第十二讲 句子的种类-2026年中考英语一轮复习 语法重难点专项突破（语法讲义+配套练习）（全国通用）

中考核心语法·精练 第十二讲 句子的种类2026年中考英语语法专项突破（全国通用） （语法讲义+模拟练习+真题操练） 内容提要 核心语法回顾 专项能力突破 解题综合提升 一、句子成分表 该表格对应讲义 “考点一：句子成分及五大基本句型” 中 “句子成分” 部分，梳理 7 类核心句子成分的作用、位置及构成形式，明确 “主语 + 谓语” 为句子主干，其他成分为补充说明，是分析句子结构、理解复杂句式的基础。 成分 核心作用 常见位置 构成形式 主语 说明句子描述的人或事物（句子的 “话题”） 句首、动词之前 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等 谓语 陈述主语的动作、状态或特征（句子的 “核心动作”） 主语之后 及物动词、不及物动词、系动词等 宾语 承受动词的动作或作介词的对象 及物动词后、介词后 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等（分直接宾语 “指物”、间接宾语 “指人”） 宾语补足语 补充说明宾语的动作、状态或性质 宾语之后 名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词等 表语 说明主语的性质、状态、身份或特征 系动词（be/look/taste 等）之后 名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、从句等 定语 修饰或限制名词、代词（表 “什么样的”） 单个词：被修饰词前；短语 / 从句：被修饰词后 名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、从句等 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子（表时间、地点、方式等） 修饰形容词 / 副词：被修饰词前；修饰动词：动词前后均可 副词、介词短语、不定式、分词短语、从句等 注意事项： 1. 句子主干不可缺：主语和谓语是构成完整句子的核心，缺一不可（如错误：“In the park playing.”，缺少主语和谓语；正确：“They are playing in the park.”）； 2. 定语位置区分：单个形容词 / 名词作定语需前置（如 “a red pen”），短语或从句作定语需后置（如 “a pen on the desk”“a pen that I bought”）； 3. 表语与宾语区分：表语需跟在系动词后（如 “is happy”），宾语需跟在及物动词后（如 “likes apples”），不可混淆（错误：“He is apples”，正确：“He likes apples”）。 二、五大基本句型表 该表格对应讲义 “考点一” 中 “五大基本句型” 部分，明确初中阶段必须掌握的核心句型结构，所有复杂句均由这五类句型扩展而来，是造句、改写句子的基础框架。 句型结构 核心特征 讲义示例 主语 + 系动词 + 表语（S+V+P） 系动词连接主语与表语，表主语特征 / 状态 The bike is new.（bike = 主语，is = 系动词，new = 表语） The hat looks nice.（hat = 主语，looks = 系动词，nice = 表语） 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）（S+V） 谓语为不及物动词，无宾语，可接状语 It rains.（it = 主语，rains = 不及物动词） He swims in the river every summer.（he = 主语，swims = 不及物动词，in the river = 状语） 主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语（S+V+O） 谓语为及物动词，必须接宾语（动作承受者） Children often sing this song.（children = 主语，sing = 及物动词，this song = 宾语） 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO） 有两个宾语，间接宾语 “指人”，直接宾语 “指物”，可转换为 “主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + to/for + 间接宾语” She showed her friends all her pictures.（she = 主语，showed = 及物动词，her friends = 间接宾语，all her pictures = 直接宾语） （转换：She showed all her pictures to her friends.） 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（S+V+O+C） 宾语后需加补足语，补充说明宾语状态 / 动作 We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（we = 主语，keep = 及物动词，our classroom = 宾语，clean and tidy = 宾语补足语） 注意事项： 1. 不及物动词不可接宾语：如 “rain”“swim” 等不及物动词后若需接地点，需加介词（错误：“He swims the river”，正确：“He swims in the river”）； 2. 双宾语转换规则：间接宾语 “指人”、直接宾语 “指物”，转换时 “to” 表 “方向”（如 give/show），“for” 表 “目的”（如 buy/make）（错误：“She bought to me a book”，正确：“She bought a book for me”）； 3. 宾语补足语不可省略：如 “keep”“make”“find” 等动词后必须接宾补，否则句意不完整（错误：“We keep our classroom”，正确：“We keep our classroom clean”）。 三、陈述句用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点二：陈述句”，梳理陈述句的定义、肯定 / 否定形式及特殊规则，明确其 “表事实 / 看法” 的核心功能，覆盖 “否定转移” 等中考易错点。 类别 具体结构 讲义示例 定义 用来叙述事实或表达看法，句末用句号，读降调 — 肯定形式 主语 + 谓语 + 其他（直接陈述事实 / 看法） They have lots of storybooks. He is playing the guitar. 否定形式 1. 谓语含 be 动词 / 情态动词 / 助动词：主语 + be / 情态 / 助动词 + not + 其他 He is not playing the guitar. We can not get there before dark. 2. 谓语为实义动词：主语 + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + 动词原形 + 其他（根据人称和时态变化） He doesn’t play the violin well. She didn’t win the game. 3. 含否定意义词（never/seldom/hardly/little/few 等）：主语 + 含否定意义词 + 谓语 + 其他 The little girl can hardly speak English. There is little milk in the fridge. 特殊规则：否定转移 主语 + think/believe/expect/suppose 等动词 + that 从句，否定词 “not” 前移至主句（从句仍为肯定） I think it will be cold tomorrow.（肯定） I don’t think it will be cold tomorrow.（否定，not 前移） 注意事项： 1. 否定词搭配变化：肯定句中 “some/too/already/and” 在否定句中需变为 “any/either/yet/or”（错误：There is some milk not in the bottle，正确：There isn’t any milk in the bottle）； 2. 实义动词否定误区：不可直接在实义动词后加 “not”（错误：He play not football，正确：He doesn’t play football）； 3. 否定转移适用动词：仅适用于 “表观点 / 猜测” 的动词（think/believe 等），其他动词（如 say/tell）无此规则（错误：I don’t say he is late，正确：I say he isn’t late）。 四、疑问句分类及用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点三：疑问句”，梳理四类疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）的定义、结构及回答方式，覆盖 “特殊疑问词”“反意疑问句原则” 等中考高频考点。 类型 定义 结构 / 规则 讲义示例 一般疑问句 询问事实是否属实，需用 yes/no 回答 1. Be 动词 + 主语 + 其他？ 2. 助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？ 3. 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？ —Is she from England? —Yes, she is./No, she isn’t. —Do you like basketball? —Yes, I do./No, I don’t. 特殊疑问句 对句子某部分提问，回答不用 yes/no，以特殊疑问词开头 1. 疑问代词（对人 / 物提问）：what（事物）、who（人）、which（特定人 / 物）、whose（所属）、whom（人，宾格） 2. 疑问副词（对状语提问）：when（时间）、where（地点）、why（原因）、how（方式） 3. 疑问词组：how many（可数数量）、how much（不可数数量 / 价格）、how old（年龄）、how long（时间 / 长度）、how soon（将来时间）、how far（距离）、how often（频率） —What’s her job? —She’s a teacher. —How do you go to school? —By bike. —How much is the sweater? —Fifteen dollars. 选择疑问句 提供两种及以上情况供选择，用 or 连接 1. 一般选择疑问句：一般疑问句 + or + 选项？ 2. 特殊选择疑问句：特殊疑问句，选项 A or 选项 B？ —Do you like Western music or pop music? —I like both. —Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? —Tea. 反意疑问句 陈述句后加简短疑问，表证实 / 疑问，遵循 “前肯后否、前否后肯” 1. 结构：陈述句 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语代词？ 2. 前含否定词（never/seldom 等），附加疑问用肯定 3. 回答：依事实，前否后肯时 yes 表 “不”，no 表 “是” —You are from Australia, aren’t you? —Yes, I am. —There is little milk, is there? —No, there isn’t. —He didn’t go, did he? —Yes, he did.（不，他去了） 注意事项： 1. 一般疑问句答语一致：答语中主语、时态需与问句一致（错误：—Do you like it? —Yes, he does.，正确：—Do you like it? —Yes, I do.）； 2. 特殊疑问词区分：how long（表 “持续时间”，答语用 for + 时段）与 how soon（表 “将来多久”，答语用 in + 时段）不可混淆（错误：—How soon have you lived here?，正确：—How long have you lived here?）； 3. 反意疑问句否定词判断：“hardly/few/little/nobody” 等均为否定词，附加疑问需用肯定（错误：He seldom eats meat, doesn’t he?，正确：He seldom eats meat, does he?）。 五、感叹句用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点四：感叹句”，明确感叹句 “表强烈情感” 的功能，梳理 What/How 引导的两种核心结构，覆盖 “结构互换”“做题技巧” 等中考重点。 引导词 结构 核心规则（修饰对象） 讲义示例 What 1. What+a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 2. What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 3. What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 修饰名词（名词前必须有形容词），需根据名词单复数判断是否用 a/an 1. What a beautiful city (it is)! 2. What interesting books (they are)! 3. What nice music (it is)! How 1. How + 形容词 / 副词 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 2. How + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 3. How + 主语 + 谓语！ 1. 修饰形容词 / 副词（无名词或名词前有其他限定词） 2. 不可说 “How a/an...” 1. How fine the weather is! 2. How cute a cat (it is)! 3. How time flies! 结构互换 What+a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 +（主 + 谓）！= How + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 +（主 + 谓）！ 仅适用于 “形容词 + 可数名词单数” 结构，不可用于复数 / 不可数名词 What a clever boy he is! = How clever a boy he is! 注意事项： 1. 无 “How a/an” 结构：这是高频错误（错误：How a nice day!，正确：What a nice day! 或 How nice the day is!）； 2. 形名相连用 What：形容词与名词直接相连（无其他词隔开），必用 What（如 “What red apples!”，不可用 “How red apples!”）； 3. 不可数名词无 a/an：What 修饰不可数名词时，不可加 a/an（错误：What a nice weather!，正确：What nice weather!）。 六、祈使句用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点六：祈使句”，梳理祈使句 “表命令 / 请求 / 建议” 的功能，明确肯定 / 否定形式及特殊规则，覆盖 “句式转换” 等中考考点。 类别 结构 核心特征（主语常省略，谓语用原形） 讲义示例 肯定形式 1. 动词原形 + 其他成分 2. Be + 形容词 3. Let sb.+ 动词原形 表 “做某事”，语气可正式可随意 1. Give them more space. 2. Be quiet, please! 3. Let’s go to school! 否定形式 1. Don’t + 动词原形 + 其他成分 2. Let’s/Let sb.+not + 动词原形 3. No + 名词 / 动词 - ing（公共提示语） 4. Never + 动词原形 表 “不要做某事”，Don’t 是最常用否定形式 1. Don’t stand too close. 2. Let’s not make noise. 3. No smoking! / No photos! 4. Never be late for school! 特殊规则 1. 回答：用一般将来时（will） 2. 句式转换：祈使句 + and/or + 句子 = if 条件句 1. 答语需明确 “是否会做” 2. and 表 “顺承”，or 表 “否则” 1. —Please take my notebook. —OK, I will. 2. Hurry up, or you’ll be late. = If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. 注意事项： 1. 谓语用原形：无论主语是第几人称，谓语均为动词原形（错误：Lets go.，正确：Let’s go.；错误：Don’t hurries.，正确：Don’t hurry.）； 2. No + 名词 /ing：公共提示语常用 “No + 名词 /ing”，不用 “Don’t”（如 “No parking!”，不可说 “Don’t park!”）； 3. and/or 区分：and 表 “做 A，就会 B”（肯定结果），or 表 “不做 A，就会 B”（否定结果）（错误：Hurry up, and you’ll be late.，正确：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.）。 七、there be 句型用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点七：there be 句型”，明确其 “表某地有某物” 的功能，梳理结构、就近原则、时态及与 have 的辨析，是中考基础句型高频考点。 类别 具体内容 核心规则 讲义示例 基本结构 1. 肯定：There be + 主语 + 地点 2. 否定：There be+not + 主语 + 地点 3. 疑问：Be+there + 主语 + 地点？（回答：Yes, there be./No, there be not.） 表 “存在”，主语在 be 动词后，不可说 “There have...” 1. There are some shops near my home. 2. There aren’t any shops near my home. 3. —Is there a pay phone? —Yes, there is. 就近原则 be 动词单复数由 “最近的主语” 决定：最近主语是单数 / 不可数名词，用 is/was；是复数，用 are/were 仅看 “第一个主语”，与其他主语无关 1. There is a book and three pens.（近主 a book 单数，用 is） 2. There are two pencils and a book.（近主 two pencils 复数，用 are） 时态变化 1. 一般现在时：There is/are... 2. 一般过去时：There was/were... 3. 一般将来时：There will be.../There is/are going to be... 4. 含情态动词：There can/may/should be... 时态体现在 be 动词上，will / 情态动词后 be 用原形 1. There was a park here last year. 2. There will be a concert tomorrow. 3. There may be rain this afternoon. 特殊结构 There be sb. doing sth.+ 地点：表 “某地有某人正在做某事” doing sth. 作后置定语，修饰 sb. There is a baby sleeping in the room. There are students playing basketball. 与 have 辨析 1. there be：表 “存在”，无所属关系 2. have：表 “拥有”，有所属关系 3. 表 “包括 / 存在” 时可互换 核心区别：是否强调 “所属” 1. There is a park near my home.（存在） 2. I have a pen.（拥有） 3. A week has seven days. = There are seven days in a week.（互换） 注意事项： 1. 无 “There have”：there be 句型表 “存在”，不可与 have 混用（错误：There has a book.，正确：There is a book.）； 2. 将来时 be 动词：There will be 后 be 用原形，不可加 is/are（错误：There will be is a party.，正确：There will be a party.）； 3. 不可数名词用 is：修饰不可数名词（water/music 等），be 动词用 is/was（错误：There are some water.，正确：There is some water.）。 八、主谓一致三大原则表 该表格对应讲义 “考点八：主谓一致”，梳理语法一致、意义一致、就近一致三大核心原则，明确不同主语类型的谓语动词单复数规则，是解决 “谓语单复数” 问题的关键。 原则 核心含义 适用主语类型及谓语规则 讲义示例 语法一致 主语单复数决定谓语单复数（主单谓单，主复谓复） 1. 单数主语（三单代词、不可数名词、单个人名、不定式 / 动名词 / 从句）：谓语单 2. 复数主语（复数代词、名词复数）：谓语复 3. 主语 + with/as well as 等：谓语依主语（与后面名词无关） 4. a number of + 名词复数：谓语复；the number of + 名词复数：谓语单 1. To learn English isn’t easy.（不定式作主语，谓单） 2. They are interested in football.（复数主语，谓复） 3. Tom with his parents is watching TV.（主语 Tom 单数，谓单） 4. A number of trees were cut down.（谓复）；The number of students is 32.（谓单） 意义一致 谓语单复数依主语 “概念”（而非形式）决定 1. 集体名词（family/class/team 等）：表整体谓单，表成员谓复 2. 集合名词（people/police 等）：谓语复 3. the + 姓氏复数（表 “一家人”）：谓语复 4. 表时间 / 重量 / 价格等词：谓语单 5. and 连接同一人 / 物（后无冠词）：谓语单 1. His family is moving.（整体，谓单）；The family are watching TV.（成员，谓复） 2. The police are helping the girl.（谓复） 3. The Blacks enjoy working in China.（谓复） 4. Two pounds isn’t heavy.（谓单） 5. A writer and teacher is giving a speech.（同一人，谓单） 就近一致 谓语单复数依 “最近的主语” 决定 1. either...or.../neither...nor.../not only...but also... 连接主语：谓依近主 2. There be/Here be：谓依近主 1. Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to it.（近主 I，谓单） 2. There is a table and two chairs.（近主 a table，谓单） 注意事项： 1. 集体名词判断：需结合语境区分 “整体” 与 “成员”（如 “Our class won the game.” 表整体，谓单；“Our class are discussing.” 表成员，谓复）； 2. with 与 and 区别：主语 + with + 名词，谓语依主语；主语 + and + 名词，谓语复（错误：Tom and his parents is watching TV.，正确：Tom and his parents are watching TV.）； 3. 就近原则适用连词：仅 either...or... 等特定连词适用，both...and... 不适用（错误：Both Tom and I is here.，正确：Both Tom and I are here.）。 一、单句语法填空：用所给单词的正确形式填空 1．（2025·江苏无锡·二模）—What if I fail the coming test? — (take) it easy. Let’s worry about it when it happens. 2．（2025·江苏无锡·模拟预测）Be attention please, or you (not pass) the exam easily. 3．（2024·山东青岛·模拟预测）Not until I began to work did I (realize) how much time I had wasted. 4．（2025·上海静安·二模）How it is to watch robots dancing with human performers! (surprise) 5．（2025·江苏无锡·一模）—Where is our manager? — you (not hear) about it? He is on leave today because of the accident last night. 6．（2024·西藏日喀则·一模）To be (honesty), it was one of the best novels that I have ever read. 7．（2024·西藏日喀则·一模）Something is wrong with your computer, (be) it? 8．（2024·甘肃平凉·一模） (be) careful of the dog that doesn’t bark. 9．（2024·江苏无锡·一模）The teacher raised her voice as soon as she noticed that he (not listen) at all. 10．（2024·甘肃白银·二模）Don’t (put) away your coat too early in spring. You may still need it. 11．（23-24九年级上·甘肃定西·期末）Why not (ask) the policeman for help when you are in danger? 12．（2023·黑龙江佳木斯·三模）No (litter) in the park. We should protect the environment. 13．（2021·江苏扬州·三模）How they were talking before the meeting began! (noise) 14．（2022·江苏泰州·一模）—What (make) smartphones fun and useful? —The interesting apps, like WeChat and Tik Tok. 15．（2024·江苏无锡·二模）Simon is creative? you (mean) he can always make up an excuse when he makes a mistake? 二、语法选择 Passage 1 （2025·广东惠州·二模）请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应的选项涂黑。 Monica is an active student. The most important life lesson 1 Monica has learned from running is to run at her own speed. This lesson 2 her in many ways. The lesson 3 from a charity marathon (慈善马拉松). Last year, Monica’s school held a marathon 4 money for people in poor areas. Each student could get a donation (捐款) of 200 yuan after finishing the marathon. It was so meaningful that almost all the students wanted to attend it. So did Monica. Although she was not good at running, she signed up 5 the run. However, the task was far from easy for her. Soon after the beginning of the marathon, all the other runners ran faster than her, which made Monica upset and nervous. She tried her best to catch up with them, but she almost fell to the ground! Her heart bottomed out. She even wanted to give up, but she knew she couldn’t! It was a run for love! Suddenly, she heard a loud voice “Run at your own best speed!” She lifted her head and found it was from her father. Monica thought for a while. Then she pulled 6 force together and started again. This time, she paid no attention to other runners, 7 ran as if she was the only runner on the field. Her father was 8 right. Over time, Monica ran more easily and more quickly. Monica found her own running speed, and believed she 9 carry the marathon on. After about two hours, Monica finally completed the marathon and even won the second! 10 excellent result! Monica’s father at the finish line gave her a big hug, and they laughed happily together. Comparing yourself with others could be a limitation (限制). So, just live at your own speed. 1. A．which B．/ C．who 2. A．guide B．guided C．has guided 3. A．learn B．is learned C．was learned 4. A．raising B．to raise C．raised 5. A．for B．to C．in 6. A．she B．her C．herself 7. A．so B．but C．and 8. A．complete B．more complete C．completely 9. A．could B．should C．must 10. A．How B．What a C．What an Passage 2 （2025·广东湛江·模拟预测）请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题3个选项中选出一个最佳的答案。 My mother is a tailor (裁缝). She makes clothes for people. She can make all different kinds of clothes and she always tries to make 1 clothes beautiful. I would like to tell you how my mother learned to make clothes. At first, she didn't know how to make clothes at all! But then one day my father fell ill 2 and we children were young. My mother had to do something to look after 3 . She started trying to make our clothes. That is how she learned. Day by day, she was getting 4 than before. When our neighbors saw our beautiful clothes, they asked my mother to make clothes, too. But my mother 5 by them because she was not a real tailor then. So my grandfather told my mother, “If I buy you 6 sewing machine (缝纫机), you can tell people ‘I will make clothes for you, but you should pay me. You can pay me 7 you want. I will not tell you how much to pay.’” The people agreed 8 my mother. Some paid her fairly, but others didn’t pay her very much. But my mother didn’t care because she was so happy. “If you 9 your hopes to come true, you need to work hard.” my mother often says. This is what I learned from my mother. Mother works so hard for us, 10 she wants us to be happy. I’m very proud of her and I love her a lot. Thanks to her. I can go to school and achieve my dreams. 1. A．people B．peoples’ C．people’s 2. A．serious B．seriously C．more serious 3. A．us B．we C．our 4. A．good B．better C．best 5. A．didn’t pay B．isn’t paid C．wasn’t paid 6. A．a B．an C．the 7. A．whatever B．however C．wherever 8. A．paid B．paying C．to pay 9. A．want B．will want C．wants 10. A．and B．because C．but Passage 3 （2025·广东清远·三模）请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。 Could you live without a house, food or clothes? Many people could not, 1 Robinson Crusoe could. He was the main character of the British book Robinson Crusoe. The story started with a sea trip. After a ship accident, Crusoe arrived on 2 island. To live on the island, he had to build a house on his own. Although it seemed too difficult for him, he tried 3 best to do it. After he got tools from the ship, he made a house. Also, he grew some plants and kept 4 goats. Soon he was living just fine. But the cannibals (食人族) on the island liked 5 humans. Crusoe helped a man run away from the cannibals. He called the man Friday. Friday lived 6 him from then on. Later, Crusoe and Friday killed the cannibals. When Crusoe and Friday were thinking about 7 to leave the island, a ship captain arrived on the island. Before that, his crew (船员) took over his ship. They had controlled the ship for two weeks on the sea. But Crusoe and Friday 8 him get back the ship. And then they left the island. This book is so 9 that I have read it many 10 . It tells us not to give up when we are in trouble. 1. A．so B．because C．but 2. A．a B．/ C．an 3. A．he B．his C．him 4. A．a few B．a little C．little 5. A．eat B．eats C．eating 6. A．in B．with C．by 7. A．how B．why C．where 8. A．help B．helped C．helping 9. A．interested B．interesting C．interest 10. A．time B．time’s C．times 三、语法填空 Passage 1 （2024·四川眉山·中考真题）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Hotpot, Mapo Tofu and Fish Filets in Hot Chili Oil (水煮鱼) —these dishes are well-known names in China. And they all have one thing 1 common: They’re very numbing (麻的) and spicy (辣的).“Numbing and spicy” is a special phrase which is used 2 (describe) Sichuan food. Generally, Sichuan cooks are good at using Pixian Broad Bean Paste (郫县豆瓣). It 3 (see) as “the soul (灵魂) of Sichuan dishes” by many people. As 4 result, they are quite different from the dried and spicy Hunan food and the sour and spicy Guizhou food. However, to Sichuan dishes, there is much more than 5 (they) numbing and spicy flavor (味道) because Sichuan cooks are able to create all kinds of flavors. So people praise Sichuan dishes, “Each dish 6 (have) its own style; a hundred dishes have a hundred different flavors.” There are at 7 (little) 24 kinds of flavors in Sichuan dishes and only one-third of them are spicy. Some dishes are neither numbing 8 spicy, like sweet and sour fish. Visitors to Sichuan are surprised at so many 9 (choice) they have for food. Sichuan is 10 (certain) a great place to start your Chinese food journey. Passage 2 （2024·四川南充·中考真题）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案写在答题卡相应的横线上。 Jiang Shumei, born in 1937, spent most of her time working in a factory. In 1996, she learned her 1 (one) Chinese character (汉字). Sixteen years later, she started to write down some of her own 2 (story). It was not easy. Sometimes, completing a single sentence could take a day. She 3 (usual) started at 3 or 4 a.m., and revised (修改) the pieces several times until she was 4 (satisfy). In 2013, her book, Time of Trouble, Time of Poverty, was published and proved to be 5 success. The book earned Jiang a lot of fans and sympathy (同情). “Don’t feel sorry for me,” she says to her fans, “The hardships mentioned in the book are now in the past. 6 them, I could never have finished this book.” So far, the elderly woman 7 (publish) six books, totaling more than 600,000 characters in length. “It’s never too late. I enjoy 8 (I) when writing,“ Jiang says. She lives a healthy life, exercising every day 9 eating a balanced diet. “If I could live as long as 130, would you still say that it is too late for me 10 (start) after 60?” she says jokingly. Passage 3 （2023·湖南娄底·中考真题）阅读下面的材料，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号内所给单词的正确形式（每空最多不超过三个单词）。 When I was in primary school, I seldom helped my parents at home. I thought I should spend my time 1 schoolwork to get good grades. My parents did all the 2 （chore）. I used to make a mess and throw my things everywhere. One day, when my mother went home after work and 3 （find）a lot of rubbish in our house, she got so mad at me. She said to me 4 （serious）, “You must do some housework every day from now on.” I talked back loudly, “It is the parents’ job 5 （provide）a clean and comfortable environment at home.” Now I’m 6 15-year-old middle school student. I have a labor（劳动）class at school every week. The teacher 7 （teach）us how to make food, tidy the room, grow some vegetables and so on. I understand that 8 （do）housework is more difficult than I used to imagine. Thinking back those old days, I regret 9 I have done before. I begin to do more housework, so my parents can have a good rest when they come back from work. They are also proud of my change. In my opinion, we children should be independent and take care of 10 （we）. Because it not only helps us learn many basic skills, but also helps us develop good habits. 15 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $中考核心语法·精练 第十二讲 句子的种类2026年中考英语语法专项突破（全国通用） （语法讲义+模拟练习+真题操练） 内容提要 核心语法回顾 专项能力突破 解题综合提升 一、句子成分表 该表格对应讲义 “考点一：句子成分及五大基本句型” 中 “句子成分” 部分，梳理 7 类核心句子成分的作用、位置及构成形式，明确 “主语 + 谓语” 为句子主干，其他成分为补充说明，是分析句子结构、理解复杂句式的基础。 成分 核心作用 常见位置 构成形式 主语 说明句子描述的人或事物（句子的 “话题”） 句首、动词之前 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等 谓语 陈述主语的动作、状态或特征（句子的 “核心动作”） 主语之后 及物动词、不及物动词、系动词等 宾语 承受动词的动作或作介词的对象 及物动词后、介词后 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等（分直接宾语 “指物”、间接宾语 “指人”） 宾语补足语 补充说明宾语的动作、状态或性质 宾语之后 名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词等 表语 说明主语的性质、状态、身份或特征 系动词（be/look/taste 等）之后 名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、从句等 定语 修饰或限制名词、代词（表 “什么样的”） 单个词：被修饰词前；短语 / 从句：被修饰词后 名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、从句等 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子（表时间、地点、方式等） 修饰形容词 / 副词：被修饰词前；修饰动词：动词前后均可 副词、介词短语、不定式、分词短语、从句等 注意事项： 1. 句子主干不可缺：主语和谓语是构成完整句子的核心，缺一不可（如错误：“In the park playing.”，缺少主语和谓语；正确：“They are playing in the park.”）； 2. 定语位置区分：单个形容词 / 名词作定语需前置（如 “a red pen”），短语或从句作定语需后置（如 “a pen on the desk”“a pen that I bought”）； 3. 表语与宾语区分：表语需跟在系动词后（如 “is happy”），宾语需跟在及物动词后（如 “likes apples”），不可混淆（错误：“He is apples”，正确：“He likes apples”）。 二、五大基本句型表 该表格对应讲义 “考点一” 中 “五大基本句型” 部分，明确初中阶段必须掌握的核心句型结构，所有复杂句均由这五类句型扩展而来，是造句、改写句子的基础框架。 句型结构 核心特征 讲义示例 主语 + 系动词 + 表语（S+V+P） 系动词连接主语与表语，表主语特征 / 状态 The bike is new.（bike = 主语，is = 系动词，new = 表语） The hat looks nice.（hat = 主语，looks = 系动词，nice = 表语） 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）（S+V） 谓语为不及物动词，无宾语，可接状语 It rains.（it = 主语，rains = 不及物动词） He swims in the river every summer.（he = 主语，swims = 不及物动词，in the river = 状语） 主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语（S+V+O） 谓语为及物动词，必须接宾语（动作承受者） Children often sing this song.（children = 主语，sing = 及物动词，this song = 宾语） 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO） 有两个宾语，间接宾语 “指人”，直接宾语 “指物”，可转换为 “主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + to/for + 间接宾语” She showed her friends all her pictures.（she = 主语，showed = 及物动词，her friends = 间接宾语，all her pictures = 直接宾语） （转换：She showed all her pictures to her friends.） 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（S+V+O+C） 宾语后需加补足语，补充说明宾语状态 / 动作 We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（we = 主语，keep = 及物动词，our classroom = 宾语，clean and tidy = 宾语补足语） 注意事项： 1. 不及物动词不可接宾语：如 “rain”“swim” 等不及物动词后若需接地点，需加介词（错误：“He swims the river”，正确：“He swims in the river”）； 2. 双宾语转换规则：间接宾语 “指人”、直接宾语 “指物”，转换时 “to” 表 “方向”（如 give/show），“for” 表 “目的”（如 buy/make）（错误：“She bought to me a book”，正确：“She bought a book for me”）； 3. 宾语补足语不可省略：如 “keep”“make”“find” 等动词后必须接宾补，否则句意不完整（错误：“We keep our classroom”，正确：“We keep our classroom clean”）。 三、陈述句用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点二：陈述句”，梳理陈述句的定义、肯定 / 否定形式及特殊规则，明确其 “表事实 / 看法” 的核心功能，覆盖 “否定转移” 等中考易错点。 类别 具体结构 讲义示例 定义 用来叙述事实或表达看法，句末用句号，读降调 — 肯定形式 主语 + 谓语 + 其他（直接陈述事实 / 看法） They have lots of storybooks. He is playing the guitar. 否定形式 1. 谓语含 be 动词 / 情态动词 / 助动词：主语 + be / 情态 / 助动词 + not + 其他 He is not playing the guitar. We can not get there before dark. 2. 谓语为实义动词：主语 + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + 动词原形 + 其他（根据人称和时态变化） He doesn’t play the violin well. She didn’t win the game. 3. 含否定意义词（never/seldom/hardly/little/few 等）：主语 + 含否定意义词 + 谓语 + 其他 The little girl can hardly speak English. There is little milk in the fridge. 特殊规则：否定转移 主语 + think/believe/expect/suppose 等动词 + that 从句，否定词 “not” 前移至主句（从句仍为肯定） I think it will be cold tomorrow.（肯定） I don’t think it will be cold tomorrow.（否定，not 前移） 注意事项： 1. 否定词搭配变化：肯定句中 “some/too/already/and” 在否定句中需变为 “any/either/yet/or”（错误：There is some milk not in the bottle，正确：There isn’t any milk in the bottle）； 2. 实义动词否定误区：不可直接在实义动词后加 “not”（错误：He play not football，正确：He doesn’t play football）； 3. 否定转移适用动词：仅适用于 “表观点 / 猜测” 的动词（think/believe 等），其他动词（如 say/tell）无此规则（错误：I don’t say he is late，正确：I say he isn’t late）。 四、疑问句分类及用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点三：疑问句”，梳理四类疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）的定义、结构及回答方式，覆盖 “特殊疑问词”“反意疑问句原则” 等中考高频考点。 类型 定义 结构 / 规则 讲义示例 一般疑问句 询问事实是否属实，需用 yes/no 回答 1. Be 动词 + 主语 + 其他？ 2. 助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？ 3. 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？ —Is she from England? —Yes, she is./No, she isn’t. —Do you like basketball? —Yes, I do./No, I don’t. 特殊疑问句 对句子某部分提问，回答不用 yes/no，以特殊疑问词开头 1. 疑问代词（对人 / 物提问）：what（事物）、who（人）、which（特定人 / 物）、whose（所属）、whom（人，宾格） 2. 疑问副词（对状语提问）：when（时间）、where（地点）、why（原因）、how（方式） 3. 疑问词组：how many（可数数量）、how much（不可数数量 / 价格）、how old（年龄）、how long（时间 / 长度）、how soon（将来时间）、how far（距离）、how often（频率） —What’s her job? —She’s a teacher. —How do you go to school? —By bike. —How much is the sweater? —Fifteen dollars. 选择疑问句 提供两种及以上情况供选择，用 or 连接 1. 一般选择疑问句：一般疑问句 + or + 选项？ 2. 特殊选择疑问句：特殊疑问句，选项 A or 选项 B？ —Do you like Western music or pop music? —I like both. —Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? —Tea. 反意疑问句 陈述句后加简短疑问，表证实 / 疑问，遵循 “前肯后否、前否后肯” 1. 结构：陈述句 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语代词？ 2. 前含否定词（never/seldom 等），附加疑问用肯定 3. 回答：依事实，前否后肯时 yes 表 “不”，no 表 “是” —You are from Australia, aren’t you? —Yes, I am. —There is little milk, is there? —No, there isn’t. —He didn’t go, did he? —Yes, he did.（不，他去了） 注意事项： 1. 一般疑问句答语一致：答语中主语、时态需与问句一致（错误：—Do you like it? —Yes, he does.，正确：—Do you like it? —Yes, I do.）； 2. 特殊疑问词区分：how long（表 “持续时间”，答语用 for + 时段）与 how soon（表 “将来多久”，答语用 in + 时段）不可混淆（错误：—How soon have you lived here?，正确：—How long have you lived here?）； 3. 反意疑问句否定词判断：“hardly/few/little/nobody” 等均为否定词，附加疑问需用肯定（错误：He seldom eats meat, doesn’t he?，正确：He seldom eats meat, does he?）。 五、感叹句用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点四：感叹句”，明确感叹句 “表强烈情感” 的功能，梳理 What/How 引导的两种核心结构，覆盖 “结构互换”“做题技巧” 等中考重点。 引导词 结构 核心规则（修饰对象） 讲义示例 What 1. What+a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 2. What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 3. What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 修饰名词（名词前必须有形容词），需根据名词单复数判断是否用 a/an 1. What a beautiful city (it is)! 2. What interesting books (they are)! 3. What nice music (it is)! How 1. How + 形容词 / 副词 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 2. How + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 +（主语 + 谓语）！ 3. How + 主语 + 谓语！ 1. 修饰形容词 / 副词（无名词或名词前有其他限定词） 2. 不可说 “How a/an...” 1. How fine the weather is! 2. How cute a cat (it is)! 3. How time flies! 结构互换 What+a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 +（主 + 谓）！= How + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 +（主 + 谓）！ 仅适用于 “形容词 + 可数名词单数” 结构，不可用于复数 / 不可数名词 What a clever boy he is! = How clever a boy he is! 注意事项： 1. 无 “How a/an” 结构：这是高频错误（错误：How a nice day!，正确：What a nice day! 或 How nice the day is!）； 2. 形名相连用 What：形容词与名词直接相连（无其他词隔开），必用 What（如 “What red apples!”，不可用 “How red apples!”）； 3. 不可数名词无 a/an：What 修饰不可数名词时，不可加 a/an（错误：What a nice weather!，正确：What nice weather!）。 六、祈使句用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点六：祈使句”，梳理祈使句 “表命令 / 请求 / 建议” 的功能，明确肯定 / 否定形式及特殊规则，覆盖 “句式转换” 等中考考点。 类别 结构 核心特征（主语常省略，谓语用原形） 讲义示例 肯定形式 1. 动词原形 + 其他成分 2. Be + 形容词 3. Let sb.+ 动词原形 表 “做某事”，语气可正式可随意 1. Give them more space. 2. Be quiet, please! 3. Let’s go to school! 否定形式 1. Don’t + 动词原形 + 其他成分 2. Let’s/Let sb.+not + 动词原形 3. No + 名词 / 动词 - ing（公共提示语） 4. Never + 动词原形 表 “不要做某事”，Don’t 是最常用否定形式 1. Don’t stand too close. 2. Let’s not make noise. 3. No smoking! / No photos! 4. Never be late for school! 特殊规则 1. 回答：用一般将来时（will） 2. 句式转换：祈使句 + and/or + 句子 = if 条件句 1. 答语需明确 “是否会做” 2. and 表 “顺承”，or 表 “否则” 1. —Please take my notebook. —OK, I will. 2. Hurry up, or you’ll be late. = If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. 注意事项： 1. 谓语用原形：无论主语是第几人称，谓语均为动词原形（错误：Lets go.，正确：Let’s go.；错误：Don’t hurries.，正确：Don’t hurry.）； 2. No + 名词 /ing：公共提示语常用 “No + 名词 /ing”，不用 “Don’t”（如 “No parking!”，不可说 “Don’t park!”）； 3. and/or 区分：and 表 “做 A，就会 B”（肯定结果），or 表 “不做 A，就会 B”（否定结果）（错误：Hurry up, and you’ll be late.，正确：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.）。 七、there be 句型用法表 该表格对应讲义 “考点七：there be 句型”，明确其 “表某地有某物” 的功能，梳理结构、就近原则、时态及与 have 的辨析，是中考基础句型高频考点。 类别 具体内容 核心规则 讲义示例 基本结构 1. 肯定：There be + 主语 + 地点 2. 否定：There be+not + 主语 + 地点 3. 疑问：Be+there + 主语 + 地点？（回答：Yes, there be./No, there be not.） 表 “存在”，主语在 be 动词后，不可说 “There have...” 1. There are some shops near my home. 2. There aren’t any shops near my home. 3. —Is there a pay phone? —Yes, there is. 就近原则 be 动词单复数由 “最近的主语” 决定：最近主语是单数 / 不可数名词，用 is/was；是复数，用 are/were 仅看 “第一个主语”，与其他主语无关 1. There is a book and three pens.（近主 a book 单数，用 is） 2. There are two pencils and a book.（近主 two pencils 复数，用 are） 时态变化 1. 一般现在时：There is/are... 2. 一般过去时：There was/were... 3. 一般将来时：There will be.../There is/are going to be... 4. 含情态动词：There can/may/should be... 时态体现在 be 动词上，will / 情态动词后 be 用原形 1. There was a park here last year. 2. There will be a concert tomorrow. 3. There may be rain this afternoon. 特殊结构 There be sb. doing sth.+ 地点：表 “某地有某人正在做某事” doing sth. 作后置定语，修饰 sb. There is a baby sleeping in the room. There are students playing basketball. 与 have 辨析 1. there be：表 “存在”，无所属关系 2. have：表 “拥有”，有所属关系 3. 表 “包括 / 存在” 时可互换 核心区别：是否强调 “所属” 1. There is a park near my home.（存在） 2. I have a pen.（拥有） 3. A week has seven days. = There are seven days in a week.（互换） 注意事项： 1. 无 “There have”：there be 句型表 “存在”，不可与 have 混用（错误：There has a book.，正确：There is a book.）； 2. 将来时 be 动词：There will be 后 be 用原形，不可加 is/are（错误：There will be is a party.，正确：There will be a party.）； 3. 不可数名词用 is：修饰不可数名词（water/music 等），be 动词用 is/was（错误：There are some water.，正确：There is some water.）。 八、主谓一致三大原则表 该表格对应讲义 “考点八：主谓一致”，梳理语法一致、意义一致、就近一致三大核心原则，明确不同主语类型的谓语动词单复数规则，是解决 “谓语单复数” 问题的关键。 原则 核心含义 适用主语类型及谓语规则 讲义示例 语法一致 主语单复数决定谓语单复数（主单谓单，主复谓复） 1. 单数主语（三单代词、不可数名词、单个人名、不定式 / 动名词 / 从句）：谓语单 2. 复数主语（复数代词、名词复数）：谓语复 3. 主语 + with/as well as 等：谓语依主语（与后面名词无关） 4. a number of + 名词复数：谓语复；the number of + 名词复数：谓语单 1. To learn English isn’t easy.（不定式作主语，谓单） 2. They are interested in football.（复数主语，谓复） 3. Tom with his parents is watching TV.（主语 Tom 单数，谓单） 4. A number of trees were cut down.（谓复）；The number of students is 32.（谓单） 意义一致 谓语单复数依主语 “概念”（而非形式）决定 1. 集体名词（family/class/team 等）：表整体谓单，表成员谓复 2. 集合名词（people/police 等）：谓语复 3. the + 姓氏复数（表 “一家人”）：谓语复 4. 表时间 / 重量 / 价格等词：谓语单 5. and 连接同一人 / 物（后无冠词）：谓语单 1. His family is moving.（整体，谓单）；The family are watching TV.（成员，谓复） 2. The police are helping the girl.（谓复） 3. The Blacks enjoy working in China.（谓复） 4. Two pounds isn’t heavy.（谓单） 5. A writer and teacher is giving a speech.（同一人，谓单） 就近一致 谓语单复数依 “最近的主语” 决定 1. either...or.../neither...nor.../not only...but also... 连接主语：谓依近主 2. There be/Here be：谓依近主 1. Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to it.（近主 I，谓单） 2. There is a table and two chairs.（近主 a table，谓单） 注意事项： 1. 集体名词判断：需结合语境区分 “整体” 与 “成员”（如 “Our class won the game.” 表整体，谓单；“Our class are discussing.” 表成员，谓复）； 2. with 与 and 区别：主语 + with + 名词，谓语依主语；主语 + and + 名词，谓语复（错误：Tom and his parents is watching TV.，正确：Tom and his parents are watching TV.）； 3. 就近原则适用连词：仅 either...or... 等特定连词适用，both...and... 不适用（错误：Both Tom and I is here.，正确：Both Tom and I are here.）。 一、单句语法填空：用所给单词的正确形式填空 1．（2025·江苏无锡·二模）—What if I fail the coming test? — (take) it easy. Let’s worry about it when it happens. 【答案】Take 【详解】句意：——要是我考砸了接下来的考试怎么办？——别担心。发生的时候再担心吧。此处是祈使句，以动词原形开头。故填Take。 2．（2025·江苏无锡·模拟预测）Be attention please, or you (not pass) the exam easily. 【答案】won’t pass 【详解】句意：请注意，否则你很容易不及格。根据“Be attention please, or you...the exam easily.”可知，此处or表示“否则”，后面的句子通常用将来时态表示可能的结果，句子为否定句，结构为won’t do。故填won’t pass。 3．（2024·山东青岛·模拟预测）Not until I began to work did I (realize) how much time I had wasted. 【答案】realize 【详解】句意：直到我开始工作我才意识到我已经浪费了多少时间。当“Not until”置于句首时，主句需部分倒装，即助动词提前至主语前。原句中主句的时态为一般过去时，由“did ”体现，因此助动词“did”后的动词需用原形“realize”。故填realize。 4．（2025·上海静安·二模）How it is to watch robots dancing with human performers! (surprise) 【答案】surprising 【详解】句意：观看机器人与人类表演者共舞，是多么令人惊讶的一件事啊！根据“How...it is...”可知，该句为感叹句，结构应为“How+形容词+主语+谓语”，设空处修饰“watch robots dancing with human performers”，应用surprising表示“令人惊讶的”，用以形容事物的特征。故填surprising。 5．（2025·江苏无锡·一模）—Where is our manager? — you (not hear) about it? He is on leave today because of the accident last night. 【答案】 Haven’t heard 【详解】句意：——我们的经理在哪里？ ——你还没听说这件事吗？他因为昨晚的事故今天请假了。根据“He is on leave today because of the accident last night.”可知，此处是询问对方到目前为止是否还没有听说过经理因为昨晚的事故今天请假这件事，句子时态应用现在完成时，其结构为have/has done；主语是“you”，所以助动词应用have，其否定形式是 haven’t，位于句首，首字母要大写，hear的过去分词是heard。故填Haven’t；heard。 6．（2024·西藏日喀则·一模）To be (honesty), it was one of the best novels that I have ever read. 【答案】honest 【详解】句意：坦白说；它是我看过的最好看的小说之一。to be honest“坦白地说”，在句中作为插入语。故填honest。 7．（2024·西藏日喀则·一模）Something is wrong with your computer, (be) it? 【答案】isn’t 【详解】句意：你的电脑出了点问题，是吗？根据“it”可知，此处为反意疑问句，反意疑问句的规则为“前肯后否，前否后肯”，前句“Something is wrong with your computer”为肯定句，反意疑问句应用否定句，又因前句为be动词的一般现在时，故填isn’t。 8．（2024·甘肃平凉·一模） (be) careful of the dog that doesn’t bark. 【答案】Be 【详解】句意：小心不叫的狗。此处是祈使句，以动词原形be开头，句子开头首字母大写。故填Be。 9．（2024·江苏无锡·一模）The teacher raised her voice as soon as she noticed that he (not listen) at all. 【答案】wasn’t listening 【详解】句意：一注意到他根本没有在听，老师就提高了她的音量。根据“raised”和“noticed”可知that引导的宾语从句应用过去进行时，表示当时他没有在听，其否定形式为“wasn’t/weren’t+现在分词”。从句主语为he，be动词应用was。故填wasn’t listening。 10．（2024·甘肃白银·二模）Don’t (put) away your coat too early in spring. You may still need it. 【答案】put 【详解】句意：春天不要把你的外套收得太早。你可能还需要它。该句为祈使句否定句，Don’t后接动词原形，故填put。 11．（23-24九年级上·甘肃定西·期末）Why not (ask) the policeman for help when you are in danger? 【答案】ask 【详解】句意：当你处于危险中时，为什么不向警察求助呢？why not do sth“为什么不做某事”，空处用动词原形。故填ask。 12．（2023·黑龙江佳木斯·三模）No (litter) in the park. We should protect the environment. 【答案】littering 【详解】句意：公园里禁止乱扔垃圾。我们应该保护环境。此处是固定结构“no+doing”，表示“禁止做某事”，故填littering。 13．（2021·江苏扬州·三模）How they were talking before the meeting began! (noise) 【答案】noisily 【详解】句意：他们在会议开始前讲得多吵啊！noise噪音；本句是how引导的感叹句，设空处需用形容词或副词；结合talk“谈话”是动词，需用副词修饰，故填noisily。 14．（2022·江苏泰州·一模）—What (make) smartphones fun and useful? —The interesting apps, like WeChat and Tik Tok. 【答案】makes 【详解】句意：——是什么让智能手机有趣又有用？——有趣的应用程序，比如微信和抖音。根据句子结构可知，该句是特殊疑问句，特殊疑问词“What”在句中做主语，该句时态是一般现在时，谓语动词使用三单形式，故填makes。 15．（2024·江苏无锡·二模）Simon is creative? you (mean) he can always make up an excuse when he makes a mistake? 【答案】 Do mean 【详解】句意：西蒙很有创造力？你的意思是他犯了错误总能编个借口吗？mean“意思是”，动词，本句是疑问句，主语是you，结合“he can always”可知，主句时态应是一般现在时，其前应用助动词do构成疑问句语序，后跟动词原形，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Do；mean。 二、语法选择 Passage 1 （2025·广东惠州·二模）请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应的选项涂黑。 Monica is an active student. The most important life lesson 1 Monica has learned from running is to run at her own speed. This lesson 2 her in many ways. The lesson 3 from a charity marathon (慈善马拉松). Last year, Monica’s school held a marathon 4 money for people in poor areas. Each student could get a donation (捐款) of 200 yuan after finishing the marathon. It was so meaningful that almost all the students wanted to attend it. So did Monica. Although she was not good at running, she signed up 5 the run. However, the task was far from easy for her. Soon after the beginning of the marathon, all the other runners ran faster than her, which made Monica upset and nervous. She tried her best to catch up with them, but she almost fell to the ground! Her heart bottomed out. She even wanted to give up, but she knew she couldn’t! It was a run for love! Suddenly, she heard a loud voice “Run at your own best speed!” She lifted her head and found it was from her father. Monica thought for a while. Then she pulled 6 force together and started again. This time, she paid no attention to other runners, 7 ran as if she was the only runner on the field. Her father was 8 right. Over time, Monica ran more easily and more quickly. Monica found her own running speed, and believed she 9 carry the marathon on. After about two hours, Monica finally completed the marathon and even won the second! 10 excellent result! Monica’s father at the finish line gave her a big hug, and they laughed happily together. Comparing yourself with others could be a limitation (限制). So, just live at your own speed. 1. A．which B．/ C．who 2. A．guide B．guided C．has guided 3. A．learn B．is learned C．was learned 4. A．raising B．to raise C．raised 5. A．for B．to C．in 6. A．she B．her C．herself 7. A．so B．but C．and 8. A．complete B．more complete C．completely 9. A．could B．should C．must 10. A．How B．What a C．What an 【答案】 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了学生Monica通过参加慈善马拉松比赛领悟到“按自己的速度奔跑”的人生哲理。 1. 句意：Monica从跑步中学到的最重要的人生经验是按自己的速度奔跑。 which哪一个；/无实义；who谁。根据“The most important life lesson...Monica has learned from running”可知，此处需要关系代词引导定语从句修饰lesson，先行词lesson指物，且有最高级，只能用that，不能用which，该词在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。故选B。 2. 句意：这个经验在许多方面引导着她。 guide引导，一般现在时；guided引导，一般过去时；has guided已经引导，现在完成时。根据后文“The lesson... from a charity marathon. Last year, Monica’s school held a marathon”可知，这个经验在许多方面引导着她，强调影响，用现在完成时，故选C。 3. 句意：这个经验是从一场慈善马拉松中学到的。 learn学习，一般现在时；is learned被学习，一般现在时的被动语态；was learned被学会，一般过去时的被动语态。根据下文“Last year, Monica’s school held a marathon”可知，马拉松比赛在去年举办，此处用一般过去时；主语the lesson和动词learn之间为被动关系，此处用一般过去时的被动，故选C。 4. 句意：去年，Monica的学校举办了一场马拉松为贫困地区筹款。 raising筹集，动名词；to raise筹集，动词不定式；raised筹集，动词过去式。根据“held a marathon...money for people…”可知，举办马拉松比赛的目的是为贫困地区筹款，动词不定式to raise作目的状语，故选B。 5. 句意：尽管不擅长跑步，她还是报名参加了比赛。 for为了；to朝向；in在……里面。sign up for意为“报名参加”。故选A。 6. 句意：然后，她振作精神，重新开始。 she她；her她的；herself她自己。根据“she pulled...force together”可知，herself作pull的宾语，构成pull oneself together，意为“振作起来”，故选C。 7. 句意：这一次，她不再关注其他选手，并且跑得像赛场上只有自己一样。 so因此；but但是；and和，并且。根据“paid no attention…, ...an as if…”可知，前后句为顺承关系，and符合逻辑连接。故选C。 8. 句意：她父亲完全正确。 complete完全的，形容词；more complete更完整的，比较级；completely完全地，副词。根据“Her father was...right”可知，此处需副词修饰形容词right，completely意为“完全地”，符合语境。故选C。 9. 句意：Monica找到了属于自己的跑步速度，并相信自己能够坚持跑完马拉松。 could可以，能够；should应该；must一定。根据“believed she...carry the marathon on”可知，她相信自己可以跑完马拉松，could表示能力，故选A。 10. 句意：多么出色的成绩啊！ How感叹句引导词；What a多么一个；What an多么一个。根据“...excellent result!”可知，result为可数名词单数且excellent以元音音素开头，需用What an引导感叹句。故选C。 Passage 2 （2025·广东湛江·模拟预测）请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题3个选项中选出一个最佳的答案。 My mother is a tailor (裁缝). She makes clothes for people. She can make all different kinds of clothes and she always tries to make 1 clothes beautiful. I would like to tell you how my mother learned to make clothes. At first, she didn't know how to make clothes at all! But then one day my father fell ill 2 and we children were young. My mother had to do something to look after 3 . She started trying to make our clothes. That is how she learned. Day by day, she was getting 4 than before. When our neighbors saw our beautiful clothes, they asked my mother to make clothes, too. But my mother 5 by them because she was not a real tailor then. So my grandfather told my mother, “If I buy you 6 sewing machine (缝纫机), you can tell people ‘I will make clothes for you, but you should pay me. You can pay me 7 you want. I will not tell you how much to pay.’” The people agreed 8 my mother. Some paid her fairly, but others didn’t pay her very much. But my mother didn’t care because she was so happy. “If you 9 your hopes to come true, you need to work hard.” my mother often says. This is what I learned from my mother. Mother works so hard for us, 10 she wants us to be happy. I’m very proud of her and I love her a lot. Thanks to her. I can go to school and achieve my dreams. 1. A．people B．peoples’ C．people’s 2. A．serious B．seriously C．more serious 3. A．us B．we C．our 4. A．good B．better C．best 5. A．didn’t pay B．isn’t paid C．wasn’t paid 6. A．a B．an C．the 7. A．whatever B．however C．wherever 8. A．paid B．paying C．to pay 9. A．want B．will want C．wants 10. A．and B．because C．but 【答案】 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. B 【导语】本文讲述一位母亲从零开始学习缝纫，最终成为裁缝的故事，体现她的勤劳和对家庭的爱。 1. 句意：她会做各种各样的衣服，她总是努力把人的衣服做得漂亮。 people人们；peoples’民族的；people’s人们的。根据“clothes”可知，此处使用名词所有格，表示“人们的衣服”。故选C。 2. 句意：但是有一天，我父亲病得很重，我们这些孩子还很小。 serious严重的，形容词；seriously严重地，副词；more serious更严重的。根据“my father fell ill”可知，此处使用副词修饰动词。故选B。 3. 句意：我妈妈必须做点什么来照顾我们 us我们，宾格；we我们，主格；our我们的，形容词性物主代词。根据“look after”可知，此处使用人称代词宾格作宾语。故选A。 4. 句意：她一天天比以前更好了。 good好的；better更好的；best最好的。根据“than before”可知，此处使用比较级。故选B。 5. 句意：但我母亲并没有得到他们的报酬，因为她那时还不是一个真正的裁缝。 didn’t pay一般过去时，主动语态；isn’t paid一般现在时的被动语态；wasn’t paid一般过去时的被动语态。根据“by them because she was not a real tailor then”可知，主语和动词之间是被动关系，且此处陈述过去发生的事情，所以使用一般过去时的被动语态。故选C。 6. 句意：如果我给你买一台缝纫机，你可以告诉人们。 a不定冠词，表示泛指，修饰以辅音音素开头的单词；an不定冠词，表示泛指，修饰以元音音素开头的单词；the定冠词，表示特指。根据“sewing machine”可知，此处泛指一台缝纫机，且sewing以辅音音素开头，所以用a修饰。故选A。 7. 句意：你想给我多少就给多少。 whatever无论什么；however无论如何；wherever无论在哪里。根据“I will not tell you how much to pay.”可知，没有明确的价格，所以用whatever，表示对付款金额没有限制。故选A。 8. 句意：人们同意付钱给我母亲。 paid付款，过去式或过去分词；paying现在分词或动名词；to pay动词不定式。根据“agreed”可知，agree to do sth.“同意做某事”，空处使用动词不定式。故选C。 9. 句意：如果你想让你的希望成真，你需要努力工作。 want想要，动词原形；will want一般将来时；wants动词第三人称单数形式。分析句子可知，if引导条件状语从句，时态遵循“主将从现”原则，从句主语为you，动词使用原形。故选A。 10. 句意：妈妈为我们如此努力工作，因为她希望我们快乐。 and和，而且；because因为；but但是。根据“Mother works so hard for us...she wants us to be happy”可知，妈妈努力工作的原因是希望孩子快乐，所以用because引导原因状语从句。故选B。 Passage 3 （2025·广东清远·三模）请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。 Could you live without a house, food or clothes? Many people could not, 1 Robinson Crusoe could. He was the main character of the British book Robinson Crusoe. The story started with a sea trip. After a ship accident, Crusoe arrived on 2 island. To live on the island, he had to build a house on his own. Although it seemed too difficult for him, he tried 3 best to do it. After he got tools from the ship, he made a house. Also, he grew some plants and kept 4 goats. Soon he was living just fine. But the cannibals (食人族) on the island liked 5 humans. Crusoe helped a man run away from the cannibals. He called the man Friday. Friday lived 6 him from then on. Later, Crusoe and Friday killed the cannibals. When Crusoe and Friday were thinking about 7 to leave the island, a ship captain arrived on the island. Before that, his crew (船员) took over his ship. They had controlled the ship for two weeks on the sea. But Crusoe and Friday 8 him get back the ship. And then they left the island. This book is so 9 that I have read it many 10 . It tells us not to give up when we are in trouble. 1. A．so B．because C．but 2. A．a B．/ C．an 3. A．he B．his C．him 4. A．a few B．a little C．little 5. A．eat B．eats C．eating 6. A．in B．with C．by 7. A．how B．why C．where 8. A．help B．helped C．helping 9. A．interested B．interesting C．interest 10. A．time B．time’s C．times 【答案】 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C 【导语】本文介绍了鲁滨逊·克鲁索如何在荒岛上生存的故事。 1. 句意：许多人做不到，但鲁滨逊·克鲁索可以。 so所以；because因为；but但是。根据“ Many people could not, ...Robinson Crusoe could. He was the main character of the British book Robinson Crusoe.”可知，空前后句是转折关系，用but连接。故选C。 2. 句意：在一次船只事故后，克鲁索到达了一个岛屿。 a一个，表泛指，用于辅音音素开头单词前；/零冠词；an一个，表泛指，用于元音音素开头单词前。此处泛指一个岛屿，且island是元音音素开头的单词，用an修饰。故选C。 3. 句意：虽然这对他来说似乎太困难了，但他还是尽最大努力去做。 he他，主格代词；his他的，形容词或名词性物主代词；him他，宾格代词。try one’s best to do sth“尽某人最大努力做某事”，空处用形容词性物主代词。故选B。 4. 句意：此外，他还种了一些植物，养了几只山羊。 a few一些，修饰可数名词复数；a little一点，修饰不可数名词；little几乎没有，修饰不可数名词。根据“goats”可知，此处修饰可数名词复数，用a few。故选A。 5. 句意：但是岛上的食人族喜欢吃人。 eat吃，动词原形；eats动词第三人称单数；eating动名词。like doing sth“喜欢做某事”，空处用动名词形式。故选C。 6. 句意：从那时起，星期五就和他住在一起。 in在里面；with和；by通过。live with sb“和某人住在一起”。故选B。 7. 句意：当克鲁索和星期五考虑如何离开这个岛时，一位船长来到了岛上。 how如何；why为什么；where哪里。根据“to leave the island”可知，是指如何离开这个岛屿。故选A。 8. 句意：但是，克鲁索和星期五帮助他拿回了船。 help帮助，动词原形；helped动词过去式或过去分词；helping动名词或现在分词。本句缺少谓语动词，且全文主体时态是一般过去时，因此动词用过去式。故选B。 9. 句意：这本书非常有趣，我已经读过很多次了。 interested感兴趣的；interesting有趣的；interest兴趣。根据“This book is”可知，此处修饰这本书，指物，用-ing形式的形容词作表语。故选B。 10. 句意：这本书非常有趣，我已经读过很多次了。 time时间；time’s时间的；times次数。根据“many”可知，此处用名词复数times，表示“很多次”。故选C。 三、语法填空 Passage 1 （2024·四川眉山·中考真题）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Hotpot, Mapo Tofu and Fish Filets in Hot Chili Oil (水煮鱼) —these dishes are well-known names in China. And they all have one thing 1 common: They’re very numbing (麻的) and spicy (辣的).“Numbing and spicy” is a special phrase which is used 2 (describe) Sichuan food. Generally, Sichuan cooks are good at using Pixian Broad Bean Paste (郫县豆瓣). It 3 (see) as “the soul (灵魂) of Sichuan dishes” by many people. As 4 result, they are quite different from the dried and spicy Hunan food and the sour and spicy Guizhou food. However, to Sichuan dishes, there is much more than 5 (they) numbing and spicy flavor (味道) because Sichuan cooks are able to create all kinds of flavors. So people praise Sichuan dishes, “Each dish 6 (have) its own style; a hundred dishes have a hundred different flavors.” There are at 7 (little) 24 kinds of flavors in Sichuan dishes and only one-third of them are spicy. Some dishes are neither numbing 8 spicy, like sweet and sour fish. Visitors to Sichuan are surprised at so many 9 (choice) they have for food. Sichuan is 10 (certain) a great place to start your Chinese food journey. 【答案】 1. in 2. to describe 3. is seen 4. a 5. their 6. has 7. least 8. nor 9. choices 10. certainly 【导语】本文主要介绍了川菜。 1. 句意：它们都有一个共同点：麻辣。此处是固定短语in common“共同的”。故填in。 2. 句意：麻辣是一个用来形容川菜的特殊短语。be used to do sth“被用来做某事”，为固定短语，符合题意，故填to describe。 3. 句意：它被许多人视为“川菜之魂”。此处是固定短语be seen as“被视为”，句子是一般现在时，主语是it，be动词用is。故填is seen。 4. 句意：因此，它们与干辣的湖南菜和酸辣的贵州菜有很大的不同。as a result“因此，结果是”，为固定短语。故填a。 5. 句意：然而，川菜的味道远不止麻辣，因为川菜厨师能做出各种各样的口味。空后是名词，应用形容词性物主代词their修饰，故填their。 6. 句意：每道菜都有自己的风格。句子是一般现在时，主语是each，谓语动词用三单形式，故填has。 7. 句意：四川菜至少有24种口味，其中只有三分之一是辣的。at least“至少”，为固定短语，故填least。 8. 句意：有些菜既不麻也不辣，比如糖醋鱼。neither...nor...“既不……也不……”，为固定结构。故填nor。 9. 句意：到四川旅游的人对四川有这么多可选择的食物感到惊讶。many修饰可数名词choice的复数，故填choices。 10. 句意：四川无疑是开始你的中国美食之旅的好地方。certain是形容词，此处应用副词certainly“无疑”作状语。故填certainly。 Passage 2 （2024·四川南充·中考真题）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案写在答题卡相应的横线上。 Jiang Shumei, born in 1937, spent most of her time working in a factory. In 1996, she learned her 1 (one) Chinese character (汉字). Sixteen years later, she started to write down some of her own 2 (story). It was not easy. Sometimes, completing a single sentence could take a day. She 3 (usual) started at 3 or 4 a.m., and revised (修改) the pieces several times until she was 4 (satisfy). In 2013, her book, Time of Trouble, Time of Poverty, was published and proved to be 5 success. The book earned Jiang a lot of fans and sympathy (同情). “Don’t feel sorry for me,” she says to her fans, “The hardships mentioned in the book are now in the past. 6 them, I could never have finished this book.” So far, the elderly woman 7 (publish) six books, totaling more than 600,000 characters in length. “It’s never too late. I enjoy 8 (I) when writing,“ Jiang says. She lives a healthy life, exercising every day 9 eating a balanced diet. “If I could live as long as 130, would you still say that it is too late for me 10 (start) after 60?” she says jokingly. 【答案】 1. first 2. stories 3. usually 4. satisfied 5. a 6. Without 7. has published 8. myself 9. and 10. to start 【导语】本文通过描述姜淑梅在60岁以后开始学习汉字并成为作家的故事，告诉我们：活到老，学到老。 1. 句意：1996年，她学会了第一个汉字。根据“she learned her...Chinese character (汉字).”可知，空处是指学会了第一个汉字，需用序数词first，意为“第一个”。故填first。 2. 句意：16年后，她开始写下自己的一些故事。根据“some of her own...”可知，空处需填入复数名词。stories“故事”。故填stories。 3. 句意：她通常在凌晨3、4点开始，把作品修改几次，直到满意为止。修饰空后动词“started”需用副词usually，意为“通常”。故填usually。 4. 句意：她通常在凌晨3、4点开始，把作品修改几次，直到满意为止。be动词后跟形容词作表语；satisfy的形容词为satisfied，意为“满意的”。故填satisfied。 5. 句意：2013年，她的书《乱时候，穷时候》出版并取得了成功。空处泛指“一个成功”，且“success”以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a。故填a。 6. 句意：没有它们，我永远也写不完这本书。根据“The hardships mentioned in the book are now in the past.”和“them, I could never have finished this book.”可知，此处是指没有书中提及的困难，姜淑梅写不出这本书。without“没有”。故填Without。 7. 句意：到目前为止，这位老妇人已经出版了六本书，总长度超过60万字。根据“So far,”可知，本句是现在完成时(have/has done)，主语是单数，助动词用has；publish的过去分词为published。故填has published。 8. 句意：我很享受写作的过程。enjoy oneself表示“尽情享受，过得愉快”；此处需用myself与主语I保持一致。故填myself。 9. 句意：她过着健康的生活，每天锻炼，饮食均衡。“exercising every day”和“eating a balanced diet.”并列，需用连词and表示“和”。故填and。 10. 句意：如果我能活到130岁，你还会说我60岁以后再开始太迟吗？it is adj for sb to do sth“对某人来说做某事是……”，固定短语。故填to start。 Passage 3 （2023·湖南娄底·中考真题）阅读下面的材料，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号内所给单词的正确形式（每空最多不超过三个单词）。 When I was in primary school, I seldom helped my parents at home. I thought I should spend my time 1 schoolwork to get good grades. My parents did all the 2 （chore）. I used to make a mess and throw my things everywhere. One day, when my mother went home after work and 3 （find）a lot of rubbish in our house, she got so mad at me. She said to me 4 （serious）, “You must do some housework every day from now on.” I talked back loudly, “It is the parents’ job 5 （provide）a clean and comfortable environment at home.” Now I’m 6 15-year-old middle school student. I have a labor（劳动）class at school every week. The teacher 7 （teach）us how to make food, tidy the room, grow some vegetables and so on. I understand that 8 （do）housework is more difficult than I used to imagine. Thinking back those old days, I regret 9 I have done before. I begin to do more housework, so my parents can have a good rest when they come back from work. They are also proud of my change. In my opinion, we children should be independent and take care of 10 （we）. Because it not only helps us learn many basic skills, but also helps us develop good habits. 【答案】 1. on 2. chores 3. found 4. seriously 5. to provide 6. a 7. teaches 8. doing 9. what 10. ourselves 【导语】本文主要介绍了作者小时候很少帮父母做家务，长大了之后理解了做家务的重要性。 1. 句意：我想我应该把时间花在功课上以取得好成绩。spend time on sth.“花费时间在某物上”。故填on。 2. 句意：我父母做所有的家务。all后加名词复数chores“家务”。故填chores。 3. 句意：有一天，我妈妈下班回家，发现我们家里有很多垃圾，她对我很生气。根据“went home...”可知句子用一般过去时，动词用过去式found“发现”。故填found。 4. 句意：她严肃地对我说。此处修饰动词said用副词seriously“严肃地”。故填seriously。 5. 句意：在家里提供一个干净舒适的环境是父母的工作。provide“提供”，it is one’s job to do sth.“做某事是某人的工作”。故填to provide。 6. 句意：现在我是一名15岁的中学生。此处泛指“一名学生”，15以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。故填a。 7. 句意：老师教我们如何做饭、整理房间、种一些蔬菜等等。此处时态为一般现在时，主语是the teacher，谓语动词用单三teaches“教”。故填teaches。 8. 句意：我明白做家务比我以前想象的要困难。此处作主语用动名词。故填doing。 9. 句意：回想过去，我后悔以前的所作所为。句子是宾语从句，从句缺少done的宾语，用what引导宾语从句。故填what。 10. 句意：在我看来，我们这些孩子应该独立，照顾好自己。根据“we children should be independent and take care of”可知是我们应该学会照顾好我们自己，用反身代词ourselves。故填ourselves。 23 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $