. (运用了以连接词that引导的宾语从句和what以及where连接的两个并列的宾语从句) 【高分句型2】Before long, we volunteers went about our duties, taking out the food we’d prepared and presenting it to everyone present. (运用了现在分词作状语和省略关系代词引导的限制性定语从句) 2． Paragraph 1: Meanwhile, Kris heard a man letting out a cry of pain from the ruins. Stepping toward the house, Kris sank into mud up to his shoulders. His arms and legs were immobilized, but finally he managed to slowly twist his way out of the mud and continued toward the destroyed house. He spotted a man buried in the remnants of the house, whose face was covered with blood. He was buried too deeply for Kris to free him. So Kris climbed up on the roof, found the search and rescue team, and led them to the buried man. Paragraph 2: With the rescue team now taking the lead in freeing the man, Kris moved on to rushing home. Hours later, Kris finally reached home and the mud had stopped. He looked around the destroyed house, failing to spot Anna and kids. Desperate to find them, he checked all cars and houses nearby and then ran back toward the rescue center along State Route 530. Not long after he arrived, the carpenter saw Anna’s car coming down the road. Anna pulled over, leaped out, and ran to him. He folded her in his arms close. Softly, he spoke, “Let’s go home, Anna.” 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了木匠Kris一家所在的Oso小镇突然遭遇了海啸，山体滑玻、房屋坍塌、泥沙淤积， Kris在接到妻子Anna的电话后火速回家营救家人，然而公路被泥沙、倒下的树木和房子所覆盖，所以他扔下车沿着公路向家中跑去。在途中，他遇见一位被困的女子和她的孩子，他不顾自身安危，奋力抢救，最终解救了这对母子。同时在回家的途中还救助了另一名被困的男子，最终他和家人团聚了。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“与此同时，Kris听到废墟中有人发出痛苦的叫声”可知，第一段主要描述Kris救助该男子的情形，再结合第二段的开头可知，救援队也抵达了受灾地区进行救援，故可推知Kris会向救援队求助。 ②由第二段首句内容“救援队率先救出了这名男子，Kris继续往家跑。”可知，第二段可描写Kris回到家中营救家人的情形的描述。根据文中的环境描写可以推测出，海啸灾情严重，Kris的家应该也已是废墟一片， 所以他的妻子Anna可能已经带着孩子离家寻求救援，故本段可以朝着Kris回到家中，却发现空无一人，继而寻找家人，并最终和家人重聚的方向进行描述。 2.续写线索：听见叫声——设法脱身——发现男子被埋——帮助救出被埋男子——回家——发现安娜和孩子——团聚 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①发现：spot/see/catch sight of ②检查：check/examine ③继续：continue/go on 情绪类 ①渴望的：desperate/eager ②痛苦：pain/misery [高分句型1] He spotted a man buried in the remnants of the house, whose face was covered with blood. (运用了whose引导非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] He looked around the destroyed house, failing to spot Anna and kids. (运用了现在分词作状语) 3． Together, we worked to find a safe place to take shelter. We found a nearby park that was relatively undamaged in the earthquake, and started to set up camp there. We used whatever materials we could find to build temporary shelters and shared our resources with each other. Over the next few days, we worked together to survive. We rationed our food and water we found, and took turns keeping a watch out for any signs of danger. We built a sense of community, and tried to support each other through the trauma of the earthquake. Eventually, after a few days, help arrived, and we were brought to safety. Looking back on the experience, I realized that I had never felt more alive. Staying calm and working together can make all the difference. I had survived an earthquake, and I had done it with the help of others. It is a reminder that even in the darkest times, there is always hope. I have learned the lesson from this experience and I will use it to prepare for any further disasters that might come my way. 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在隆隆声中醒来，意识到发生了地震后迅速行动，从房间里跑到了外面，所见之处，房倒屋塌，一片混乱。作者环顾四周，看到一群人聚集在街对面，于是走过去加入了他们。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“我们一起努力寻找一个安全的地方避难。”可知，第一段可描写作者一行人是如何在救援到来之前努力生存的。 ②由第二段首句内容“几天后，救援终于来了，我们被带到安全的地方。”可知，第二段可描写作者从这次经历中收获的人生感悟，在与陌生人的相互帮助下，作者从地震中幸存了下来，这次经历告诉他，即使在至暗时刻也总是会有希望。 2.续写线索：找到一个公园——建造临时住所——努力生存——救援到来——个人感悟 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①开始扎营：start to set up camp/begin to put up camp ②建造临时避难所：build temporary shelters/construct temporary shelters ③为……做准备：prepare for/make preparations for 情绪类 ①保持冷静：stay calm/keep calm ②希望：hope/prospect [高分句型1] We found a nearby park that was relatively undamaged in the earthquake, and started to set up camp there.(运用了关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Looking back on the experience, I realized that I had never felt more alive.(运用了现在分词作时间状语和连词that引导的宾语从句) [高分句型3] It is a reminder that even in the darkest times, there is always hope.(运用了that引导同位语语从句) 4． My father shouted at us to run back to the hotel. He grabbed my hand and pulled me with him. As we reached the hotel hall, I heard a very loud sound behind us. Dad pushed us towards the stairs. When we reached the second floor we heard the noise of rushing water and glass breaking. Dad yelled at us to keep climbing. The water level rose so fast that it wet my feet as I ran the last few steps to the third floor. We stopped on the fourth floor and looked down at the water below us. It had stopped rising. After some minutes, it began to drop. We waited a long time before going downstairs. The hotel hall was unrecognizable. There was dirt and broken furniture scattered everywhere. Some people who were caught in the tsunami were either unconscious or groaning with pain. Only then did I realize what a narrow escape we had had. Dad called an ambulance and we helped the staff carry the injured. Other people cleared up the broken furniture. With our joint efforts, the hotel hall was back to its original condition. 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者一家喜欢去海滩度假，一次在海边散步时，作者发现了大海的异常，海啸发生了。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“我父亲大声叫我们跑回旅馆”可知，第一段可描写父亲看到风雨欲袭的场面后，想方设法带领全家人脱险。 ②由第二段首句内容“我们等了很长时间才下楼”可知，第二段可描写海水退去后旅馆一片狼藉的景象和我们帮忙收拾，最终使得旅馆大厅恢复了原样。 2.续写线索： 在父亲带领下逃生——海啸退却——旅馆一片狼藉——灾后感悟 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①对……大喊：yell at/cry out/shout at ②抓住：grab/seize/hold ③下降：drop/fall 情绪类 ①痛苦地：with pain/painfully ②响亮的，大声的：loud/clangorous/ringing [高分句型1] Some people who were caught in the tsunami were either unconscious or groaning with pain.(运用了who引导限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Only then did I realize what a narrow escape we had had.(运用了倒装句和what引导的宾语从句) 5． The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs. First she helped Todd pull himself slowly up to the second floor, where he waited in a chair. But stairs were impossible for Russell, who could not walk nor bend his stiff legs. Bishop tried hard to pull him up the stairs, but Russell was too heavy for her. She tried every possible position, switching from pushing to pulling, but Russel was yelling “I can’t, I can’t” all the time and he was slipping and sliding. Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. Looking outside, everywhere she saw it was water, and she could even see cars floating by. “Thank God, the wind and the rain stopped.” At around 6:30 p.m, Bishop heard a familiar voice calling outside, “Hello?! Hello?! Anyone in?” It was Walters. Standing in waist-deep water, Walters instructed two of his friends to paddle the canoes near. Bishop held her brothers tightly in her arms, crying “Thank God, Walters is coming to save us!” 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了飓风Lan袭击了佛罗里达州，几天之内，该州约有100人死于飓风，其中许多是溺水身亡的老年居民，Bishop叫醒了两个哥哥，她的两个哥哥出生时都患有脑瘫，智力发育就像一个小孩子，大约10年前，他们开始表现出帕金森病的迹象，由于水太多，Bishop打不开门，Bishop和哥哥们被困住了，她给邻居Walters发了一条短信说屋里进水了，Walters在邻居有需要的时候总是在那里。在她周围，她能听到餐厅的厨具被掀翻了，瓷器碎了，冰箱倒了。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“唯一的出路就是上楼，所以Bishop带着她的两个哥哥上了楼梯。”可知，第一段可描写Bishop如何尝试带哥哥上楼梯。 ②由第二段首句内容“Bishop陷入了绝望，但她注意到水不再进来了。”可知，第二段可描写Bishop和哥哥们如何获救。 2.续写线索：帮助Todd上楼——帮助拉Russell上楼——Russell上不 了楼——风雨停了——Walters赶到——Walters指示朋友救人——Bishop和哥哥们得救 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①帮助：help/assist ②拉：pull/draw ③指示：instruct/direct 情绪类 ①感谢：thank/be grateful ②紧紧拥抱：hold...tightly in one’s arms/hug...tightly [高分句型1] First she helped Todd pull himself slowly up to the second floor, where he waited in a chair. (由关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] But stairs were impossible for Russell, who could not walk nor bend his stiff legs. (由关系代词who引导的非限制性定语从句) 6． In a second, they realized what was happening. “Avalanche!” crying out, they saw terror in each other’s eyes. Instantly, both were hit by heavy slabs of snow. Warren felt it enclosing him, moving quickly up his back and over his shoulders, then heavy against his neck. Snow filled the space in front of him and piled up around his body. He was almost buried. Struggling out of the snowbank, he looked around, trying to find Ken. “KEN!” Warren shouted anxiously, but no reply. Warren knew he had to reach Scott quickly because of the 30-minute survival window. He pulled out his phone and called for help. “Bring help! Ken was missing,” Warren said anxiously on the phone. Word spread quickly, and soon Silver Mountain’s patrols and skiers arrived at the avalanche site with shovels and ten-foot poles with which they could probe for Scott. Rescuers formed a horizontal line along the slope, each standing just two feet apart, and inserted their probes down into the deep, chunky snow, hoping to hit and locate the buried skier. Twenty minutes into the search, a rescuer shouted, “A strike!” Tears streaming down his face, Warren knew they opened the life window for Scott. 【写作解析】 文章以滑雪的进展为线索展开，讲述滑雪爱好者Ken Scott去Silver Mountain Resort滑雪时遇到了好友Warren，两人在天气不好的情况下尽情地滑雪。当达到16-to-1这个专家级线路时，他们决定去尝试，因为巡逻人员早上清除了松散了雪，因此雪崩的几率不大。正当两人在赛道上飞驰时，听到身后震耳欲聋的轰鸣声。 1.段落续写： ①根据第一段首句“一秒钟后，他们意识到发生了什么。”结合上文提到雪崩可知，下文可描写雪崩发生时的场景，以及两人的遭遇——Warren幸存，Ken Scott不知去向。于是，Warren打电话求助。 ②根据第二段首句“‘救命！肯不见了，’沃伦在电话里焦急地说。”可知，下文可描写滑雪基地的滑雪者和管理人员闻讯赶来救助的画面，以及Ken Scott最终得救。 2.续写线索：雪崩发生——两人的遭遇——Warren幸存并求助——打电话——众人闻讯赶来——努力寻找——找到Ken Scott 3.词类激活 行为类 ①看见：see/take notice of ②大叫：shout/yell ③传开：spread/get round 情绪类 ①恐惧：terror/horror/fright ②焦急地：anxiously/worriedly [高分句型1] Struggling out of the snowbank, he looked around, trying to find Ken.（运用了现在分词作状语） [高分句型2]Tears streaming down his face, Warren knew they opened the life window for Scott.（运用了独立主格结构和省略引导词that的宾语从句） 7． However, without any hesitation, we made up our minds to stay with the doctor and save the nurse together. The doctor encouraged the trapped nurse to stay calm, and in the meanwhile ,we focused our efforts on removing the bricks and the rubble that trapped her body. However, sometimes we were faced with falling rubble from time to time, despite which we continued. Gradually and slowly, we lifted the nurse out of the rubble. The doctor put the nurse on his back and walked out of the building with the help of us. Finally, all, including patients, nurses and doctors, were in the safe place. Later in the afternoon, I I had time to look around and saw the some destroyed buildings. My beautiful workplace lay beyond recognition, even some in ruins. At the sight of this, I felt a weight in my chest. Suddenly, the gentle wind danced around me, which made me thought of all the people surviving the earthquake with our help. It was our teamwork that made a difference. I held the firm belief that some day in the future my workplace would came back to life and took on a new look, where we would continue working together to save more patients. 【写作解析】 本文是以人物为线索，讲述一名护士在值班时碰到了地震，就想方设法把尽可能多的人救出病房和医院大楼。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“然而，没有犹豫，我们决定和那位医生一起就那位护士。”可知，第一段可描述作者、护士长和医生一起救那位护士的过程。 ②由第二段首句内容“下午晚点的时候，我有时间看看周围，发现了一些被毁了的建筑。”可知，第二段可描述作者在地震之后的所见所想。 2.续写线索：和护士长留下——医生鼓励被困护士——挪开砖头瓦砾——救出被困护士——感慨劫后余生——期待震后重建 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①集中在…上：focused on/fix on ②面对：were faced with/face ③继续：continued /keep on 情绪类 ①保持镇定：stay calm/keep calm ②感觉有压力：felt a weight in my chest/feel stressed [高分句型1]The doctor encouraged the trapped nurse to stay calm, and in the meanwhile ,we focused our efforts on removing the bricks and the rubble that trapped her body.（由that引导的定语从句） [高分句型2]However, sometimes we were faced with falling rubble from time to time, despite which we continued.（由which引导的定语从句） [高分句型3]I held the firm belief that some day in the future my workplace would came back to life and took on a new look, where we would continue working together to save more patients. （由that引导的同位语从句和where引导的定语从句） 8． The boys had watched, open-mouthed, as their baby sister placed her favorite doll in the box. Without a word, Brad rose and went to his room. He came back carrying one of his favorite action figures. He hesitated briefly, clutching the toy, then looked over at Meghan and placed it in the box next to Lucy. A slow smile spread across Brett’s face. Then he jumped up, eyes twinkling as he ran to fetch some of his prized Matchbox cars. Astonished, I realized that the boys had also recognized what little Meghan’s gesture meant.​ I looked at my children for a long moment. Swallowing back tears, I pulled all three of them into my arms. Inspired by my little ones, I removed my old jacket from the box of clothes. I replaced it with the new hunter green jacket that I had found on sale last week. I hoped the young woman in the picture would love it as much as I did. It’s easy to give what we don’t want any more, but harder to let go of things we cherish. However, the true spirit of giving is to give with your heart. 【写作解析】 本文以一张报纸上照片为线索展开。讲述了一次严重的龙卷风灾害后，作者在报纸上看到了很多受灾家庭的照片，心生怜悯之情。于是决定发动自己的家人向他们捐赠一些物资，自己的女儿将自己最喜欢的玩具也捐了出去的故事。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“当他们的小妹妹把她最喜欢的洋娃娃放进盒子里时，两个男孩张大了嘴巴看着。”可知，第一段可描写男孩子门在看到妹妹这一举动之后的表现。 ②由第二段首句内容“我盯着我的孩子看了很长时间。”可知，第二段可描写作者在看到自己孩子的举动之后的反应和内心的感悟。 2.续写线索：男孩子惊讶——男孩子拿出自己的东西——我惊讶——拿出我的东西——感悟 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①.放弃： let go of / abandon ②.忍住泪水：swallowing back/holding back tears 情绪类 ①.惊讶：astonished / amazed / be surprised ②.犹豫：hesitate/stand at [高分句型1]. I realized that the boys had also recognized what little Meghan’s gesture meant.（that引导的宾语从句和what引导的宾语从句） [高分句型2]. Swallowing back tears, I pulled all three of them into my arms. Inspired by my little ones, I removed my old jacket from the box of clothes.（由现在分词作伴随状语） [高分句型3]. I replaced it with the new hunter green jacket that I had found on sale last week.（that引导的定语从句） $ 主题17.自然灾害面前的温情 素材积累 一、主题解析 “自然灾害面前的温情” 聚焦极端环境下的人性光辉，是读后续写的高频主题。此类文本以地震、洪水、飓风等灾害为背景，核心矛盾并非灾难本身，而是灾难中个体或群体的善意互动 —— 可能是救援者用身体庇护他人的决绝（如汶川地震中士兵为强天林挡落石），可能是幸存者间共享物资的默契，也可能是跨越十年的感恩追寻。 温情的体现具有鲜明特征：它往往诞生于混乱与绝望的反差中，如临时避难所里传递的热水、余震中紧握的双手；它超越身份与血缘，士兵、邻里、陌生人皆可成为温情的载体；它更具有延续性，被救者长大后成为救援者的转变（如强天林参军），让善意形成闭环。 这一主题的写作核心是 “以小见大”：通过动作细节（shielding from rocks）、场景细节（tents in temporary shelter）和情感细节（teary reunion），展现灾难无法磨灭的人性温度，最终实现 “苦难中生长希望” 的主旨升华。 二、词句储备 1. 基本词汇及短语 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 6 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 natural disaster 自然灾害 earthquake 地震 flood 洪水 hurricane 飓风 landslide 山体滑坡 aftershock 余震 survivor 幸存者 rescuer 救援者 military personnel 军人 temporary shelter 临时避难所 search and rescue 搜救 supply 物资 deliver 派送 shield 保护 grab 抓住 evacuate 撤离 injure 受伤 bleed 流血 survive 幸存 perish 丧生 chaos 混乱 panic 恐慌 despair 绝望 hope 希望 kindness 善意 gratitude 感恩 reunion 重逢 comfort 安慰 assist 帮助 support 支持 donate 捐赠 volunteer 志愿者 emergency 紧急情况 crisis 危机 wreckage 残骸 collapse 坍塌 tremble 颤抖 calm 安抚 bond 联结 memory 回忆 2. 高分词汇及短语 calamity（灾难；灾祸） 【例句】The earthquake turned the village into ruins, but kindness emerged amid the calamity.（地震将村庄变为废墟，但灾难中涌现出善意。） catastrophe（特大灾难） 【例句】After the flood catastrophe, neighbors shared whatever food they had left.（洪水浩劫后，邻里们分享了仅剩的食物。） shelter（v. 庇护；n. 避难所） 【例句】The old man sheltered three orphans under his broken roof during the hurricane.（飓风期间，老人在破屋顶下庇护了三个孤儿。） alleviate（缓解；减轻） 【例句】The soldier's smile alleviated the child's fear amid aftershocks.（士兵的微笑缓解了孩子在余震中的恐惧。） consolation（安慰；慰藉） 【例句】The warm blanket became a small consolation for the homeless survivor.（温暖的毯子成了无家可归幸存者的一点慰藉。） selfless（无私的） 【例句】His selfless act of saving strangers cost him a broken arm.（他拯救陌生人的无私行为让他摔断了手臂。） compassion（同情心） 【例句】Compassion drove the nurse to work 48 hours straight in the disaster zone.（同情心驱使护士在灾区连续工作 48 小时。） endeavor（努力；尝试） 【例句】Rescuers made every endeavor to pull the girl out of the collapsed building.（救援者竭尽全力将女孩从坍塌的建筑中救出。） perseverance（坚韧不拔） 【例句】Their perseverance in helping each other kept them alive through the snowstorm.（他们互帮互助的坚韧让他们熬过了暴风雪。） reassure（使安心） 【例句】The officer reassured the villagers that supplies would arrive soon.（军官向村民保证物资很快会到。） devastate（摧毁；使荒芜） 【例句】Although the earthquake devastated the town, it couldn't break their bonds.（地震摧毁了小镇，却无法打破他们的联结。） rally（v. 团结；集结） 【例句】The community rallied together to rebuild homes after the flood.（洪水后，社区团结起来重建家园。） benevolence（仁慈；善行） 【例句】The stranger's benevolence—giving his last bottle of water—saved the hiker.（陌生人的善行 —— 给出最后一瓶水 —— 救了徒步者。） traumatize（使受创伤） 【例句】The child was traumatized by the hurricane, but daily kindness healed him gradually.（孩子因飓风受创，但日常的善意逐渐治愈了他。） sustain（支撑；维持） 【例句】Hope sustained them during the days without food.（没有食物的日子里，希望支撑着他们。） frantic（狂乱的；焦急的） 【例句】She made frantic calls until she found her family in the shelter.（她焦急地打电话，直到在避难所找到家人。） heartwarming（暖心的） 【例句】The reunion between the rescuer and survivor was a heartwarming moment.（救援者与幸存者的重逢是暖心的时刻。） undaunted（无畏的） 【例句】Undaunted by aftershocks, the team continued searching for survivors.（团队不惧余震，继续搜救幸存者。） solace（慰藉；安慰） 【例句】Talking about his lost family brought him solace from the volunteer.（与志愿者谈起逝去的家人，他得到了慰藉。） legacy（遗产；遗留影响） 【例句】The soldier's kindness left a legacy of courage for the young survivor.（士兵的善意给年轻幸存者留下了勇气的遗产。） 3. 高分句式 Amid the chaos of the earthquake, a soldier's selfless act became the light in the darkness.（在地震的混乱中，一名士兵的无私行为成了黑暗中的光。） Had it not been for the neighbor's help, she couldn't have survived the flood.（若非邻居相助，她无法在洪水中幸存。） The moment he saw the bleeding rescuer, tears welled up in his eyes.（看到流血的救援者那一刻，他热泪盈眶。） It was the warmth from strangers that sustained them through the harsh winter after the disaster.（正是陌生人的温暖支撑他们度过了灾后的严冬。） No matter how devastating the hurricane was, it could never destroy people's compassion.（无论飓风多么具毁灭性，都无法摧毁人们的同情心。） As aftershocks kept coming, the old man held the orphan tightly in his arms.（余震不断，老人将孤儿紧紧抱在怀里。） What impressed her most was the rescuer's smile despite his injured hands.（最让她印象深刻的是救援者虽双手受伤却依然微笑。） It dawned on him that kindness is the most powerful force in adversity.（他逐渐明白，善意是逆境中最强大的力量。） Tired as they were, the volunteers kept distributing supplies to the survivors.（尽管疲惫，志愿者们仍在给幸存者分发物资。） The little girl gave the soldier a drawing, which became his most precious possession.（小女孩给了士兵一幅画，那成了他最珍贵的物品。） Not until he became a rescuer did he understand the courage of his savior.（直到成为救援者，他才明白拯救者的勇气。） With debris falling around them, they helped each other climb to safety.（碎片在周围坠落，他们互相帮助爬向安全地带。） The memory of the nurse's comfort kept him going during his recovery.（护士的安慰回忆支撑他度过康复期。） Such is human nature—we tend to show our best selves when disaster strikes.（这就是人性 —— 灾难来临时，我们往往展现出最好的一面。） He searched for his savior for ten years, determined to pass on the kindness.（他寻找拯救者十年，决心传递这份善意。） The shelter, though simple, was filled with laughter and mutual care.（避难所虽简陋，却充满笑声与互相关怀。） It was not wealth but compassion that helped the community rebuild.（帮助社区重建的不是财富，而是同情心。） When the supply truck arrived, cheers erupted from the crowd of survivors.（物资车到达时，幸存者人群中爆发出欢呼。） She will never forget the day when a stranger shared his last piece of bread with her.（她永远不会忘记陌生人与她分享最后一片面包的那天。） Hard as the situation was, everyone tried their best to help those in need.（尽管处境艰难，每个人都尽力帮助有需要的人。） The bond formed in the disaster linked two families across thousands of miles.（灾难中形成的联结将两个家庭跨越千里联系在一起。） Seeing the children's smiling faces, the rescuers felt all their efforts were worthwhile.（看到孩子们的笑脸，救援者觉得所有努力都值得。） It is in times of crisis that we realize how precious human connection is.（正是在危机时刻，我们才意识到人际联结多么珍贵。） The soldier shielded the boy with his body, ignoring the falling rocks.（士兵不顾落石，用身体护住男孩。） Years later, she still remembers the warmth of the blanket given by the volunteer.（多年后，她仍记得志愿者给的毯子的温暖。） No sooner had the earthquake stopped than people started rescuing each other.（地震一停，人们就开始互相救援。） The story of their reunion touched millions of people online.（他们重逢的故事感动了网上数百万人。） What kept them hopeful was the belief that help would arrive soon.（支撑他们抱有希望的是相信救援很快会到。） Despite the trauma, the survivors chose to help others instead of feeling desperate.（尽管受创，幸存者选择帮助他人而非陷入绝望。） The kindness shown in the disaster became a lifelong inspiration for the young man.（灾难中展现的善意成了年轻人一生的激励。） 三、写作策略 【策略解析】 主题类型 段落主体 典型词句 写作要求 写作策略 救援互助型 1. 灾难突发（环境描写 + 人物反应）；2. 善意行动（动作细节 + 心理描写）；3. 即时影响（情感变化 + 场景收尾） shield from rocks, distribute supplies, tears welled up, warmth in chaos 1. 动作描写具体（如 “grabbed tightly” 而非 “helped”）；2. 情感真实可感；3. 符合灾难场景逻辑 1. 用环境反差烘托温情（如 “frantic cries vs. soft comfort”）；2. 加入微动作（“tiptoed to give water”）增强画面感；3. 借物品串联情节（如毯子、画） 跨时感恩型 1. 回忆触发（眼前事物 + 灾难记忆）；2. 追寻过程（努力 + 波折）；3. 重逢升华（情感碰撞 + 主旨点题） search for years, reunion, pass on kindness, legacy of courage 1. 今昔对比鲜明；2. 感恩动机清晰；3. 结尾呼应初心 1. 用时间线索串联（如 “10 years later”）；2. 借对话还原过往（“I remember your bleeding hands”）；3. 用主旨句升华（如 “The search was for kindness itself”） 群体支撑型 1. 困境呈现（群体遭遇 + 共同焦虑）；2. 团结行动（分工合作 + 互相鼓励）；3. 希望显现（集体力量 + 未来期许） rally together, mutual care, sustain each other, rebuild homes 1. 兼顾个体与群体描写；2. 体现协作细节；3. 传递积极信念 1. 用排比展现群像（“Some carried supplies, some comforted kids”）；2. 以小见大（如共享食物反映集体精神）；3. 用环境变化暗示希望（“sunlight through broken windows”） 【策略应用】 [写作试题] （2025届福建省厦门市高三下学期第二次质检英语试题）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 This morning, I asked Mom to take me to the pool. But she reminded me I’d watch kids for her as she got a job interview at the radio station. Still, I asked, “Couldn’t Julie watch them instead?” “She can help, Jess, but she’s only ten. I’ll feel better with a fifteen-year-old in charge, honey.” Mom gave me a hug and off she went. So there I was, stuck watching my five year-old sister Lyssa and three-year-old brother Dougie. I usually don’t mind watching the kids, but the problem was our little rented trailer house(拖车房屋). It’s like living in a barbecue cooker in hot days. Well, as is said, “What is, is.” and I decided to make the best of it. We moved out into the front yard and I filled a paddling pool for the kids. I noticed that the sky looked a little strange — greenish-yellow, with gray clouds rising for miles — but I didn’t think anything of it. As kids jumped in the pool, I settled down to read my magazine. I put on headphones and turned the volume up loud enough to block out their noise. Before long I got lost in a cool story. I was almost at the end when Julie came over to me, dropping water on my article. I took my headphones off, “Hey, what’s wrong with you? ” She pointed upwards. That’s when I saw the sky and about fell off my chair. Not only had the clouds moved toward us, they were swirling(打旋). I hadn’t realized how much the wind had picked up. A huge, gray-black funnel(漏斗)snaked down from the sky to the ground—a real, live tornado! And it headed our way at a high speed! Though I had learned about tornado safety, at that moment, the only thing I could remember was that a tornado develops fast and that trailer houses are the worst place to take shelter. I tried hard to remember other safety tips. Get low. Yeah. If you’re caught outside, find the lowest spot. Scanning around, my eye stopped on a line of bushes. 注意： (1)续写词数应为150个左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。 There was a ditch(沟渠)there for shelter, a hundred yards off. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [范文实践] 【参考范文】       There was a ditch (沟渠) there for shelter, a hundred yards off. I quickly gathered the kids, yelling, “Run to the ditch! As fast as you can!” The wind howled, and debris flew everywhere. Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly, and I grabbed Lyssa. We ran with all our might. The force of the wind pushed against us, making each step a struggle. When we reached the ditch, we huddled together. I covered the kids with my body, praying the tornado would pass. The noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring. I could feel the ground shaking beneath us. But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over. The howling wind gradually died down, and the debris stopped flying. I slowly lifted my head and looked around. The world seemed a bit surreal. Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer were scattered. We climbed out of the ditch. The kids were shaken but unhurt. I felt a huge sense of relief wash over me. As we made our way back to the damaged trailer, I knew we were lucky to be alive. And I was proud of us for handling the terrifying situation so bravely. 【写作解析】 本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在一个可能遭遇龙卷风的日子里，负责照看年幼的弟弟妹妹，当意识到龙卷风即将来临时，作者迅速采取行动，带领弟弟妹妹们跑到附近的沟渠躲避，最终大家安全无恙的故事。 1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“那里有一条沟渠可以躲避，距离我们一百码远。”以及第二段首句内容“但几分钟后，龙卷风过去了。”可知，第一段可描写作者带着弟弟妹妹们跑到了沟渠，紧紧挤在了一起。 ②由第二段首句内容“但几分钟后，龙卷风过去了。”可知，第二段可描写龙卷风过去了，看着周围的废墟，作者感到自己和弟弟妹妹们非常幸运。 2.续写线索：作者发现一百码开外的一条沟渠可以让他们躲避龙卷风——于是，作者召集弟弟妹妹们跑到沟渠那儿——终于他们挣扎着到达了沟渠——作者用身体护住了弟弟妹妹——心中祈祷着龙卷风赶紧过去——幸运的是，几分钟后，龙卷风过去了——他们环顾四周，看到了一片废墟——作者觉得自己和弟弟妹妹们非常幸运，同时也为自己感到自豪 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①抓住：grab/catch ②到达：reach/arrive at ③处理：handle/deal with 情绪类 ①幸运的：lucky/fortunate ②对……感到自豪：be proud of/take pride in 【高分句型1】When we reached the ditch, we huddled together.（运用了when引导的状语从句） 【高分句型2】As we made our way back to the damaged trailer, I knew we were lucky to be alive.（运用了as引导的状语从句和省略that的宾语从句） [策略示例] 一、紧扣 “危机应对与成长”，锚定叙事核心 该试题的主题类型属于 “突发危机下的责任担当与生存自救”，核心线索围绕 “龙卷风突袭时，15 岁的作者如何带领弟弟妹妹、邻居孩子安全避险” 展开。这类主题要求续写内容必须紧扣 “危机应对” 的真实性和 “人物成长” 的合理性，既要符合现实中龙卷风灾害的场景逻辑，也要体现主角从 “不情愿照看孩子” 到 “主动承担责任” 的心理转变。 从材料来看，前文铺垫了 “拖车房不适合避险”“作者学过龙卷风安全知识” 等关键信息，续写需紧密承接这些伏笔。例如答案中 “Though I had learned about tornado safety... Get low. Yeah. If you’re caught outside, find the lowest spot” 的表述，既呼应了前文的知识储备，又符合 “危机中调动已有经验” 的现实逻辑；而 “我 covered the kids with my body” 的动作描写，则凸显了主角在危机中的责任担当，与主题中 “成长” 的内核高度契合。 二、遵循 “承接 - 发展 - 收尾” 逻辑，保证叙事连贯 读后续写的每个段落需严格遵循 “给定开头句承接 - 情节自然发展 - 段落意义收尾” 的结构，同时两段之间要形成 “危机发生 - 危机结束” 的完整叙事链。 （一）第一段：聚焦 “危机应对过程”，强化紧张感 给定开头句 “There was a ditch there for shelter, a hundred yards off” 明确了 “躲避地点” 这一核心信息，续写需围绕 “如何到达沟渠、在沟渠中如何避险” 展开，通过动作、环境、心理描写营造紧张氛围。 承接开头：答案以 “I quickly gathered the kids, yelling, ‘Run to the ditch! As fast as you can!’” 直接承接 “沟渠可避险” 的信息，用 “quickly”“yelling” 等词瞬间激活紧张场景； 情节发展：通过 “The wind howled, and debris flew everywhere”“The force of the wind pushed against us, making each step a struggle” 等环境描写，展现避险过程的艰难，同时用 “Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly, and I grabbed Lyssa” 的动作细节，体现团队协作； 段落收尾：以 “I covered the kids with my body, praying the tornado would pass... I could feel the ground shaking beneath us” 收尾，既完成了 “到达沟渠并避险” 的情节闭环，又留下 “危机仍在持续” 的悬念，为第二段铺垫。 （二）第二段：聚焦 “危机后的场景与感悟”，传递情感价值 给定开头句 “But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over” 标志着 “危机结束”，续写需围绕 “环境变化、人物状态、心理感悟” 展开，形成叙事的情感升华。 承接开头：答案用 “The howling wind gradually died down, and the debris stopped flying” 承接 “龙卷风结束”，通过 “gradually” 体现场景变化的层次感； 情节发展：通过 “Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer were scattered” 的环境描写展现灾害的破坏力，与前文 “拖车房炎热但平静” 的场景形成对比，同时用 “The kids were shaken but unhurt” 交代人物安全状态，缓解紧张情绪； 段落收尾：以 “I felt a huge sense of relief... I was proud of us for handling the terrifying situation so bravely” 收尾，既呼应了前文 “不情愿照看孩子” 的初始心态，又完成了 “责任担当与自我认可” 的情感升华，让叙事完整且有深度。 三、兼顾 “场景适配性” 与 “情感表达力”，增强文本感染力 读后续写的词句选择需满足两个核心要求：一是符合场景的 “真实性”，二是传递人物的 “情感性”。该试题中，答案通过精准的动词、环境描写词和情感表达句，让文本更具画面感和感染力。 （一）动作描写：凸显 “紧迫性” 与 “主动性” 体现危机中的紧迫感：“gathered the kids”“yelling”“ran with all our might”“huddled together”“covered the kids with my body” 等短语，用连续的动作链展现 “发现危机 - 采取行动 - 保护他人” 的过程，符合 “龙卷风突袭时反应迅速” 的场景逻辑； 体现危机后的状态：“slowly lifted my head”“climbed out of the ditch”“made our way back” 等动作，用 “slowly”“made our way” 等词体现 “危机后谨慎、疲惫但安全” 的状态，与前文的紧张形成对比。 （二）环境描写：营造 “紧张感” 与 “反差感” 危机中的环境：“The wind howled”“debris flew everywhere”“The noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring”“the ground shaking beneath us” 等描写，用 “howled”“deafening”“roaring” 等拟声词和比喻，将龙卷风的破坏力具象化，让读者身临其境； 危机后的环境：“Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer were scattered”“The world seemed a bit surreal” 等描写，既客观展现灾害后果，又通过 “surreal” 传递人物对灾难的震惊，增强文本情感共鸣。 （三）情感表达：实现 “隐性铺垫” 与 “显性升华” 隐性情感铺垫：前文 “I usually don’t mind watching the kids, but the problem was...” 体现作者对照看孩子的 “轻微抵触”，答案中 “I felt a huge sense of relief... I was proud of us” 则通过 “relief”“proud” 完成情感转变，这种 “抵触 - 担当 - 自豪” 的情感线，让人物形象更立体； 显性情感表达：“praying the tornado would pass”“we were lucky to be alive” 等句子，直接传递 “担忧”“庆幸” 的情感，符合 “危机中普通人的真实心理”，避免情感表达空洞。 四、把控 “词数限制” 与 “逻辑连贯”，确保符合规范 题目明确要求 “续写词数应为 150 个左右” 且 “构成一篇完整的短文”，这需要在写作中兼顾 “内容充实” 与 “简洁凝练”，同时保证与前文的逻辑衔接。 （一）词数控制：精准分配情节，避免详略失衡 第一段（约 75 词）：聚焦 “跑向沟渠 - 在沟渠避险” 的核心情节，用 “召集孩子（15 词）- 艰难奔跑（20 词）- 沟渠避险（40 词）” 的结构分配内容，既完整展现过程，又不冗余； 第二段（约 75 词）：聚焦 “龙卷风结束 - 查看环境 - 情感感悟”，用 “环境变化（20 词）- 人物状态（20 词）- 情感升华（35 词）” 的结构，确保每个部分有足够细节支撑，同时不超出词数限制。 （二）逻辑连贯：依托 “伏笔呼应” 与 “过渡词句”，避免断层 伏笔呼应：前文提到 “trailer houses are the worst place to take shelter”“learned about tornado safety”，答案中 “parts of the trailer were scattered”“Get low... find the lowest spot” 分别呼应这两个伏笔，让续写与前文形成 “问题 - 应对 - 结果” 的逻辑闭环； 过渡词句：第一段用 “The wind howled”“When we reached the ditch” 等词句衔接 “奔跑” 与 “避险” 的情节，第二段用 “But in a couple of minutes”“As we made our way back” 衔接 “危机结束” 与 “返回查看” 的情节，避免情节跳跃。 五、写作策略：运用 “场景还原法” 与 “情感代入法”，提升创作质量 针对该类 “突发危机” 主题的读后续写，可采用以下策略确保内容优质： （一）场景还原法：基于现实常识，让情节更真实 写作前需调动 “龙卷风灾害” 的现实认知：龙卷风伴随强风、 debris（碎片）、巨大噪音；避险需远离建筑物、寻找低洼处；灾害后会出现树木倒伏、房屋损毁等场景。答案中 “a huge, gray-black funnel snaked down”“debris flew everywhere”“Trees were uprooted” 等描写，均符合现实中龙卷风的特征，避免出现 “在拖车房内避险”“龙卷风持续半小时” 等违背常识的情节。 （二）情感代入法：立足人物身份，让心理更合理 主角是 15 岁的青少年，既有 “学过安全知识” 的理性，也有 “面对灾害时的紧张”；照看的是 5 岁和 3 岁的孩子，需体现 “保护弱小” 的责任感。答案中 “我 tried hard to remember other safety tips” 体现理性，“praying the tornado would pass” 体现紧张，“covered the kids with my body” 体现责任，这些心理和行为符合 “15 岁青少年” 的身份设定，避免出现 “冷静指挥如成人”“忽视孩子安全” 等不符合人物身份的情节。 （三）细节补充法：添加 “微小动作” 与 “感官描写”，让文本更生动 在核心情节中加入细节：如 “Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly” 中 “tightly” 体现孩子的恐惧，“I slowly lifted my head” 中 “slowly” 体现危机后的谨慎，“the noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring” 中 “like a thousand trains roaring” 用听觉比喻增强画面感。这些细节无需过多词数，却能让文本从 “完成叙事” 升级为 “感染读者”。 实战演练 1．（24-25高三上·湖南娄底·阶段练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 By nature, I’m a shy person. I don’t like to be front and center. I am uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations, and I dislike being the “new kid” in a group of people. My retired husband and I had moved to California to be near our daughter and her family. After everything was settled, I felt restless and somewhat lonely. When I told my elderly neighbor that I still didn’t know anyone, she said, “Nobody is going to come knocking on your door. Get out there and look for them.” One afternoon, I noticed a small ad in our local newspaper asking for Support Volunteers to help out at the fire department. Maybe I could do some filing or other office work. I called and was told they were starting a class to train new volunteers. When I realized that everyone was going to be new at the same time, I smiled. I was interviewed, and passed. I was nervous on the first day. But as soon as I met the other new volunteers, I discovered this particular group was made up of retired people with interests similar to my own. They wanted to be active and wanted to be of service to the community. The Support Volunteers came from many different walks of life. Together, we made up an efficient, knowledgeable, and capable team. When the training was completed, we were issued fire-department dress uniforms. Each of us was on duty for twenty-four hours, one day a week, with a partner. While on duty, we transferred mail and equipment to and from the city’s seven fire stations, and fire/police headquarters. We also taught businesses and the public how to use fire extinguishers (灭火器) , and handed out fire-prevention information at community events. I became well qualified for my service. Although I initially joined the volunteers to meet people, I continued my satisfying work with the Support Volunteers because of something that happened a few years ago. In that particular summer night, in the place I lived, a large wildfire was burning, causing a threat to people in the city. The department where I volunteered had been asked to gather up everyone to the shelter center in case the fire lost control. 注意： 1. 续写词数应为150个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。 Upon receiving the order, we sprang into action. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Wheeling the elderly man to the center, I knew we had to put up there. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．（2022·山东·模拟预测）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Winter and spring are always rainy in northwest Washington State. But this time the clouds outdid themselves, dipping the town of Oso in twice the usual rainfall. When the sun at last shone on Saturday, Anna’s three older kids ran outside to play with friends. Inside, Anna nursed their youngest, four-month-old Kristian. Suddenly Anna heard a sound — like the roar of a jet. The lights began to shine in an unsteady way. She rushed outside in time to see a half-mile-wide tsunami (海啸) of mud and sand thundering down the hill toward them. Scared, Anna gathered everyone into the bedroom farthest from the falling hillside. Kris, Anna’s husband, a 31-year-old carpenter, was pulling woods with great effort when he got a hysterical call from Anna. The mountain had fallen, she cried. Houses had been swept away. He knew it was the landslide. The man sped back toward State Route530 and home. But traffic on SR 530 had come to a stop. The highway and everything on both sides of it were covered with sand, fallen trees, and chunks of what used to be homes. A roof sat in the middle of what had been the road. Kris jumped out of the truck and ran along the highway. Almost immediately, the mud came up to his knees. After stepping across fallen trees and pieces of walls, he heard a woman scream for help. As he followed the sound through mud that was now waist-high, he found the river was rising. Soon he had to climb over the house to reach the source of the cries, about 100 yards from the road. He finally reached a dark-haired young woman buried under pieces of walls, furniture, and trees. Her head was bloody and she was holding a baby boy. The baby wasn’t looking good, and the mother said she couldn’t feel her own legs. Kris kept her talking while he pulled away the wood, metal, and furniture springs trapping the mother and child. At last, he was able to free them. 注意： 1.续写词数应为 150 左右； 2.请按如下格式作答。 Paragraph 1: Meanwhile, Kris heard a man letting out a cry of pain from the ruins. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: With the rescue team now taking the lead in freeing the man, Kris moved on to rushing home. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3．（23-24高三上·湖北武汉·阶段练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 I woke up to the sound of rumbling (隆隆声). At first, I thought it was thunder, but then I felt the ground shake beneath me. I sat up in bed, my heart pounding in my chest. It took a few moments for me to realize what was happening — an earthquake. I had always heard stories about earthquakes, but I had never experienced one myself. I knew that I needed to act fast to ensure my survival. The room was shaking violently, and I struggled to keep my balance. I quickly got out of bed and tried to make my way to the door. I stumbled and fell a few times, but I managed to make it to the door and open it. As I stepped outside, I met with chaos. The ground was still shaking, and I could hear the sound of buildings collapsing in the distance. People were running in all directions, screaming and crying. I knew that I needed to find a safe place to take cover. I remembered reading that doorways were one of the safest places during an earthquake, so I made my way to the nearest doorway and waited there. The ground continued to shake, and I had never felt so scared in my life. After what seemed like an eternity (永恒), the shaking finally stopped. I cautiously stepped out of the doorway, looking around at the destruction that the earthquake had caused.Buildings had crumbled to the ground, and fires were burning in the distance. I remembered that I had a survival kit in my car, so I made my way to the parking lot. When I got there, I saw that my car had been crushed by debris (碎片) from a nearby building. I realized that I was on my own. I knew that I needed to stay calm and think rationally. I looked around and saw a group of people huddled together across the street. I made my way over to them, and they welcomed me into their group. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150个左右； 2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 Together, we worked to find a safe place to take shelter. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Eventually, after a few days, help arrived, and we were brought to safety. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4．（2022·广东茂名·二模）阅读下面文章，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一个完整短文。 A narrow escape A holiday in Penang is an annual affair for my family. My parents grew up in Penang and are very fond of Penang food. In December every year, we drive up to the island to spend three days visiting their favorite food spots. This year, we started our journey up north on a Friday morning. The drive was interrupted by stops at Bidor Town and Kampar so it took us six hours to reach our destination. We stayed at one of the hotels in Batu Ferringhi. The beach was just a short walk from the hotel entrance and our rooms had a lovely view of the sea. We spent our first evening playing on the beach. After dinner, we returned to our rooms to play Monopoly. My parents have a rule for our holidays which is that we should spend time doing things together. There was to be no TV and no Internet. The next morning, we went to Bukit Bendera and then spent the rest of the afternoon in town visiting our favorite hawker stalls (小贩摊位). As we were having tea at a shop, we overheard people talking about an earthquake near Sumatera, an island in Indonesia. But we didn’t care too much. Afterwards we headed back to the hotel and then went to the beach. We took a walk along the beach, picking up seashells along the way. Suddenly, I noticed a strange thing. The sea seemed to be retreating (后退) from the shore. I felt a little uneasy, so I asked my father to look at the curious occurrence. My father took one look and went pale. We saw a grey line in the distance moving towards the shore. It seemed to grow taller by the second. It was a tsunami (海啸)! 注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按如下格式作答。 My farther should shouted at us to run back to the hotel. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ We waited a long time before going downstairs. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 As Hurricane Lan bore down on Florida, many residents who stayed put found themselves unable to leave even if they tried. For hours they were forced to fight heavy winds and attempt to escape flooding inside long-loved homes that had become frightening, deadly traps. Within days, around 100 deaths in the state would be attributed to the hurricane, many of them were older residents who drowned. When the water slipped in under the door of their home, it was just a glimmer on the floor, a sign that it was time to go. It was Wednesday, Sept.28, around noon, and Bishop woke up her two brothers, who had been resting after lunch. She pulled the wheelchair up to the oldest, Russell, 67. Her other brother, Todd, 63, could manage with a walker. Both men had been born with cerebral palsy (脑瘫), and their mental development was like that of a young child. About 10 years ago, they started showing signs of Parkinson’s disease. But they found joy in their surroundings. Todd liked collecting cans at the beach. Russell loved riding the bus and going to parks. Bishop, 61, was their lifeline, their little sister who had long felt an obligation to keep them safe. “We’ve got to get going!” she shouted to them. She went to open the front door. It would not move. The weight of the water on the other side had made it shut. She rushed to try the door to the garage. It, too, was stuck. That’s when the house began to flood. It went from ankle-deep to knee-deep in less than five minutes. Bishop knew that there was no way out. Now Bishop and her brothers were trapped. At 12:34 p.m., she called 911 but couldn’t get through. There was no one she could get in touch with. To try her fortune, she texted a neighbor, Walters, who was always there when neighbors were in need, “Water’s coming in.” Around her, she could hear the dining room hutch (餐具柜) tipping and crashing, the china breaking, the refrigerator toppling over. 注意： (1)续写词数应为150左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6．（2023·湖南郴州·三模）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Ken Scott kicked of the covers and leapt out of bed at his home in the Rocky Mountain town of Mullan,Idaho.It was 6 a.m.on January 7, 2020, and he was on a mission: He’d just heard on the radio that the nearby Silver Mountain Resort had been blessed with nearly a foot and a half of new snow. As a ski addict who’d worked in the industry for the past 30 years as a ski patroller (滑雪巡逻员)and equipment salesperson, he didn’t want to miss this perfect skiing chance. These conditions are what skiers live for-even experienced and skilled as Scott, who, at 55, still skied 100 days a year. When Scott reached Silver Mountain’s locker room, he ran into his friend Warren, 58, a former ski instructor who had also been a regular on these slopes for more than two decades. “Can you believe it?” he said as they changed into their boots. “Sixteen inches! Are you ready?” For the next hour, the pair skied on various runs under a lightly gloomy sky, making fresh tracks. They were both in a playful mood. Finally, they reached 16-to-1, an expert-level trail, which was now open. It had been closed all season over concerns that skiers might cause an avalanche (雪崩). But that morning, patrollers had cleared loose snow on the peak, reducing the chance of a snowslide. “What do you think?” asked Warren. “Let’s go for it!” Scott replied. When they reached the top of 16-to-1, Warren excitedly looked back at Scott. The huge, toothy grin on his bearded face was what he needed. He pointed his skis downhill and took off. So thrilled were they that they isolated everything around them. Flying on the trail, despite the biting wind, their hearts burnt with passion for this great skiing. Whoomph! A sudden roar from behind nearly deafened them. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150左右； 2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 In a second, they realized what was happening. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Bring help! Ken was missing,” Warren said anxiously on the phone. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7．（21-22高三上·河北沧州·阶段练习）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头句子，续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 When I worked as a nurse, I was on day duty while my workmates were on night duty. On one shift, I sensed something just before going off duty at 11 am. I put down the tray(托盘） on the table and suddenly it fell off the table. At first I thought I had accidentally knocked it over, but then I felt the whole building shaking and heard patients were screaming.   I realized that an earthquake was happening. I quickly caught hold of a nearby patient, who was terribly frightened and pushed her under a bed. And then, I got under another bed myself.  As soon as the earthquake stopped, I decided to try and get the patient safely outside. I carried her out and helped her down to the grassland, where several other people had gathered. Afraid that my other workmates were in danger, I went back inside the building again. When I met Lucy ,our ward sister(护士长），I found her patient couldn't walk. We made a seat for the patient by linking our hands and arms, and carried her outside together. We went back through the building to check no one was left behind in our ward(病房）. Just then, we saw that a man doctor was calling for volunteers to go down to other wards with him to help more people. So we went together. The doctor went ahead of us and found one of the nurses partially covered with rubble（碎石），luckily still alive. Suddenly, the aftershock (余震）struck and the doctor ordered us to leave. The brave doctor intended to stay alone and risk his own life to save the nurse. 注意：续写字数应为150词左右。 Paragraph 1: However, without any hesitation, we made up our minds to stay with the doctor and save the nurse together. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: Later in the afternoon, I had time to look around and saw some destroyed buildings. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8．（21-22高三上·湖北武汉·阶段练习）阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。 When a tornado(龙卷风) touched down in a small town nearby,many families were left completed ruined. Afterward all the local newspapers carried many human-interest stories featuring some of the families who suffered the hardest. One Sunday, a particular picture especially touched me. A young woman stood in front of an entirely shattered(破碎的) mobile home, a depressed expression on her face. A young boy, seven or eight years old, stood at her side, eyes downward. Clutching(紧握) at her skirt was a tiny girl who stared into the camera, eyes wide with confusion and fear. The article that went with the picture gave the clothing sizes of each family member. With growing interest, I noticed that their sizes closely matched ours. This would be a good opportunity to teach my children to help those less fortunate than themselves. I stuck the picture of the young family on our refrigerator, explaining their difficulty to my seven-year-old twins, Brad and Brett, and to three-year-old Meghan. “These poor people now have nothing,” I said. “We’ll share what we have with them. I brought three large boxes down from the room upstairs and placed them on the living room floor. Meghan watched seriously, as the boys and I filled one of the boxes with canned goods and foods. While I sorted through our clothes, I encouraged the boys to go through their toys and donate some of their less favorite things. Meghan watched quietly as the boys piled up old toys and games. Meghan walked up with Lucy, her worn, much-loved rag doll hugged tightly to her chest. She came to the box that held the toys, pressed her round little face into Lucy's flat, painted-on-face, gave her a final kiss, then laid her gently on top of the other toys. “Oh, Honey,” I said.” You don’t have to give Lucy. You love her so much.” Meghan nodded seriously, eyes filled with held-back tears. "Lucy makes me happy, Mommy. Maybe she’ll make that other little girl happy,too.” Paragraph. 1: The boys had watched,open-mouthed,as their baby sister placed her favorite doll in the box. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph. 2: I looked my children for a long moment. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $