内容正文:
高中英语必修三
Unit 4知识点
一、重点词汇(含词性转换)
1.mental
[词性]adj.(精神的;思想的)
[词性转换]mentally adv.(心理上地;精神上地);physical adj.(身体的;物理的);physically adv.(身体上)
[解释]用于描述与心理、精神相关的事物,对应的“physical”则描述身体或物理层面的内容。
[例句]Long-term stress can have a bad effect on both mental and physical health.(长期压力会对身心健康都产生不良影响。);She has been mentally prepared for the difficult exam.(她已经为这场困难的考试做好了心理准备。)
2.universe
[词性]n.(宇宙)
[词性转换]universal adj.(普遍的;全世界的)
[解释]指包含所有星体、星系等的无限空间,“universal”表示适用于全世界或所有情况的。
[例句]Scientists have been exploring the mysteries of the universe for centuries.(几个世纪以来,科学家们一直在探索宇宙的奥秘。);The need for love is a universal human feeling.(对爱的需求是人类普遍的情感。)
3.intelligent
[词性]adj.(有智慧的;聪明的)
[词性转换]intelligently adv.(聪明地;明智地);intelligence n.(智力;才智)
[解释]形容人或生物具备良好的思维、学习和解决问题的能力,“intelligence”是其名词形式,指智力本身。
[例句]The intelligent robot can help people do a lot of housework.(这个智能机器人能帮人们做很多家务。);She solved the problem intelligently with her quick thinking.(她凭借敏捷的思维明智地解决了这个问题。);His high intelligence helps him learn new things quickly.(他的高智商帮助他快速学习新事物。)
4.curious
[词性]adj.(好奇的;求知欲强的;稀奇的;不寻常的)
[词性转换]curiosity n.(好奇心);curiously adv.(好奇地)
[解释]可形容人对事物充满探究欲望,也可形容事物奇特、不常见,“curiosity”指好奇的心理状态。
[例句]The curious child kept asking questions about how the plane flies.(这个好奇的孩子不停地问飞机是如何飞行的。);Her curiosity about ancient history led her to study archaeology.(她对古代历史的好奇心促使她学习考古学。);He looked at the strange machine curiously.(他好奇地看着这个奇怪的机器。)
5.relate
[词性]vt.(联系;讲述)
[词性转换]related adj.(相关的);relation n.(关系;亲属);relationship n.(人际)关系
[解释]“relate”作“联系”讲时,指将不同事物关联起来;作“讲述”讲时,指叙述事情。“related”表示有联系的,“relation”和“relationship”都指关系,前者更侧重广义的关系,后者更侧重人际关系。
[例句]Can you relate this event to that one which happened last year?(你能把这件事和去年发生的那件事联系起来吗?);She related her interesting travel experience to us.(她给我们讲述了她有趣的旅行经历。);These two problems are closely related.(这两个问题密切相关。);He has a close relation with his cousin.(他和他的表弟关系密切。);Good communication is important for a healthy relationship between friends.(良好的沟通对朋友间健康的关系很重要。)
6.determined
[词性]adj.(有决心的;意志坚定的)
[词性转换]determine vt.(决定;确定);determination n.(决定;决心)
[解释]形容人有坚定的目标且不轻易放弃,“determine”表示做出决定或确定某事,“determination”指决心这一心理品质。
[例句]She is determined to finish the project on time no matter how difficult it is.(无论有多困难,她都决心按时完成这个项目。);We need to determine the time and place for the meeting first.(我们首先需要确定会议的时间和地点。);His strong determination helped him overcome many difficulties.(他强烈的决心帮助他克服了许多困难。)
7.transmit
[词性]vt.&vi.(传输;传播)(过去式/过去分词:transmitted)
[词性转换]transmission n.(传播;传输);transmitter n.(发射台;传播者)
[解释]可表示传递信号、信息、疾病等,“transmission”是其名词形式,“transmitter”指用于传输的设备或人。
[例句]This device can transmit data quickly over a long distance.(这个设备能远距离快速传输数据。);The transmission of the virus can be prevented by wearing masks.(戴口罩可以预防病毒的传播。);The radio transmitter is used to send out signals.(这个无线电发射台用于发送信号。)
8.disappointed
[词性]adj.(失望的;沮丧的)
[词性转换]disappointing adj.(令人失望的);disappointment n.(失望;沮丧);disappoint v.(使失望)
[解释]“disappointed”修饰人,指人感到失望;“disappointing”修饰事物,指事物令人失望;“disappoint”是动词,“disappointment”是名词。
[例句]We were all disappointed when we heard the bad news.(听到这个坏消息时,我们都很失望。);The disappointing result made him lose confidence.(这个令人失望的结果让他失去了信心。);Her failure to come to the party disappointed us.(她没来参加派对,这让我们很失望。);To his disappointment, he didn't pass the exam.(令他失望的是,他没有通过考试。)
9.desire
[词性]n.(渴望;欲望);vt.(渴望;期望)
[词性转换]desirable adj.(令人向往的;值得拥有的)
[解释]作名词时,指对某事物的强烈渴望;作动词时,指渴望得到某物。“desirable”表示某物值得拥有或令人向往。
[例句]He has a strong desire to travel around the world.(他有强烈的环游世界的渴望。);We all desire peace and happiness in our lives.(我们都渴望生活中的和平与幸福。);A good education is desirable for everyone.(良好的教育对每个人来说都是值得拥有的。)
10.lack
[词性]v.&n.(缺少;缺乏)
[词性转换]lacking adj.(短缺的;缺乏的)
[解释]作动词时,可直接接宾语,也可用于“lack in”结构;作名词时,常用“a lack of”表示“缺乏……”;“lacking”常用“be lacking in”结构。
[例句]The project failed because it lacked sufficient funds.(这个项目失败了,因为它缺乏足够的资金。);There is a lack of communication between the two teams.(这两个团队之间缺乏沟通。);She is lacking in confidence when speaking in public.(她在公共场合说话时缺乏自信。)
11.argue
[词性]vi.&vt.(论证;争辩;争论)
[词性转换]argument n.(论证;论据;争吵)
[解释]“argue”可表示就某事进行争论,也可表示为支持或反对某事进行论证;“argument”是其名词形式,可指争论或论证的过程、论据。
[例句]They argued about the best way to solve the problem for a long time.(他们就解决这个问题的最佳方法争论了很长时间。);He argued that the plan would not work in practice.(他论证说这个计划在实践中行不通。);The argument between them became very fierce.(他们之间的争吵变得非常激烈。);He presented strong arguments to support his point of view.(他提出了有力的论据来支持自己的观点。)
12.attach
[词性]vt.(附上;系上;认为有重要性)
[词性转换]attachment n.(附件;喜爱;连接);attached adj.(喜爱的;附属的)
[解释]“attach”作“附上、系上”讲时,常与“to”搭配;作“认为有重要性”讲时,也常用“attach importance to”结构。“attachment”可指文件的附件、对某人的喜爱等;“attached”常用“be attached to”表示“喜爱……;附属于……”。
[例句]Please attach this document to the email before sending it.(发送邮件前,请把这个文件作为附件附上。);People usually attach great importance to education.(人们通常非常重视教育。);I have a strong attachment to my hometown.(我对我的家乡有很深的眷恋。);This hospital is attached to a famous university.(这家医院附属于一所著名的大学。)
13.agency
[词性]n.(专门机构;代理处)
[词性转换]agent n.(代理人,代理商;经纪人)
[解释]“agency”指从事特定业务的机构,“agent”指为机构或个人办事的代理人。
[例句]This travel agency can help you book tickets and hotels.(这家旅行社可以帮你预订机票和酒店。);He works as an agent for a famous movie star.(他是一位著名影星的经纪人。)
14.independent
[词性]adj.(独立的;自立的)
[词性转换]independently adv.(独立地);dependent adj.(依赖的);dependently adv.(依赖地);independence n.(独立;自主);dependence n.(依赖;依靠);depend v.(依赖;依靠)
[解释]“independent”表示不依赖他人,能自主做事;“dependent”则相反,表示依赖他人。“independence”和“dependence”分别是两者的名词形式,“depend”是动词,常用“depend on”结构。
[例句]She has been independent since she was a child and can take care of herself.(她从小就很独立,能照顾自己。);He finished the project independently without any help.(他没有任何帮助,独立完成了这个项目。);The old man is dependent on his children for living.(这位老人依靠子女生活。);Countries all over the world should respect each other's independence.(世界各国应相互尊重彼此的独立。);His dependence on alcohol has caused many problems for his family.(他对酒精的依赖给家人带来了很多问题。);You can depend on him to help you when you are in trouble.(你有困难时可以依靠他帮忙。)
15.recycle
[词性]vt.(回收利用)
[词性转换]recycling n.(回收利用);recyclable adj.(可回收的)
[解释]指对废弃物进行处理,使其能再次被利用,“recycling”指回收利用这一行为或过程,“recyclable”表示物品可被回收的。
[例句]We should recycle paper and plastic to protect the environment.(我们应该回收纸张和塑料来保护环境。);The recycling of waste materials can save a lot of resources.(废弃物的回收利用能节省大量资源。);These bottles are recyclable, so please put them in the correct bin.(这些瓶子是可回收的,请把它们放进正确的垃圾桶。)
16.current
[词性]adj.(当前的;现在的;流行的);n.(水流;电流;流行)
[词性转换]currently adv.(目前;当前);currency n.(货币)
[解释]作形容词时,“current”可表示时间上的“当前的”,也可表示“流行的”;作名词时,可指自然界的水流、电的电流或社会上的流行趋势。“currently”是副词,“currency”指货币。
[例句]The current situation requires us to take immediate action.(当前的形势要求我们立即采取行动。);This style of clothes is very current among young people.(这种款式的衣服在年轻人中很流行。);The strong current in the river made it difficult for swimmers to cross.(河里湍急的水流使游泳者很难过河。);The company is currently developing a new product.(该公司目前正在开发一种新产品。);Different countries have different currencies.(不同的国家有不同的货币。)
17.sufficient
[词性]adj.(足够的;充足的)
[词性转换]sufficiency n.(充足);insufficient adj.(不足的;不充分的;不够重要的)
[解释]表示数量或程度上足够满足需求,“sufficiency”是名词,“insufficient”是其反义词。
[例句]We have sufficient time to prepare for the exam.(我们有足够的时间准备考试。);The sufficiency of food supply is very important during the disaster.(灾难期间,食物供应的充足非常重要。);The evidence he provided is insufficient to prove his innocence.(他提供的证据不足以证明他的清白。)
18.globe
[词性]n.(地球;地球仪)
[词性转换]global adj.(全球的)
[解释]“globe”可指真实的地球,也可指地球仪这种物品;“global”表示涉及整个地球或世界范围的。
[例句]We should take action to protect the globe from pollution.(我们应该采取行动保护地球免受污染。);There is a big globe in our classroom which helps us learn geography.(我们教室里有一个大地球仪,帮助我们学习地理。);Global warming has become a serious problem for all human beings.(全球变暖已经成为全人类面临的严重问题。)
19.analysis
[词性]n.(分析)(复数:analyses)
[词性转换]analyse v.(分析)
[解释]指对事物进行分解、研究,以了解其本质或规律,“analyse”是动词形式。
[例句]The analysis of the data shows that our sales have increased this month.(对数据的分析表明,我们这个月的销售额有所增长。);The scientist spent a lot of time analysing the results of the experiment.(这位科学家花了很多时间分析实验结果。)
20.regular
[词性]adj.(定期的;经常的;正常的)
[词性转换]regularly adv.(经常;定期地);irregular adj.(不规律的)
[解释]“regular”表示有固定规律、经常发生或符合常规的,“regularly”是副词,“irregular”是反义词。
[例句]He has a regular habit of getting up early every morning.(他有每天早上早起的固定习惯。);We need to have regular meetings to discuss the progress of the project.(我们需要定期开会讨论项目的进展。);She exercises regularly to keep fit.(她经常锻炼以保持健康。);His irregular work schedule makes it hard for him to have a normal life.(他不规律的工作时间表使他难以拥有正常的生活。)
21.limited
[词性]adj.(有限的)
[词性转换]limitless / unlimited adj.(无限的,无尽的);limit v.(限制);n.(限制);limitation n.(限制)
[解释]表示数量、能力等有一定的限度,“limitless”和“unlimited”是其反义词。“limit”作动词时表示限制,作名词时表示限制物或限度;“limitation”指限制的情况或自身的局限性。
[例句]Our time is limited, so we need to make full use of it.(我们的时间是有限的,所以需要充分利用它。);The possibilities in the future are limitless if we work hard.(如果我们努力,未来的可能性是无限的。);We should limit the use of plastic bags to reduce pollution.(我们应该限制塑料袋的使用以减少污染。);There is a limit to what one person can do alone.(一个人独自能做的事情是有限度的。);He is aware of his own limitations and tries to improve himself.(他意识到自己的局限性,并努力提升自己。)
22.mystery
[词性]n.(神秘;奥秘;谜)
[词性转换]mysterious adj.(神秘的)
[解释]指难以理解、解释或未知的事物或现象,“mysterious”形容事物具有神秘的特质。
[例句]The mystery of the ancient pyramid has attracted many archaeologists.(古老金字塔的奥秘吸引了许多考古学家。);There is a mysterious man standing at the door who refuses to tell us his name.(门口站着一个神秘的男人,拒绝告诉我们他的名字。)
二、重点短语
1.look up at
[解释]抬头仰望(某物)
[例句]The children looked up at the stars in the sky and asked many questions about the universe.(孩子们抬头仰望天空中的星星,问了很多关于宇宙的问题。)
2.look up to sb
[解释]尊敬某人
[例句]All the students look up to their physics teacher because he is knowledgeable and kind.(所有学生都尊敬他们的物理老师,因为他知识渊博且善良。)
3.look down upon sb
[解释]瞧不起某人
[例句]We should never look down upon people who are in difficult situations; instead, we should try to help them.(我们永远不应该瞧不起处于困境中的人,相反,我们应该尽力帮助他们。)
4.look into
[解释]调查;研究
[例句]The police have set up a special team to look into the cause of the accident.(警方已成立一个特别小组调查事故的原因。)
5.look out
[解释]小心;当心
[例句]Look out! There is a car coming towards us.(小心!有一辆车朝我们开过来了。)
6.carry sb/sth into space
[解释]将某人/某物送入太空
[例句]The rocket successfully carried the satellite into space, which will be used for weather monitoring.(火箭成功将这颗卫星送入太空,该卫星将用于气象监测。)
7.find out the secrets of the universe
[解释]探寻宇宙的秘密
[例句]Scientists have been working hard for decades to find out the secrets of the universe, such as how black holes form.(几十年来,科学家们一直在努力探寻宇宙的秘密,比如黑洞是如何形成的。)
8.be suitable enough to support life
[解释]足够适合维持生命(存在)
[例句]So far, scientists have not found a planet outside the solar system that is suitable enough to support life.(到目前为止,科学家们还没有在太阳系外找到一颗足够适合维持生命存在的行星。)
9.be determined to do sth
[解释]下定决心去做某事(同义短语:decide to do sth;do sth with determination;make up one’s mind to do sth)
[例句]Although the task is very difficult, she is determined to finish it before the deadline.(尽管这项任务很难,但她下定决心在截止日期前完成它。);He made up his mind to study abroad and started preparing for the language exam.(他下定决心出国留学,并开始准备语言考试。)
10.realise one’s dream
[解释]实现某人的梦想
[例句]After years of hard training, the young athlete finally realised his dream of winning a gold medal in the Olympic Games.(经过多年的艰苦训练,这位年轻的运动员终于实现了在奥运会上赢得金牌的梦想。)
11.succeeded in doing sth
[解释]成功做了某事(同义短语:manage to do sth)
[例句]They succeeded in developing a new type of energy-saving battery after many experiments.(经过多次实验,他们成功研发出一种新型节能电池。);She managed to solve the difficult math problem with the help of her teacher.(在老师的帮助下,她成功解出了这道很难的数学题。)
12.go into space
[解释]进入太空
[例句]Only a small number of people have the chance to go into space and experience the feeling of weightlessness.(只有少数人有机会进入太空,体验失重的感觉。)
13.step onto the moon
[解释]踏上月球
[例句]In 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to step onto the moon, which was a great milestone in human space exploration.(1969年,尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为第一个踏上月球的人,这是人类太空探索的一个伟大里程碑。)
14.carry on space exploration
[解释]继续太空探索
[例句]Even in the face of various difficulties and risks, countries around the world still carry on space exploration to expand human knowledge of the universe.(即使面临各种困难和风险,世界各国仍然继续进行太空探索,以扩大人类对宇宙的认知。)
15.on board
[解释]在宇宙飞船上;在船上;在飞机上
[例句]All the astronauts on board the spaceship are busy preparing for the upcoming spacewalk.(宇宙飞船上的所有宇航员都在忙着为即将到来的太空行走做准备。);The passengers on board the plane were asked to fasten their seatbelts before take-off.(飞机上的乘客在起飞前被要求系好安全带。)
16.make great progress
[解释]取得很大进步
[例句]With the help of his tutor, he has made great progress in his academic research in the past year.(在导师的帮助下,过去一年他在学术研究方面取得了很大进步。)
17.in a short time
[解释]在很短时间内
[例句]The new technology allows us to complete the data processing task in a short time, which saves a lot of work hours.(这项新技术让我们能在很短时间内完成数据处理任务,节省了大量工时。)
18.in the hope of doing sth
[解释]抱着……的希望
[例句]Many young people go to big cities in the hope of finding better job opportunities and realising their life goals.(许多年轻人去大城市,希望能找到更好的工作机会,实现自己的人生目标。)
19.so as to (do sth)
[解释]为了;以便(同义短语:in order to do sth,注意:so as to do sth 不能用于句首,in order to do sth 可用于句首或句中)
[例句]She gets up early every morning so as to have enough time to prepare breakfast for her family.(她每天早上早起,以便有足够的时间为家人准备早餐。);In order to improve his spoken English, he practices speaking with foreign teachers every week.(为了提高英语口语,他每周都和外教练习说话。)
20.solar system
[解释]太阳系;类太阳系
[例句]Our Earth is one of the eight planets in the solar system, and it is the only planet known to support life.(我们的地球是太阳系八大行星之一,也是已知唯一能维持生命的行星。)
21.figure out
[解释]弄懂;弄清楚;弄明白
[例句]It took him a long time to figure out how to use the new software correctly.(他花了很长时间才弄明白如何正确使用这个新软件。)
22.make a difference (to)...
[解释]起(重要)作用(同义短语:play an important role in...;have a...effect on...)
[例句]Volunteering in the community can make a big difference to the lives of people in need.(在社区做志愿者能对有需要的人的生活产生很大影响。);Technology plays an important role in promoting the development of society.(科技在推动社会发展方面起着重要作用。)
23.result in
[解释]导致;造成(主语是原因,宾语是结果)
[例句]Careless driving often results in serious traffic accidents.(粗心驾驶常常导致严重的交通事故。)
24.result from
[解释]因……而起(主语是结果,宾语是原因)
[例句]Many health problems result from a lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet.(许多健康问题源于缺乏锻炼和不健康的饮食。)
25.as a result
[解释]所以;结果(是)(同义短语:therefore,常位于句首或句中,用逗号隔开)
[例句]He studied very hard for the exam; as a result, he got the highest score in his class.(他为考试努力学习,结果他获得了班里的最高分。)
26.as a result of
[解释]因为……(同义短语:because of,后接名词、代词或动名词)
[例句]As a result of the heavy rain, many roads in the city were flooded.(由于大雨,城市里的许多道路被淹了。)
27.provide sth for sb
[解释]为某人提供某物(同义短语:provide sb with sth)
[例句]The government provides free textbooks for students in primary and middle schools.(政府为中小学生提供免费课本。);The company provides its employees with good working conditions and competitive salaries.(该公司为员工提供良好的工作环境和有竞争力的薪水。)
28.in closing
[解释]最后(同义短语:at last;finally;eventually)
[例句]In closing, I would like to thank all the teachers and classmates for their help and support during this semester.(最后,我要感谢所有老师和同学在这学期给予我的帮助和支持。)
29.run out
[解释]用完;耗尽(不及物动词短语,主语是物,无被动语态)
[例句]Our food and water will run out soon if we don't find a way to get help.(如果我们找不到办法获得帮助,我们的食物和水很快就会用完。)
30.sb run out of sth
[解释]某人用完某物(主语是人,宾语是物)
[例句]He ran out of money before the end of the month and had to borrow some from his friend.(他在月底前就把钱花光了,不得不向朋友借一些。)
31.attach great importance to....
[解释]认为……很重要
[例句]Parents usually attach great importance to their children's education and are willing to spend a lot of money on it.(父母通常非常重视孩子的教育,并愿意在这方面花很多钱。)
32.be keen on doing sth/ be keen to do sth
[解释]热衷于做某事;渴望做某事
[例句]She is keen on painting and spends most of her spare time creating artworks.(她热衷于绘画,大部分业余时间都在创作艺术品。);He is keen to learn more about artificial intelligence and has signed up for an online course.(他渴望了解更多关于人工智能的知识,并报名参加了一门在线课程。)
三、核心句式
1.“Afterwards,the USSR focused on sending people into space,and on 12 April 1961,Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.”
[句式结构]afterwards引导时间状语,and连接两个并列分句;第二个分句中“the first person in the world to go into space”使用“the + 序数词 + 名词 + to do sth”结构,不定式作后置定语,修饰名词。
[用法]该结构用于强调“某人是第几个做某事的人”,不定式“to do sth”用来限定前面的名词,说明该名词所指代的人或事物的具体动作。
[例句]In 2003, Yang Liwei became the first Chinese person to go into space, which made all Chinese people very proud.(2003年,杨利伟成为中国第一个进入太空的人,这让所有中国人都感到非常自豪。)
2.“These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.”
[句式结构]but连接两个转折关系的分句;第二个分句中“the desire to explore the universe”使用“名词 + to do sth”结构,不定式作后置定语,修饰名词“desire”。
[用法]当名词是表示“愿望、能力、机会、计划”等含义(如desire, ability, chance, plan等)时,常用不定式作后置定语,说明该名词的具体内容。
[例句]His desire to become a scientist has encouraged him to study hard in all subjects since he was a child.(他想成为一名科学家的愿望,从小学起就鼓励他努力学习所有科目。)
3.“Despite the difficulties,scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began,but also help us survive well into the future.”
[句式结构]despite引导让步状语(后接名词、代词或名词短语);主句中“hope”后接宾语从句,宾语从句中使用“not only...but also...”(不仅……而且……)连接两个并列的谓语结构,且“enable sb to do sth”(使某人能够做某事)为固定搭配,“how the universe began”是宾语从句,作“understand”的宾语。
[用法]“despite”表示“尽管;不管”,引导让步状语,语气较强;“not only...but also...”连接并列成分,可连接谓语、宾语、主语等,连接两个谓语时,“not only”后的句子常用倒装(若主语是名词,可倒装也可不倒装;若主语是代词,一般不倒装);“enable sb to do sth”表示“使某人有能力做某事”,不定式作宾语补足语。
[例句]Despite the bad weather, the athletes not only finished the race on time, but also achieved good results.(尽管天气恶劣,运动员们不仅按时完成了比赛,还取得了不错的成绩。);This new technology will enable us to solve the environmental problem more effectively.(这项新技术将使我们能够更有效地解决这个环境问题。)
4.“Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.”
[句式结构]主句中“use tape to stick everything down”使用“use sth to do sth”(用某物做某事)结构;“while working in space”是省略句,完整形式为“while they are working in space”(当while引导的时间状语从句中主语与主句主语一致,且从句谓语含be动词时,可省略主语和be动词);because引导原因状语从句,“otherwise”(否则;不然)在从句中作状语。
[用法]“use sth to do sth”是常用结构,表示使用某物的目的;while引导时间状语从句时的省略情况,可使句子更简洁;“otherwise”用于引出如果不做前面提到的事情,可能会出现的相反结果。
[例句]We use computers to store and process information while working in the office because a lot of data would be hard to manage otherwise.(我们在办公室工作时用电脑存储和处理信息,否则大量的数据会很难管理。)
5.“Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve.”
[句式结构]“Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system”是动名词短语作主语;“an easy goal to achieve”使用“名词 + to do sth”结构,不定式作后置定语,且该不定式与前面的名词构成被动关系(即“goal is to be achieved”),但常用主动形式表示被动含义。
[用法]动名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;当名词前有形容词easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light等时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式用主动形式表示被动意义,说明该名词所具备的特征(即“做某事是容易/困难的”)。
[例句]Learning a foreign language well is not an easy task to complete, but it will be very useful in the future.(学好一门外语不是一项容易完成的任务,但它在未来会非常有用。)
四、语法知识
(一)非谓语动词(不定式)
1.作定语
[用法]不定式作定语时,常放在所修饰的名词之后,可表示将要发生的动作、所修饰名词的具体内容或用途等。常见的可接不定式作定语的名词有:ability(能力)、chance(机会)、desire(愿望)、goal(目标)、hope(希望)、plan(计划)、way(方法)、person(人)等;当名词前有形容词easy, difficult, hard, heavy等时,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
[例句]
She has a great desire to travel around the world.(她有环游世界的强烈愿望。)(不定式作定语,说明“desire”的具体内容)
This is a good way to solve the problem.(这是解决这个问题的好方法。)(不定式作定语,说明“way”的用途)
He is the first student to finish the exam.(他是第一个完成考试的学生。)(不定式作定语,修饰“student”,表示“第一个做某事的学生”)
The box is too heavy to carry.(这个箱子太重了,搬不动。)(不定式作定语,修饰“box”,主动形式表示被动意义,即“箱子被搬”)
2.作状语
目的状语:常用“to do sth”“in order to do sth”“so as to do sth”表示,“in order to do sth”可用于句首或句中,“so as to do sth”只能用于句中。
[例句]He gets up early every morning to review his lessons.(他每天早上早起,为了复习功课。);In order to catch the early bus, she left home at 6 o'clock.(为了赶上早班车,她6点就出门了。)
结果状语:常用“only to do sth”表示意料之外的结果,用“enough to do sth”“too...to do sth”表示自然的结果(“too...to do sth”表示“太……而不能……”)。
[例句]They hurried to the station, only to find that the train had already left.(他们匆忙赶到车站,却发现火车已经开走了。)(意料之外的结果);The water is warm enough to swim in.(水足够暖和,可以游泳了。)(自然结果);He is too young to understand this difficult problem.(他太小了,理解不了这个难题。)(自然结果,表否定)
原因状语:常用于表示情感或心理状态的形容词(如happy, glad, sad, sorry, surprised, disappointed等)之后,说明产生该情感的原因。
[例句]I am very happy to meet you here.(在这儿见到你,我非常高兴。)(不定式说明“happy”的原因)
3.作宾语补足语
[用法]有些动词后接不定式作宾语补足语,构成“动词 + sb + to do sth”结构,常见的这类动词有:ask(要求)、tell(告诉)、want(想要)、wish(希望)、expect(期望)、encourage(鼓励)、enable(使能够)、allow(允许)、advise(建议)等;有些动词后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,即“动词 + sb + do sth”,常见的这类动词有:make(使;让)、let(让)、have(使;让)、see(看见)、hear(听见)、watch(观看)、notice(注意到)等,但当这些动词用于被动语态时,不定式符号to要还原。
[例句]
My parents often encourage me to study hard.(我父母经常鼓励我努力学习。)(“encourage sb to do sth”结构)
The teacher told us to finish our homework on time.(老师告诉我们要按时完成作业。)(“tell sb to do sth”结构)
We saw him play basketball on the playground yesterday.(昨天我们看见他在操场上打篮球。)(“see sb do sth”结构,不带to的不定式)
He was seen to play basketball on the playground yesterday.(昨天有人看见他在操场上打篮球。)(被动语态,to还原)
4.作主语
[用法]不定式作主语时,常用“it”作形式主语,将真正的主语(不定式)放在句末,构成“it is + 形容词/名词 + to do sth”结构,这样可使句子结构更平衡。
[例句]To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要。);It is important to learn English well.(学好英语很重要。)(用it作形式主语,更常用);It is a good idea to go for a walk after dinner.(晚饭后去散步是个好主意。)
(二)定语从句
1.关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句
[用法]非限制性定语从句与先行词之间用逗号隔开,起补充说明的作用,不能用that引导;关系代词which指代前面整个句子或先行词(指物),在从句中可作主语、宾语或介词宾语。
[例句]The scientist returned to his hometown, which made all the people there very excited.(这位科学家回到了家乡,这让那里所有的人都非常兴奋。)(which指代前面整个句子,在从句中作主语);She bought a new book, which she has been looking forward to for a long time.(她买了一本新书,这本是她期待了很久的。)(which指代先行词“a new book”,在从句中作宾语);The meeting was put off, about which we were all very disappointed.(会议被推迟了,对此我们都感到非常失望。)(which指代先行词“The meeting was put off”,在从句中作介词about的宾语)
2.关系代词who/whom引导的定语从句
[用法]关系代词who指代先行词(指人),在从句中作主语;whom指代先行词(指人),在从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替(但在正式场合或介词后,常用whom)。
[例句]The woman who is talking to our teacher is my mother.(正在和我们老师说话的那个女人是我妈妈。)(who指代先行词“The woman”,在从句中作主语);The boy (whom/who) we met yesterday is my classmate.(我们昨天遇到的那个男孩是我的同学。)(whom/who指代先行词“The boy”,在从句中作宾语,可省略);The person with whom he worked closely is now a famous doctor.(他曾密切合作过的那个人现在是一位著名的医生。)(whom指代先行词“The person”,在从句中作介词with的宾语,不能省略,也不能用who代替)
(三)让步状语
1.despite引导的让步状语
[用法]despite是介词,意为“尽管;不管”,后接名词、代词、名词短语或动名词,不能接从句(若接从句,需用in spite of the fact that...),引导的让步状语可位于句首或句中。
[例句]Despite the heavy rain, they still went to the park.(尽管下着大雨,他们还是去了公园。)(despite后接名词短语);He continued working despite feeling tired.(尽管感到累,他还是继续工作。)(despite后接动名词);Despite the fact that he is very young, he has a lot of work experience.(尽管他很年轻,但他有很多工作经验。)(despite后接the fact that从句)
2.though/although引导的让步状语从句
[用法]though和although是连词,意为“尽管;虽然”,引导让步状语从句,从句可位于句首或句中,though引导的从句可倒装(though位于句首,从句的表语或状语提前),although引导的从句一般不倒装;though还可作副词,意为“可是;不过”,常位于句末,用逗号隔开,although无此用法。
[例句]Although he is old, he still works very hard.(尽管他年纪大了,但他仍然工作很努力。)(although引导从句,不倒装);Though he is poor, he is very happy.(尽管他穷,但他很快乐。);Poor though he is, he is very happy.(尽管他穷,但他很快乐。)(though引导从句,表语提前,倒装);He said he would come; he didn't, though.(他说他会来,可是他没来。)(though作副词,位于句末)
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