专题08 时态语态和主谓一致（复习讲义）（江苏专用）2026年春季高考英语

专题08 时态语态和主谓一致 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 1 考点精析与突破 2 考点一：常考时态及用法（重点） 2 考点二：常考被动语态及用法（常考点） 5 考点三：时态语态重难点突破（难点） 6 考点四：主谓一致（重点） 7 实战精练与提升 9 一、考试要求 时态语态和主谓一致是高考英语的核心考点，近五年江苏高考中考查频率稳定，题目设置注重语境化、综合化。具体要求如下： 掌握11种常考时态的构成和用法区别 熟练掌握被动语态的各种时态形式 理解主谓一致的三个原则及其特殊用法 能在具体语境中准确运用时态语态和主谓一致 二、命题分析 语境化考查：在完整语境中判断时态语态的使用 综合化测试：多个语法点混合考查 易错点突出：重点考查学生容易混淆的时态和语态 知识点1、动词的时态 一般时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时 进行时态：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时 完成时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时 完成进行时：现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时 知识点2、动词的语态 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者 知识点3、主谓一致原则 语法一致原则：根据语法形式确定谓语单复数 意义一致原则：根据实际意义确定谓语单复数 就近一致原则：谓语与最近的主语保持一致 · 考点一：常考时态及用法 一、一般现在时 ①表示客观真理、普遍规律（不受时间限制） Time and tide wait for no man. The earth revolves around the sun. Water boils at 100℃ under standard pressure. ②表示经常性、习惯性动作（常接频度副词） They always care for each other and help each other. She usually goes to work by subway except on rainy days. My father reads newspapers after breakfast every morning. ③时间 / 条件状语从句中表将来（主将从现） I’ll write to you when I have time.​ If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.​ You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.​ ④表计划 / 安排的固定动作（come, go 等位移动词）​ The flight takes off at 8:50 a.m.（航班上午 8:50 起飞）​ The shop opens at 8:00 and closes at 21:00 daily.（这家店每天 8 点开张，21 点关门）​ Our school sports meet starts next Friday.（我们学校的运动会下周五开幕） 例题My brother usually ______ (go) to school by bike. 【答案】goes [解析] 主语为第三人称单数，且表示经常性动作，用一般现在时。 二、一般过去时​ ①表示过去具体时间发生的动作（接明确过去状语）​ We met her in the street yesterday. He bought a new computer last month. They visited the History Museum in 2023. ②表示过去的习惯或状态​ When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.​ My grandmother often told stories before I went to bed. She lived in Paris for three years when she was a student.​ ③宾语从句中表过去的动作​ He told me he read an interesting novel last night.​ She said she would come to the party but didn’t appear.​ The teacher asked if we finished the homework.​ 例题When I ______ (be) a child, I often ______ (swim) in this river. 【答案】was; swam 【解析】描述过去的习惯性动作，用一般过去时 三、现在完成时 ①过去动作对现在的影响 / 结果​ I have found the expensive dictionary I lost yesterday. She has broken her glasses, so she can’t see clearly.​ They have eaten up all the food, so we need to buy more. ②从过去持续到现在的动作 / 状态（接 for/since 短语）​ She has lived in Nanjing for ten years. We have known each other since 2018.​ He has worked in this company since he graduated.​ ③固定句型中的用法（This is the first time...）​ This is the first time that I have surfed the net. This is the best film that I have ever seen. It is the third time he has been late this week.​ 例题 In the past decade, great changes ______ (take) place in my hometown. 【答案】have taken 【解析】in the past decade表示从过去持续到现在的时间段，用现在完成时。 四、过去完成时​ ①表示过去的过去（先于另一个过去动作）​ By the time we arrived, the film had already started. He had finished his homework before his mother came back. They had left the station when we got there. ②宾语从句中表过去之前完成的动作​ She said she had seen the movie twice.​ He told me he had lived in London for five years.​ The witness said he had heard the argument before the accident.​ ③与 by + 过去时间状语连用​ By 2022, he had worked as a teacher for ten years. By last month, we had finished half of the project.​ By the end of last term, she had won three scholarships. 例题She ______ (learn) English for three years before she went to college. 【答案】 had learned 【解析】学英语发生在上大学之前，用过去完成时。 五、现在进行时​ ①说话时正在发生的动作​ Look, the train is just getting into the station.​ My mother is cooking dinner in the kitchen now. They are having a meeting at the moment. ②现阶段正在进行的动作（未必此刻）​ The river is flowing after last night’s rain. He is writing a novel these days. We are learning about environmental protection this month. ③与 always 连用表感情色彩（赞扬 / 厌烦）​ The girl is always helping others. He is always complaining about his job.​ My little brother is always asking silly questions. 例题— What’s the noise outside? — A group of children ______ (play) games in the yard. 【答案】are playing 【解析】问句询问此刻外面的噪音，提示动作正在进行，用现在进行时 are playing，符合说话时正在发生的动作考点。 六、过去进行时​ ①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作​ I was watching TV when the phone rang last night. What were you doing at 8 o’clock yesterday morning? She was taking a shower when the storm came. ②过去某阶段持续进行的动作​ They were building the bridge from March to June last year. He was studying abroad during 2021. We were preparing for the exam the whole last week.​ ③两个过去动作同时进行​ My father was reading while my mother was knitting.​ The children were singing and dancing at the party.​ I was cooking and my sister was setting the table. 例题While Tom ______ (watch) TV, his sister was doing her homework. 【答案】was watching 【解析】While连接两个同时进行的过去动作，主句用过去进行时was doing，从句也需用过去进行时was watching，符合两个过去动作同时进行考点。 · 考点二：常考被动语态及用法 被动语态基本结构：助动词 be + 过去分词，时态通过 be 动词体现。 一、一般现在时被动：am/is/are + done The classroom is cleaned every day. English is spoken in many countries. ◦This kind of mobile phone is made in China. 二、一般过去时被动：was/were + done The letter was sent yesterday. The meeting was held in the hall last week. These books were written by a famous author. 三、现在完成时被动：has/have been + done The project has been finished on time. My bike has been repaired by the mechanic. The problem has been solved by the team. 四、现在进行时被动：am/is/are being + done The house is being painted now. The question is being discussed by the teachers. The bridge is being built by hundreds of workers. 五、情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + done This task must be completed before Friday. The mistake should be corrected immediately. The book can be borrowed from the library. 例题The bridge ______ (repair) by the workers now. We can’t cross it. 【答案】is being repaired 【解析】根据语境可知，桥正在被工人修理，用现在进行时的被动语态，主语The bridge是第三人称单数，be动词用is。 · 考点三：时态语态重难点突破 一、时态辨析难点 ①现在完成时vs一般过去时 核心区别：现在完成时强调 “与现在的关联”，不可接具体过去时间；一般过去时仅表 “过去事实”，常接明确过去状语。 He has lost the key. 他丢了钥匙，现在还没找到。 He lost the key yesterday. 他昨天丢了钥匙，现在是否找到未知。 ②过去完成时的 “过去的过去” 判定 需找到句中明确的 “过去参照点”（另一个过去动作或时间）。 When I arrived, he had left. arrived 是过去参照点，left 发生在其前。 ③进行时表 “临时动作” vs一般时表 “常态动作” He works in a hospital. 常态：他是医生。 He is working in a hospital recently. 临时：他最近在医院工作，未必是医生。 二、被动语态难点 ①不及物动词无被动语态 The accident happened last night. ②感官 / 使役动词的被动还原to We saw him enter the room. He was seen to enter the room. ③get +过去分词表被动（非正式语境） My bike got stolen last week. She got hurt in the accident. · 考点四：主谓一致 · 核心知识点梳理 主谓一致遵循三大原则：语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致、就近一致，江苏春考侧重固定搭配与语境中的综合运用。 1、 语法形态一致原则 主语与谓语动词在人称、数上形式匹配，适用于多数简单句。 ①单数主语接单数谓语，复数主语接复数谓语。 He plays basketball every afternoon. They play basketball every afternoon. The book is on the desk. The books are on the desk. ②不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数。 Water is important for human beings. Information travels fast in the digital age. Money isn’t everything. ③单数可数名词前有each/every修饰，谓语用单数。 Each student has a textbook. Every boy and girl likes the new teacher. Each of the books is interesting. 二、逻辑意义一致原则 谓语动词的数由主语所表达的 “实际意义” 决定，而非形式。 ①集合名词作主语（强调整体用单数，强调个体用复数）。 The team is winning the game. The team are discussing their strategy. The family is a big one. The family are watching TV together. ②表示 “时间、距离、金钱” 的复数名词作主语，表整体概念用单数。 Ten years is a long time. Two hundred kilometers is quite a distance. Five thousand yuan is enough for the trip. ③“the + 形容词” 表一类人，谓语用复数。 The old are taken good care of in this community. The poor need more help from the society. The young are full of energy. 三、就近一致原则 谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语保持一致，适用于特定并列结构。 ①由or/either...or.../neither...nor.../not only...but also... 连接的并列主语。 Either you or he is responsible for the mistake. Neither the students nor the teacher knows the answer. Not only the book but also the pens are on the desk. ②there be 句型中，be动词与就近主语一致。 There is a book and two pens on the desk. There are two pens and a book on the desk. There is some water and apples in the basket. 四、特殊句式中的主谓一致 ①定语从句中的主谓一致（谓语与先行词一致） The girl who is singing is my sister. The books which are on the shelf are new. He is one of the students who have passed the exam. ②倒装句中的主谓一致（谓语与主语一致，而非倒装后的表语） On the table are some apples. In the tree is a bird. Among the crowd stand two policemen. ③动名词 / 不定式作主语，谓语用单数 Reading books is good for the mind. To learn English well needs hard work. Swimming in the river is dangerous. · 重难点突破 一、集合名词的主谓一致判定 关键看语境强调整体还是个体。 ①当集合名词表示 “组织、机构” 时，通常强调整体，用单数。 The company is planning to expand its business. ②当集合名词表示 “成员构成” 时，强调个体，用复数。 The company are having a meeting now. 二、one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句的主谓一致 ①基本结构中，定语从句谓语与复数先行词一致。 He is one of the boys who like playing football.. ②若 one 前有 the only 修饰，定语从句谓语与one一致。 He is the only one of the boys who likes playing football. 三、就近一致与语法一致的冲突处理 当 neither...nor... 连接单数和复数主语时，严格遵循就近原则，无需考虑语法一致。 Neither he nor his friends are coming. Neither his friends nor he is coming. 例1Not only my parents but also my brother ______ (be) interested in the new film. 【答案】is 【解析】not only...but also... 连接并列主语，遵循就近原则，靠近谓语的 my brother 是单数；结合语境无过去时间提示，用一般现在时。 例2This is one of the novels that ______(be) popular with teenagers. 【答案】are 【解析】定语从句先行词是复数名词 novels，而非 one，故谓语用复数；语境表常态，用一般现在时。 例3There ______ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk. 【答案】is 【解析】there be 句型遵循就近原则，靠近 be 动词的 a pen 是单数。 一、单句语法填空（注意时态语态与主谓一致） 1. At this time next week, we (lie) on the beach in a holiday mode. 【答案】 will be lying 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：下周这个时候，我们将以度假的状态躺在海滩上。句中时间状语“At this time next week(下周这个时候)”表示将来某个具体时间正在进行的动作，应用将来进行时，其结构为“will be + 动词现在分词”。 2. He (attend) the lecture he mentioned yesterday at 8 o’clock this evening. 【答案】will be attending 【详解】考查时态。句意：他今晚8点将正在参加他昨天提到的讲座。根据语境和时间状语at 8 o’clock this evening可知，讲座是“今晚8点”正在发生的动作，用将来进行时。 3. She’s (revise) her English grammar for the test. 【答案】revising 【详解】考查现在进行时。句意：她正在为考试复习英语语法。结合句意和前面的is可知此处描述正在进行的动作，使用现在进行时，空处使用现在分词。 4. She is constantly (worry) about her son’s health condition. 【答案】worrying 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：她一直在担心儿子的健康状况。根据“constantly(持续不断地)”以及句意可知，句子陈述目前正在进行的动作，应用现在进行时。   5. They (explore) the forest when they suddenly came across a rare blue bird. 【答案】were exploring 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：他们正在森林里探险，这时突然遇到了一只稀有的蓝色小鸟。根据固定句型“sb. be doing sth. when... (正在做某事，这时突然……)”、主语They以及came across可知，此空应是过去进行时were exploring，表示“当时正在探险”。 6. My suggestion is that the problem (discuss) at the meeting as soon as possible. 【答案】 (should) be discussed 【详解】考查虚拟语气和被动语态。句意：我的建议是这个问题应该尽快在会议上讨论。分析句子结构可知，“suggestion(建议)”后接表语从句时，从句需用虚拟语气，其结构为“(should) + 动词原形”，其中should可省略。再结合语义，the problem与discuss之间是被动关系。 7. The building (destroy) completely by fire. 【答案】was destroyed 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：这座建筑物被大火完全烧毁了。本句描述的动作发生在过去，时态用一般过去时，主语The building与动词destroy“破坏”之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，be动词用was。 8. Thousands of micro-dramas (produce) in the United States and Canada in 2024, with themes varying from original fantasy tales to realistic urban romances. 【答案】were produced 【详解】考查动词语态。句意：2024年，美国和加拿大制作出数千部微剧，主题从原创奇幻故事到现实都市浪漫故事不等。根据时间状语in 2024可知，本句描述过去发生的事情，时态用一般过去时，produce“制作”与主语Thousands of micro-dramas之间为被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were。 9. People only had two meals a day, as the pace (节奏) of daily life (set) by the rising and setting of the sun. 【答案】was set 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：人们一天只吃两顿饭，因为日常生活的节奏是由太阳的升起和落下决定的。空处为从句谓语动词，结合主句谓语had可知，从句也用一般过去时，从句主语the pace of daily life和set是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，且pace为单数，助动词应用was。 10. When (ask) “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, he replied with determination, ... 【答案】asked 【详解】考查状语从句中的省略。句意：当被问到“我们中国人有可能制造导弹吗？”时，他坚定地回答说……当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，或从句主语为it，且从句含有be动词时，可以省略状语从句的主语和be动词。本句中when引导的时间状语从句中，主语he与ask为被动关系，完整句子为“When he was asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?””，省略“主语he+be动词”，本空用过去分词形式。 11. Being exposed to English frequently (able) us to have a good command of this language. 【答案】enables 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：经常接触英语使我们能够很好地掌握这门语言。分析句子可知，所给词“able”是形容词，意为“有能力的”，而句中缺少谓语动词，需将其转换为动词形式。“enable”是动词，意为“使能够”，符合句意，句子主语“Being exposed to English frequently”是动名词短语，视为单数，且句子描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式“enables”。 12. There (be) not as much homework as I was used to, but it was still tough for me. 【答案】was 【详解】考查主谓一致和时态。句意：作业不像我习惯的那么多，但对我来说仍然很难。此处为there be句型，根据“as I was used to”可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，时态用一般过去时，且homework为不可数名词，所以be动词使用was。 13. Not only the students but also the teacher (show) a great interest in playing football. 【答案】shows 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：不仅学生们而且老师都对踢足球表现出极大的兴趣。分析句子可知，句中使用了“Not only...but also...”（不仅…… 而且……）结构，该结构连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数要遵循“就近原则”，即与靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致。本句中靠近谓语的主语是“the teacher”（老师），为单数形式。句子描述的是一种当前的状态或爱好，应用一般现在时，因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式“shows”。 14. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline these days. 【答案】is working 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这些天来，史密斯教授和他的助手们夜以继日地做这个项目，以赶上最后期限。空格处是谓语动词，根据时间状语these days可知，应该用现在进行时表示现阶段一直正在进行的动作；本句的主语是Professor Smith, along with his assistants，根据就远原则，谓语动词要和前面的名词Professor Smith保持一致，故使用单数形式。 15. As is reported in the newspaper, the number of people who (go) hungry has been greatly reduced. 【答案】go 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：正如报纸所报道的那样，挨饿的人的数量已经大大减少了。空格处是定语从句的谓语动词，句子描述客观情况，用一般现在时；定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词people保持一致，所以使用复数形式。 16. Where to build the bridge (have) not been decided yet. 【答案】has 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：在哪里建桥还没有决定。分析句子结构可知，Where to build the bridge为“疑问词 + 不定式”结构，在句中作主语。此结构作主语时，视为一个整体，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式，所以此处应用助动词have的第三人称单数形式has，与空后的not been decided yet一起构成现在完成时的被动语态。 17. The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased. In cities, however, the gain (be)1.3 in women and 1.6 in men. The researchers described “striking changes” in the geography of BMI. 【答案】was 【详解】考查时态。句意：研究发现，1985年至2017年间，农村地区的平均体重指数（BMI）有所上升。然而在城市中，女性的体重指数增长了1.3，男性则增长了1.6。研究人员将这种体重指数的地域分布变化描述为“显著变化”。空处为句子谓语动词，由前后句时态可知，句子应用一般过去时。 18. In the Ming Dynasty the large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often (feature) beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子). 【答案】featured 【详解】考查时态。句意：在明朝，这些高级官员和富有的商人的大型四合院经常以雕刻精美的屋顶梁和柱子为特色。feature为句子谓语动词，由上文的In the Ming Dynasty 可知，应用一般过去时。 19. California, along with Florida and Hawaii, (be) among the most popular US destinations. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】is 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：加利福尼亚州，还有佛罗里达州和夏威夷州，是美国最受欢迎的目的地之一。分析可知，所填be动词为句子的谓语动词，本句讲述客观事实，用一般现在时；且这里主语“California, along with Florida and Hawaii”为“A along with B”结构，谓语动词与A，即“California”，保持一致，用单数“is”。故填is。 20. Walking upright (make) it easy to find food or guard against enemies. 【答案】makes 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：直立行走使寻找食物或防范敌人变得容易。题干描述客观情况，要用一般现在时。Walking upright是V-ing结构作主语，谓语要用第三人称单数形式。 二、根据汉语提示完成句子 1. The delay of the project (因……而发生) the unexpected bad weather. 【答案】resulted from 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句意：这个项目的延迟是由于意想不到的恶劣天气而发生的。“因……而发生”作谓语，用动词短语result from表示，句子描述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时态，result的过去式是resulted。 2. As a child, he (以……为乐事) exploring the woods behind his house every weekend. 【答案】took delight in 【详解】考查固定短语和时态。句意：小时候，他喜欢每个周末去探索家后面的树林。根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“以……为乐事”应用动词短语take delight in，为固定搭配；再结合时态“as a child”可知，这里时态应用一般过去时表过去情况。 3. Studying the Dunhuang murals(敦煌壁画) (深刻塑造了我的观念) of ancient art. 【答案】profoundly shaped my view 【详解】考查动词短语、副词和时态。句意：研究敦煌壁画深刻塑造了我对古代艺术的观念。表示“塑造我的观念”用动词短语shape my view；表示“深刻地”用副词profoundly，此处用于修饰动词shape，做状语；再结合句意可知，讲述过去的事情，应用一般过去时态。 4. Watching the ballet dancers portray war stories, many audience members (落泪). 【答案】shed tears 【详解】考查动词短语及时态。句意：看着芭蕾舞演员演绎战争故事，许多观众都落泪了。根据汉语提示可知，表示“落泪”应用动词短语shed tears，根据语境可知，句子描述的是观看表演时发生的动作，应用一般过去时，即谓语动词shed用过去式，仍为shed。 5. The museum (提供简要概述) for each Impressionist painting (印象派绘画), explaining its historical context. 【答案】provides brief summaries 【详解】考查动词时态、主谓一致和名词短语。句意：博物馆为每一幅印象派画作提供简短的摘要，解释其历史背景。根据汉语提示，动词短语provide sth. for sb.表示“为某人提供某物”，“简要概述”译为brief summary，故“提供简要概述”可译为provide brief summaries，其中summary用复数表示泛指；provide在句中作谓语，该句表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语museum，谓语应用单数。 6. Many seabirds (遭受污染) when they accidentally eat plastic floating on the water surface. 【答案】suffer from pollution 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句意：许多海鸟因误食漂浮在水面上的塑料而遭受污染。根据汉语意思提示可知，此处为动词短语suffer from pollution“遭受污染”，满足句意要求，结合从句动词eat可知，此处为一般现在时。 7. Many people are (立刻被吸引) the bright-colored oil paintings when visiting the art exhibition. 【答案】immediately drawn to 【详解】考查副词、动词短语和语态。句意：许多人在参观艺术展览时，会立刻被色彩鲜艳的油画吸引。根据汉语提示“立刻被吸引”可知，表示“吸引（某人）到……”常用动词短语draw sb. to，此处表示“被吸引”， 需用被动语态被动be drawn to，空前已有be动词are，因此用drawn to；表示“立刻”用副词immediately，修饰draw这一动作，作状语。 8. This way, we can (更多地参与) conversations and gain a better sense of achievement. 【答案】be more involved in 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：这样，我们可以更多地参与到对话中，获得更好的成就感。“参与”用动词短语be involved in，“更多地”用比较级more，情态动词can后be动词用原形。 9. What (出现在你的脑海里) when you think of British food? 【答案】comes into your mind 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句意：当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？表示“出现在脑海里”可以用come into one’s mind，根据后面的you可知，此处one’s用your。What为疑问词作主语，看作单数形式，句子为一般现在时，动词用第三人称单数形式comes。 10. The majority of parents (不惜代价) in educating their children nowadays. 【答案】spare no expense 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句意：现在大多数父母都不惜代价地教育他们的孩子。根据句意“不惜代价”可知，此处为动词短语spare no expense，结合“nowadays”可知，使用一般现在时，主语为复数名词，谓语动词用原形。 7 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 时态语态和主谓一致 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 1 考点精析与突破 2 考点一：常考时态及用法（重点） 2 考点二：常考被动语态及用法（常考点） 5 考点三：时态语态重难点突破（难点） 5 考点四：主谓一致（重点） 6 实战精练与提升 9 一、考试要求 时态语态和主谓一致是高考英语的核心考点，近五年江苏高考中考查频率稳定，题目设置注重语境化、综合化。具体要求如下： 掌握11种常考时态的构成和用法区别 熟练掌握被动语态的各种时态形式 理解主谓一致的三个原则及其特殊用法 能在具体语境中准确运用时态语态和主谓一致 二、命题分析 语境化考查：在完整语境中判断时态语态的使用 综合化测试：多个语法点混合考查 易错点突出：重点考查学生容易混淆的时态和语态 知识点1、动词的时态 一般时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时 进行时态：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时 完成时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时 完成进行时：现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时 知识点2、动词的语态 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者 知识点3、主谓一致原则 语法一致原则：根据语法形式确定谓语单复数 意义一致原则：根据实际意义确定谓语单复数 就近一致原则：谓语与最近的主语保持一致 讲 · 考点一：常考时态及用法 一、一般现在时 ①表示客观真理、普遍规律（不受时间限制） Time and tide wait for no man. The earth revolves around the sun. Water boils at 100℃ under standard pressure. ②表示经常性、习惯性动作（常接频度副词） They always care for each other and help each other. She usually goes to work by subway except on rainy days. My father reads newspapers after breakfast every morning. ③时间 / 条件状语从句中表将来（主将从现） I’ll write to you when I have time.​ If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.​ You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.​ ④表计划 / 安排的固定动作（come, go 等位移动词）​ The flight takes off at 8:50 a.m.（航班上午 8:50 起飞）​ The shop opens at 8:00 and closes at 21:00 daily.（这家店每天 8 点开张，21 点关门）​ Our school sports meet starts next Friday.（我们学校的运动会下周五开幕） 例题My brother usually ______ (go) to school by bike. 二、一般过去时​ ①表示过去具体时间发生的动作（接明确过去状语）​ We met her in the street yesterday. He bought a new computer last month. They visited the History Museum in 2023. ②表示过去的习惯或状态​ When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.​ My grandmother often told stories before I went to bed. She lived in Paris for three years when she was a student.​ ③宾语从句中表过去的动作​ He told me he read an interesting novel last night.​ She said she would come to the party but didn’t appear.​ The teacher asked if we finished the homework.​ 例题When I ______ (be) a child, I often ______ (swim) in this river. 三、现在完成时 ①过去动作对现在的影响 / 结果​ I have found the expensive dictionary I lost yesterday. She has broken her glasses, so she can’t see clearly.​ They have eaten up all the food, so we need to buy more. ②从过去持续到现在的动作 / 状态（接 for/since 短语）​ She has lived in Nanjing for ten years. We have known each other since 2018.​ He has worked in this company since he graduated.​ ③固定句型中的用法（This is the first time...）​ This is the first time that I have surfed the net. This is the best film that I have ever seen. It is the third time he has been late this week.​ 例题 In the past decade, great changes ______ (take) place in my hometown. 四、过去完成时​ ①表示过去的过去（先于另一个过去动作）​ By the time we arrived, the film had already started. He had finished his homework before his mother came back. They had left the station when we got there. ②宾语从句中表过去之前完成的动作​ She said she had seen the movie twice.​ He told me he had lived in London for five years.​ The witness said he had heard the argument before the accident.​ ③与 by + 过去时间状语连用​ By 2022, he had worked as a teacher for ten years. By last month, we had finished half of the project.​ By the end of last term, she had won three scholarships. 例题She ______ (learn) English for three years before she went to college. 五、现在进行时​ ①说话时正在发生的动作​ Look, the train is just getting into the station.​ My mother is cooking dinner in the kitchen now. They are having a meeting at the moment. ②现阶段正在进行的动作（未必此刻）​ The river is flowing after last night’s rain. He is writing a novel these days. We are learning about environmental protection this month. ③与 always 连用表感情色彩（赞扬 / 厌烦）​ The girl is always helping others. He is always complaining about his job.​ My little brother is always asking silly questions. 例题— What’s the noise outside? — A group of children ______ (play) games in the yard. 六、过去进行时​ ①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作​ I was watching TV when the phone rang last night. What were you doing at 8 o’clock yesterday morning? She was taking a shower when the storm came. ②过去某阶段持续进行的动作​ They were building the bridge from March to June last year. He was studying abroad during 2021. We were preparing for the exam the whole last week.​ ③两个过去动作同时进行​ My father was reading while my mother was knitting.​ The children were singing and dancing at the party.​ I was cooking and my sister was setting the table. 例题While Tom ______ (watch) TV, his sister was doing her homework. · 考点二：常考被动语态及用法 被动语态基本结构：助动词 be + 过去分词，时态通过 be 动词体现。 一、一般现在时被动：am/is/are + done The classroom is cleaned every day. English is spoken in many countries. ◦This kind of mobile phone is made in China. 二、一般过去时被动：was/were + done The letter was sent yesterday. The meeting was held in the hall last week. These books were written by a famous author. 三、现在完成时被动：has/have been + done The project has been finished on time. My bike has been repaired by the mechanic. The problem has been solved by the team. 四、现在进行时被动：am/is/are being + done The house is being painted now. The question is being discussed by the teachers. The bridge is being built by hundreds of workers. 五、情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + done This task must be completed before Friday. The mistake should be corrected immediately. The book can be borrowed from the library. 例题The bridge ______ (repair) by the workers now. We can’t cross it. · 考点三：时态语态重难点突破 一、时态辨析难点 ①现在完成时vs一般过去时 核心区别：现在完成时强调 “与现在的关联”，不可接具体过去时间；一般过去时仅表 “过去事实”，常接明确过去状语。 He has lost the key. 他丢了钥匙，现在还没找到。 He lost the key yesterday. 他昨天丢了钥匙，现在是否找到未知。 ②过去完成时的 “过去的过去” 判定 需找到句中明确的 “过去参照点”（另一个过去动作或时间）。 When I arrived, he had left. arrived 是过去参照点，left 发生在其前。 ③进行时表 “临时动作” vs一般时表 “常态动作” He works in a hospital. 常态：他是医生。 He is working in a hospital recently. 临时：他最近在医院工作，未必是医生。 二、被动语态难点 ①不及物动词无被动语态 The accident happened last night. ②感官 / 使役动词的被动还原to We saw him enter the room. He was seen to enter the room. ③get +过去分词表被动（非正式语境） My bike got stolen last week. She got hurt in the accident. · 考点四：主谓一致 · 核心知识点梳理 主谓一致遵循三大原则：语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致、就近一致，江苏春考侧重固定搭配与语境中的综合运用。 1、 语法形态一致原则 主语与谓语动词在人称、数上形式匹配，适用于多数简单句。 ①单数主语接单数谓语，复数主语接复数谓语。 He plays basketball every afternoon. They play basketball every afternoon. The book is on the desk. The books are on the desk. ②不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数。 Water is important for human beings. Information travels fast in the digital age. Money isn’t everything. ③单数可数名词前有each/every修饰，谓语用单数。 Each student has a textbook. Every boy and girl likes the new teacher. Each of the books is interesting. 二、逻辑意义一致原则 谓语动词的数由主语所表达的 “实际意义” 决定，而非形式。 ①集合名词作主语（强调整体用单数，强调个体用复数）。 The team is winning the game. The team are discussing their strategy. The family is a big one. The family are watching TV together. ②表示 “时间、距离、金钱” 的复数名词作主语，表整体概念用单数。 Ten years is a long time. Two hundred kilometers is quite a distance. Five thousand yuan is enough for the trip. ③“the + 形容词” 表一类人，谓语用复数。 The old are taken good care of in this community. The poor need more help from the society. The young are full of energy. 三、就近一致原则 谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语保持一致，适用于特定并列结构。 ①由or/either...or.../neither...nor.../not only...but also... 连接的并列主语。 Either you or he is responsible for the mistake. Neither the students nor the teacher knows the answer. Not only the book but also the pens are on the desk. ②there be 句型中，be动词与就近主语一致。 There is a book and two pens on the desk. There are two pens and a book on the desk. There is some water and apples in the basket. 四、特殊句式中的主谓一致 ①定语从句中的主谓一致（谓语与先行词一致） The girl who is singing is my sister. The books which are on the shelf are new. He is one of the students who have passed the exam. ②倒装句中的主谓一致（谓语与主语一致，而非倒装后的表语） On the table are some apples. In the tree is a bird. Among the crowd stand two policemen. ③动名词 / 不定式作主语，谓语用单数 Reading books is good for the mind. To learn English well needs hard work. Swimming in the river is dangerous. · 重难点突破 一、集合名词的主谓一致判定 关键看语境强调整体还是个体。 ①当集合名词表示 “组织、机构” 时，通常强调整体，用单数。 The company is planning to expand its business. ②当集合名词表示 “成员构成” 时，强调个体，用复数。 The company are having a meeting now. 二、one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句的主谓一致 ①基本结构中，定语从句谓语与复数先行词一致。 He is one of the boys who like playing football.. ②若 one 前有 the only 修饰，定语从句谓语与one一致。 He is the only one of the boys who likes playing football. 三、就近一致与语法一致的冲突处理 当 neither...nor... 连接单数和复数主语时，严格遵循就近原则，无需考虑语法一致。 Neither he nor his friends are coming. Neither his friends nor he is coming. 例1Not only my parents but also my brother ______ (be) interested in the new film. 例2This is one of the novels that ______(be) popular with teenagers. 例3There ______ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk. 一、单句语法填空（注意时态语态与主谓一致） 1. At this time next week, we (lie) on the beach in a holiday mode. 2. He (attend) the lecture he mentioned yesterday at 8 o’clock this evening. 3. She’s (revise) her English grammar for the test. 4. She is constantly (worry) about her son’s health condition. 5. They (explore) the forest when they suddenly came across a rare blue bird. 6. My suggestion is that the problem (discuss) at the meeting as soon as possible. 7. The building (destroy) completely by fire. 8. Thousands of micro-dramas (produce) in the United States and Canada in 2024, with themes varying from original fantasy tales to realistic urban romances. 9. People only had two meals a day, as the pace (节奏) of daily life (set) by the rising and setting of the sun. 10. When (ask) “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, he replied with determination, ... 11. Being exposed to English frequently (able) us to have a good command of this language. 12. There (be) not as much homework as I was used to, but it was still tough for me. 13. Not only the students but also the teacher (show) a great interest in playing football. 14. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline these days. 15. As is reported in the newspaper, the number of people who (go) hungry has been greatly reduced. 16. Where to build the bridge (have) not been decided yet. 17. The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased. In cities, however, the gain (be)1.3 in women and 1.6 in men. The researchers described “striking changes” in the geography of BMI. 18. In the Ming Dynasty the large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often (feature) beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子). 19. California, along with Florida and Hawaii, (be) among the most popular US destinations. (所给词的适当形式填空) 20. Walking upright (make) it easy to find food or guard against enemies. 二、根据汉语提示完成句子 1. The delay of the project (因……而发生) the unexpected bad weather. 2. As a child, he (以……为乐事) exploring the woods behind his house every weekend. 3. Studying the Dunhuang murals(敦煌壁画) (深刻塑造了我的观念) of ancient art. 4. Watching the ballet dancers portray war stories, many audience members (落泪). 5. The museum (提供简要概述) for each Impressionist painting (印象派绘画), explaining its historical context. 6. Many seabirds (遭受污染) when they accidentally eat plastic floating on the water surface. 7. Many people are (立刻被吸引) the bright-colored oil paintings when visiting the art exhibition. 8. This way, we can (更多地参与) conversations and gain a better sense of achievement. 9. What (出现在你的脑海里) when you think of British food? 10. The majority of parents (不惜代价) in educating their children nowadays. 7 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $